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Hlongwa L, Peter J, Mayne E. Value of diagnostic vaccination in diagnosis of humoral inborn errors of immunity. Hum Immunol 2023:S0198-8859(23)00066-6. [PMID: 37080873 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) or primary immunodeficiency diseases, are disorders caused by genetic defects affecting immune function. Clinically, IEI presents mainly as recurrent or severe infections, immune dysregulation (autoimmunity or autoinflammatory disorders), and lymphoproliferation with or without dysmorphic features. Humoral IEIs are the largest subgroup of IEI, with a wide spectrum of quantitative and qualitative antibody defects. These disorders are normally diagnosed based on immunological evaluation; diagnostic vaccination is part of this evaluation. This review examines the importance and relevance of diagnostic vaccination in the diagnosis of humoral IEIs and different technologies which can be utilised in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyanda Hlongwa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Peter
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Mayne
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Immunology, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa.
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Alonso-Larruga A, Barrios Y, Franco A, Suárez-Toste I, Rodríguez-Salazar MJ, Matheu V. Salmonella Typhi Vaccination Response as a Tool for the Stratification of Risk in Patients with Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102423. [PMID: 36292112 PMCID: PMC9600355 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Predominantly antibody deficiencies are the most frequent type of primary immunodeficiency (PID). Diagnosis requires evaluation of the immune function by distinguishing the presence or absence of a response against polysaccharide antigens. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi-based vaccines have proved to be a suitable tool. We studied a group of patients with suspicion of primary immunodeficiency and classified them by final diagnosis. We analyzed the vaccination response to S. Typhi and other immune biomarkers and clinical data. The aim of this study was to classify patients regarding the intensity of their immune response measured as the difference between specific immunoglobulin G levels before and after vaccination and antibody levels in the post-vaccination sample in order to improve clinical decisions regarding follow up and treatment of immunodeficiency patients. We established four groups of response: Non responders (NR), Low responders (LR), Intermediate responders (IR), and High responders (HR), where we found differences in IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, IgA, IgA1, IgA2, and IgM, and where the finally achieved diagnosis was also different and corresponding to the level of vaccination response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alonso-Larruga
- Bioquímica Clínica, Laboratorio Central, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Yvelise Barrios
- Inmunología, Laboratorio Central, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Andrés Franco
- Inmunología, Laboratorio Central, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | | | | | - Víctor Matheu
- Alergología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Jolles S, Giralt S, Kerre T, Lazarus HM, Mustafa SS, Papanicolaou GA, Reiser M, Ria R, Vinh DC, Wingard JR. Secondary antibody deficiency in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hosking LM, Perrett KP, Czajko C, Clark M, Flynn S, Richards S, Choo S. Pneumococcal IgG Antibody Responses to 23vPPV in Healthy Controls Using an Automated ELISA. J Clin Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35230563 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of pre- and post-pneumococcal antibody levels after immunization with the 23-valent capsular polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (23vPPV) is indicative of a T-independent antibody response. The World Health Organisation ELISA is considered gold standard yet is labor-intensive and technically difficult to perform. Interpretation criteria defining an adequate response to 23vPPV remain controversial. The diagnostic Immunology Laboratory at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne (RCH), performs an in-house multi-serotype automated ELISA. The primary objective of this study was to verify RCH interpretation criteria for the laboratory's automated ELISA. Forty pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)-naïve healthy adults aged 18 to 25 years and 22 PCV-primed healthy children aged 2 to 5 years were immunized with 23vPPV. A serum sample was collected immediately prior and 28 to 42 (± 7) days post immunization. Samples were analyzed on the Tecan Freedom Evo 200 ELISA with adequate response defined as post-immunization antibody level of 1.3 µg/mL or fourfold rise from baseline in ≥ 10/15 serotypes in adult participants and ≥ 4/8 serotypes in pediatric participants. Thirty-nine (97.5%) adults and 22 (100%) children achieved an adequate response to 23vPPV. In PCV-naïve adults, serotypes contained within the conjugate vaccines were less immunogenic, with 12 (30%) adults not achieving an adequate antibody response when only PCV serotypes were used for interpretation. Our diagnostic laboratory has verified the interpretation criteria used for an automated multi-serotype pneumococcal ELISA method. Clinical Trial Registration: ANZCTR registration number ACTRN12618000822280.
