1
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McKenzie M, Brooks A, Callisto M, Collins AL, Durkota JM, Death RG, Jones JI, Linares MS, Matthaei CD, Monk WA, Murphy JF, Wagenhoff A, Wilkes M, Wood PJ, Mathers KL. Freshwater invertebrate responses to fine sediment stress: A multi-continent perspective. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17084. [PMID: 38273567 PMCID: PMC10952627 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Excessive fine sediment (particles <2 mm) deposition in freshwater systems is a pervasive stressor worldwide. However, understanding of ecological response to excess fine sediment in river systems at the global scale is limited. Here, we aim to address whether there is a consistent response to increasing levels of deposited fine sediment by freshwater invertebrates across multiple geographic regions (Australia, Brazil, New Zealand and the UK). Results indicate ecological responses are not globally consistent and are instead dependent on both the region and the facet of invertebrate diversity considered, that is, taxonomic or functional trait structure. Invertebrate communities of Australia were most sensitive to deposited fine sediment, with the greatest rate of change in communities occurring when fine sediment cover was low (below 25% of the reach). Communities in the UK displayed a greater tolerance with most compositional change occurring between 30% and 60% cover. In both New Zealand and Brazil, which included the most heavily sedimented sampled streams, the communities were more tolerant or demonstrated ambiguous responses, likely due to historic environmental filtering of invertebrate communities. We conclude that ecological responses to fine sediment are not generalisable globally and are dependent on landscape filters with regional context and historic land management playing important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Brooks
- Department of Planning and Environment, Surface Water ScienceNSW GovernmentWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Marcos Callisto
- Laboratory of Ecology of Benthos, Department of Genetics, Ecology and EvolutionInstitute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Adrian L. Collins
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted ResearchOkehamptonDevonUK
| | | | - Russell G. Death
- Innovative River Solutions, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - J. Iwan Jones
- School of Biological and Behavioural SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Marden S. Linares
- Laboratory of Ecology of Benthos, Department of Genetics, Ecology and EvolutionInstitute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | - Wendy A. Monk
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental ManagementEnvironment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New BrunswickFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - John F. Murphy
- School of Biological and Behavioural SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Martin Wilkes
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
| | - Paul J. Wood
- Geography and EnvironmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Kate L. Mathers
- Geography and EnvironmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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2
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Mathers KL, Armitage PD, Hill M, McKenzie M, Pardo I, Wood PJ. Seasonal variability of lotic macroinvertebrate communities at the habitat scale demonstrates the value of discriminating fine sediment fractions in ecological assessments. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10564. [PMID: 37780081 PMCID: PMC10541294 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite lotic systems demonstrating high levels of seasonal and spatial variability, most research and biomonitoring practices do not consider seasonality when interpreting results and are typically focused at the meso-scale (combined pool/riffle samples) rather than considering habitat patch dynamics. We therefore sought to determine if the sampling season (spring, summer and autumn) influenced observed macroinvertebrate biodiversity, structure and function at the habitat unit scale (determined by substrate composition), and if this in turn influenced the assessment of fine sediment (sand and silt) pressures. We found that biodiversity supported at the habitat level was not seasonally consistent with the contribution of nestedness and turnover in structuring communities varying seasonally. Habitat differences in community composition were evident for taxonomic communities regardless of the season but were not seasonally consistent for functional communities, and, notably, season explained a greater amount of variance in functional community composition than the habitat unit. Macroinvertebrate biodiversity supported by silt habitats demonstrated strong seasonal differences and communities were functionally comparable to sand habitats in spring and to gravel habitats in autumn. Sand communities were impoverished compared to other habitats regardless of the season. Silt habitats demonstrated a strong increase in Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa and functional richness from spring into autumn, while vegetation habitats displayed a peak in EPT abundance in summer. Only silt and sand habitats demonstrated temporal variability in functional evenness suggesting that these habitats are different in terms of their resource partitioning and productivity over time compared to other habitats. Gravel and vegetation habitats appeared to be more stable over time with functional richness and evenness remaining consistent. To accurately evaluate the influence of fine sediment on lotic ecosystems, it is imperative that routine biomonitoring and scientific research discriminate between sand and silt fractions, given they support different biodiversity, particularly during summer and autumn months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Mathers
