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Soose LJ, Rex T, Oehlmann J, Schiwy A, Krauss M, Brack W, Klimpel S, Hollert H, Jourdan J. One like all? Behavioral response range of native and invasive amphipods to neonicotinoid exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124235. [PMID: 38801881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Native and invasive species often occupy similar ecological niches and environments where they face comparable risks from chemical exposure. Sometimes, invasive species are phylogenetically related to native species, e.g. they may come from the same family and have potentially similar sensitivities to environmental stressors due to phylogenetic conservatism and ecological similarity. However, empirical studies that aim to understand the nuanced impacts of chemicals on the full range of closely related species are rare, yet they would help to comprehend patterns of current biodiversity loss and species turnover. Behavioral sublethal endpoints are of increasing ecotoxicological interest. Therefore, we investigated behavioral responses (i.e., change in movement behavior) of the four dominant amphipod species in the Rhine-Main area (central Germany) when exposed to the neonicotinoid thiacloprid. Moreover, beyond species-specific behavioral responses, ecological interactions (e.g. parasitation with Acanthocephala) play a crucial role in shaping behavior, and we have considered these infections in our analysis. Our findings revealed distinct baseline behaviors and species-specific responses to thiacloprid exposure. Notably, Gammarus fossarum exhibited biphasic behavioral changes with hyperactivity at low concentrations that decreased at higher concentrations. Whereas Gammarus pulex, Gammarus roeselii and the invasive species Dikerogammarus villosus, showed no or weaker behavioral responses. This may partly explain why G. fossarum disappears in chemically polluted regions while the other species persist there to a certain degree. But it also shows that potential pre-exposure in the habitat may influence behavioral responses of the other amphipod species, because habituation occurs, and potential hyperactivity would be harmful to individuals in the habitat. The observed responses were further influenced by acanthocephalan parasites, which altered baseline behavior in G. roeselii and enhanced the behavioral response to thiacloprid exposure. Our results underscore the intricate and diverse nature of responses among closely related amphipod species, highlighting their unique vulnerabilities in anthropogenically impacted freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Soose
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tobias Rex
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Hessen, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Schiwy
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer-Institute für Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department Media-related Ecotoxicology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department Exposure Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Exposure Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Hessen, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department Integrative Parasitology and Zoophysiology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Hessen, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer-Institute für Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department Media-related Ecotoxicology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonas Jourdan
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Hessen, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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2
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Sinclair T, Craig P, Maltby LL. Climate warming shifts riverine macroinvertebrate communities to be more sensitive to chemical pollutants. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17254. [PMID: 38556898 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Freshwaters are highly threatened ecosystems that are vulnerable to chemical pollution and climate change. Freshwater taxa vary in their sensitivity to chemicals and changes in species composition can potentially affect the sensitivity of assemblages to chemical exposure. Here we explore the potential consequences of future climate change on the composition and sensitivity of freshwater macroinvertebrate assemblages to chemical stressors using the UK as a case study. Macroinvertebrate assemblages under end of century (2080-2100) and baseline (1980-2000) climate conditions were predicted for 608 UK sites for four climate scenarios corresponding to mean temperature changes of 1.28 to 3.78°C. Freshwater macroinvertebrate toxicity data were collated for 19 chemicals and the hierarchical species sensitivity distribution model was used to predict the sensitivity of untested taxa using relatedness within a Bayesian approach. All four future climate scenarios shifted assemblage compositions, increasing the prevalence of Mollusca, Crustacea and Oligochaeta species, and the insect taxa of Odonata, Chironomidae, and Baetidae species. Contrastingly, decreases were projected for Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera (except for Baetidae) and Coleoptera species. Shifts in taxonomic composition were associated with changes in the percentage of species at risk from chemical exposure. For the 3.78°C climate scenario, 76% of all assemblages became more sensitive to chemicals and for 18 of the 19 chemicals, the percentage of species at risk increased. Climate warming-induced increases in sensitivity were greatest for assemblages exposed to metals and were dependent on baseline assemblage composition, which varied spatially. Climate warming is predicted to result in changes in the use, environmental exposure and toxicity of chemicals. Here we show that, even in the absence of these climate-chemical interactions, shifts in species composition due to climate warming will increase chemical risk and that the impact of chemical pollution on freshwater macroinvertebrate biodiversity may double or quadruple by the end of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sinclair
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter Craig
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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3
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Klarin A, Ivković M, Mičetić Stanković V. The Emergence of the Family Scirtidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Lotic Karst Habitats: A Case Study over 15 Years. INSECTS 2024; 15:226. [PMID: 38667356 PMCID: PMC11050084 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to ongoing changes and a decline in biodiversity, science today should rely on long-term species-based ecological studies. We have conducted a long-term ecological dynamics study on the water beetle family Scirtidae, which, although it is very abundant in benthic communities, is still poorly studied. The main objective of this study was to investigate the population aspects (composition, diversity, sex ratio) and ecological aspects (emergence patterns, seasonal dynamics and preferences for environmental factors) of the family Scirtidae over 15 years in Plitvice Lakes NP, Croatia. The study was conducted at three sites and in five different substrate types. A total of three taxa with different distributions were recorded in the study area: Hydrocyphon novaki and H. deflexicollis on the tufa barriers and the Elodes sp. in the spring area. The sex ratio was in favour of males in spring and early summer, while it shifted in favour of females towards the end of autumn. The abundance and emergence of the family were primarily determined by the environmental parameters which showed the greatest fluctuations over a period of 15 years: water temperature, water discharge and oxygen saturation. Our results clearly show that Scirtidae can be used as indicators of stream zonation and habitat quality. Based on the methodology and the results of this study, we conclude that Scirtidae should be used in future monitoring and protection measures in karst freshwater habitats in southeastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Klarin
- Lojenov prilaz 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marija Ivković
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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4
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Hembach N, Drechsel V, Sobol M, Kaster AK, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R, Schwartz T. Effect of glyphosate, its metabolite AMPA, and the glyphosate formulation Roundup ® on brown trout ( Salmo trutta f. fario) gut microbiome diversity. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1271983. [PMID: 38298542 PMCID: PMC10829098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is used worldwide as a compound of pesticides and is detectable in many environmental compartments. It enters water bodies primarily through drift from agricultural areas so that aquatic organisms are exposed to this chemical, especially after rain events. Glyphosate is advertised and sold as a highly specific herbicide, which interacts with the EPSP synthase, an enzyme of the shikimate metabolism, resulting in inhibition of the synthesis of vital aromatic amino acids. However, not only plants but also bacteria can possess this enzyme so that influences of glyphosate on the microbiomes of exposed organisms cannot be excluded. Those influences may result in subtle and long-term effects, e.g., disturbance of the symbiotic interactions of bionts with microorganisms of their microbiomes. Mechanisms how the transformation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) of glyphosate might interfere in this context have not understood so far. In the present study, molecular biological fingerprinting methods showed concentration-dependent effects of glyphosate and AMPA on fish microbiomes. In addition, age-dependent differences in the composition of the microbiomes regarding abundance and diversity were detected. Furthermore, the effect of exposure to glyphosate and AMPA was investigated for several fish pathogens of gut microbiomes in terms of their gene expression of virulence factors associated with pathogenicity. In vitro transcriptome analysis with the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri revealed that it is questionable whether the observed effect on the microbiome is caused by the intended mode of action of glyphosate, such as the inhibition of EPSP synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hembach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - V. Drechsel
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. Sobol
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A.-K. Kaster
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H.-R. Köhler
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R. Triebskorn
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T. Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Dorić V, Pozojević I, Baranov V, Mihaljević Z, Ivković M. Long-Term Chironomid Emergence at a Karst Tufa Barrier in Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia. INSECTS 2024; 15:51. [PMID: 38249057 PMCID: PMC10816755 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Chironomids are found in all types of freshwater habitats; they are a ubiquitous and highly diverse group of aquatic insects. Plitvice Lakes National Park is the oldest and largest national park in Croatia and consists of numerous and diverse freshwater habitats, making the area an ideal location for long-term research into the chironomid emergence patterns and phenology. The main objectives of this study were to identify the composition of the chironomid community, determine the phenology of the identified species, and assess the main factors influencing their emergence in Plitvice Lakes. During 14 years of research, more than 13,000 chironomids belonging to more than 80 species were recorded. The most abundant species was found to be Parametriocnemus stylatus. The highest abundance of chironomids was recorded in lotic habitats with faster water current over substrates of moss and algae and pebbles. Water temperature and the availability of organic matter were found to be the main factors that drive chironomid emergence at the tufa barrier studied. In the last years of this study, a prolonged flight period was observed. Although this is not statistically significant (at this stage of the study), it could be due to a higher water temperature in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dorić
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.D.); (I.P.); (Z.M.)
| | - Ivana Pozojević
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.D.); (I.P.); (Z.M.)
| | - Viktor Baranov
- Doñana Biological Station EBD-CSIC, C/Americo Vespucio, 26, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Zlatko Mihaljević
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.D.); (I.P.); (Z.M.)
| | - Marija Ivković
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.D.); (I.P.); (Z.M.)
