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Wang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhou J, Jia Z, Ma J, Yao W, Tu Y, Sun Z, Wei Y. Ecological barriers: An approach to ecological conservation and restoration in China. AMBIO 2024; 53:1077-1091. [PMID: 38366296 PMCID: PMC11101397 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-01988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The Chinese government has pursued comprehensive ecological conservation and restoration by establishing an ecological barrier system. However, the majority of international research tends to focus on the connectivity between habitats, overlooking the functions that ecological barriers play in ecological conservation and restoration. The existing literature lacks a systematic exploration of the theory and practice of ecological barriers. This study employed the literature analysis tool CiteSpace to present the theoretical and developmental trends in ecological barriers from various perspectives, including research fields, historical evolution, research hotspots, and major research nations. By analyzing the differences in the understanding of ecological barriers between China and other countries, examining the ecological barriers construction history in China, and exploring the types and functions of ecological barriers, this study summarizes the framework of China's ecological barriers construction system as "features-functions-problems." Constructing an ecological barrier system can help achieve ecological conservation and restoration goals in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Land Consolidation, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jitao Zhou
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zixu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jiahao Ma
- College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Wenjie Yao
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - You Tu
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zechong Sun
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yuhan Wei
- Hamden Hall Country Day School, 1108 Whitney Ave., Hamden, CT, 06517, USA
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2
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McNally X, Webb TL, Smith C, Moss A, Gibson-Miller J. A meta-analysis of the effect of visiting zoos and aquariums on visitors' conservation knowledge, beliefs, and behavior. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14237. [PMID: 38305648 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Zoos and aquariums are well placed to connect visitors with the issues facing biodiversity globally and many deliver interventions that seek to influence visitors' beliefs and behaviors with respect to conservation. However, despite primary studies evaluating the effect of such interventions, the overall effect of engaging with zoos and the factors that influence this effect remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the effect of zoo-led interventions on knowledge, beliefs (attitudes, intentions, self-efficacy, and social norms), and behavior among zoo visitors. These outcomes were identified using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a theoretical lens. We identified and described the nature of zoo-led interventions in 56 studies and used the behavior change technique (BCT) taxonomy to identify 6 specific BCTs used in interventions to date. Multilevel meta-analyses revealed a small to medium positive effect of engaging with zoo-led interventions on outcomes (d+ = 0.40, 95% confidence interval = 0.28-0.51). Specifically, visitors were more knowledgeable about conservation issues, held more favorable attitudes toward conservation, and reported being more likely to act for the benefit of biodiversity. No evidence of publication bias was present. Effect sizes were, however, heterogeneous and subgroup analyses revealed that the nature of the intervention or type of outcome did not explain this variance. Larger effects were, however, found in studies conducted at a single institution relative to research at multiple institutions and studies that used within-participant designs relative to between-participant designs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how behavior change frameworks can be used to describe zoo-led interventions and supports the assertion that zoos and aquariums can promote changes in beliefs and behaviors that may help protect biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas L Webb
- ICOSS building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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3
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Yue Z, Chen J. Direct, indirect, and vicarious nature experiences collectively predict preadolescents' self-reported nature connectedness and conservation behaviors. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15542. [PMID: 37361038 PMCID: PMC10290449 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The quantity and context of children's nature experiences are undergoing significant changes, exacerbating a pervasive negative cycle that could impact future conservation efforts. Therefore, it is essential to conduct further studies on the potential impacts of these changes on children's willingness to engage in conservation practices. Methods We surveyed 2,175 preadolescents (aged 9-12) from rural and city schools in Hangzhou, Kunming, and Xishuangbanna, China, regarding their nature experiences (direct, indirect, and vicarious) and self-reported nature connectedness and conservation behaviors. Results We found that children in urban areas have higher frequencies of indirect and vicarious experiences than those in rural areas, with some direct nature experiences seldom reported among city respondents. Direct, indirect, and vicarious nature experiences significantly predicted children's conservation behavior and collectively provided the highest predictive power for conservation behavior. Direct and vicarious experiences were strongly correlated with pro-nature behavior, and the latter with pro-environmental behavior. Emotional and cognitive connection with nature positively predicted conservation behavior, influenced by location and residence type. Discussion This study reveals that different types of nature experiences shape children's current conservation behaviors in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
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4
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Miranda R, Escribano N, Casas M, Pino-Del-Carpio A, Villarroya A. The Role of Zoos and Aquariums in a Changing World. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2023; 11:287-306. [PMID: 36266060 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-050622-104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Zoos and aquariums have evolved significantly. From their origins as enclosures for the mere entertainment of the public, these institutions have undertaken new functions responding to the biodiversity crisis and social demands. Modern zoos and aquariums have the opportunity to educate people, contribute to species conservation, and produce animal-related research. However, there is increasing criticism toward the outcomes of their actions and the holding of species in their facilities. This review offers an integrated analysis of the state of knowledge about the role that zoos and aquariums play today. It describes their performance regarding their conservation, education, and research functions, highlighting general patterns and offering future perspectives. It identifies some challenges common to all these institutions, concluding that the way they keep up with the ever-growing social and environmental expectations will be decisive hereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Miranda
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; , , , ,
| | - Nora Escribano
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; , , , ,
| | - María Casas
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; , , , ,
| | - Andrea Pino-Del-Carpio
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; , , , ,
| | - Ana Villarroya
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; , , , ,
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Schilbert J, Scheersoi A. Learning outcomes measured in zoo and aquarium conservation education. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e13891. [PMID: 35171535 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Communicating the topic of conservation to the public and encouraging proenvironmental behaviors can mitigate loss of biodiversity. Thus, the evaluation of educational efforts is important to ascertain the educational effects and provide high-quality conservation education. The learning outcomes of conservation education are diverse (e.g., attitudes, knowledge, and behavior). Considering the specific characteristics of these different outcomes and the factors that influence them is crucial to delivering successful conservation education. We reviewed 29 peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 2011 to April 2020 on empirical studies of learning outcomes of on-site conservation education in zoos and aquaria, institutions that seek to educate the public about conservation. We examined the range of learning outcomes, their definitions, and factors that influenced them. Cognitive outcomes were most frequently investigated (37%) in comparison with other outcomes (e.g., affective outcomes, 31%). The articles did not use explicit definitions for learning outcomes, and implicit or explorative definitions provided were inconsistent. Outcomes were influenced by various factors (e.g., prior experiences, staff interaction, animal behavior). Our results suggest the agenda of conservation education research should be broadened by examining all learning outcomes relevant to behavior change. Educational and behavior change theories should be used as a background for conservation education research to ensure clear and consistent definitions, derive appropriate instruments to measure learning outcomes, and relate learning outcomes to influencing factors. We recommend conservation education researchers and practitioners to treat conservation education holistically and acknowledge its learning outcomes' full complexity.