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Hefele L, Black AP, Van Tan T, Tri Minh N, Duc Hoang N, Virachith S, Muller CP, Hübschen JM, Russell P, Bartholdson Scott J, Ngoc Minh CN, Thieu Nga TV, Baker S. An age-stratified serosurvey against purified Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi antigens in the Lao People´s Democratic Republic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010017. [PMID: 34898620 PMCID: PMC8700045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of typhoid fever in Lao People`s Democratic Republic is poorly defined. Estimating the burden of typhoid fever in endemic countries is complex due to the cost and limitations of population-based surveillance; serological approaches may be a more cost-effective alternative. ELISAs were performed on 937 serum samples (317 children and 620 adults) from across Lao PDR to measure IgG antibody titers against Vi polysaccharide and the experimental protein antigens, CdtB and HlyE. We measured the significance of the differences between antibody titers in adults and children and fitted models to assess the relationship between age and antibody titers. The median IgG titres of both anti-HylE and CdtB were significantly higher in children compared to adults (anti-HylE; 351.7 ELISA Units (EU) vs 198.1 EU, respectively; p<0.0001 and anti-CdtB; 52.6 vs 12.9 EU; p<0.0001). Conversely, the median anti-Vi IgG titer was significantly higher in adults than children (11.3 vs 3.0 U/ml; p<0.0001). A non-linear trend line fitted to the anti-CdtB and anti-HlyE IgG data identified a peak in antibody concentration in children <5 years of age. We identified elevated titers of anti-HlyE and anti-CdtB IgG in the serum of children residing in Lao PDR in comparison to adults. These antigens are associated with seroconversion after typhoid fever and may be a superior measure of disease burden than anti-Vi IgG. This approach is scalable and may be developed to assess the burden of typhoid fever in countries where the disease may be endemic, and evidence is required for the introduction of typhoid vaccines. Typhoid fever is a serious bloodstream infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Estimating the burden of typhoid fever is complex due to the limitations, cost, and scalability of current diagnostic surveillance methods. The detection of specific antibody responses against the organism may be a more sustainable manner of measuring exposure and disease burden in endemic location. We measured antibody (IgG) in 937 serum samples (317 children and 620 adults) from across the Lao People`s Democratic Republic against a polysaccharide (Vi) and two experimental protein antigens, CdtB and HlyE, that may more appropriate markers of disease exposure. We measured the significance of the differences between antibody titers in adults and children and fitted models to assess the relationship between age and antibody titers. The median IgG titres against HylE and CdtB were significantly higher in children than adults. Conversely, the median IgG titres against Vi was significantly higher in adults than children. We identified a significant association between a peak in IgG titres against CdtB and HlyE in children aged under 5 years. These data are indicative of high level of typhoid fever exposure in children under 5 years of age in Lao PDR and we surmise that IgG titres against HylE and CdtB may be a superior measure of typhoid disease burden than IgG titres against Vi. Our approach is scalable and can be further validated to assess the burden of typhoid fever in countries where the disease may be endemic, and evidence is required for the introduction of typhoid vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hefele
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
- Lao-Lux Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Antony P. Black
- Lao-Lux Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Trinh Van Tan
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tri Minh
- University of Natural Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Duc Hoang
- University of Natural Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Siriphone Virachith
- Lao-Lux Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Claude P. Muller
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Judith M. Hübschen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Paula Russell
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Josefin Bartholdson Scott
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chau Nguyen Ngoc Minh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Vu Thieu Nga
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Background: Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT) is the foundation of treatment for the majority of patients with primary immunodeficiency. Clinical history and laboratory evaluation define the patients for whom IGRT is necessary and appropriate. During the 70 years since the first patient was treated, new products have led to the development of several modes of administration that facilitate the individualization of treatment that enables the optimization of care. Objective: The objective was to explain the assessment of candidates for IGRT and approaches to reevaluating recipients of IGRT to decide on the need to continue treatment and to review the approaches to optimize IGRT. Methods: The relevant literature was reviewed in the context of the author's experience supervising > 20,000 IGRT treatments over a 40-year period. Results: Providing the most appropriate form of IGRT for individual patients ameliorates disease and lessens the burden of care for patients with primary immunodeficiency. Conclusion: IGRT is safe and effective when used to treat patients with primary immunodeficiency who meet established and appropriate clinical and laboratory criteria.