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6
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Soose LJ, Hügl KS, Oehlmann J, Schiwy A, Hollert H, Jourdan J. A novel approach for the assessment of invertebrate behavior and its use in behavioral ecotoxicology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165418. [PMID: 37433332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal effects are becoming more relevant in ecotoxicological test methods due to their higher sensitivity compared to lethal endpoints and their preventive nature. Such a promising sublethal endpoint is the movement behavior of invertebrates which is associated with the direct maintenance of various ecosystem processes, hence being of special interest for ecotoxicology. Disturbed movement behavior is often related to neurotoxicity and can affect drift, mate-finding, predator avoidance, and therefore population dynamics. We show the practical implementation of the ToxmateLab, a new device that allows monitoring the movement behavior of up to 48 organisms simultaneously, for behavioral ecotoxicology. We quantified behavioral reactions of Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda, Crustacea) after exposure to two pesticides (dichlorvos and methiocarb) and two pharmaceuticals (diazepam and ibuprofen) at sublethal, environmentally relevant concentrations. We simulated a short-term pulse contamination event that lasted 90 min. Within this short test period, we successfully identified behavioral patterns that were most pronounced upon exposure to the two pesticides: Methiocarb initially triggered hyperactivity, after which baseline behavior was restored. On the other hand, dichlorvos induced hypoactivity starting at a moderate concentration of 5 μg/L - a pattern we also found at the highest concentration of ibuprofen (10 μg/L). An additional acetylcholine esterase inhibition assay revealed no significant impact of the enzyme activity that would explain the altered movement behavior. This suggests that in environmentally realistic scenarios chemicals can induce stress - apart from mode-of-action - that affects non-target organisms' behavior. Overall, our study proves the practical applicability of empirical behavioral ecotoxicological approaches and thus represents a next step towards routine practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Soose
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Kim S Hügl
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Schiwy
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer-Institute für Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department Environmental Media-related Ecotoxicology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer-Institute für Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Department Environmental Media-related Ecotoxicology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonas Jourdan
- Goethe University of Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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7
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Enns D, Cunze S, Baker NJ, Oehlmann J, Jourdan J. Flushing away the future: The effects of wastewater treatment plants on aquatic invertebrates. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120388. [PMID: 37517151 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are essential infrastructure in our developing world. However, with the development and release of novel entities and without modern upgrades, they are ineffective at fully removing micropollutants before treated effluents are released back into aquatic environments. Thus, WWTPs may represent additional point source impacts to freshwater environments, further pressuring aquatic fauna and already vulnerable insect communities. Previous studies - mostly focusing on single WWTPs - have shown general trends of freshwater invertebrate communities becoming dominated by pollution tolerant taxa. To expand on these findings, the current study is the first to comprehensively investigate data on the effects of 170 WWTPs on invertebrate taxonomic composition. We compared data for several diversity and pollution indices, as well as the taxonomic composition both upstream and downstream of the WWTPs (366 sampling sites). In terms of abundance, the three most frequent and negatively impacted orders were the Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Gastropoda, while the Turbellaria, Hirudinea and Crustacea increased in abundance. Although strong changes in community composition were observed between upstream and downstream sites (mean species turnover of 61%), commonly used diversity indices were not sensitive to these changes, highlighting their potential inadequacy in accurately assessing ecological health. Our results indicate that WWTPs change downstream conditions in favour of pollution tolerant taxa to the detriment of sensitive taxa. Order-level taxonomic responses can be informative but should be interpreted with caution, since they can be driven by a few taxa, or opposing responses of species in the same group can result in an overall low order-level response. Upgrading WWTPs via additional treatment steps or merging may be beneficial, provided upstream sections are unimpacted and/or are in a good chemical and structural condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Enns
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Hessen, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sarah Cunze
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Integrative Parasitology and Zoophysiology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nathan Jay Baker
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Hessen, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonas Jourdan
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Hessen, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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8
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Woods T, Freeman MC, Krause KP, Maloney KO. Observed and projected functional reorganization of riverine fish assemblages from global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3759-3780. [PMID: 37021672 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate and land-use/land-cover change ("global change") are restructuring biodiversity, globally. Broadly, environmental conditions are expected to become warmer, potentially drier (particularly in arid regions), and more anthropogenically developed in the future, with spatiotemporally complex effects on ecological communities. We used functional traits to inform Chesapeake Bay Watershed fish responses to future climate and land-use scenarios (2030, 2060, and 2090). We modeled the future habitat suitability of focal species representative of key trait axes (substrate, flow, temperature, reproduction, and trophic) and used functional and phylogenetic metrics to assess variable assemblage responses across physiographic regions and habitat sizes (headwaters through large rivers). Our focal species analysis projected future habitat suitability gains for carnivorous species with preferences for warm water, pool habitats, and fine or vegetated substrates. At the assemblage level, models projected decreasing habitat suitability for cold-water, rheophilic, and lithophilic individuals but increasing suitability for carnivores in the future across all regions. Projected responses of functional and phylogenetic diversity and redundancy differed among regions. Lowland regions were projected to become less functionally and phylogenetically diverse and more redundant while upland regions (and smaller habitat sizes) were projected to become more diverse and less redundant. Next, we assessed how these model-projected assemblage changes 2005-2030 related to observed time-series trends (1999-2016). Halfway through the initial projecting period (2005-2030), we found observed trends broadly followed modeled patterns of increasing proportions of carnivorous and lithophilic individuals in lowland regions but showed opposing patterns for functional and phylogenetic metrics. Leveraging observed and predicted analyses simultaneously helps elucidate the instances and causes of discrepancies between model predictions and ongoing observed changes. Collectively, results highlight the complexity of global change impacts across broad landscapes that likely relate to differences in assemblages' intrinsic sensitivities and external exposure to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Woods
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia, Kearneysville, USA
| | - Mary C Freeman
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Kevin P Krause
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia, Kearneysville, USA
| | - Kelly O Maloney
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia, Kearneysville, USA
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9
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Haubrock PJ, Pilotto F, Haase P. Multidecadal data indicate increase of aquatic insects in Central European streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163017. [PMID: 36963681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, declining insect biodiversity has sparked interest among scientists and drawn the attention of society and politicians. However, our understanding of the extent of this decline is incomplete, particularly for freshwater insects that provide a key trophic link between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but that are also especially vulnerable to climate change. To investigate the response of freshwater insects to climate change, we quantified shifts in insect abundance and diversity across 7264 samples covering Central Europe during 1990-2018 and related these changes to annual data on temperature and precipitation. We observed both increases in richness (10.6 %) and abundance (9.5 %) of freshwater insects over the past three decades. These changes were related to increases in summer temperature and summer precipitation, which had negative effects on species richness, and to increases in winter temperature and precipitation, which had positive effects. Further we found that increased temperature was generally related to increased abundance, whereas increased precipitation was associated with declines, thus highlighting the particularly varying impacts on differing insect orders. Given that freshwater insects have been more severely affected by global change than marine and terrestrial species, the observed increases are a positive sign, but the overall situation of freshwater invertebrates is still critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Haubrock
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic; CAMB, Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait.