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The Societal Value of the Modern Zoo: A Commentary on How Zoos Can Positively Impact on Human Populations Locally and Globally. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern zoos and aquariums have evolved greatly since the end of the Second World War, to become centres of conservation excellence and scientific institutions for the study of animal behaviour, ecology, husbandry management. Whilst the impact of zoos and aquariums to biodiversity conservation, population management and advancement of species care is well documented, their positive impacts on society (including the communities that they are located within) is less well known. The four established aims of the modern zoo—Conservation, Education, Recreation (Engagement) and Research—provide a strong foundation for wider review and critique of the societal value of zoos and aquariums. This article synthesises what such value may be, and how it could be measured, from a systematic review of the literature pertaining to each of these four established aims. It also recommends areas of future scientific inquiry to further study the wider impact of zoos on their local communities and on human populations and behaviour more generally. Including Wellbeing as a fifth aim of the modern zoo would also cement their wider societal value. Further scrutiny of the societal value of the modern zoo enhances the value of the zoo’s living collection and the green spaces that it manages to provide accessibility to biodiversity and nature-centric education essential to long-term, planetary friendly human behaviour change.
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7
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Pakistan Zoo Visitors’ Perceptions toward Zoos and Large Native Carnivores. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg3040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary goal of zoos is to educate their visitors about global conservation efforts. Studying visitors’ perceptions and attitudes towards captive and wild endangered species helps target conservation messaging. This is especially important in countries, such as Pakistan, where hunting and human–wildlife conflict pose the greatest threats to species. While there have been some studies about Pakistan’s rural communities’ perceptions, few studies have examined the perceptions of Pakistan’s zoo visitors. We present data from exit surveys (n = 304) collected at three of the largest zoos in Pakistan (Lahore: an established zoo, Peshawar: a newly built zoo, and Jungle Kingdom: a theme park and zoo). Zoo location was a significant predictor for a range of attitudes, suggesting that the way a zoo presents itself strongly impacts visitor perceptions. Perceptions of learning were influenced by high biodiversity appreciation but a low confidence in knowledge about animals. Support for keeping animals in captivity was most likely when animal welfare was perceived as good and amongst respondents who valued biodiversity. Zoo-goers, regardless of location, demonstrated high levels of interest in animals and environmental concerns. However, the primary visit motivator was spending time with family and friends.
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8
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Spiriti MM, Melchiori FM, Dierkes PW, Ferrante L, Bandoli F, Biasetti P, de Mori B. Development of A Tool for Assessing the Reputation of Zoos: The Zoo Ethical Reputation Survey (ZERS). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2802. [PMID: 36290188 PMCID: PMC9597707 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, most zoos have taken prominent and active positions in endangered species conservation and educating visitors about the value of biodiversity. However, to be effective and trusted in their mission, they must act ethically and have a good reputation. Yet, the drivers that can influence their reputation are still little investigated, and there are still few studies focused on assessing the reputation of these institutions. In the present work, we report the development of a tool, the Zoo Ethical Reputation Survey (ZERS), and its pilot application to assess the opinions of the visitors of two zoos, one in Italy and one in Germany, on drivers that may influence the ethical reputation of zoos. Preliminary results based on the answers of 274 respondents show that visitors' opinions on zoos acting with ethical responsibility are correlated with emotional appeal and familiarity with these institutions. The application of ZERS can help zoos identify weaknesses in their reputation and develop new strategies to improve people's attitudes towards them, bringing many benefits to the individual zoo and zoological institutions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela Spiriti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Padua, Italy
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation and Animal Welfare, University of Padua, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Paul Wilhelm Dierkes
- Department for Bioscience Education, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Linda Ferrante
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation and Animal Welfare, University of Padua, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Pierfrancesco Biasetti
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation and Animal Welfare, University of Padua, 35020 Padua, Italy
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara de Mori
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Padua, Italy
- Ethics Laboratory for Veterinary Medicine, Conservation and Animal Welfare, University of Padua, 35020 Padua, Italy
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9
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Duan S, Han F, Li F, Yang Z. Spatial evaluation of the ecological value importance of national park in Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115943. [PMID: 36056501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (YTGC) region is one of China's vital gene banks of mountain biological species resources. It is also an experimental site for biologists worldwide to study how organisms differentiate in the exceptional environment of the plateau. Evaluating the importance of the ecological value and identifying extremely important regions to national parks to implement the strictest conservation is significant to protecting and preserving global biodiversity. YTGC as the study area, and a comprehensive evaluation model conformed to ecological value attributes was established: (i) evaluation of ecosystem service function, including water retention, soil and water conservation and biodiversity maintenance; (ii) evaluation of ecological vulnerability, including soil erosion and geological disasters; (iii) evaluation of ecological conservation, including Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), Global 200 Ecoregions (G200), Biodiversity Hotspots (BH), Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) and Priority Areas for Biodiversity Conservation in China (PABCC). Identifying as extremely important, important, and general important regions, then mosaicked with the maximum value. The results show: first, the extremely important regions of ecosystem service are about 30,242.90 km2 (45.64%), distributed in most regions flowing southwest along the Yarlung Zangbo River. Second, the ecological vulnerability regions are about 26,561.65 km2 (40.06%), concentrated and contiguously distributed in the valley regions along the Yarlung Zangbo River and the high-altitude glacier-covered regions. Third, the extremely important regions for ecological conservation are mainly distributed in Milin County (39.86%) and Medog County (36.33%), which also presents a clustered distribution in the highly high mountains with apparent differentiation along the Yarlung Zangbo River valley in Milin County and the vertical natural belt centered on the Namjagbarwa and the Galabai Leifeng. Finally, we proposed that the integrated extremely important regions of ecological value should be divided into national parks for strict conservation; at the same time, it is also a reference for considering the construction of biodiversity conservation corridors when roads pass through the extremely important regions. This study presents a reliable and integrative method for effectively identifying conservation priority areas at small-medium scales, which can be applied to other PAs planning and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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10
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Fourage A, Shepherd CR, Campera M, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V. It's a sign: Animal welfare and zoo type are predictors of animal identification signage usage and quality at zoo exhibits. Zoo Biol 2022; 42:283-295. [PMID: 36098522 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Conservation education programs are listed as priority actions for almost every threatened species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. Zoos play an important role in delivering such programs, yet evidence of zoo education in many non-western countries is limited. Here, we evaluate animal identification signage prevalence and quality at zoo exhibits and investigate whether animal welfare, zoo type (accredited, government, and private), admission fee, zoo size, and proximity to urban centers are influencing factors. We used hornbills (Bucerotidae) as a model taxon, surveyed hornbill signage, and conducted welfare assessments of hornbill exhibits. We developed scoring frameworks and applied content analysis to analyze signage quality. Our results show that out of 18 zoos that displayed hornbills, 15 had hornbill signage. However, of the 106 hornbill exhibits in these zoos, 33% had no signage. We also found that signage presence or absence at individual zoos and signage quality is strongly correlated with animal welfare quality. Zoo type is a key factor in predicting signage and welfare quality, with accredited zoos scoring highest for both signage and welfare, followed by government and private zoos. Private zoos charged higher admission than other zoo types, and zoo size and proximity to urban centers did not influence signage or welfare scores. Overall, we conclude that in our study, signage usage and quality are inadequate, highlighting the importance of compliance with robust zoo standards to improve education and welfare within zoos to support global conservation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fourage
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Marco Campera
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Little Fire Face Project, Cipaganti, Indonesia
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Little Fire Face Project, Cipaganti, Indonesia