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Abstract
Evaluation of antibodies produced after immunization is central to immune deficiency diagnosis. This includes assessment of responses to routine immunizations as well as to vaccines administered specifically for diagnosis. Here, we present the basic concepts of the humoral immune response and their relevance for vaccine composition and diagnosis of immune deficiency. Current vaccines are discussed, including nonviable protein and glycoprotein vaccines, pure polysaccharide vaccines, polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines, and live agent vaccines. Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of vaccine antibody measurement are discussed in depth. Important adverse effects of vaccines are also presented.
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Jolles S, Michallet M, Agostini C, Albert MH, Edgar D, Ria R, Trentin L, Lévy V. Treating secondary antibody deficiency in patients with haematological malignancy: European expert consensus. Eur J Haematol 2021; 106:439-449. [PMID: 33453130 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Secondary antibody deficiency (SAD), associated with severe, recurrent or persistent infections, is common in patients with haematological malignancies (HM), but unifying guidance on immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT) in these patients is lacking. We aimed to develop consensus statements for the use of IgRT in patients with HM. METHODS A Delphi exercise was employed to test the level of agreement on statements developed by a Task Force based on available data and their clinical experience. In Round 1, an Expert Panel, comprising specialist EU physicians caring for patients with HM, helped to refine the statements. In Round 2, experts rated their agreement with the statements. In Round 3, experts who had scored their agreement as ≤4 were invited to review their agreement based on the overall feedback. RESULTS Three definitions and 20 statements were formulated and tested for consensus, covering measurement of IgG levels, initiation and discontinuation of IgRT, dosing, and the use of subcutaneous IgG. Consensus (agreement ≥70% on Likert-type scale) was reached for all three definitions and 18 statements. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations have been developed with the aim of providing guidance for the use of IgRT to prevent severe, recurrent or persistent infections in patients with HM and SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Carlo Agostini
- Ca' Foncello Internal Medicine 1st and Centre for Immunologic and Respiratory Rare Diseases, Padua University, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael H Albert
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - David Edgar
- St James's Hospital & Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roberto Ria
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincent Lévy
- Département de Recherche Clinique, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
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Więsik-Szewczyk E, Jahnz-Różyk K. From infections to autoimmunity: Diagnostic challenges in common variable immunodeficiency. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:3942-3955. [PMID: 33024751 PMCID: PMC7520788 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i18.3942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common clinically significant primary antibody deficiency diagnosed in adults. The early symptoms are not specific. They include common infections, mainly of the respiratory tract, caused by typical microorganisms, so cases can be missed in primary care. In the majority of patients increased susceptibility to infections coexists with signs or symptoms of autoimmunity, inflammation or polyclonal lymphoproliferation, which can divert diagnosis from immune deficiency. The overall incidence of malignancy is increased in CVID and certain cancers are significantly more common. Lymphomas and gastric carcinoma are the most frequently reported malignancies in CVID, so a high index of suspicion is recommended. Diagnostic delay in CVID is seen worldwide. The main goal of this paper is to increase the awareness about CVID among health care professionals. We aim to present features which can be helpful in CVID diagnosis in order to shorten the “latency” of proper management of CVID patients. We review clinical symptoms, complications and laboratory abnormalities of CVID. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy is regarded as the cornerstone of pharmacological intervention. New modes of Ig application, mainly subcutaneously and via the hyaluronidase-facilitated subcutaneous route, help to adjust therapy to patients’ needs and preferences. Still there remain unmet needs. It remains to be seen whether CVID complications can be avoided by earlier diagnosis, treatment and thorough monitoring in the context of increased risk of malignancy. Development of patient tailored protocols depending on the clinical phenotype and risk factors might be more appropriate. The most important consideration is to diagnose suspected cases and stratify patients in a precise and timely way. Work is needed to define features predictive of unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Więsik-Szewczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw 04-141, Poland
| | - Karina Jahnz-Różyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw 04-141, Poland
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Guevara-Hoyer K, Vasconcelos J, Marques L, Fernandes AA, Ochoa-Grullón J, Marinho A, Sequeira T, Gil C, Rodríguez de la Peña A, Serrano García I, Recio MJ, Fernández-Arquero M, Pérez de Diego R, Ramos JT, Neves E, Sánchez-Ramón S. Variable immunodeficiency study: Evaluation of two European cohorts within a variety of clinical phenotypes. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:78-88. [PMID: 32344018 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the wide heterogeneity of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), several groups have proposed clinical and immunological classifications to better define follow-up and prognostic algorithms. The present study aims to validate recent clinical and laboratory algorithms, based on different combinations of CVID biomarkers, to provide more personalized treatment and follow-up strategies. METHODS We analysed clinical and immunological features of 80 patients with suspected or diagnosed CVID, in two reference centres of Portugal and Spain. Clinical manifestations were categorized into clinical phenotyping proposed by Chapel et al. [1] that included cytopenia; polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration; unexplained enteropathy; and no disease-related complications. RESULTS 76% of patients in our cohort entered one of the four categories of clinical phenotyping, without overlap (cytopenia; polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration; unexplained enteropathy; and no disease-related complications). The most prominent phenotype was "cytopenia" (40%) followed by "polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration" (19%). The remaining 24% patients of our cohort had overlap of 2 clinical phenotypes (cytopenia and unexplained enteropathy mainly). A delay of CVID diagnosis in more than 6 years presented 3.7-fold higher risk of developing lymphoproliferation and/or malignancy (p < 0.05), and was associated with increased CD8+CD45RO + T-lymphocytes (p < 0.05). An association between decreased switched-memory B cells with lymphoproliferation and malignancy was observed (p < 0.03 and p < 0.05, respectively). CD4 + T-lymphocytopenia correlated with autoimmune phenotype, with 30% prevalence (p < 0.05). HLA-DR7 expression was related to CVID onset in early life in our patients (13 vs 25 years), and DQ2.5 or DQ2.2 with unexplained enteropathy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The phenotypic and genetic study is crucial for an adequate clinical orientation of CVID patients. In these two independent cohorts of patients, classification based in clinical and laboratory algorithms, provides more personalized treatment and follow-up strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kissy Guevara-Hoyer
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Vasconcelos
- Department of Immunology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Marques
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Juliana Ochoa-Grullón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Marinho
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sequeira
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celia Gil
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene Serrano García
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M José Recio
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-Arquero
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tomas Ramos
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Neves
- Department of Immunology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Ochoa-Grullón J, Orte C, Rodríguez de la Peña A, Guevara-Hoyer K, Cordero Torres G, Fernández-Arquero M, Serrano-García I, Recio M, Pérez de Diego R, Sánchez-Ramón S. Typhim vi immunization assists to discriminate primary antibody responses in hematological malignancies. MethodsX 2020; 7:100936. [PMID: 32551240 PMCID: PMC7289764 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhim Vi response have been proposed as a new strategy for the assessment of specific polysaccharide antibody response in SID due to HM. Different biostatistical methodologies may stablish the best cut-off value to discriminate Typhim Vi response. Typhim Vi IgG responses may better discriminate primary Ab responses showing relevant clinical correlate.
Assessment of specific antibody (Ab) production to polysaccharide antigens is clinically relevant, identifying patients at risk for infection by encapsulated bacteria and thus enabling a more rigorous selection of patients that can benefit of immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Classically, the gold-standard test is the measurement of antibody production to pure polysaccharide pneumococcal (PPV) immunization. Several factors, including introduction of conjugate vaccination schedule, serotyping analysis, high baseline Ab levels, have hindered the evaluation of polysaccharide antigens. This is even more difficult in secondary immunodeficiencies (SID), where patients can show secondary responses despite lack of primary antibody responses and present with recurrent or severe infections. Assessment of specific Ab production to pure Salmonella typhi Vi polysaccharide (TV) immunization has been proposed as a complementary test to PPV, given its low seroprevalence. To set the optimal cut-off value for PPV and TV response in SID, we tested different biostatistical methodologies, including ROC analysis, Youden index, Union index and Closest-topleft in a cohort of 42 SID patients and 24 healthy controls. The statistically chosen cut-offs value pre-post TV Ab ratio was ≥5, (sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100%) and a postvaccination TV concentration of 28.5 U/mL (sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 95%), showing relevant clinical correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ochoa-Grullón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Orte
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - K. Guevara-Hoyer
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Cordero Torres
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Fernández-Arquero
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Serrano-García
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M.J. Recio
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Pérez de Diego
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author
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Jandus P, Boligan KF, Smith DF, de Graauw E, Grimbacher B, Jandus C, Abdelhafez MM, Despont A, Bovin N, Simon D, Rieben R, Simon HU, Cummings RD, von Gunten S. The architecture of the IgG anti-carbohydrate repertoire in primary antibody deficiencies. Blood 2019; 134:1941-50. [PMID: 31537530 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system failure in primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) has been linked to recurrent infections, autoimmunity, and cancer, yet clinical judgment is often based on the reactivity to a restricted panel of antigens. Previously, we demonstrated that the human repertoire of carbohydrate-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) exhibits modular organization related to glycan epitope structure. The current study compares the glycan-specific IgG repertoires between different PAD entities. Distinct repertoire profiles with extensive qualitative glycan-recognition defects were observed, which are characterized by the common loss of Galα and GalNAc reactivity and disease-specific recognition of microbial antigens, self-antigens, and tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Antibody repertoire analysis may provide a useful tool to elucidate the degree and the clinical implications of immune system failure in individual patients.