| | - Francesca Pilotto
- Environmental Archaeology Lab, Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University, Biblioteksgränd 3, 907 36 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Haase
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany; University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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10
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Dorić V, Ivković M, Baranov V, Pozojević I, Mihaljević Z. Extreme freshwater discharge events exacerbated by climate change influence the structure and functional response of the chironomid community in a biodiversity hotspot. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163110. [PMID: 36972886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to exacerbate extreme discharge events in freshwater ecosystems as a consequence of changes in precipitation volume and snow cover duration. Chironomid midges were used as a model organism in this study because of their small size and short life cycles, which enable fast colonization of new habitats and great resilience. This resilience is often expressed in easy recolonization after an extreme event. Chironomid samples together with physico-chemical water measurements were collected for 14 years, between 2007 and 2020, in a karst tufa barrier that is part of the Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia. More than 13,000 individuals belonging to >90 taxa were collected. Mean annual water temperature increased by 0.1 °C during this period. Multiple change-point analysis revealed three main periods by discharge patterns: the first one from January 2007 to June 2010, the second from July 2010 to March 2013, characterised by extreme low discharge, and the third from April 2013 to December 2020, characterised by an increase in extreme peak discharge values. Based on multilevel pattern analysis, indicator species of the first and the third discharge period were detected. The ecological preferences of these species indicate an environmental change related to the changes in discharge. Along with species composition, functional composition has changed with the abundance of passive filtrators, shredders and predators increasing over time. Species richness and abundance did not change over the period of observation, thus emphasizing the importance of species-level identification in detecting the earliest community response to change that would otherwise be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dorić
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ivković
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Viktor Baranov
- Doñana Biological Station EBD-CSIC, C/ Americo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ivana Pozojević
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Mihaljević
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Pharaoh E, Diamond M, Ormerod SJ, Rutt G, Vaughan IP. Evidence of biological recovery from gross pollution in English and Welsh rivers over three decades. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163107. [PMID: 36972879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty around the changing ecological status of European rivers reflects an evolving array of anthropogenic stressors, including climate change. Although previous studies have revealed some recovery from historical pollution in the 1990s and early-2000s, there are contrasting trends among pollutants across Europe and recovery may have stalled or been reversed. To provide more contemporary evidence on trends and status, here we investigate changes in English and Welsh river macroinvertebrate communities over almost 30 years (1991-2019) using a network of nearly 4000 survey locations. Analysis comprised: i) trends in taxonomic and functional richness, community composition and ecological traits, ii) gains, losses and turnover of taxa, and the overall homogeneity of macroinvertebrate communities nationally, and iii) an exploration of how temporal trends varied with catchment characteristics. Taxonomic richness increased, primarily in the 1990s, whilst a shift towards pollution-sensitive taxa continued throughout the study period, accompanied by a growing prevalence in traits such as preferences for fast-flowing conditions, coarser substrata, and 'shredding' or 'scraping' feeding strategies. Changes consistent with improvement occurred in both urbanised and agricultural catchments, but were more pronounced in urban rivers as they gained pollution sensitive taxa that were otherwise more prevalent in rural rivers. Overall, these results indicate continuing biological recovery from organic pollution, consistent with national scale trends in water quality. Results reemphasise the importance of looking at multiple facets of diversity, with periods of near-constant richness disguising changes in taxonomic and functional composition. Whilst this national-scale picture is broadly positive, we highlight the need to investigate more local variations or pollutants that depart from this aggregate picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pharaoh
- Water Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Mark Diamond
- Environment Agency, PO Box 12, Warrington WA4 1HG, UK
| | - Steve J Ormerod
- Water Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Graham Rutt
- Natural Resources Wales, Southwest Area Environmental Assessment & Advice Team, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ian P Vaughan
- Water Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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12
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Haubrock PJ, Cuthbert RN, Haase P. Long-term trends and drivers of biological invasion in Central European streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162817. [PMID: 36924970 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rates of biological invasion continue to accelerate and threaten the structure and function of ecosystems worldwide. High habitat connectivity, multiple pathways, and inadequate monitoring have rendered aquatic ecosystems vulnerable to species introductions. Past riverine invasion dynamics were largely restricted to large rivers, leaving out smaller rivers that commonly harbour high freshwater biodiversity. Moreover, biodiversity time series have rarely been used to investigate invasions across larger spatial-temporal scales, limiting our understanding of aquatic invasion dynamics. Here, we used 6067 benthic invertebrate samples from streams and small rivers from the EU Water Framework Directive monitoring program collected across Central Europe between 2000 and 2018 to assess temporal changes to benthic invertebrate communities as well as non-native species. We assessed invasion rates according to temperature, precipitation, elevation, latitude, longitude, and stream type. Overall, average daily temperatures significantly increased by 0.02 °C per annum (0.34 °C in total) while annual precipitation significantly decreased by 0.01 mm per annum (-67.8 mm over the study period), paralleled with significant increases in overall species richness (12.3 %) and abundance (14.9 %); water quality was relatively stable. Non-native species richness increased 5-fold and abundance 40-fold, indicating an ongoing community shift from native to non-native species. The observed increase in invasions was stronger in low mountain rivers compared to low mountain streams, with the share of non-native species abundance and richness declining with increasing elevation and latitude but increasing with temperature. We found thermophilic non-native species invasion success was greatest in larger sized streams, at lower latitudes, lower elevations and higher temperatures. These results indicate that widespread environmental characteristics (i.e., temperature) could heighten invasion success and confer refuge effects (i.e., elevation and latitude) in higher sites. High altitude and latitude environments should be prioritised for prevention efforts, while biosecurity and management should be improved in lowland areas subject to greater anthropogenic pressure, where non-native introductions are more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Haubrock
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait.
| | - Ross N Cuthbert
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL Belfast, UK
| | - Peter Haase
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany; University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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13
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Zhai M, Bojková J, Němejcová D, Polášek M, Syrovátka V, Horsák M. Climatically promoted taxonomic homogenization of macroinvertebrates in unaffected streams varies along the river continuum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6292. [PMID: 37072510 PMCID: PMC10113374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotic homogenization appears to be a global consequence of anthropogenic change. However, the underlying environmental factors contributing to homogenization are difficult to identify because their effects usually interact and confound each other. This can be the reason why there is very little evidence on the role of climate warming in homogenization. By analysing macroinvertebrate assemblages in 65 streams that were as close to natural conditions as possible, we avoided the confounding effects of common anthropogenic stressors. This approach resulted in revealing a significant effect of increased temperature (both summer and winter) on changes in macroinvertebrate compositional over the past two decades. However, homogenization was significant only at opposite ends of the river continuum (submontane brooks, low-altitude rivers). Surprisingly, species of native origin predominated overall, increasing in frequency and abundance ("winners"), while only a minority of species declined or disappeared ("losers"). We hypothesise that undisturbed conditions mitigate species declines and thus homogenization, and that the temperature increase has so far been beneficial to most native species. Although we may have only captured a transitional state due to extinction debt, this underscores the importance of maintaining ecological conditions in stream to prevent species loss due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Zhai
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jindřiška Bojková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Němejcová
- T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, p.r.i., Podbabská 2582/30, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Polášek
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, p.r.i., Podbabská 2582/30, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Syrovátka
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Horsák
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Pozojević I, Dorić V, Miliša M, Ternjej I, Ivković M. Defining Patterns and Rates of Natural vs. Drought Driven Aquatic Community Variability Indicates the Ongoing Need for Long Term Ecological Research. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040590. [PMID: 37106790 PMCID: PMC10136097 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Most ecologists have used climate change, as an omnipresent pressure, to support their findings in researching the vulnerability of specific taxa, communities, or ecosystems. However, there is a widespread lack of long-term biological, biocoenological, or community data of periods longer than several years to ascertain patterns as to how climate change affects communities. Since the 1950s, southern Europe has faced an ongoing trend of drying and loss of precipitation. A 13-year research program in the Dinaric karst ecoregion of Croatia aimed to comprehensively track emergence patterns of freshwater insects (true flies: Diptera) in a pristine aquatic environment. Three sites, spring, upper, and lower tufa barriers (calcium carbonate barriers on a barrage lake system that act as natural damns), were sampled monthly over 154 months. This coincided with a severe drought event in 2011/2012. This was the most significant drought (very low precipitation rates for an extended period of time) in the Croatian Dinaric ecoregion since the start of detailed records in the early 20th century. Significant shifts in dipteran taxa occurrence were determined using indicator species analysis. Patterns of seasonal and yearly dynamics were presented as Euclidian distance metrics of similarity in true fly community composition compared at increasing time intervals, to ascertain the degree of temporal variability of similarity within the community of a specific site and to define patterns of similarity change over time. Analyses detected significant shifts in community structure linked to changes in discharge regimes, especially to the drought period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Pozojević
- Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Dorić
- Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Miliša
- Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivančica Ternjej
- Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ivković
- Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Balik JA, Greig HS, Taylor BW, Wissinger SA. Consequences of climate-induced range expansions on multiple ecosystem functions. Commun Biol 2023; 6:390. [PMID: 37037978 PMCID: PMC10085988 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate-driven species range shifts and expansions are changing community composition, yet the functional consequences in natural systems are mostly unknown. By combining a 30-year survey of subalpine pond larval caddisfly assemblages with species-specific functional traits (nitrogen and phosphorus excretion, and detritus processing rates), we tested how three upslope range expansions affected species' relative contributions to caddisfly-driven nutrient supply and detritus processing. A subdominant resident species (Ag. deflata) consistently made large relative contributions to caddisfly-driven nitrogen supply throughout all range expansions, thus "regulating" the caddisfly-driven nitrogen supply. Whereas, phosphorus supply and detritus processing were regulated by the dominant resident species (L. externus) until the third range expansion (by N. hostilis). Since the third range expansion, N. hostilis's relative contribution to caddisfly-driven phosphorus supply increased, displacing L. externus's role in regulating caddisfly-driven phosphorus supply. Meanwhile, detritus processing contributions became similar among the dominant resident, subdominant residents, and range expanding species. Total ecosystem process rates did not change throughout any of the range expansions. Thus, shifts in species' relative functional roles may occur before shifts in total ecosystem process rates, and changes in species' functional roles may stabilize processes in ecosystems undergoing change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Balik
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA.
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Science, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA, 16335, USA.
| | - Hamish S Greig
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Brad W Taylor
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Scott A Wissinger
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Science, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA, 16335, USA
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16
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Wos G, Palomar G, Marszałek M, Babik W, Sniegula S. The effect of temperature and invasive alien predator on genetic and phenotypic variation in the damselfly Ischnura elegans: cross-latitude comparison. Front Zool 2023; 20:13. [PMID: 37032330 PMCID: PMC10084621 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding and predicting how organisms respond to human-caused environmental changes has become a major concern in conservation biology. Here, we linked gene expression and phenotypic data to identify candidate genes underlying existing phenotypic trait differentiation under individual and combined environmental variables. For this purpose, we used the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Egg clutches from replicated high- (southern Sweden) and central-latitude (southern Poland) populations facing different degrees of seasonal time constraints were collected. Damselfly larvae were exposed to experimental treatments: current and mild warming temperatures crossed with the presence or absence of an invasive alien predator cue released by the spiny-cheek crayfish, Faxonius limosus, which is only present in Poland to date. We measured the following traits: larval development time, body size, mass and growth rate, and used the larvae for gene expression analysis by RNA-seq. Data were analysed using a multivariate approach. RESULTS We showed latitudinal differences in coping with mild warming and predator cues. When exposed to an increased temperature and a predator cue, central-latitude individuals had the shortest development and the fastest growth compared to high-latitude individuals. There was a general effect of predator cues regarding mass and growth rate reduction independent of latitude. Transcriptome analysis revealed that metabolic pathways related to larval anatomy and development tended to be upregulated in response to mild warming but only in fast-growing central-latitude individuals. Metabolic pathways linked to oxidative stress tended to be downregulated in response to a predator cue, especially in central-latitude individuals. CONCLUSION Different phenotypic and transcriptomic responses to environmental factors might be attributed to the variability in I. elegans life history strategies between the two latitudes caused by seasonal time constraints and to its coexistence with the invasive alien predator in nature. By providing insights into how organisms may respond to future anthropogenic changes, our results may be of particular interest in conservation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wos
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Gemma Palomar
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzena Marszałek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiesław Babik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland.