- Geography and EnvironmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | | | - Matthew Hill
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | | | - Isabel Pardo
- Department of Ecology and Animal BiologyUniversity of VigoVigoSpain
| | - Paul J. Wood
- Geography and EnvironmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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3
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Mayoh C, Gifford AJ, Terry R, Lau LMS, Wong M, Rao P, Shai-Hee T, Saletta F, Khuong-Quang DA, Qin V, Mateos MK, Meyran D, Miller KE, Yuksel A, Mould EVA, Bowen-James R, Govender D, Senapati A, Zhukova N, Omer N, Dholaria H, Alvaro F, Tapp H, Diamond Y, Pozza LD, Moore AS, Nicholls W, Gottardo NG, McCowage G, Hansford JR, Khaw SL, Wood PJ, Catchpoole D, Cottrell CE, Mardis ER, Marshall GM, Tyrrell V, Haber M, Ziegler DS, Vittorio O, Trapani JA, Cowley MJ, Neeson PJ, Ekert PG. A novel transcriptional signature identifies T-cell infiltration in high-risk paediatric cancer. Genome Med 2023; 15:20. [PMID: 37013636 PMCID: PMC10071693 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular profiling of the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) has enabled the rational choice of immunotherapies in some adult cancers. In contrast, the TIME of paediatric cancers is relatively unexplored. We speculated that a more refined appreciation of the TIME in childhood cancers, rather than a reliance on commonly used biomarkers such as tumour mutation burden (TMB), neoantigen load and PD-L1 expression, is an essential prerequisite for improved immunotherapies in childhood solid cancers. METHODS We combined immunohistochemistry (IHC) with RNA sequencing and whole-genome sequencing across a diverse spectrum of high-risk paediatric cancers to develop an alternative, expression-based signature associated with CD8+ T-cell infiltration of the TIME. Furthermore, we explored transcriptional features of immune archetypes and T-cell receptor sequencing diversity, assessed the relationship between CD8+ and CD4+ abundance by IHC and deconvolution predictions and assessed the common adult biomarkers such as neoantigen load and TMB. RESULTS A novel 15-gene immune signature, Immune Paediatric Signature Score (IPASS), was identified. Using this signature, we estimate up to 31% of high-risk cancers harbour infiltrating T-cells. In addition, we showed that PD-L1 protein expression is poorly correlated with PD-L1 RNA expression and TMB and neoantigen load are not predictive of T-cell infiltration in paediatrics. Furthermore, deconvolution algorithms are only weakly correlated with IHC measurements of T-cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data provides new insights into the variable immune-suppressive mechanisms dampening responses in paediatric solid cancers. Effective immune-based interventions in high-risk paediatric cancer will require individualised analysis of the TIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Mayoh
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Gifford
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael Terry
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Loretta M S Lau
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Wong
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Padmashree Rao
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Tyler Shai-Hee
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Federica Saletta
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Dong-Anh Khuong-Quang
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vicky Qin
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marion K Mateos
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Meyran
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine E Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aysen Yuksel
- Tumour Bank, Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily V A Mould
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Bowen-James
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Dinisha Govender
- Cancer Centre for Children, Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Akanksha Senapati
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Nataliya Zhukova
- Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Natacha Omer
- Oncology Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital & Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- The University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hetal Dholaria
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology and Haematology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Frank Alvaro
- John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather Tapp
- Michael Rice Cancer Centre, Women's and Children's Hospital, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yonatan Diamond
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Luciano Dalla Pozza
- Cancer Centre for Children, Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew S Moore
- Oncology Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital & Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne Nicholls
- Oncology Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital & Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Gottardo
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology and Haematology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey McCowage
- Cancer Centre for Children, Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan R Hansford
- Michael Rice Cancer Centre, Women's and Children's Hospital, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australia ImmunoGENomics Cancer Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Seong-Lin Khaw
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J Wood
- Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Catherine E Cottrell
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Tyrrell
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - David S Ziegler
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Orazio Vittorio