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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11
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Wilson JK, Nageotte NL, Pletcher N. Evoking empathy-An overlooked role of animal statues in zoos. Zoo Biol 2022; 41:418-424. [PMID: 35322895 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Empathy towards animals is a known influential factor in the likelihood for individuals to engage in conservation behavior, so it is of significant interest that the zoo community considers how to evoke constructive empathetic responses in their guests. To date, much of the research that has been conducted on empathy in zoos has focused on live animals, but are we overlooking a potential instrument of empathy-building? Based on observations made during an evaluation of guest interactions with a bronze animal statue, this paper will explore the potential for static, lifelike animal statues to serve as conduits for empathy-building and make a strong argument for the much needed research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Wilson
- Conservation Education Division, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nichole L Nageotte
- Conservation Education Division, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nette Pletcher
- Founder, Beez Kneez Creative, San Diego, California, USA
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12
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Environmental Education in Zoos—Exploring the Impact of Guided Zoo Tours on Connection to Nature and Attitudes towards Species Conservation. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, zoos have been increasingly transformed into education centers with the goal of raising awareness about environmental issues and providing environmental education. Probably the simplest and most widespread environmental education program in the zoo is the guided tour. This study therefore aims to test whether a one hour zoo tour has an influence on the participants’ connection to nature and attitude towards species conservation. For this purpose, 269 people who had voluntarily registered for a zoo tour were surveyed before and after the tour. In addition to the regular zoo tour, special themed tours and tours with animal feedings were included. The results show a positive increase in connection to nature and a strengthening of positive attitudes towards species conservation for all tour types. For nature connectedness, in particular, people with an initial high connection to nature benefitted from the special themed tours and the tours, including animal feedings. For attitudes towards species conservation, no difference was found between the tour types. The results prove the positive influence of a very simple environmental education program, even for people with a preexisting high level of connection to nature and positive attitude towards species conservation.
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13
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Abrash Walton A, Nageotte NL, Heimlich JE, Threadgill A. Facilitating behavior change: Introducing the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change as a conservation psychology framework and tool for practitioners. Zoo Biol 2022; 41:386-397. [PMID: 35608042 PMCID: PMC9790313 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary opportunities for improved conservation and sustainability outcomes are through changing human behavior. Zoos, aquariums, and other public-facing biodiversity conservation institutions offer an important space for environmental learning and facilitating proenvironmental behavior change. We have focused, in this review, on examining common behavior change models as well as the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Behavior Change, a widely regarded model within the health fields and, recently, in the fields of environmental and leadership studies, with new research applying the TTM specifically in a zoo setting. We have discussed critiques of the TTM and rebuttals to those critiques. We have presented examples of TTM applications in a zoo setting. Our objective has been to explore the TTM as a possible "best fit" framework and tool for zoo and aquarium practitioners in facilitating proenvironmental behavior. Key findings include that (a) the TTM differs significantly from other proenvironmental behavior theoretical models, including those that are prevalent in the conservation psychology literature and applied by zoos and aquariums, in terms of the TTM stages of change and processes of change constructs; (b) the TTM appears to overlap significantly with the 10 interventions or treatments identified by researchers as the most effective approaches to facilitating proenvironmental behavior; and (c) there is nascent and promising application of TTM constructs in zoo and aquarium programming. We remain impressed by the potential of the TTM to address a critical question within the conservation psychology research field concerning proenvironmental behavior: what specific tools to employ and when.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Abrash Walton
- Department of Environmental StudiesAntioch University New EnglandKeeneNew HampshireUSA
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14
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Grajal A, Becker D, Luebke JF, Vernon C. Conservation psychology and the legacy of Carol Saunders for zoo and aquarium programs, networks, practices, and exhibits. Zoo Biol 2022; 41:379-385. [PMID: 35838192 PMCID: PMC9795976 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Conservation Psychology created a dialog between environmental conservation and behavioral sciences. With an outsized influence by Dr. Carol Saunders, it started at Brookfield Zoo in Chicago exploring questions about the impacts of a zoo visit, and particularly how human behavior influences environmental outcomes for our planet. Here we explore how Conservation Psychology influenced the development of programs, exhibits and communities of practice at Brookfield Zoo and elsewhere in the zoo and aquarium world, and how eventually these applications changed the way modern zoos and aquariums operate. We present testimonials and review a handful of examples in which Conservation Psychology led to tangible programs, practices and wide professional networks at zoos and aquariums. These include an exploration of the future of zoos with George Rabb, followed by the legacy of nature play and the groundbreaking Hamill Family Play Zoo. Furthermore, we discuss how visitor studies at zoos and aquariums were influenced by Conservation Psychology, including the development of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Social Science Research and Evaluation Scientific Advisory Group and two climate change education networks. We end with the development of tools, practices, and professional networks to explore empathy for animals. Most of these programs were envisioned or facilitated by Dr. Saunders, who was always a role model with an impact and a legacy that lives on.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Becker
- Brookfield Zoo‐Chicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
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15
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Dos Santos MM, Griffiths RA, Jowett T, Bishop PJ. Zoos and amphibian conservation: Evaluating the impact of "The Year of The Frog" Campaign. Zoo Biol 2021; 41:226-233. [PMID: 34951730 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The global reach of zoos has enormous potential to raise awareness of conservation issues such as the amphibian extinction crisis. One mechanism of achieving this is through targeted, time-limited campaigns. However, the longer-term impact of such campaigns on conservation outcomes is rarely evaluated. The goal of this study is to evaluate how zoos view "The Year of The Frog," a campaign launched by zoos in 2008, with the aim of raising awareness of the global amphibian crisis and generating funds to support amphibian conservation initiatives. A questionnaire-based survey of 43 zoos from fourteen countries was used to evaluate how zoo practitioners believed the campaign influenced amphibian conservation some 10 years after its launch. Survey results showed that the campaign not only contributed to the improvement of research into amphibian husbandry in zoos but also increased support of in situ conservation of amphibians. Zoos focused on exotic species, but developed countries led most of the actions of the campaign. The campaign has inspired and encouraged some zoos and other ex situ conservation organizations to embrace amphibian conservation. The next step is to increase collaboration with more organizations through, for example, AArk and IUCN SSC/ASG, particularly in countries that have high amphibian biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A Griffiths
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Tim Jowett
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Phillip J Bishop
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Conservation Education Impacts of Animal Ambassadors in Zoos. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the effects of anthropogenic environmental impacts, conservation education (CE) aims to increase public awareness of biodiversity and encourage the uptake of pro-environmental behaviours (PEB). One way of achieving this goal is the use of controlled animal interactions with animal ambassadors to promote CE goals. This study aimed to determine how differing experiences with ambassador Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) affected visitors’ knowledge of conservation actions (CA) and their likelihood to perform PEBs in a UK zoo. A quasi-experimental repeated measures questionnaire was used to investigate this aim. Visit types were categorised as (a) ‘penguin parade’, (b) ‘animal encounter’, (c) ‘exhibit viewing’ and (d) a ‘control’ groups. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine if responses to rating scale items related to PEBs differed according to experience. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were detectable between groups. Qualitative data provided in open ended questions relating to CAs were coded into themes and the percentage of responses were calculated for each theme. Whilst the ‘exhibit viewing’ group mentioned sustainable fish significantly more (p = 0.017) than the ‘control’ group, no significant difference was found for any other pair-wise comparison (p > 0.05 in all cases). Overall, this study highlights that zoo visitors gained specific conservation-based knowledge and had higher behavioural intentions towards PEBs than they previously had. However, no evidence was found to suggest that animal encounters improved CE outcomes. To ensure best practice is followed and CE outcomes are considered equally alongside ambassador animal welfare concerns, further research is recommended.