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Holzer L, Hoffman T, Van Kessel DA, Rijkers GT. Pneumococcal vaccination in lung transplant patients. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:227-234. [PMID: 32133883 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1738224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This review analyzes the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccinations in lung transplant patients before and after transplantation.Areas covered: This review addresses the risk for respiratory infections, in particular pneumococcal infections, in lung transplantation patients in the context of immunodeficiency and immunosuppressive medication. Vaccination is recommended to counteract the increased risk of pneumococcal infection, and the relevant guidelines are discussed in this review. The design of specific vaccination schedules is required because of the impaired antibody response in specific patient categories.Expert opinion: Lung transplantation candidates should be vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccines prior to transplantation. Currently, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine offers the broadest coverage, but the antibody response should be monitored. New generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines with equally broad serotype coverage could be used in the future. During the post-transplantation period, the immune status of the patients should be monitored regularly, and vaccination should be repeated when indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Holzer
- Department of Sciences, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands
| | - T Hoffman
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - D A Van Kessel
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - G T Rijkers
- Department of Sciences, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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14
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Tamomh AG, Liu H. Quantitative Assessment of an Artificial Neural Network for the Variation in Immunity to Salmonella Infection Among Sudanese and Chinese Populations and the Relationship Between HLA-DQB1 and Antibody: A Preliminary Study. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020; 13. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.99379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Ochoa-Grullón J, Benavente Cuesta C, Pérez López C, Peña Cortijo A, Rodríguez de la Peña A, Álvarez Carmona A, Mateo Morales M, Llano-Hernández K, Williams LJ, Rodríguez de Frías E, Guevara-Hoyer K, Cordero Torres G, Orte C, Fernández-Arquero M, Fernández-Paredes L, Serrano-García I, Recio MJ, Pérez de Diego R, Martínez R, Sánchez-Ramón S. Evaluation of Polysaccharide Typhim Vi Antibody Response as a predictor of Humoral Immunodeficiency in Haematological Malignancies. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108307. [PMID: 31760095 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An increasing healthcare challenge in the management of haematological malignancy (HM) is secondary immunodeficiency. From January 2019, the EMA included the evaluation of specific antibody (Ab) responses to better select patients for immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT). We evaluated Ab responses to pneumococcal and Salmonella typhi pure polysaccharide immunization in a cohort of 42 HM patients and 24 healthy-controls. Pre-post specific Ab concentrations were measured by ELISA at 4 weeks. Globally, significantly lower Typhim Vi (TV) seroprevalence (9%) compared to 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) (76%) (p <0.001) was observed. TV non responders (88%) were higher than PPV non responders (62%) (p <0.0001) and correlated better to infectious history. By ROC analysis, pre-post 5-fold TV increase was the best cut-off to discriminate HM with recurrent infections and controls (sensitivity 91%, specificity 100%). Despite the small sample cohort, our results suggest that specific anti-S typhi Ab response is a useful complementary assay in the diagnosis and management decision of SID to HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ochoa-Grullón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group, (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - C Pérez López
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Peña Cortijo
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Álvarez Carmona
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mateo Morales
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Llano-Hernández
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - E Rodríguez de Frías
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - K Guevara-Hoyer
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group, (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - G Cordero Torres
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Orte
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Fernández-Arquero
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Fernández-Paredes
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Serrano-García
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Recio
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group, (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Pérez de Diego
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group, (GIID), Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Martínez