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Ajuyah P, Mayoh C, Lau LMS, Barahona P, Wong M, Chambers H, Valdes-Mora F, Senapati A, Gifford AJ, D'Arcy C, Hansford JR, Manoharan N, Nicholls W, Williams MM, Wood PJ, Cowley MJ, Tyrrell V, Haber M, Ekert PG, Ziegler DS, Khuong-Quang DA. Histone H3-wild type diffuse midline gliomas with H3K27me3 loss are a distinct entity with exclusive EGFR or ACVR1 mutation and differential methylation of homeobox genes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3775. [PMID: 36882456 PMCID: PMC9992705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) harbouring H3K27M mutation are paediatric tumours with a dismal outcome. Recently, a new subtype of midline gliomas has been described with similar features to DMG, including loss of H3K27 trimethylation, but lacking the canonical H3K27M mutation (H3-WT). Here, we report a cohort of five H3-WT tumours profiled by whole-genome sequencing, RNA sequencing and DNA methylation profiling and combine their analysis with previously published cases. We show that these tumours have recurrent and mutually exclusive mutations in either ACVR1 or EGFR and are characterised by high expression of EZHIP associated to its promoter hypomethylation. Affected patients share a similar poor prognosis as patients with H3K27M DMG. Global molecular analysis of H3-WT and H3K27M DMG reveal distinct transcriptome and methylome profiles including differential methylation of homeobox genes involved in development and cellular differentiation. Patients have distinct clinical features, with a trend demonstrating ACVR1 mutations occurring in H3-WT tumours at an older age. This in-depth exploration of H3-WT tumours further characterises this novel DMG, H3K27-altered sub-group, characterised by a specific immunohistochemistry profile with H3K27me3 loss, wild-type H3K27M and positive EZHIP. It also gives new insights into the possible mechanism and pathway regulation in these tumours, potentially opening new therapeutic avenues for these tumours which have no known effective treatment. This study has been retrospectively registered on clinicaltrial.gov on 8 November 2017 under the registration number NCT03336931 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03336931 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ajuyah
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Loretta M S Lau
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Paulette Barahona
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Wong
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Hazel Chambers
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fatima Valdes-Mora
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Akanksha Senapati
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Andrew J Gifford
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Colleen D'Arcy
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jordan R Hansford
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Michael Rice Cancer Centre, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australia Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Neevika Manoharan
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Wayne Nicholls
- Oncology Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital & Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Molly M Williams
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Paul J Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Tyrrell
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul G Ekert
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David S Ziegler
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia. .,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia. .,University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia. .,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - Dong-Anh Khuong-Quang
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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5
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Cancellario T, Laini A, Wood PJ, Guareschi S. Among demons and killers: current and future potential distribution of two hyper successful invasive gammarids. Biol Invasions 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-03000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBiological invasions represent one of the main contemporary pressures facing freshwater ecosystems, and a better understanding of invasive species potential distributions is essential to prepare for future stressors. Crustacean invaders contribute significantly to global invasions with the Ponto-Caspian region being one of the primary donor areas for the Palearctic. The amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, popularly known as “killer” and “demon” shrimps, are emblematic of successful Ponto-Caspian invaders of European freshwaters. However, the geographical areas in which the abiotic environment is potentially suitable for them have not been investigated. To address this gap, current and future potential distributions were studied for the European Western Palearctic considering two scenarios and time periods (2050 and 2070) as well as the association between anthropogenic activities and individual species habitat suitability. Results show large areas of central-western Europe are currently suitable for both species and indicate some potential for range expansion within colder European areas. In particular, D. haemobaphes has the potential to expand its range further west and within southern parts of Europe. Scenarios of future climate change don’t provide evidence for further range expansion compared to the current conditions and suggest a reduction of range overlap within the most suitable areas. Results reveal lowland areas are at greatest risk of colonisation as well as a significant association with anthropogenic activities for both amphipods. The outcomes of the research could be used by resource managers for preparing and managing future changes of both species distributions and facilitate decision-making for monitoring and control.