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Escribano N, Ariño AH, Pino-Del-Carpio A, Galicia D, Miranda R. Global trends in research output by zoos and aquariums. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1894-1902. [PMID: 33949728 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zoos and aquaria, often regarded as preservation-cum-entertainment enterprises, are also actors in the effort to curb the biodiversity crisis: raising awareness, supporting conservation, and conducting research. We assessed trends in zoo and aquaria research topics and study organisms over time worldwide. For the zoos and aquaria registered in the Species360's Zoological Information Management System and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, we compiled metadata on their research published in the peer-reviewed literature indexed in Scopus and carried out a keyword frequency analysis. The production of scientific papers by zoos increased at a much faster rate than the average accrual of scientific papers in the literature. Evolution of research themes ran parallel to that of biological sciences (e.g., development of molecular genetics or increased awareness about conservation). The focus of 48.5% of zoo-led research was on vertebrates, of which mammal research was 33.7%. Whether zoos are effectively contributing to conservation may still be debatable, but our results highlight their institutional efforts to increase knowledge about the species in their care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Escribano
- Department of Environmental Biology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arturo H Ariño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - David Galicia
- Department of Environmental Biology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Miranda
- Department of Environmental Biology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Biodiversity and Environment Institute, Pamplona, Spain
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18
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Investigating Visitor Activity on a Safari Drive. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg2040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing studies focusing on the visitor experience in zoological collections, minimal attention has been paid to visitor activity when driving through safari parks. The dwell time of visitors at exhibits within a traditional zoo setting has offered a good method to measure exhibit and species popularity, but studying visitors on a safari drive offers a unique set of challenges, with factors such as road length skewing a basic dwell time measurement. Therefore, the current study proposes that average speed offers a robust means to investigate visitor activity on a safari drive. Average speed was found to be significantly different depending on species exhibited, with primates and felids eliciting slower speeds and bovids and cervids faster speeds. This result broadly mirrors that of traditional zoo studies where primates elicit longer dwell times. Future safari drive studies could help inform decisions made on a safari drive for aspects such a collection planning, drive layout and exhibit design. Harnessing tracking technology, e.g., GPS, alongside more diverse methodologies, such as questionnaires and multi-institutional approaches, would further allow more robust conclusions to be drawn.
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19
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Does an Animal–Visitor Interactive Experience Drive Conservation Action? JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg2030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspiring visitors to engage in conservation-related behaviour following a zoo visit is a primary objective for most zoos. Animal–visitor interactive (AVI) experiences are often central to this goal. Yet, these interactive experiences are insufficiently evaluated from both the visitors’ and captive animals’ perspectives. The current study took place at Fota Wildlife Park and involved the construction of an environmental enrichment device during an interactive visitor experience with Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). It aimed to simultaneously encourage pro-conservation behaviour in visitors and promote animal welfare. Visitors (n = 51) completed a survey, observed the tigers’ behaviour and made a pledge to help tigers in the wild after completion of the AVI. Tiger behaviour was simultaneously observed by a trained researcher using occurrence or non-occurrence sampling, which found no indication that tiger welfare was compromised during the activity and was likely enhanced by engaging with the enrichment. Additionally, visitors observed a range of tigers’ behaviours. The results indicated that some visitors (8%) had continued with their pledge six weeks after the experience, and most visitors exhibited a high level of knowledge and a positive attitude towards tigers. The use of enrichment during AVIs may be a positive link between the visitor experience and animal welfare. These results can be used to guide AVIs in zoos which aim to connect people with nature and drive pro-conservation behaviour in visitors.
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Assessing the Impacts of Engaging with a Touch Table on Safari Park Visitors. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg2030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern zoos are increasingly viewed as educational facilities, with informal education programmes attempting to engage with visitors through a wide variety of methods. A ‘touch table’ consists of two collapsible tables which display a variety of artefacts to the public. This study investigated visitor engagement with touch tables alongside types of conversations being initiated by visitors. Covert observations recorded the type of groups visiting, their dwell time, perceived engagement level and the types of interactions and conversations they were initiating at the touch table. Dwell time was affected by the season, member of staff present, type of group visiting the touch table and engagement level of the group. Engagement level was also affected by group type. Longer average dwell time and higher engagement levels were displayed at a long-established touch table location, whereas more visitors engaged at the touch table when it was at a new location with predicted high footfall. Here, 68.3% of visitors initiated ‘surface level’ conversation, 27.2% initiated ‘deeper level’ conversation and 89.6% initiated ‘other’ conversation. This study resulted in touch table offerings being adapted to further increase their effectiveness as an informal education tool and to suggests ways in which touch tables can continue in a post COVID-19 world.