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group, (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group, (GIID), Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Bucciol G, Schaballie H, Schrijvers R, Bosch B, Proesmans M, De Boeck K, Boon M, Vermeulen F, Lorent N, Dillaerts D, Kantsø B, Jørgensen CS, Emonds MP, Bossuyt X, Moens L, Meyts I. Defining Polysaccharide Antibody Deficiency: Measurement of Anti-Pneumococcal Antibodies and Anti-Salmonella typhi Antibodies in a Cohort of Patients with Recurrent Infections. J Clin Immunol 2019; 40:105-113. [PMID: 31705452 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation between different methods for the detection of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) responses to diagnose specific polysaccharide antibody deficiency (SAD) is poor and the criteria for defining a normal response lack consensus. We previously proposed fifth percentile (p5) values of PPV responses as a new cutoff for SAD. OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of SAD (determined by either World Health Organization (WHO)-standardized ELISA or multiplex bead-based assay) with abnormal response to Salmonella (S.) typhi Vi vaccination in a cohort of patients with recurrent infections. METHODS Ninety-four patients with a clinical history suggestive of antibody deficiency received PPV and S. typhi Vi vaccines. Polysaccharide responses to either 3 or 18 pneumococcal serotypes were measured by either the WHO ELISA or a multiplex in-house bead-based assay. Anti-S. typhi Vi IgG were measured by a commercial ELISA kit. Allohemagglutinins (AHA) were measured by agglutination method. RESULTS Based on the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) criteria for WHO ELISA, 18/94 patients were diagnosed with SAD and 22/93 based on serotype-specific p5 cutoffs for bead-based assay. The association between the two methods was significant, with 10 subjects showing abnormal response according to both techniques. Abnormal response to S. typhi Vi vaccination was found in 7 patients, 6 of which had SAD. No correlation was found between polysaccharide response and AHA, age, or clinical phenotype. CONCLUSION The lack of evidence-based gold standards for the diagnosis of SAD represents a challenge in clinical practice. In our cohort, we confirmed the insufficient correlation between different methods of specific PPV response measurement, and showed that the S. typhi Vi response was not contributive. Caution in the interpretation of results is warranted until more reliable diagnostic methods can be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bucciol
- Inborn errors of immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heidi Schaballie
- Inborn errors of immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Infectious Diseases and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Research group Allergy and Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Proesmans
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris De Boeck
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Boon
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Vermeulen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie Lorent
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Doreen Dillaerts
- Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bjørn Kantsø
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marie-Paule Emonds
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetic Laboratory, Red Cross Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Moens
- Inborn errors of immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Inborn errors of immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Marsh RA, Orange JS. Antibody deficiency testing for primary immunodeficiency: A practical review for the clinician. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 123:444-453. [PMID: 31446132 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review selected published studies related to the diagnostic evaluation of antibody deficiency. DATA SOURCES Published literature. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies related to the diagnostic evaluation of antibody deficiency and existing recommendations were selected. RESULTS Many primary immunodeficiency diseases include humoral deficiency. Practical tests used in the clinical evaluation of patients for possible antibody deficiency include immunoglobulin measurement, specific antibody titers, and B-cell enumeration and phenotyping. CONCLUSION Clinically available tests can be used to readily evaluate patients for antibody deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Marsh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo U Sorensen
- Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Louisiana Primary Immunodeficiency Network, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Honorary Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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19
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Guevara-Hoyer K, Gil C, Parker AR, Williams LJ, Orte C, Rodriguez de la Peña A, Ochoa-Grullón J, Rodriguez De Frias E, García IS, García-Gómez S, Recio MJ, Fernández-Arquero M, Pérez de Diego R, Ramos JT, Sánchez-Ramón S. Measurement of Typhim Vi IgG as a Diagnostic Tool to Determine Anti-polysaccharide Antibody Production Deficiency in Children. Front Immunol 2019; 10:654. [PMID: 31001267 PMCID: PMC6455213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The assessment of specific polysaccharide antibody production plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of humoral primary immunodeficiencies (PID). The response to 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PPV) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of polysaccharide antibodies. However, in Spain, the interpretation of pure polysaccharide 23-valent immunization is hampered by the high endemicity of pneumococcal disease and the generalization of the 13-valent adjuvant pneumococcal vaccination. Specific Typhim Vi vaccination (TV) immunoglobulin G IgG response to immunization is useful in adult PID, but there is no data regarding children. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical utility of TV IgG production as a diagnostic tool to determine anti-polysaccharide antibody production deficiency in children, when the response to PPV is unclear and isolated determination of serotypes is unfeasible. Methods: We conducted a single-institution prospective observational study on 61 children with recurrent infections. Baseline specific antibodies against PPV and TV were evaluated. In 28 children (46%), the response to the production of antibodies confirmed a clinical suspicion of humoral PID, and they were therefore immunized with 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine and Typhim Vi. Both specific antibody responses were measured by ELISA (The Binding Site Group Ltd, Birmingham, UK) using previously published cut-offs. Results: Seventy percent of the 61 children displayed baseline PPV IgG > 27 mg/L, whereas only 8% showed TV IgG > 28 U/mL (p < 0.0001). Twenty-one of 28 children (75%) achieved a 3-fold increase in post-vaccination TV IgG levels, whereas only 3% achieved a 4-fold increase in PPV IgG post vaccination, mainly due to high baseline PPV IgG titers. When we classified children according to their response to TV as responders or non-responders and compared this with the well-known clinical warning signs of the Jeffrey Modell Foundation. The proportions of children with history of pneumonia and the need for intravenous antibiotics were significantly higher in TV IgG non-responders than in TV IgG responders (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Response to TV can be considered an ancillary diagnostic tool to determine polysaccharide antibodies in children, particularly when isolated determination of pneumococcal serotypes is not feasible. TV provides a useful asset for clinicians in the era of conjugate PPV vaccination, with clinical relevance. Further research is warranted for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kissy Guevara-Hoyer
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Gil
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Orte
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juliana Ochoa-Grullón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene Serrano García
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia García-Gómez
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - M José Recio
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-Arquero
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Tomas Ramos
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Antibody deficiency or hypogammaglobulinemia can have primary or secondary etiologies. Primary antibody deficiency (PAD) is the result of intrinsic genetic defects, whereas secondary antibody deficiency may arise as a consequence of underlying conditions or medication use. On a global level, malnutrition, HIV, and malaria are major causes of secondary immunodeficiency. In this review we consider secondary antibody deficiency, for which common causes include hematological malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or multiple myeloma, and their treatment, protein-losing states, and side effects of a number of immunosuppressive agents and procedures involved in solid organ transplantation. Secondary antibody deficiency is not only much more common than PAD, but is also being increasingly recognized with the wider and more prolonged use of a growing list of agents targeting B cells. SAD may thus present to a broad range of specialties and is associated with an increased risk of infection. Early diagnosis and intervention is key to avoiding morbidity and mortality. Optimizing treatment requires careful clinical and laboratory assessment and may involve close monitoring of risk parameters, vaccination, antibiotic strategies, and in some patients, immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT). This review discusses the rapidly evolving list of underlying causes of secondary antibody deficiency, specifically focusing on therapies targeting B cells, alongside recent advances in screening, biomarkers of risk for the development of secondary antibody deficiency, diagnosis, monitoring, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Y. Patel
- Clinical Immunology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Carbone
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Chan ED, Wooten WI, Hsieh EW, Johnston KL, Shaffer M, Sandhaus RA, van de Veerdonk F. Diagnostic evaluation of bronchiectasis. Respiratory Medicine: X 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrmex.2019.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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22
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Parker AR, Bradley C, Harding S, Sánchez-Ramón S, Jolles S, Kiani-Alikhan S. Measurement and interpretation of Salmonella typhi Vi IgG antibodies for the assessment of adaptive immunity. J Immunol Methods 2018; 459:1-10. [PMID: 29800575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Response to polysaccharide vaccination can be an invaluable tool for assessing functionality of the adaptive immune system. Measurement of antibodies raised in response to Pneumovax®23 is the current gold standard test, but there are significant challenges and constraints in both the measurement and interpretation of the response. An alternative polysaccharide vaccine approach (Salmonella typhi Vi capsule (ViCPS)) has been suggested. In the present article, we review current evidence for the measurement of ViCPS antibodies in the diagnosis of primary and secondary antibody deficiencies. In particular, we review emerging data suggesting their interpretation in combination with the response to Pneumovax®23 and comment upon the utility of these vaccines to assess humoral immune responses while receiving immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sorena Kiani-Alikhan
- Department of Immunology, Barts and The London National Health Service Trust, London, UK
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