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6
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Whatmore R, Wood PJ, Dwyer C, Millett J. Prey capture by the non‐native carnivorous pitcher plant
Sarracenia purpurea
across sites in Britain and Ireland. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9588. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Whatmore
- Geography and Environment Loughborough University Loughborough UK
| | - Paul J. Wood
- Geography and Environment Loughborough University Loughborough UK
| | - Ciara Dwyer
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Jonathan Millett
- Geography and Environment Loughborough University Loughborough UK
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7
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Laini A, Burgazzi G, Chadd R, England J, Tziortzis I, Ventrucci M, Vezza P, Wood PJ, Viaroli P, Guareschi S. Using invertebrate functional traits to improve flow variability assessment within European rivers. Sci Total Environ 2022; 832:155047. [PMID: 35395295 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rivers are among the most threatened ecosystems worldwide and are experiencing rapid biodiversity loss. Flow alteration due to climate change, water abstraction and augmentation is a severe stressor on many aquatic communities. Macroinvertebrates are widely used for biomonitoring river ecosystems although current taxonomic approaches used to characterise ecological responses to flow have limitations in terms of generalisation across biogeographical regions. A new macroinvertebrate trait-based index, Flow-T, derived from ecological functional information (flow velocity preferences) currently available for almost 500 invertebrate taxa at the European scale is presented. The index was tested using data from rivers spanning different biogeographic and hydro-climatic regions from the UK, Cyprus and Italy. The performance of Flow-T at different spatial scales and its relationship with an established UK flow assessment tool, the Lotic-invertebrate Index for Flow Evaluation (LIFE), was assessed to determine the transferability of the approach internationally. Flow-T was strongly correlated with the LIFE index using both presence-absence and abundance weighted data from all study areas (r varying from 0.46 to 0.96). When applied at the river reach scale, Flow-T was effective in identifying communities associated with distinct mesohabitats characterised by their hydraulic characteristics (e.g., pools, riffles, glides). Flow-T can be derived using both presence/absence and abundance data and can be easily adapted to varying taxonomic resolutions. The trait-based approach facilitates research using the entire European invertebrate fauna and can potentially be applied in regions where information on taxa-specific flow velocity preferences is not currently available. The inter-regional and continental scale transferability of Flow-T may help water resource managers gauge the effects of changes in flow regime on instream communities at varying spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Laini
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parma, Italy; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Gemma Burgazzi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parma, Italy; Institute for Environmental Sciences, Quantitative Landscape Ecology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Richard Chadd
- Environment Agency of England, Stepping Stone Walk, Winfrey Avenue, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Judy England
- Environment Agency, Red Kite House, Howbery Park, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, UK
| | - Iakovos Tziortzis
- Water Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Massimo Ventrucci
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Vezza
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paul J Wood
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Pierluigi Viaroli
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Guareschi
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK; Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
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8
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Mathers KL, Doretto A, Fenoglio S, Hill MJ, Wood PJ. Temporal effects of fine sediment deposition on benthic macroinvertebrate community structure, function and biodiversity likely reflects landscape setting. Sci Total Environ 2022; 829:154612. [PMID: 35307447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, excessive fine sediment (particles <2 mm) deposition is acknowledged to have deleterious effects on aquatic biodiversity. However, the impacts are often equivocal possibly reflecting landscape context, although this is rarely considered. To address this, we examined the temporal response of macroinvertebrate taxonomic and functional diversity to experimental fine sediment clogging in a prealpine (Italy) and lowland setting (UK). Colonisation devices were installed insitu with either clean or clogged substrates and examined for short (7-14 days), medium (21-28 days) and long (56-63 days) timescales. Clogging resulted in altered taxonomic community composition in both the lowland and prealpine rivers and modified functional community composition in the prealpine river. Nestedness was consistently found to be the dominant process driving differences in taxonomic composition between the clean and clogged substrates in the prealpine environment, with clogged substrates forming a nested community. No dominant component structured lowland taxonomic communities. Functional community composition was driven by nestedness in both environments but was heavily dominant in the case of the prealpine river, possibly reflecting low functional redundancy. Widely employed community richness metrics (EPT, taxa and functional richness) only displayed a response to fine sediment loading in the prealpine environment but taxa characterized as sensitive to fine sediment as well as some functional feeding groups did exhibit differences in both settings. In the prealpine environment, the effects of fine sediment intensified over time for several community metrics. Although further research is required to corroborate our findings and extend our observations across more rivers and typologies, excessive fine sediment is a pervasive stressor affecting macroinvertebrate communities in prealpine and lowland environments. However, the biodiversity facets that responded to clogging differed between the two landscape settings probably reflecting wider environmental filtering. Monitoring and managing fine sediment loading likely requires context specific approaches to maximise ecological benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Mathers