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17
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Le Hen G, Balzani P, Haase P, Kouba A, Liu C, Nagelkerke LAJ, Theissen N, Renault D, Soto I, Haubrock PJ. Alien species and climate change drive shifts in a riverine fish community and trait compositions over 35 years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161486. [PMID: 36626991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alien fish substantially impact aquatic communities. However, their effects on trait composition remain poorly understood, especially at large spatiotemporal scales. Here, we used long-term biomonitoring data (1984-2018) from 31 fish communities of the Rhine river in Germany to investigate compositional and functional changes over time. Average total community richness increased by 49 %: it was stable until 2004, then declined until 2010, before increasing until 2018. Average abundance decreased by 9 %. Starting from 198 individuals/m2 in 1984 abundance largely declined to 23 individuals/m2 in 2010 (-88 %), and then consequently increased by 678 % up to 180 individuals/m2 until 2018. Increases in abundance and richness starting around 2010 were mainly driven by the establishment of alien species: while alien species represented 5 % of all species and 0.1 % of total individuals in 1993, it increased to 30 % (7 species) and 32 % of individuals in 2018. Concomitant to the increase in alien species, average native species richness and abundance declined by 26 % and 50 % respectively. We identified increases in temperature, precipitation, abundance and richness of alien fish driving compositional changes after 2010. To get more insights on the impacts of alien species on fish communities, we used 12 biological and 13 ecological traits to compute four trait metrics each. Ecological trait dispersion increased before 2010, probably due to diminishing ecologically similar native species. No changes in trait metrics were measured after 2010, albeit relative shares of expressed trait modalities significantly changing. The observed shift in trait modalities suggested the introduction of new species carrying similar and novel trait modalities. Our results revealed significant changes in taxonomic and trait compositions following alien fish introductions and climatic change. To conclude, our analyses show taxonomic and functional changes in the Rhine river over 35 years, likely indicative of future changes in ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendaline Le Hen
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], UMR 6553, 35000 Rennes, France; Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | - Paride Balzani
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Haase
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Gelnhausen, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Antonín Kouba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Chunlong Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Leopold A J Nagelkerke
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nikola Theissen
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Hauptsitz, Leibnizstraße 10, 45659 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - David Renault
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], UMR 6553, 35000 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Ismael Soto
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Phillip J Haubrock
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Gelnhausen, Germany; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; CAMB, Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait
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18
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Yoshimura M. Hypothesised life cycle adaptation of stonefly (Plecoptera) in response to increased water temperatures. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103533. [PMID: 37055137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Water temperature is the most important and critical factor for freshwater invertebrates and it fluctuates with an increase in air temperature. In this study, the effect of water temperature on egg development was clarified in Stavsolus japonicus, and the response to climate change in stoneflies with long egg periods were considered. Water temperatures prior to 43 days before hatching likely do not affect egg development in Stavsolus japonicus. Instead, they use egg diapause as an adaptive strategy to survive hot summer conditions. Increased water temperatures may cause migration to higher elevations for stoneflies that have lower adaptability in their egg development period, with populations eventually becoming stranded where no higher elevation or cooler habitat is available. Species extinction is expected to increase with increasing temperatures, leading to reduced biodiversity in many ecosystems. Indirect effects of water warming on maturation and reproduction may lead to substantial reductions in benthic invertebrate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Yoshimura
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaro 68, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan.
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19
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Powell KE, Oliver TH, Johns T, González‐Suárez M, England J, Roy DB. Abundance trends for river macroinvertebrates vary across taxa, trophic group and river typology. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1282-1295. [PMID: 36462155 PMCID: PMC10107317 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that terrestrial arthropods are declining rapidly in many areas of the world. It is unclear whether freshwater invertebrates, which are key providers of ecosystem services, are also declining. We addressed this question by analysing a long-term dataset of macroinvertebrate abundance collected from 2002 to 2019 across 5009 sampling sites in English rivers. Patterns varied markedly across taxonomic groups. Within trophic groups we detected increases in the abundance of carnivores by 19% and herbivores by 14.8%, while we estimated decomposers have declined by 21.7% in abundance since 2002. We also found heterogeneity in trends across rivers belonging to different typologies based on geological dominance and catchment altitude, with organic lowland rivers having generally higher rates of increase in abundance across taxa and trophic groups, with siliceous lowland rivers having the most declines. Our results reveal a complex picture of change in freshwater macroinvertebrate abundance between taxonomic groups, trophic levels and river typologies. Our analysis helps with identifying priority regions for action on potential environmental stressors where we discover macroinvertebrate abundance declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Powell
- UK Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingfordUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Tom H. Oliver
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | | | | | | | - David B. Roy
- UK Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingfordUK
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20
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McCulloch GA, Waters JM. Rapid adaptation in a fast-changing world: Emerging insights from insect genomics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:943-954. [PMID: 36333958 PMCID: PMC10100130 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers have questioned the ability of biota to adapt to rapid anthropogenic environmental shifts. Here, we synthesize emerging genomic evidence for rapid insect evolution in response to human pressure. These new data reveal diverse genomic mechanisms (single locus, polygenic, structural shifts; introgression) underpinning rapid adaptive responses to a variety of anthropogenic selective pressures. While the effects of some human impacts (e.g. pollution; pesticides) have been previously documented, here we highlight startling new evidence for rapid evolutionary responses to additional anthropogenic processes such as deforestation. These recent findings indicate that diverse insect assemblages can indeed respond dynamically to major anthropogenic evolutionary challenges. Our synthesis also emphasizes the critical roles of genomic architecture, standing variation and gene flow in maintaining future adaptive potential. Broadly, it is clear that genomic approaches are essential for predicting, monitoring and responding to ongoing anthropogenic biodiversity shifts in a fast-changing world.
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21
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Woods T, McGarvey DJ. Drivers of Odonata flight timing revealed by natural history collection data. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:310-323. [PMID: 35995760 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Global change may cause widespread phenological shifts. But knowledge of the extent and generality of these shifts is limited by the availability of phenological records with sufficiently large spatiotemporal extents. Using North American odonates (damselflies and dragonflies) as a model system, we show how a combination of natural history museum and community science collections, beginning in 1901 and extending through 2020, can be leveraged to better understand phenology. We begin with an analysis of odonate functional traits. Principal coordinate analysis is used to place odonate genera within a three-dimensional trait ordination. From this, we identify seven distinct functional groups and select a single odonate genus to represent each group. Next, we pair the odonate records with a list of environmental covariates, including air temperature and degree days, photoperiod, precipitation, latitude and elevation. An iterative subsampling process is then used to mitigate spatiotemporal sampling bias within the odonate dataset. Finally, we use path analysis to quantify the direct effects of degree days, photoperiod and precipitation on odonate emergence timing, while accounting for indirect effects of latitude, elevation and year. Path models showed that degree days, photoperiod and precipitation each have a significant influence on odonate emergence timing, but degree days have the largest overall effect. Notably, the effect that each covariate has on emergence timing varied among functional groups, with positive relationships observed for some group representatives and negative relationships observed for others. For instance, Calopteryx sp. emerged earlier as degree days increased, while Sympetrum sp. emerged later. Previous studies have linked odonate emergence timing to temperature, photoperiod or precipitation. By using natural history museum and community science data to simultaneously examine all three influences, we show that systems-level understanding of odonate phenology may now be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Woods
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.,Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel J McGarvey
- Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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22
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Ohler K, Schreiner VC, Link M, Liess M, Schäfer RB. Land use changes biomass and temporal patterns of insect cross-ecosystem flows. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:81-96. [PMID: 36178427 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emergent aquatic insects constitute an important food source for higher trophic levels, linking aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. Little is known about how land use affects the biomass or composition of insect emergence. Previous studies are limited to individual time points or seasons, hampering understanding of annual biomass export patterns and detection of phenological changes. Over 1 year's primary emergence period, we continuously determined the biomass, abundance, and identity of >45,000 aquatic insects and recorded land-use-related environmental variables in 20 stream sites using a paired design with upstream forested sites and downstream agricultural sites. Total insect biomass and abundance were 2-7 mg day-1 m-2 and 7-36 ind day-1 m-2 higher in agricultural than forested sites. However, we found turnover of families between forested and agricultural sites, with more insects with shorter generation time in agriculture, indicating lower sensitivity to land-use-related stress because of higher recovery potential. Except for stoneflies, biomass and abundance of major orders were higher in agriculture, but their phenology differed. For different orders, emergence peaked 30 days earlier to 51 days later in agriculture than forest, whereas total abundance and biomass both peaked earlier in agriculture: 3-5 and 3-19 days, respectively. The most important land-use-related drivers were pesticide toxicity and electrical conductivity, which were differentially associated with different aquatic insect order abundances and biomass. Overall, we found that land use was related to changes in composition and phenology of aquatic insect emergence, which is likely to affect food-web dynamics in a cross-ecosystem context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ohler
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Verena C Schreiner
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Moritz Link
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Matthias Liess
- Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
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23
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Net effect of environmental fluctuations in multiple global-change drivers across the tree of life. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205495119. [PMID: 35914141 PMCID: PMC9371701 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205495119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Jensen's inequality predicts that the response of any given system to average constant conditions is different from its average response to varying ones. Environmental fluctuations in abiotic conditions are pervasive on Earth; yet until recently, most ecological research has addressed the effects of multiple environmental drivers by assuming constant conditions. One could thus expect to find significant deviations in the magnitude of their effects on ecosystems when environmental fluctuations are considered. Drawing on experimental studies published during the last 30 years reporting more than 950 response ratios (n = 5,700), we present a comprehensive analysis of the role that environmental fluctuations play across the tree of life. In contrast to the predominance of interactive effects of global-change drivers reported in the literature, our results show that their cumulative effects were additive (58%), synergistic (26%), and antagonistic (16%) when environmental fluctuations were present. However, the dominant type of interaction varied by trophic level (autotrophs: interactive; heterotrophs: additive) and phylogenetic group (additive in Animalia; additive and positive antagonism in Chromista; negative antagonism and synergism in Plantae). In addition, we identify the need to tackle how complex communities respond to fluctuating environments, widening the phylogenetic and biogeographic ranges considered, and to consider other drivers beyond warming and acidification as well as longer timescales. Environmental fluctuations must be taken into account in experimental and modeling studies as well as conservation plans to better predict the nature, magnitude, and direction of the impacts of global change on organisms and ecosystems.