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21
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Welsh T, Ward S. Visitor attachment to dolphins during an interaction programme, are there implications to dolphin behavior? Zoo Biol 2021; 40:551-562. [PMID: 34254346 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people visit zoos and aquariums globally each year, with a smaller number choosing to participate in animal interaction programmes which allows visitors closer contact with individual animals. These are reportedly having mixed effects in increasing conservation-related behaviors. Human-animal interactions (HAIs) during these programmes are generally positive experiences for the human participants, however are there behavioral implications for the animals involved? The Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is the most widely used cetacean for dolphin interactions, known as "swim with dolphin" (SWD) programmes. This study investigated visitor attachment to the dolphins they interacted with, whilst assessing behavioral implications of the dolphins. A total of 41 visitors to a Spanish dolphinarium, who participated in a SWD were surveyed using a modified version of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale. Alongside this, 15-min continuous focal samples monitored three female dolphins (D1, D2, and D3) aged 22-40, split into pre (n = 96), during (n = 96) and post (n = 96) SWD. 80% of visitors reported a sense of attachment to the dolphin they interacted with. An exploratory factor analysis extracted three factors from the survey, these were "relationships," "emotional attachment," and "non-attachment." A Friedmans two-way analysis of variance produced significant results for some behavior categories for each individual, including locomotory (D1: F2 = 9.556, p < .01), rest (D2: F2 = 14, p < .01, D3: F2 = 10.889, p < .01) and individual play (D1: F2 = 11.677, p < .01 D2: F2 = 6.353, p < .05) however, pairwise comparison showed no differences pre-post SWD. In this context it can be implied that participating in the SWD was neither enriching nor aversive for the individual animals, although due to the small sample size further research is required. As visitors reported a sense of attachment post HAI, this can have applications in improving conservation education during SWD. This study has provided scope for further research into methods that facilities can use to utilize the emotional attachment developed to individual animals to facilitate learning about conservation issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welsh
- School of Animal, Rural, and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK.,University Centre Askham Bryan, York, UK
| | - Samantha Ward
- School of Animal, Rural, and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
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22
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Fukano Y, Soga M, Fukuda M, Takahashi Y, Koyama M, Arakawa Y, Miyano N, Akiba Y, Horiguchi M. Debut of an endangered bird in zoos raises public interest, awareness and conservation knowledge of the species. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Fukano
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Soga
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Fukuda
- Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Takahashi
- Tokyo Zoological Park Society Ueno Zoological Gardens Tokyo Japan
| | | | | | | | - Y. Akiba
- Toyama Municipal Family Park Zoo Toyama Japan
- Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums Tokyo Japan
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23
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Conservation Education: Are Zoo Animals Effective Ambassadors and Is There Any Cost to Their Welfare? JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg2010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal ambassador encounters (AAE), where visitors come into close-contact with animals, are popular in zoos and are advocated as promoting connection to wild species. However, educational and animal-welfare implications are relatively unknown. We conducted a systematic literature review (PRISMA) to investigate visitor and animal outcomes of AAE. We identified 19 peer reviewed articles and 13 other records focused on AAEs. Although we found net positive or neutral impacts overall, several studies indicated that high-intensity visitor contact and long-term exposure may be detrimental to animal welfare. Most studies lacked rigour and claims were based on an absence of negative impacts rather than evidence of benefits. Multiple publications were derived from the same datasets and there were no standardised measures for either welfare or education impacts. Of the peer-reviewed articles, just two considered both education and welfare. Education studies often used perceived learning or only post-experience testing. Welfare studies used small samples (median n = 4; range 1–59), and limited measures of welfare. In order to justify the continued use of AAEs in modern zoos, animal welfare costs must be proven to be minimal whilst having demonstrable and substantial visitor educational value. Large-scale, standardised impact assessments of both education and welfare impacts are needed.
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Dwyer JDLT, Fraser J, Voiklis J, Thomas UG. Individual-level variability among trust criteria relevant to zoos and aquariums. Zoo Biol 2020; 39:297-303. [PMID: 32785969 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prior research into the conceptual underpinnings of the public's institutional trust in zoos and aquariums has suggested a range of ethical dimensions that set these types of cultural institutions apart from others in the museum sector. As the recognized holders, care-takers, and nurturers of wild animals, zoos and aquariums are sustained at least in part by the public's perception that these activities are legitimate pursuits and essential to the long-term conservation of the natural world. This paper builds on recent research that identified the ethical dimensions of trust in zoos and aquariums and assessed their distribution among the U.S. public by analyzing survey responses with respect to the importance of trust criteria. We hypothesized that distinct clusters of individuals, as defined by their response to trust criteria items, would emerge and that these clusters would prioritize different dimensions in their trust of zoos and aquariums. Using k-means clustering, we identified four relevant clusters of individuals on seven dimensions of institutional trust in zoos and aquariums. Based on these clusters, we suggest strategies for addressing what may be necessary for zoos and aquariums to claim authority as agents promoting conservation behaviors in society.
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25
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Fernández‐Llamazares Á, Fraixedas S, Brias‐Guinart A, Terraube J. Principles for including conservation messaging in wildlife‐based tourism. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Fernández‐Llamazares
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS) Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Global Change and Conservation Lab Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Sara Fraixedas
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS) Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Global Change and Conservation Lab Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Aina Brias‐Guinart
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS) Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Global Change and Conservation Lab Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Julien Terraube
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS) Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Global Change and Conservation Lab Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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26
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Fukano Y, Tanaka Y, Soga M. Zoos and animated animals increase public interest in and support for threatened animals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135352. [PMID: 31896229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Raising public interest in and conservation activity for threatened species is critically important for successful biodiversity conservation. However, our understanding of what influences the public interest in threatened animals and how the interest induces conservation activities is quite limited. Here, we examined the role of zoos and a television program featuring animated animals in shaping public interest in and support for animals including threatened species from 2011 to 2018 in Japan. Public interest was measured by Internet search volumes and support by donation activity in zoos. Results showed that both zoos and the animated program made a significant contribution to increasing public interest in animals. The spatial distribution of the Google search volume for 92 animals was correlated with that of animals exhibited in zoos. In tandem with this, the broadcast of a Japanese animated TV program featuring animals (Kemono Friends) increased the Google search volume and Wikipedia pageviews for animal species featured in the program. The total increases of search volume and Wikipedia pageviews were estimated to be approximately 4.66 million for 37 species and 1.06 million for 63 species, respectively. Furthermore, after the original broadcasts of the program, we found that animals featured in the animated program had more financial supporters through donations than animals that were not featured. These results are striking because they indicate the increase in public interest led to actual conservation activity by citizens. Overall, our results demonstrate that both zoos and the animated TV program played important roles in promoting public interest in and support for threatened animals. Enhanced collaborations between people in the entertainment industry and conservation entities could contribute greatly to global biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Fukano
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Masashi Soga
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Consorte-McCrea A, Fernandez A, Bainbridge A, Moss A, Prévot AC, Clayton S, Glikman JA, Johansson M, López-Bao JV, Bath A, Frank B, Marchini S. Large carnivores and zoos as catalysts for engaging the public in the protection of biodiversity. NATURE CONSERVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.37.39501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Addressing the biodiversity crisis requires renewed collaborative approaches. Large carnivores are ambassador species, and as such they can aid the protection of a wide range of species, including evolutionarily distinct and threatened ones, while being popular for conservation marketing. However, conflicts between carnivores and people present a considerable challenge to biodiversity conservation. Our cross disciplinary essay brings together original research to discuss key issues in the conservation of large carnivores as keystone species for biodiversity rich, healthy ecosystems. Our findings suggest the need to promote coexistence through challenging ‘wilderness’ myths; to consider coexistence/conflict as a continuum; to include varied interest groups in decision making; to address fear through positive mediated experiences, and to explore further partnerships with zoos. As wide-reaching institutions visited by over 700 million people/year worldwide, zoos combine knowledge, emotion and social context creating ideal conditions for the development of care towards nature, pro-environmental behaviors and long-term connections between visitors and carnivores. Based on current research, we provide evidence that large carnivores and zoos are both powerful catalysts for public engagement with biodiversity conservation, recognizing barriers and suggesting future ways to collaborate to address biodiversity loss.