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Alberto Doretto
- Department of Life Sciences and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via T. Michel, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; ALPSTREAM - Alpine Stream Research Center, 12030 Ostana, Italy
| | - Stefano Fenoglio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina, 10123 Turin, Italy; ALPSTREAM - Alpine Stream Research Center, 12030 Ostana, Italy
| | - Matthew J Hill
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Wood
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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9
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Garg A, Yadav BK, Das DB, Wood PJ. Improving the assessment of polluted sites using an integrated bio-physico-chemical monitoring framework. Chemosphere 2022; 290:133344. [PMID: 34922961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil - water pollution resulting from anthropogenic activities is a growing concern internationally. Effective monitoring techniques play a crucial role in the detection, prevention, and remediation of polluted sites. Current pollution monitoring practices in many geographical locations are primarily based on physico-chemical assessments which do not always reflect the potential toxicity of contaminant 'cocktails' and harmful chemicals not screened for routinely. Biomonitoring provides a range of sensitive techniques to characterise the eco-toxicological effects of chemical contamination. The bioavailability of contaminants, in addition to their effects on organisms at the molecular, cellular, individual, and community level allows the characterisation of the overall health status of polluted sites and ecosystems. Quantifying bioaccumulation, changes to community structure, faunal morphology, behavioural, and biochemical responses are standard procedures employed in biomonitoring studies in many High-Income Countries (HICs). This review highlights the need to integrate biomonitoring tools alongside physico-chemical monitoring techniques by using 'effect-based' tools to provide more holistic information on the ecological impairment of soil-water systems. This paper considers the wider implementation of biomonitoring methods in Low to Middle Income Countries (LMICs) and their significance in pollution investigations and proposes an integrated monitoring framework that can identify toxicity drivers by utilising 'effect-based' and 'risk-based' monitoring approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Garg
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Brijesh K Yadav
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Diganta B Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Paul J Wood
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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10
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Hill MJ, Greaves HM, Sayer CD, Hassall C, Milin M, Milner VS, Marazzi L, Hall R, Harper LR, Thornhill I, Walton R, Biggs J, Ewald N, Law A, Willby N, White JC, Briers RA, Mathers KL, Jeffries MJ, Wood PJ. Pond ecology and conservation: research priorities and knowledge gaps. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hill
- School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Helen M. Greaves
- Pond Restoration Group Environmental Change Research Centre Department of Geography University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Carl D. Sayer
- Pond Restoration Group Environmental Change Research Centre Department of Geography University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Christopher Hassall
- School of Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Mélanie Milin
- School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Victoria S. Milner
- School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Luca Marazzi
- Institute of Environment Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Ruth Hall
- Natural England Mail Hub, Natural England Worcester County Hall Spetchley Road Worcester WR5 2NP UK
| | - Lynsey R. Harper
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Ian Thornhill
- School of Sciences Bath Spa University Newton St. Loe Bath BA2 9BN UK
| | - Richard Walton
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology Newcastle University King’s Gate Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Jeremy Biggs
- Freshwater Habitats Trust Bury Knowle House Headington, Oxford OX3 9HY UK
| | - Naomi Ewald
- Freshwater Habitats Trust Bury Knowle House Headington, Oxford OX3 9HY UK
| | - Alan Law
- Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
| | - Nigel Willby
- Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
| | - James C. White
- River Restoration Centre Cranfield University Cranfield Bedfordshire MK43 0AL UK
| | - Robert A. Briers
- School of Applied Sciences Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh EH11 4BN UK
| | - Kate L. Mathers
- Department of Surface Waters Research and Management Kastanienbaum 6047 Switzerland
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science Department of Geography Loughborough University Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK