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24
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Houghton DC. Comparison of caddisfly (Insecta, Trichoptera) assemblages from lake and river habitats of the Huron Mountains of Michigan (USA). Zookeys 2022; 1111:267-286. [PMID: 36760856 PMCID: PMC9848978 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1111.70195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The caddisfly assemblages of six lakes and 12 1st-4th order streams of the Huron Mountains of northern Upper Michigan (USA) were sampled monthly with ultraviolet lights during June-September 2019. A total of 169 species representing 63 genera and 19 families was collected, including five species not found elsewhere in Michigan and two species endemic to the state. Species assemblages between lotic and lentic habitats were distinct from each other, with 11 species indicating lakes and 23 indicating rivers. Despite the taxonomic differences, biomass of functional feeding groups (FFGs) was similar between lakes and rivers, except for higher biomass of predators in the former and higher biomass of filtering collectors in the latter. The FFG biomass of both habitat types was dominated (50-70%) by shredders. Considering the undisturbed condition of the habitats, the caddisfly assemblages and FFG biomass of the Huron Mountains can serve as regional biological monitoring reference conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Houghton
- Department of Biology, Hillsdale College, 33 East College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USAHillsdale CollegeHillsdaleUnited States of America
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25
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De‐Freitas I, Queiroga D, Stefani V. Phenology of the semiaquatic caterpillar
Paracles klagesi
and its response to environmental changes. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iasmim De‐Freitas
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Entomologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto – FFCLRP Universidade de São Paulo – USP Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Drielly Queiroga
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e Interações, Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia Brazil
| | - Vanessa Stefani
- Laboratório de História Natural e Reprodutiva de Artrópodes (LHINRA), Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Uberlândia 38400‐902 Brazil
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26
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Gebert F, Obrist MK, Siber R, Altermatt F, Bollmann K, Schuwirth N. Recent trends in stream macroinvertebrates: warm-adapted and pesticide-tolerant taxa increase in richness. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210513. [PMID: 35317625 PMCID: PMC8941399 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a plethora of studies reporting insect declines has been published. Even though the common theme is decreasing insect richness, positive trends have also been documented. Here, we analysed nationwide, systematic monitoring data on aquatic insect richness collected at 438 sites in Switzerland from 2010 to 2019. In addition to taxonomic richness, we grouped taxa in accordance with their ecological preferences and functional traits to gain a better understanding of trends and possible underlying mechanisms. We found that in general, richness of aquatic insects remained stable or increased with time. Warm-adapted taxa, common feeding guilds and pesticide-tolerant taxa showed increasing patterns while cold-adapted, rarer feeding guilds and pesticide-sensitive taxa displayed stable trends. Both climate and land-use-related factors were the most important explanatory variables for the patterns of aquatic insect richness. Although our data cover the last decade only, our results suggest that recent developments in insect richness are context-dependent and affect functional groups differently. However, longer investigations and a good understanding of the baseline are important to reveal if the increase in temperature- and pesticide-tolerant species will lead to a decrease in specialized species and a homogenization of biotic communities in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Gebert
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin K Obrist
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rosi Siber
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Bollmann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nele Schuwirth
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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van Klink R, Bowler DE, Gongalsky KB, Chase JM. Long-term abundance trends of insect taxa are only weakly correlated. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210554. [PMID: 35193369 PMCID: PMC8864342 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the abundances of animals, such as with the ongoing concern about insect declines, are often assumed to be general across taxa. However, this assumption is largely untested. Here, we used a database of assemblage-wide long-term insect and arachnid monitoring to compare abundance trends among co-occurring pairs of taxa. We show that 60% of co-occurring taxa qualitatively showed long-term trends in the same direction-either both increasing or both decreasing. However, in terms of magnitude, temporal trends were only weakly correlated (mean freshwater r = 0.05 (±0.03), mean terrestrial r = 0.12 (±0.09)). The strongest correlation was between trends of beetles and those of moths/butterflies (r = 0.26). Overall, even though there is some support for directional similarity in temporal trends, we find that changes in the abundance of one taxon provide little information on the changes of other taxa. No clear candidate for umbrella or indicator taxa emerged from our analysis. We conclude that obtaining a better picture of changes in insect abundances will require monitoring of multiple taxa, which remains uncommon, especially in the terrestrial realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel van Klink
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity research – iDiv - Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University-Halle Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Diana E. Bowler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity research – iDiv - Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany,Helmholtz - Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantin B. Gongalsky
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity research – iDiv - Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University-Halle Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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28
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Polazzo F, Roth SK, Hermann M, Mangold‐Döring A, Rico A, Sobek A, Van den Brink PJ, Jackson M. Combined effects of heatwaves and micropollutants on freshwater ecosystems: Towards an integrated assessment of extreme events in multiple stressors research. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1248-1267. [PMID: 34735747 PMCID: PMC9298819 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are strongly influenced by weather extremes such as heatwaves (HWs), which are predicted to increase in frequency and magnitude in the future. In addition to these climate extremes, the freshwater realm is impacted by the exposure to various classes of chemicals emitted by anthropogenic activities. Currently, there is limited knowledge on how the combined exposure to HWs and chemicals affects the structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Here, we review the available literature describing the single and combined effects of HWs and chemicals on different levels of biological organization, to obtain a holistic view of their potential interactive effects. We only found a few studies (13 out of the 61 studies included in this review) that investigated the biological effects of HWs in combination with chemical pollution. The reported interactive effects of HWs and chemicals varied largely not only within the different trophic levels but also depending on the studied endpoints for populations or individuals. Hence, owing also to the little number of studies available, no consistent interactive effects could be highlighted at any level of biological organization. Moreover, we found an imbalance towards single species and population experiments, with only five studies using a multitrophic approach. This results in a knowledge gap for relevant community and ecosystem level endpoints, which prevents the exploration of important indirect effects that can compromise food web stability. Moreover, this knowledge gap impairs the validity of chemical risk assessments and our ability to protect ecosystems. Finally, we highlight the urgency of integrating extreme events into multiple stressors studies and provide specific recommendations to guide further experimental research in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Polazzo
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
| | - Sabrina K. Roth
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Markus Hermann
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Annika Mangold‐Döring
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Paul J. Van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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29
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Goertzen D, Schneider AK, Eggers TO, Suhling F. Temporal changes of biodiversity in urban running waters – Results of a twelve-year monitoring study. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Shipley JR, Twining CW, Mathieu-Resuge M, Parmar TP, Kainz M, Martin-Creuzburg D, Weber C, Winkler DW, Graham CH, Matthews B. Climate change shifts the timing of nutritional flux from aquatic insects. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1342-1349.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Finn DS, Johnson SL, Gerth WJ, Arismendi I, Li JL. Spatiotemporal patterns of emergence phenology reveal complex species‐specific responses to temperature in aquatic insects. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debra S. Finn
- Department of Biology Missouri State University Springfield Missouri USA
| | - Sherri L. Johnson
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - William J. Gerth
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Judith L. Li
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
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32
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Swift K, Williams E, Marzluff J. An observational analysis of Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis) foraging and caching ecology in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Arctic and subarctic wildlife are among the most vulnerable species to climate change. Canada Jays (Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus, 1776)) are generalist residents of northern boreal forests and scatter-hoard food to insulate against food scarcity during winter. Unlike most scatter-hoarders, however, Canada Jays primarily cache perishable food, rendering their caches more susceptible to climate change induced degradation and loss. Here we use a mostly noninvasive approach to document Canada Jay foraging ecology among a population in interior Alaska, USA, including the types of food acquired, foraging and caching rates, and cache longevity and loss. We also tested for associations between foraging and caching rates with reproductive metrics to assess possible relationships among food and productivity. We found that Canada Jays have a varied diet that changed seasonally, and responded to a record-setting warm spring by directing foraging efforts away from cache recovery and towards the emergence of fresh food. We did not find evidence for relationships between foraging and caching rate with reproductive output, possibly owing to small sample sizes. We found that caches were recovered quickly (<4 weeks) and frequently lost to conspecific and heterospecific competitors. Our study suggests that Canada Jays may be better poised to respond to changes in cache integrity and food availability than has been previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.N. Swift
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - E.J. Williams
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - J.M. Marzluff
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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33
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Global Size Pattern in a Group of Important Ecological Indicators (Diptera, Chironomidae) Is Driven by Latitudinal Temperature Gradients. INSECTS 2021; 13:insects13010034. [PMID: 35055877 PMCID: PMC8781536 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The size of animals is a result of the complex interactions between the evolution of a group, the environment in which the animal lives, and its physiology. It has been known for a long time that warm-blooded animals (such as birds or mammals) become larger in colder climates. This phenomenon is called “Bergmann’s rule”, and it is caused by the necessity of the animals to produce and preserve their heat in colder climates. This is easier for larger animals, as they have a lower ratio of body surface area to body volume. In cold-blooded animals, such as insects, similar patterns have been found in some cases, but their origin is less clear. In this paper, we show a strong negative relationship between size and temperature in a large group of aquatic insects (non-biting midges). We found that wings of non-biting midges are shorter by 32.4 µm for every 1 °C of mean annual temperature increase. This finding is important for use of non-biting midges in monitoring aquatic ecosystem health and tracking global climate change. Abstract Size is one of the most outwardly obvious characteristics of animals, determined by multiple phylogenetic and environmental variables. Numerous hypotheses have been suggested to explain the relationship between the body size of animals and their geographic latitude. Bergmann’s Rule, describing a positive relationship between the body size of endothermic animals and their geographic latitude, is especially well known. Whether or not insects exhibit a similar pattern has long been a subject for debate. We hypothesize that latitudinal size gradients are coupled to temperature variation affecting the metabolic rate of these merolimnic insects. We showcase a strong latitudinal size gradient in non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae), based on the examination of 4309 specimens of these midges from around the world. Although phylogenetic position was a key predictor of wing length, we also found that wing length decreases by 32.4 µm per every 1 °C of mean annual temperature increase. This pattern was found across different taxa and could be detected in 20 of 24 genera studied. We discuss the reasons for this pattern origin and its palaeoecological implications.