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28
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Dos Santos MM, Griffiths RA, Jowett T, Rock J, Bishop PJ. A comparison of understanding of the amphibian crisis by zoo visitors across three countries. Zoo Biol 2019; 38:471-480. [PMID: 31602677 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the global declines in the rate of amphibians, evaluation of public understanding of the crisis has not yet been carried out. We surveyed visitors (n = 1,293) at 15 zoos in Brazil, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, using a certainty-based assessment method to compare visitor knowledge of the global amphibian crisis. We further analyzed zoo educational material about amphibians to explore its potential to raise awareness through amphibian-focused environmental education. Visitors in the three countries had relatively little understanding of amphibians and the global amphibian crisis. When the degree of confidence in answering the questions (high, medium, and low) is accounted for, correct answers varied between 28% and 39%. This compared to scores of between 58% and 73% when the degree of confidence in responding was not accounted for. However, specific areas of knowledge (e.g., biology, conservation, biogeography, and conceptual ideas) varied significantly across the countries. Visitors had a weaker grasp of biogeographical and conservation issues than general amphibian biology. Zoo visitors in Brazil knew less about amphibian conservation than those in New Zealand or the United Kingdom. There was less amphibian-focused content in educational materials in zoos in Brazil than there was in the United Kingdom. Improving information about the global amphibian crisis may increase support for future conservation actions. Outreach education is one of the most important approaches in any strategic planning for conservation of species. Amphibian-focused environmental education at institutions such as zoos and aquaria can be a crucial intervention to support amphibian conservation worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A Griffiths
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Tim Jowett
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Rock
- Center for Science Communication, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Phillip J Bishop
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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29
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Godinez AM, Fernandez EJ. What Is the Zoo Experience? How Zoos Impact a Visitor's Behaviors, Perceptions, and Conservation Efforts. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1746. [PMID: 31417469 PMCID: PMC6682629 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern zoos strive to educate visitors about zoo animals and their wild counterparts' conservation needs while fostering appreciation for wildlife in general. This research review examines how zoos influence those who visit them. Much of the research to-date examines zoo visitors' behaviors and perceptions in relation to specific exhibits, animals, and/or programs. In general, visitors have more positive perceptions and behaviors about zoos, their animals, and conservation initiatives the more they interact with animals, naturalistic exhibits, and zoo programming/staff. Furthermore, zoo visitors are receptive to conservation messaging and initiatives at zoos and are more likely to participate in on-site conservation opportunities as opposed to after their visits. The research also suggests that repeat visitors are even more inclined to seek out conservation efforts compared to those visiting zoos for the first time. While current research suggests that repeat visitors are more likely to engage in conservation efforts, little is known about causal factors related to such findings, and almost no research exists to-date comparing the conservation efforts of visitors vs. non-visitors. This latter comparison will likely play a greater role in future zoo visitor research, since it poses one of the most important metrics for evaluating the specific effects visiting a zoo can have on people engaging in conservation efforts in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Godinez
- Museology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eduardo J Fernandez
- School of Behavior Analysis, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States
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30
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da Silva R, Pearce-Kelly P, Zimmerman B, Knott M, Foden W, Conde DA. Assessing the conservation potential of fish and corals in aquariums globally. J Nat Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Biega AM, Lamont M, Mooers A, Bowkett AE, Martin TE. Guiding the prioritization of the most endangered and evolutionary distinct birds for new zoo conservation programs. Zoo Biol 2019; 38:305-315. [PMID: 30868683 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Zoos have played a pivotal role in the successful reinforcement and reintroduction of species threatened with extinction, but prioritization is required in the face of increasing need and limited capacity. One means of prioritizing between species of equal threat status when establishing new breeding programs is the consideration of evolutionary distinctness (ED). More distinct species have fewer close relatives such that their extinction would result in a greater overall loss to the Tree of Life. Considering global ex situ holdings of birds (a group with a complete and well-detailed evolutionary tree), we investigate the representation of at-risk and highly evolutionarily distinct species in global zoo holdings. We identified a total of 2,236 bird species indicated by the Zoological Information Management System as being held in zoological institutions worldwide. As previously reported, imperiled species (defined as those possessing endangered or critically endangered threat status) in this database are less likely to be held in zoos than non-imperiled species. However, we find that species possessing ED scores within the top 10% of all bird species are more likely to be held in zoos than other species, possibly because they possess unique characteristics that have historically made them popular exhibits. To assist with the selection of high priority ED species for future zoo conservation programs, we provide a list of imperiled species currently not held in zoos, ranked by ED. This list highlights species representing particular priorities for ex situ conservation planners, and represents a practical tool for improving the conservation value of zoological collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alannah M Biega
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Myles Lamont
- TerraFauna Wildlife Consulting, Inc., Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arne Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew E Bowkett
- Field Conservation and Research Department, Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust, Paignton Zoo, Paignton, UK
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32
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Mellish S, Ryan JC, Pearson EL, Tuckey MR. Research methods and reporting practices in zoo and aquarium conservation-education evaluation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:40-52. [PMID: 30044901 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Zoos and aquariums are increasingly incorporating conservation education into their mission statements and visitor experiences to address global biodiversity loss. To advance knowledge and practice in the field, research is being conducted to evaluate the effect of zoo conservation-education experiences on visitor psychosocial outcomes (e.g., knowledge, attitude, emotions, motivations, behavior). Following recent discussions among scholars and practitioners concerning logistical and methodological challenges that likely undermine the conclusions of such research, we identified and reviewed the methods and reporting practices in peer-reviewed articles published in English from May 1998 to June 2016 that focused on adult visitor samples (47 articles, 48 studies). We examined elements of internal, external, construct, and statistical conclusion validity. Methodological quality of quantitative methods and reporting practices was determined using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool. Each study was coded as either strong (no weak ratings), moderate (1 weak rating), or weak (≥2 weak ratings). The quantitative methods of 83.3% of studies were weak. The remaining 16.7% had methods of moderate quality. Using an existing checklist, we also assessed the quality and rigor of qualitative methods and reporting practices and found that some aspects of these methods were reported more comprehensively than others. For example, 69.6% of articles discussed methods for identifying key themes from the data, whereas only 34.8% reported how data verification was performed. We suggest increased application of intensive longitudinal methods (e.g., daily diary) to strengthen self-reported data, experimental and repeated-measures designs, and mixed-methods approaches. Our findings and recommendations could strengthen and guide the research and evaluation agenda for the field and ultimately enhance the contribution zoos make to global biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mellish