| | - Michael J. Jeffries
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST UK
| | - Paul J. Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science Department of Geography Loughborough University Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK
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11
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Hill MJ, Wood PJ, Fairchild W, Williams P, Nicolet P, Biggs J. Garden pond diversity: Opportunities for urban freshwater conservation. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Crabot J, Mondy CP, Usseglio-Polatera P, Fritz KM, Wood PJ, Greenwood MJ, Bogan MT, Meyer EI, Datry T. A global perspective on the functional responses of stream communities to flow intermittence. Ecography 2021; 44:1511-1523. [PMID: 34720401 PMCID: PMC8554635 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.05697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current erosion of biodiversity is a major concern that threatens the ecological integrity of ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. Due to global change, an increasing proportion of river networks are drying and changes from perennial to non-perennial flow regimes represent dramatic ecological shifts with potentially irreversible alterations of community and ecosystem dynamics. However, there is minimal understanding of how biological communities respond functionally to drying. Here, we highlight the taxonomic and functional responses of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities to flow intermittence across river networks from three continents, to test predictions from underlying trait-based conceptual theory. We found a significant breakpoint in the relationship between taxonomic and functional richness, indicating higher functional redundancy at sites with flow intermittence higher than 28%. Multiple strands of evidence, including patterns of alpha and beta diversity and functional group membership, indicated that functional redundancy did not compensate for biodiversity loss associated with increasing intermittence, contrary to received wisdom. A specific set of functional trait modalities, including small body size, short life span and high fecundity, were selected with increasing flow intermittence. These results demonstrate the functional responses of river communities to drying and suggest that on-going biodiversity reduction due to global change in drying river networks is threatening their functional integrity. These results indicate that such patterns might be common in these ecosystems, even where drying is considered a predictable disturbance. This highlights the need for the conservation of natural drying regimes of intermittent rivers to secure their ecological integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ken M Fritz
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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13
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Guareschi S, Laini A, England J, Barrett J, Wood PJ. Multiple co-occurrent alien invaders constrain aquatic biodiversity in rivers. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02385. [PMID: 34128287 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A greater understanding and effective management of biological invasions is a priority for biodiversity conservation globally. Many freshwater ecosystems are experiencing the colonization and spread of multiple co-occurrent alien species. Here the implications of both the relative abundance and richness of alien invaders on aquatic macroinvertebrate taxonomic and functional richness, ecosystem quality, and functional redundancy are assessed using long-term data from rivers in England. Based on the most common aquatic invaders, results indicated that their richness, rather than abundance, was the most important factor negatively affecting aquatic macroinvertebrate biodiversity. However, the response of functional redundancy was negatively affected by invader abundance at the river basin scale. The response of communities varied as the number of invading taxa increased, with the most marked reductions following the colonization of the first few invaders. Results indicate that different facets of multiple biological invasions influence distinct aspects of aquatic biodiversity. Preventing the establishment of new invaders and limiting invader taxa richness within a community should therefore be a conservation priority. These findings will assist river scientists in understanding mechanisms driving changes in biodiversity and facilitate the testing of ecological theories while also ensuring environmental managers and regulators can prioritize conservation / management opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Guareschi
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Laini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Judy England
- Environment Agency, Red Kite House, Howbery Park, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Barrett
- Environment Agency, Red Kite House, Howbery Park, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Wood
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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14
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Hill MJ, White JC, Biggs J, Briers RA, Gledhill D, Ledger ME, Thornhill I, Wood PJ, Hassall C. Local contributions to beta diversity in urban pond networks: Implications for biodiversity conservation and management. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hill
- School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield UK
| | - James C. White
- Department of Biosciences College of Science Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Jeremy Biggs
- Freshwater Habitats Trust Bury Knowle House Headington, Oxford UK
| | - Robert A. Briers
- School of Applied Sciences Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh UK
| | - David Gledhill