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34
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Baker NJ, Pilotto F, Haubrock PJ, Beudert B, Haase P. Multidecadal changes in functional diversity lag behind the recovery of taxonomic diversity. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17471-17484. [PMID: 34938522 PMCID: PMC8668763 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While there has been increasing interest in how taxonomic diversity is changing over time, less is known about how long-term taxonomic changes may affect ecosystem functioning and resilience. Exploring long-term patterns of functional diversity can provide key insights into the capacity of a community to carry out ecological processes and the redundancy of species' roles. We focus on a protected freshwater system located in a national park in southeast Germany. We use a high-resolution benthic macroinvertebrate dataset spanning 32 years (1983-2014) and test whether changes in functional diversity are reflected in taxonomic diversity using a multidimensional trait-based approach and regression analyses. Specifically, we asked: (i) How has functional diversity changed over time? (ii) How functionally distinct are the community's taxa? (iii) Are changes in functional diversity concurrent with taxonomic diversity? And (iv) what is the extent of community functional redundancy? Resultant from acidification mitigation, macroinvertebrate taxonomic diversity increased over the study period. Recovery of functional diversity was less pronounced, lagging behind responses of taxonomic diversity. Over multidecadal timescales, the macroinvertebrate community has become more homogenous with a high degree of functional redundancy, despite being isolated from direct anthropogenic activity. While taxonomic diversity increased over time, functional diversity has yet to catch up. These results demonstrate that anthropogenic pressures can remain a threat to biotic communities even in protected areas. The differences in taxonomic and functional recovery processes highlight the need to incorporate functional traits in assessments of biodiversity responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Jay Baker
- Department of River Ecology and ConservationSenckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum FrankfurtGelnhausenGermany
| | - Francesca Pilotto
- Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious StudiesEnvironmental Archaeology LabUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Phillip Joschka Haubrock
- Department of River Ecology and ConservationSenckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum FrankfurtGelnhausenGermany
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersSouth Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of HydrocenosesUniversity of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceVodňanyCzech Republic
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Department of Conservation and ResearchBavarian Forest National ParkGrafenauGermany
| | - Peter Haase
- Department of River Ecology and ConservationSenckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum FrankfurtGelnhausenGermany
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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35
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Uhler J, Redlich S, Zhang J, Hothorn T, Tobisch C, Ewald J, Thorn S, Seibold S, Mitesser O, Morinière J, Bozicevic V, Benjamin CS, Englmeier J, Fricke U, Ganuza C, Haensel M, Riebl R, Rojas-Botero S, Rummler T, Uphus L, Schmidt S, Steffan-Dewenter I, Müller J. Relationship of insect biomass and richness with land use along a climate gradient. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5946. [PMID: 34642336 PMCID: PMC8511018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently reported insect declines have raised both political and social concern. Although the declines have been attributed to land use and climate change, supporting evidence suffers from low taxonomic resolution, short time series, a focus on local scales, and the collinearity of the identified drivers. In this study, we conducted a systematic assessment of insect populations in southern Germany, which showed that differences in insect biomass and richness are highly context dependent. We found the largest difference in biomass between semi-natural and urban environments (-42%), whereas differences in total richness (-29%) and the richness of threatened species (-56%) were largest from semi-natural to agricultural environments. These results point to urbanization and agriculture as major drivers of decline. We also found that richness and biomass increase monotonously with increasing temperature, independent of habitat. The contrasting patterns of insect biomass and richness question the use of these indicators as mutual surrogates. Our study provides support for the implementation of more comprehensive measures aimed at habitat restoration in order to halt insect declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Uhler
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Redlich
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Tobisch
- Institute of Ecology and Landscape, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg Ewald
- Botany & Vegetation Science, Faculty of Forestry, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest management Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Berchtesgaden National Park, Berchtesgaden, Germany
| | - Oliver Mitesser
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Caryl S Benjamin
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jana Englmeier
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute Fricke
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Ganuza
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Haensel
- Professorship of Ecological Services, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rebekka Riebl
- Professorship of Ecological Services, Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sandra Rojas-Botero
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Rummler
- Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lars Uphus
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany.
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Tocco C, Foster J, Venter N, Cowie B, Marlin D, Byrne M. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 adversely affects a dung beetle's development: Another potential driver of decline in insect numbers? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4592-4600. [PMID: 34265139 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect declines have been attributed to several drivers such as habitat loss, climate change, invasive alien species and insecticides. However, in the global context, these effects remain patchy, whereas insect losses appear to be consistent worldwide. Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations are known to have indirect effects on herbivorous insects, but the effects on other insects are largely unexplored. We wondered if elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2 ) could influence the growth and survival of insects, not via rising temperature, nor through their changes in food quality, but by other means. Rearing tunnelling dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche, 1848) at pre-industrial (250 parts per million [ppm]), current (400 ppm) and eCO2 levels (600 and 800 ppm), we found that exposure to eCO2 resulted in longer developmental times and increased mortality. Elevated CO2 also caused reduction of adult size and mass which is detrimental to dung beetle fitness. Additional results showed associated increases in CO2 levels inside dung brood balls, dung pH and respiration rates of the soil surrounding the developing dung beetles (CO2 flux). We thus hypothesize that elevated CO2 increases competition for O2 and nutrients between soil microbiota and subterranean insects. Given that many insect orders spend at least part of their life underground, our findings indicate the possibility of a negative ubiquitous effect of eCO2 on a large portion of the earth's insect biota. These findings therefore suggest an important area for future research on the soil community in the context of atmospheric change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tocco
- Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James Foster
- Zoologie II, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nic Venter
- Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Blair Cowie
- Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Danica Marlin
- Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marcus Byrne
- Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Crabot J, Mondy CP, Usseglio-Polatera P, Fritz KM, Wood PJ, Greenwood MJ, Bogan MT, Meyer EI, Datry T. A global perspective on the functional responses of stream communities to flow intermittence. ECOGRAPHY 2021; 44:1511-1523. [PMID: 34720401 PMCID: PMC8554635 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.05697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current erosion of biodiversity is a major concern that threatens the ecological integrity of ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. Due to global change, an increasing proportion of river networks are drying and changes from perennial to non-perennial flow regimes represent dramatic ecological shifts with potentially irreversible alterations of community and ecosystem dynamics. However, there is minimal understanding of how biological communities respond functionally to drying. Here, we highlight the taxonomic and functional responses of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities to flow intermittence across river networks from three continents, to test predictions from underlying trait-based conceptual theory. We found a significant breakpoint in the relationship between taxonomic and functional richness, indicating higher functional redundancy at sites with flow intermittence higher than 28%. Multiple strands of evidence, including patterns of alpha and beta diversity and functional group membership, indicated that functional redundancy did not compensate for biodiversity loss associated with increasing intermittence, contrary to received wisdom. A specific set of functional trait modalities, including small body size, short life span and high fecundity, were selected with increasing flow intermittence. These results demonstrate the functional responses of river communities to drying and suggest that on-going biodiversity reduction due to global change in drying river networks is threatening their functional integrity. These results indicate that such patterns might be common in these ecosystems, even where drying is considered a predictable disturbance. This highlights the need for the conservation of natural drying regimes of intermittent rivers to secure their ecological integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ken M Fritz
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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38
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Abarca M, Spahn R. Direct and indirect effects of altered temperature regimes and phenological mismatches on insect populations. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:67-74. [PMID: 33989831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is transforming ecosystems by altering species ranges, the composition of communities, and trophic interactions. Here, we synthesize recent reviews and subsequent developments to provide an overview of insect ecological and evolutionary responses to altered temperature regimes. We discuss both direct responses to thermal stress and indirect responses arising from phenological mismatches, altered host quality, and changes in natural enemy activity. Altered temperature regimes can increase exposure to both cold and heat stress and result in phenological and morphological mismatches with adjacent trophic levels. Host plant quality varies in a heterogenous way in response to altered temperatures with both increases and decreases observed. Density-dependent effects, spatial heterogeneity, and rapid evolutionary change provide some resilience to these threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Abarca
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States.