- Conservation Psychology and Applied Animal Behaviour Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, Magill Campus, St Bernards Road, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jillian C Ryan
- Conservation Psychology and Applied Animal Behaviour Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, Magill Campus, St Bernards Road, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Elissa L Pearson
- Conservation Psychology and Applied Animal Behaviour Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, Magill Campus, St Bernards Road, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Michelle R Tuckey
- Centre for Applied Psychological Research, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, Magill Campus, St Bernards Road, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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Fawcett A, Hazel S, Collins T, Degeling C, Fisher A, Freire R, Hood J, Johnson J, Lloyd J, Phillips C, Stafford K, Tzioumis V, McGreevy P. Australian and New Zealand Veterinary Students' Opinions on Animal Welfare and Ethical Issues Concerning Animal Use within Sport, Recreation, and Display. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 46:264-272. [PMID: 30418810 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0717-086r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Animals used for sport, recreation and display are highly visible and can divide community attitudes. The study of animal welfare and ethics (AWE) as part of veterinary education is important because it is the responsibility of veterinarians to use their scientific knowledge and skills to promote animal welfare in the context of community expectations. To explore the attitudes of veterinary students in Australia and New Zealand to AWE, a survey of the current cohort was undertaken. The survey aimed to reveal how veterinary students in Australia and New Zealand rate the importance of five selected AWE topics for Day One Competences in animals used in sport, recreation and display and to establish how veterinary students' priorities were associated with gender and stage of study. The response rate (n = 851) across the seven schools was just over 25%. Results indicated little variation on ratings for topics. The topics were ranked in the following order (most to least important): Pushing of animals to their physiologic/behavioral limits; ownership/responsibility; euthanasia; educating the public; and behavior, selection, and training for sport and recreation displays. In contrast to related studies, ratings were not associated with stage of study and there were few differences associated with gender. More females rated the pushing of animals to physiologic/behavioral limits as extremely important than did males ( p < .001). The role of veterinarians in advocating for and educating the public about the welfare of animals used in sport, recreation and display merits further discussion.
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Oliveira U, Soares-Filho BS, Paglia AP, Brescovit AD, de Carvalho CJB, Silva DP, Rezende DT, Leite FSF, Batista JAN, Barbosa JPPP, Stehmann JR, Ascher JS, de Vasconcelos MF, De Marco P, Löwenberg-Neto P, Ferro VG, Santos AJ. Biodiversity conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9141. [PMID: 28831073 PMCID: PMC5567310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Brazil is a megadiverse country and thus a conservation priority, no study has yet quantified conservation gaps in the Brazilian protected areas (PAs) using extensive empirical data. Here, we evaluate the degree of biodiversity protection and knowledge within all the Brazilian PAs through a gap analysis of vertebrate, arthropod and angiosperm occurrences and phylogenetic data. Our results show that the knowledge on biodiversity in most Brazilian PAs remain scant as 71% of PAs have less than 0.01 species records per km2. Almost 55% of Brazilian species and about 40% of evolutionary lineages are not found in PAs, while most species have less than 30% of their geographic distribution within PAs. Moreover, the current PA network fails to protect the majority of endemic species. Most importantly, these results are similar for all taxonomic groups analysed here. The methods and results of our countrywide assessment are suggested to help design further inventories in order to map and secure the key biodiversity of the Brazilian PAs. In addition, our study illustrates the most common biodiversity knowledge shortfalls in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubirajara Oliveira
- Centro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Britaldo Silveira Soares-Filho
- Centro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriano Pereira Paglia
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio D Brescovit
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Paiva Silva
- Instituto Federal Goiano - IFGoiano, Departamento de Biologia, Urutaí, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniella T Rezende
- Sección Palentología de Vertebrados Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos, Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe Sá Fortes Leite
- Laboratório Sagarana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Campus Florestal, Florestal, MG, Brazil
| | - João Aguiar Nogueira Batista
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - João Renato Stehmann
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - John S Ascher
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Paulo De Marco
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane Gianluppi Ferro
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Adalberto J Santos
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Jensen EA, Moss A, Gusset M. Quantifying long-term impact of zoo and aquarium visits on biodiversity-related learning outcomes. Zoo Biol 2017. [PMID: 28639408 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Zoos and aquariums aim to achieve lasting impact on their public audiences' awareness of biodiversity, its value, and the steps they can take to conserve it. Here, we evaluate the long-term educational impact of visits to zoos and aquariums on biodiversity understanding and knowledge of actions to help protect biodiversity. A minimum of two years after completing a repeated-measures survey before and after visiting a zoo or aquarium, the same participants were invited to take part in a follow-up online survey. Despite the small number of respondents (n = 161), our study may still represent the best available quantitative evidence pertaining to zoo and aquarium visits' long-term educational impact. We found that improvements in respondents' biodiversity understanding from pre- to post-visit leveled off, staying unchanged in the follow-up survey. In contrast, the improved knowledge of actions to help protect biodiversity from pre- to post-visit showed further improvement from post-visit to delayed post-visit follow-up survey. These results suggest that the immediate positive effects of a zoo or aquarium visit on biodiversity-related learning outcomes may be long lasting and even help lay the groundwork for further improvements over an extended period of time following the visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Jensen
- Department of Sociology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Markus Gusset
- World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) Executive Office, Gland, Switzerland
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Funk SM, Conde D, Lamoreux J, Fa JE. Meeting the Aichi targets: Pushing for zero extinction conservation. AMBIO 2017; 46:443-455. [PMID: 28144903 PMCID: PMC5385670 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Effective protection of the ~19 000 IUCN-listed threatened species has never been more pressing. Ensuring the survival of the most vulnerable and irreplaceable taxa and places, such as those identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE) species and their associated sites (AZEs&s), is an excellent opportunity to achieve the Aichi 2020 Targets T11 (protected areas) and T12 (preventing species extinctions). AZE taxa have small, single-site populations that are especially vulnerable to human-induced extinctions, particularly for the many amphibians. We show that AZEs&s can be protected feasibly and cost-effectively, but action is urgent. We argue that the Alliance, whose initial main aim was to identify AZEs&s, must be followed up by a second-generation initiative that directs and co-ordinates AZE conservation activities on the ground. The prominent role of zoos, conservation NGOs, and governmental institutions provides a combination of all-encompassing knowhow that can, if properly steered, maximize the long-term survival of AZEs&s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan M. Funk
- Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad de La Frontera, Piso 4, Av Alemania 0458, Temuco, Chile
- Nature Heritage, St. Lawrence, Jersey
| | - Dalia Conde
- Department of Biology, Max Planck Odense Center, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Species 360, 7900 International DriveSuite 1040, Bloomington, MN 55425 USA
| | | | - Julia E. Fa
- Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science & The Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building, All Saints, Manchester, M15 6BH UK
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The contribution of zoos and aquaria to Aichi Biodiversity Target 12: A case study of Canadian zoos. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Grajal A, Luebke JF, Kelly LAD, Matiasek J, Clayton S, Karazsia BT, Saunders CD, Goldman SR, Mann ME, Stanoss R. The complex relationship between personal sense of connection to animals and self-reported proenvironmental behaviors by zoo visitors. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:322-330. [PMID: 27310833 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The global biodiversity crisis requires an engaged citizenry that provides collective support for public policies and recognizes the consequences of personal consumption decisions. Understanding the factors that affect personal engagement in proenvironmental behaviors is essential for the development of actionable conservation solutions. Zoos and aquariums may be some of the only places where many people can explore their relations with wild animals and proenvironmental behaviors. Using a moderated-mediation analysis of a survey of U.S. zoo and aquarium visitors (n = 3588), we explored the relationship between the sense of connection to animals and self-reported engagement in proenvironmental behaviors related to climate change and how this relationship is affected by certainty that climate change is happening, level of concern about climate change, and perceptions of effectiveness in personally addressing climate change. We found a significant, directional relationship between sense of connection to animals and self-reported proenvironmental behaviors. Political inclination within the conservative to liberal spectrum did not affect the relationship. We conclude that a personal sense of connection to animals may provide a foundation for educational and communication strategies to enhance involvement in proenvironmental actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Grajal
- Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Avenue N., Seattle, WA, 98103, U.S.A
| | - Jerry F Luebke
- Chicago Zoological Society, Center for Conservation Leadership, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL, 60513, U.S.A
| | - Lisa-Anne DeGregoria Kelly
- Chicago Zoological Society, Center for Conservation Leadership, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL, 60513, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer Matiasek
- Chicago Zoological Society, Center for Conservation Leadership, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL, 60513, U.S.A
| | - Susan Clayton
- College of Wooster, Psychology Department, Morgan Hall, 930 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, U.S.A
| | - Bryan T Karazsia
- College of Wooster, Psychology Department, Morgan Hall, 930 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, U.S.A
| | - Carol D Saunders
- Antioch University New England, Department of Environmental Studies, 40 Avon Street, Keene, NH, 03431, U.S.A
| | - Susan R Goldman
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Learning Sciences Research Institute, 1240 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, U.S.A
| | - Michael E Mann
- Pennsylvania State University, Earth System Science Center, 523 Walker Building, University Park, PA, 16802, U.S.A
| | - Ricardo Stanoss
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, U.S.A
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Biega A, Greenberg DA, Mooers AO, Jones OR, Martin TE. Global representation of threatened amphibiansex situis bolstered by non-traditional institutions, but gaps remain. Anim Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Biega
- Department of Biological Sciences and IRMACS; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC Canada
| | - D. A. Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences and IRMACS; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC Canada
| | - A. O. Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences and IRMACS; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC Canada
| | - O. R. Jones
- Department of Biology & Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thomas
- Discovery and Learning; The Zoological Society of London; Regent's Park London NW1 4RY United Kingdom
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41
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Pinheiro LT, Rodrigues JFM, Borges-Nojosa DM. Formal education, previous interaction and perception influence the attitudes of people toward the conservation of snakes in a large urban center of northeastern Brazil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2016; 12:25. [PMID: 27324788 PMCID: PMC4915046 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-016-0096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The attitudes and perceptions of people toward animals are influenced by sociodemographic factors, such as formal education and gender, and by personal experience. Understanding these interactions is critical for the establishment of conservation strategies for animals that have conflictual relationships with humans, such as snakes. Our study aims to explain how perceptions and the human fear of snakes vary and are influenced by formal education and gender. In addition, it aims to show how prior interaction with these animals influence these perceptions and the human fear toward snakes and how these perceptions and fear influence the importance of conservation of these animals. METHODS We collected data from June 2010 to December 2013 using questionnaires given to 1142 visitors of a scientific serpentarium (Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará) in the municipality of Fortaleza, northeastern Brazil. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Negative perceptions toward snakes were less frequent according to an increase in levels of schooling. Women had more negative perceptions and were more afraid of snakes than were men. Prior interaction with snakes decreased the occurrence of negative perceptions and reduced the level of human fear of these animals. People with negative perceptions classified the conservation of snakes as not important and were more afraid of these animals. Understanding the relationship between sociodemographic factors, prior experiences, perceptions, fear, and the importance given to conservation can help to better understand human attitudes toward snakes. CONCLUSIONS Environmental education activities considering gender differences, involving preliminary interaction with snakes and focusing on priority targets identified in our study, such as people with low formal education, can increase the efficiency of measures for the conservation of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Tavares Pinheiro
- />Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará (NUROF-UFC), Depto. Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE 60440-554 Brazil
- />Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30535-610 Brazil
| | - João Fabrício Mota Rodrigues
- />Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará (NUROF-UFC), Depto. Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE 60440-554 Brazil
- />Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74001-970 Brazil
| | - Diva Maria Borges-Nojosa
- />Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará (NUROF-UFC), Depto. Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE 60440-554 Brazil
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Moss A, Jensen E, Gusset M. Probing the Link between Biodiversity-Related Knowledge and Self-Reported Proconservation Behavior in a Global Survey of Zoo Visitors. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Jensen
- Department of Sociology; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Markus Gusset
- World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) Executive Office; 1196 Gland Switzerland
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Crudge B, O'Connor D, Hunt M, Davis EO, Browne-Nuñez C. Groundwork for effective conservation education: an example ofin situandex situcollaboration in South East Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Crudge
- Free The Bears Fund Inc.; PO Box 723 Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - D. O'Connor
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research; 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road Escondido 92027 California USA
| | - M. Hunt
- Free The Bears Fund Inc.; PO Box 723 Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - E. O. Davis
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research; 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road Escondido 92027 California USA
| | - C. Browne-Nuñez
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research; 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road Escondido 92027 California USA
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44
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Xavier JC, Fugmann G, Beck I, Huffman L, Jensen E. Education on Biodiversity in the Polar Regions. BIODIVERSITY AND EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32318-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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