- Research Institute for the Built and Human Environment School of Environment and Life Sciences University of Salford Salford UK
| | - Mark E. Ledger
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | | | - Paul J. Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Geography and Environment Loughborough University Loughborough UK
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15
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White JC, Fornaroli R, Hill MJ, Hannah DM, House A, Colley I, Perkins M, Wood PJ. Long-term river invertebrate community responses to groundwater and surface water management operations. Water Res 2021; 189:116651. [PMID: 33248332 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
River flow regimes have been transformed by groundwater and surface water management operations globally, prompting widespread ecological responses. Yet, empirical evidence quantifying the simultaneous effects of groundwater and surface water management operations on freshwater ecosystems remains limited. This study combines a multi-decadal freshwater invertebrate dataset (1995-2016) with groundwater model outputs simulating the effects of different anthropogenic flow alterations (e.g. groundwater abstraction, effluent water returns) and river discharges. A suite of flow alteration- and flow-ecology relationships were modelled that tested different invertebrate community responses (taxonomic, functional, flow response guilds, individual taxa). Most flow alteration-ecology relationships were not statistically significant, highlighting the absence of consistent, detectable ecological responses to long-term water management operations. A small number of significant statistical models provided insights into how flow alterations transformed specific ecological assets; including Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera taxa which are rheophilic in nature being positively associated with groundwater abstraction effects reducing river discharges by 0-15%. This represents a key finding from a water resource management operation perspective given that such flow alteration conditions were observed on average in over two-thirds of the study sites examined. In a small number of instances, specific invertebrate responses displayed relative declines associated with the most severe groundwater abstraction effects and artificial hydrological inputs (predominantly effluent water returns). The strongest flow-ecology relationships were recorded during spring months, when invertebrate communities were most responsive to antecedent minimum and maximum discharges, and average flow conditions in the preceding summer months. Results from this study provide new evidence indicating how groundwater and surface water resources can be managed to conserve riverine ecological assets. Moreover, the ensemble of flow alteration- and flow-ecology relationships established in this study could be used to guide environmental flow strategies. Such findings are of global importance given that future climatic change and rising societal water demands are likely to further transform river flow regimes and threaten freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C White
- River Restoration Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK; Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - R Fornaroli
- DISAT, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - M J Hill
- School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - D M Hannah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - A House
- Wessex Water, Claverton, Bath, BA2 7WW, United Kingdom.
| | - I Colley
- Wessex Water, Claverton, Bath, BA2 7WW, United Kingdom.
| | - M Perkins
- Environment Agency, Rivers House, Sunrise Business Park, Blandford, Dorset DT11 8ST, United Kingdom.
| | - P J Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
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16
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Guareschi S, Laini A, England J, Johns T, Winter M, Wood PJ. Invasive species influence macroinvertebrate biomonitoring tools and functional diversity in British rivers. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Guareschi
- Geography and Environment Loughborough University Loughborough UK
| | - Alex Laini
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parma Italy
| | | | - Tim Johns
- Environment Agency Horizon House Bristol UK
| | | | - Paul J. Wood
- Geography and Environment Loughborough University Loughborough UK
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17
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Gething KJ, Pickwell A, Chadd RP, Wood PJ. The effects of metaldehyde on non-target aquatic macroinvertebrates: Integrating field and laboratory-based evidence. Environ Pollut 2020; 265:115015. [PMID: 32563145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides has historically helped improve agricultural productivity, although their continued use may have unforeseen effects upon the natural environment when not applied appropriately. Metaldehyde is a commercial pesticide widely used to reduce crop losses resulting from terrestrial mollusc damage. However, following precipitation and runoff it frequently enters waterbodies with largely unknown consequences for aquatic fauna. This study represents one of the first attempts to examine its potential effects on aquatic macroinvertebrate communities at sites known to have experienced elevated metaldehyde concentrations alongside unaffected control sites. In addition, a series of laboratory exposures specifically examined the effects of metaldehyde on the survivorship of non-target aquatic mollusc species. When the entire aquatic macroinvertebrate community and aquatic mollusc community were considered, limited differences were observed between metaldehyde affected and control sites based on field data. Laboratory exposures highlighted that for the molluscs examined, gastropods (Bithynia tentaculata, Planorbis planorbis, Radix balthica and Potamopyrgus antipodarum) had a greater tolerance to metaldehyde than bivalves (Sphaerium corneum and Corbicula fluminea). However, the concentrations required to reduce survivorship of all species were much greater than those ever recorded historically under field conditions. The results suggest that the differences in the community composition recorded between sites exposed to elevated metaldehyde concentrations and control sites were probably due to nutrient loading (N and P from agricultural fertilizers) rather than metaldehyde. However, these results do not negate wider concerns regarding metaldehyde use, particularly issues caused when ingested by vertebrate wildlife, livestock or children and pets in domestic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J Gething