| | - Ryan Spahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, DC, 20052, United States
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39
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Zajicek P, Welti EAR, Baker NJ, Januschke K, Brauner O, Haase P. Long-term data reveal unimodal responses of ground beetle abundance to precipitation and land use but no changes in taxonomic and functional diversity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17468. [PMID: 34471149 PMCID: PMC8410911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While much of global biodiversity is undoubtedly under threat, the responses of ecological communities to changing climate, land use intensification, and long-term changes in both taxonomic and functional diversity over time, has still not been fully explored for many taxonomic groups, especially invertebrates. We compiled time series of ground beetles covering the past two decades from 40 sites located in five regions across Germany. We calculated site-based trends for 21 community metrics representing taxonomic and functional diversity of ground beetles, activity density (a proxy for abundance), and activity densities of functional groups. We assessed both overall and regional temporal trends and the influence of the global change drivers of temperature, precipitation, and land use on ground beetle communities. While we did not detect overall temporal changes in ground beetle taxonomic and functional diversity, taxonomic turnover changed within two regions, illustrating that community change at the local scale does not always correspond to patterns at broader spatial scales. Additionally, ground beetle activity density had a unimodal response to both annual precipitation and land use. Limited temporal change in ground beetle communities may indicate a shifting baseline, where community degradation was reached prior to the start of our observation in 1999. In addition, nonlinear responses of animal communities to environmental change present a challenge when quantifying temporal trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Zajicek
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | - Ellen A R Welti
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - Nathan J Baker
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Januschke
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Brauner
- Office for Zoology, Vegetation and Conservation (Büro für Zoologie, Vegetation und Naturschutz), Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Peter Haase
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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40
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Bowler DE, Eichenberg D, Conze K, Suhling F, Baumann K, Benken T, Bönsel A, Bittner T, Drews A, Günther A, Isaac NJ, Petzold F, Seyring M, Spengler T, Trockur B, Willigalla C, Bruelheide H, Jansen F, Bonn A. Winners and losers over 35 years of dragonfly and damselfly distributional change in Germany. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana E. Bowler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
- Department Ecosystem Services Helmholtz‐Center for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - David Eichenberg
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Klaus‐Jürgen Conze
- GdO (Gesellschaft deutschsprachiger Odonatologen) & Arbeitskreis Libellen NRW Essen Germany
| | - Frank Suhling
- Department Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis Institute of Geoecology Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany
| | - Kathrin Baumann
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft Libellen in Niedersachsen und Bremen Niedersachsen and Bremen Germany
| | - Theodor Benken
- Schutzgemeinschaft Libellen in Baden‐Württemberg e.V Karlsruhe Germany
| | - André Bönsel
- Planung für alternative Umwelt GmbH Gresenhorst Germany
| | - Torsten Bittner
- Landesanstalt für Umwelt Baden‐Württemberg Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Arne Drews
- Landesamt für Landwirtschaft Umwelt und ländliche Räume Schleswig‐Holstein Flintbek Germany
| | | | | | | | - Marcel Seyring
- Landesamt für Umweltschutz Sachsen‐Anhalt Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Torsten Spengler
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft Libellen in Niedersachsen und Bremen Niedersachsen and Bremen Germany
| | - Bernd Trockur
- Arbeitskreis Libellen der DELATTINIA e.V. ‐ Naturforschende Gesellschaft des Saarlandes Tholey‐Hasborn Germany
| | | | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle Germany
| | - Florian Jansen
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Rostock Rostock Germany
| | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
- Department Ecosystem Services Helmholtz‐Center for Environmental Research – UFZ Leipzig Germany
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Abstract
Insects have diversified through more than 450 million y of Earth's changeable climate, yet rapidly shifting patterns of temperature and precipitation now pose novel challenges as they combine with decades of other anthropogenic stressors including the conversion and degradation of land. Here, we consider how insects are responding to recent climate change while summarizing the literature on long-term monitoring of insect populations in the context of climatic fluctuations. Results to date suggest that climate change impacts on insects have the potential to be considerable, even when compared with changes in land use. The importance of climate is illustrated with a case study from the butterflies of Northern California, where we find that population declines have been severe in high-elevation areas removed from the most immediate effects of habitat loss. These results shed light on the complexity of montane-adapted insects responding to changing abiotic conditions. We also consider methodological issues that would improve syntheses of results across long-term insect datasets and highlight directions for future empirical work.
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42
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Balmori A. Electromagnetic radiation as an emerging driver factor for the decline of insects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144913. [PMID: 33636787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biodiversity of insects is threatened worldwide. Numerous studies have reported the serious decline in insects that has occurred in recent decades. The same is happening with the important group of pollinators, with an essential utility for pollination of crops. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effects on food webs and ecosystem services. Many authors point out that reductions in insect abundance must be attributed mainly to agricultural practices and pesticide use. On the other hand, evidence for the effects of non-thermal microwave radiation on insects has been known for at least 50 years. The review carried out in this study shows that electromagnetic radiation should be considered seriously as a complementary driver for the dramatic decline in insects, acting in synergy with agricultural intensification, pesticides, invasive species and climate change. The extent that anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation represents a significant threat to insect pollinators is unresolved and plausible. For these reasons, and taking into account the benefits they provide to nature and humankind, the precautionary principle should be applied before any new deployment (such 5G) is considered.
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43
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Baker NJ, Pilotto F, Jourdan J, Beudert B, Haase P. Recovery from air pollution and subsequent acidification masks the effects of climate change on a freshwater macroinvertebrate community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143685. [PMID: 33288265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are dynamic, complex systems with a multitude of physical and ecological processes and stressors which drive fluctuations on the community-level. Disentangling the effects of different processes and stressors is challenging due to their interconnected nature. However, as protected areas (i.e. national parks) are less anthropogenically impacted, they are ideal for investigating single stressors. We focus on the Bavarian Forest National Park, a Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in Germany, where the major stressors are climate warming, air pollution (i.e. acidification) and bark beetle infestations. We investigated the effects of these stressors on freshwater macroinvertebrates using comprehensive long-term (1983-2014) datasets comprising high-resolution macroinvertebrate and physico-chemical data from a near-natural stream. Macroinvertebrate communities have undergone substantial changes over the past 32 years, highlighted by increases in overall community abundance (+173%) and richness (+51.6%) as well as taxonomic restructuring driven by a disproportional increase of dipterans. Prior to the year 2000, regression analyses revealed a decline in sulphate deposition and subsequent recovery from historical acidification as potential drivers of the increases in abundance and richness rather than to increases in water temperature (1.5 °C overall increase). Post 2000, however, alterations to nutrient cycling caused by bark beetle infestations coupled with warming temperatures were correlated to taxonomic restructuring and disproportional increases of dipterans at the expense of sensitive taxa such as plecopterans and trichopterans. Our results highlight the challenges when investigating the effects of climate change within a multi-stressor context. Even in conservation areas, recovery from previous disturbance might mask the effects of ongoing disturbances like climate change. Overall, we observed strong community restructuring, demonstrating that stenothermal headwater communities face additional stress due to emerging competition with tolerant taxa. Conservation efforts should consider the temporal variability of communities and their recovery from disturbances to adequately identify species vulnerable to local or widespread extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Jay Baker
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | - Francesca Pilotto
- Environmental Archaeology Lab, Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Jourdan
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Peter Haase
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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44
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Pin L, Eiler A, Fazi S, Friberg N. Two different approaches of microbial community structure characterization in riverine epilithic biofilms under multiple stressors conditions: Developing molecular indicators. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1200-1215. [PMID: 33529477 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities are major players in the biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning of river networks. Despite their importance in the ecosystem, biomonitoring tools relying on prokaryotes are still lacking. Only a few studies have employed both metabarcoding and quantitative techniques such as catalysed reported deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) to analyse prokaryotic communities of epilithic biofilms in river ecosystems. We intended to investigate the efficacy of both techniques in detecting changes in microbial community structure associated with environmental drivers. We report a significant correlation between the prokaryotic community composition and pH in rivers from two different geographical areas in Norway. Both CARD-FISH and metabarcoding data were following the pattern of the environmental variables, but the main feature distinguishing the community composition was the regional difference itself. Beta-dispersion analyses on both CARD-FISH abundance and metabarcoding data revealed higher accuracy of metabarcoding to differentiate regions and river systems. The CARD-FISH results showed high variability, even for samples within the same river, probably due to some unmeasured microscale ecological variability which we could not resolve. We also present a statistical method, which uses variation coefficient and overall prevalence of taxonomic groups, to detect possible biological indicators among prokaryotes using metabarcoding data. The development of new prokaryotic bioindicators would benefit from both techniques used in this study, but metabarcoding seems to be faster and more reliable than CARD-FISH for large scale bio-assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pin
- Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Eiler
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Norway.,eDNA solutions AB, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stefano Fazi
- Water Research Institute, IRSA-CNR, Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Nikolai Friberg
- Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Freshwater Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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45
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Krupke CH, Tooker JF. Beyond the Headlines: The Influence of Insurance Pest Management on an Unseen, Silent Entomological Majority. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.595855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For most of the last two decades, insect pest management in key grain and oilseed crops has relied heavily on an insurance-based approach. This approach mandates a suite of management tactics prior to planting and in the absence of pest data. Because there is little flexibility for using these tactics individually, most producers have adopted this full suite of practices despite mounting evidence that some components do not provide consistent benefits. In North America in particular, this preventive approach to insect pest management has led to steep increases in use of neonicotinoid insecticides and subsequent increases in neonicotinoids in soil and water within crop fields and beyond. These increases have been accompanied by a host of non-target effects that have been most clearly studied in pollinators and insect natural enemies. Less attention has been given to the effects of this practice upon the many thousands of aquatic insect species that are often cryptic and offer negligible, or undefined, clear benefits to humans and their commerce. A survey of the literature reveals that the non-target effects of neonicotinoids upon these aquatic species are often as serious as for terrestrial species, and more difficult to address. By focusing upon charismatic insect species that provide clearly defined services, we are likely dramatically under-estimating the effects of neonicotinoids upon the wider environment. Given the mounting evidence base demonstrating that the pest management and crop yield benefits of this approach are negligible, we advocate for a return to largely-abandoned IPM principles as a readily accessible alternative path.
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46
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Mota‐Ferreira M, Filipe AF, Filomena Magalhães M, Carona S, Beja P. Spatial modelling of temporal dynamics in stream fish communities under anthropogenic change. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mário Mota‐Ferreira
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- CIBIO/InBio Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Filipe
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- CIBIO/InBio Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Magalhães
- cE3c Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Sara Carona
- cE3c Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Pedro Beja
- CIBIO/InBio Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- CIBIO/InBio Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
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47
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Dudgeon D, Ng LCY, Tsang TPN. Shifts in aquatic insect composition in a tropical forest stream after three decades of climatic warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6399-6412. [PMID: 32866325 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of climatic warming on tropical streams have received little attention, and field studies of such changes are generally lacking. Drifting insects from a Hong Kong forest stream were sampled for 36 months between 2013 and 2016, and compared with samples collected using identical methods in 1983-84. Mean air temperatures rose by ~0.5°C (0.17°C per decade) over this period. The stream drained an uninhabited protected area, so no climate-change effects were confounded by anthropogenic disturbance. In total, 105 taxa and >77,000 individuals were collected. Richness of samples in the historic and contemporary datasets did not differ, but true diversity of drifting insects was highest in 1983-84, and declined between 2013-14 and 2015-16. There was considerable disparity in assemblage composition between 1983-84 and 2013-16, and smaller between-year changes in the contemporary dataset. Nine indicator species of the historic dataset were identified. Most were mayflies, particularly Baetidae, which were greatly reduced in relative abundance in 2013-16. Diptera became more numerous, and tanypodine chironomids were the sole contemporary indicator taxon. Relative abundance of eight of 19 drifting species (comprising 60% of total insects) was lower in 2013-16, when the dominant baetid mayfly during 1983-84 had declined by almost 90%; only one of the 19 species occurred at higher abundance. Eight species were affected by seasonal temperature variability, but these responses were not correlated with any tendency to exhibit long-term changes in abundance. Substantial shifts in composition, including declines in mayfly relative abundance and assemblage diversity, occurred after three decades of warming, despite the broad annual range of stream temperatures (~16°C) in Hong Kong. This contradicts the well-known prediction that organisms from variable climates have evolved wider thermal tolerances that reflect prevailing environmental conditions. The observed compositional reorganization indicates that variability, rather than stability, may be typical of undisturbed tropical stream communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dudgeon
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lily C Y Ng
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Toby P N Tsang
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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48
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Nocturnal pollination: an overlooked ecosystem service vulnerable to environmental change. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:19-32. [PMID: 32478390 PMCID: PMC7326339 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing assessments of the ecosystem service of pollination have been largely restricted to diurnal insects, with a particular focus on generalist foragers such as wild and honey bees. As knowledge of how these plant-pollinator systems function, their relevance to food security and biodiversity, and the fragility of these mutually beneficial interactions increases, attention is diverting to other, less well-studied pollinator groups. One such group are those that forage at night. In this review, we document evidence that nocturnal species are providers of pollination services (including pollination of economically valuable and culturally important crops, as well as wild plants of conservation concern), but highlight how little is known about the scale of such services. We discuss the primary mechanisms involved in night-time communication between plants and insect pollen-vectors, including floral scent, visual cues (and associated specialized visual systems), and thermogenic sensitivity (associated with thermogenic flowers). We highlight that these mechanisms are vulnerable to direct and indirect disruption by a range of anthropogenic drivers of environmental change, including air and soil pollution, artificial light at night, and climate change. Lastly, we highlight a number of directions for future research that will be important if nocturnal pollination services are to be fully understood and ultimately conserved.
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49
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Pilotto F, Kühn I, Adrian R, Alber R, Alignier A, Andrews C, Bäck J, Barbaro L, Beaumont D, Beenaerts N, Benham S, Boukal DS, Bretagnolle V, Camatti E, Canullo R, Cardoso PG, Ens BJ, Everaert G, Evtimova V, Feuchtmayr H, García-González R, Gómez García D, Grandin U, Gutowski JM, Hadar L, Halada L, Halassy M, Hummel H, Huttunen KL, Jaroszewicz B, Jensen TC, Kalivoda H, Schmidt IK, Kröncke I, Leinonen R, Martinho F, Meesenburg H, Meyer J, Minerbi S, Monteith D, Nikolov BP, Oro D, Ozoliņš D, Padedda BM, Pallett D, Pansera M, Pardal MÂ, Petriccione B, Pipan T, Pöyry J, Schäfer SM, Schaub M, Schneider SC, Skuja A, Soetaert K, Spriņģe G, Stanchev R, Stockan JA, Stoll S, Sundqvist L, Thimonier A, Van Hoey G, Van Ryckegem G, Visser ME, Vorhauser S, Haase P. Meta-analysis of multidecadal biodiversity trends in Europe. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3486. [PMID: 32661354 PMCID: PMC7359034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Local biodiversity trends over time are likely to be decoupled from global trends, as local processes may compensate or counteract global change. We analyze 161 long-term biological time series (15-91 years) collected across Europe, using a comprehensive dataset comprising ~6,200 marine, freshwater and terrestrial taxa. We test whether (i) local long-term biodiversity trends are consistent among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, and (ii) changes in biodiversity correlate with regional climate and local conditions. Our results reveal that local trends of abundance, richness and diversity differ among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, demonstrating that biodiversity changes at local scale are often complex and cannot be easily generalized. However, we find increases in richness and abundance with increasing temperature and naturalness as well as a clear spatial pattern in changes in community composition (i.e. temporal taxonomic turnover) in most biogeoregions of Northern and Eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pilotto
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany.
- Environmental Archaeology Lab, Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena - Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rita Adrian
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries & Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Alber
- Biological Laboratory, Agency for Environment and Climate Protection, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Audrey Alignier
- UMR 0980 BAGAP, INRAE - Institut Agro - ESA, Rennes, France
- LTSER Zone Atelier Armorique, 35042, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jaana Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth system Research, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luc Barbaro
- Dynafor, INRAE, University of Toulouse, France & CESCO, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne-Univ, Paris, France & LTSER Zone Atelier Pyrénées Garonne, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | | | - Natalie Beenaerts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | - David S Boukal
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology & Soil and Water Research Infrastructure, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- CEBC, UMR7372, CNRS & La Rochelle University, 79360, Villiers en bois, France
- LTSER Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre, 79360, Beauvoir sur Niort, France
| | - Elisa Camatti
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Venice, Italy
| | - Roberto Canullo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, unit Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Patricia G Cardoso
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno J Ens
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vesela Evtimova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Heidrun Feuchtmayr
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | | | | | - Ulf Grandin
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerzy M Gutowski
- Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, Białowieża, Poland
| | | | - Lubos Halada
- Institute of Landscape Ecology SAS, Branch Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Melinda Halassy
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Herman Hummel
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Kaisa-Leena Huttunen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulanka Research Station, University of Oulu Infrastructure Platform, Kuusamo, Finland
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | | | | | - Inger Kappel Schmidt
- Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Kröncke
- Senckenberg am Meer, Marine Research Department, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Reima Leinonen
- Kainuu Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, Kajaani, Finland
| | - Filipe Martinho
- Centre For Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Julia Meyer
- Senckenberg am Meer, Marine Research Department, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Stefano Minerbi
- Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano - South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Don Monteith
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Boris P Nikolov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Oro
- CEAB (CSIC), 17300, Blanes, Spain
- IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - Dāvis Ozoliņš
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Bachisio M Padedda
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Marco Pansera
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Venice, Italy
| | - Miguel Ângelo Pardal
- Centre For Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Petriccione
- Carabinieri, Biodiversity and Park Protection Department, Castel di Sangro Biodiversity Unit, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Tanja Pipan
- ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute, Ljubljana & UNESCO Chair on Karst Education University of Nova Gorica, Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Juha Pöyry
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Biodiversity Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Agnija Skuja
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Karline Soetaert
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Gunta Spriņģe
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Radoslav Stanchev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jenni A Stockan
- Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Stefan Stoll
- University of Applied Sciences Trier, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Birkenfeld, Germany
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Sundqvist
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne Thimonier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Gert Van Hoey
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fishery and Food, Oostende, Belgium
| | | | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Vorhauser
- Biological Laboratory, Agency for Environment and Climate Protection, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter Haase
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany.
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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