- Geography and Environment, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK; School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Alex Pickwell
- Environment Agency of England, Lincolnshire & Northamptonshire Area, Stepping Stone Walk, Winfrey Avenue, Spalding, Lincolnshire, PE11 1DA, UK
| | - Richard P Chadd
- Environment Agency of England, Lincolnshire & Northamptonshire Area, Stepping Stone Walk, Winfrey Avenue, Spalding, Lincolnshire, PE11 1DA, UK
| | - Paul J Wood
- Geography and Environment, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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18
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Stubbington R, Acreman M, Acuña V, Boon PJ, Boulton AJ, England J, Gilvear D, Sykes T, Wood PJ. Ecosystem services of temporary streams differ between wet and dry phases in regions with contrasting climates and economies. People and Nature 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Stubbington
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK
| | | | - Vicenç Acuña
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA) Girona Spain
- University of Girona Girona Spain
| | | | - Andrew J. Boulton
- School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale NSW Australia
| | - Judy England
- Research, Analysis and Evaluation Environment Agency Wallingford UK
| | - David Gilvear
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Tim Sykes
- Romsey District Office Environment Agency Romsey UK
| | - Paul J. Wood
- Geography and Environment Loughborough University Loughborough UK
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19
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Krajenbrink HJ, Acreman M, Dunbar MJ, Greenway L, Hannah DM, Laizé CLR, Ryves DB, Wood PJ. Diatoms as indicators of the effects of river impoundment at multiple spatial scales. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8092. [PMID: 31799075 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
River impoundment constitutes one of the most important anthropogenic impacts on the World's rivers. An increasing number of studies have tried to quantify the effects of river impoundment on riverine ecosystems over the past two decades, often focusing on the effects of individual large reservoirs. This study is one of the first to use a large-scale, multi-year diatom dataset from a routine biomonitoring network to analyse sample sites downstream of a large number of water supply reservoirs (n = 77) and to compare them with paired unregulated control sites. We analysed benthic diatom assemblage structure and a set of derived indices, including ecological guilds, in tandem with multiple spatio-temporal variables to disclose patterns of ecological responses to reservoirs beyond the site-specific scale. Diatom assemblage structure at sites downstream of water supply reservoirs was significantly different to control sites, with the effect being most evident at the regional scale. We found that regional influences were important drivers of differences in assemblage structure at the national scale, although this effect was weaker at downstream sites, indicating the homogenising effect of river impoundment on diatom assemblages. Sites downstream of reservoirs typically exhibited a higher taxonomic richness, with the strongest increases found within the motile guild. In addition, Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) values were typically higher at downstream sites. Water quality gradients appeared to be an important driver of diatom assemblages, but the influence of other abiotic factors could not be ruled out and should be investigated further. Our results demonstrate the value of diatom assemblage data from national-scale biomonitoring networks to detect the effects of water supply reservoirs on instream communities at large spatial scales. This information may assist water resource managers with the future implementation of mitigation measures such as setting environmental flow targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Krajenbrink
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Current affiliation: KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Acreman
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Libby Greenway
- Environment Agency of England, Tewkesbury, United Kingdom
| | - David M Hannah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cédric L R Laizé
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
| | - David B Ryves
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Wood
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Guareschi S, Wood PJ. Taxonomic changes and non-native species: An overview of constraints and new challenges for macroinvertebrate-based indices calculation in river ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 2019; 660:40-46. [PMID: 30639717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems face many threats in the form of reduced water quantity, poor water quality and the loss of biodiversity. As a result, aquatic biomonitoring tools are required to enable the evaluation of these critical changes. Currently, macroinvertebrate-based indices are globally the most widely used biomonitoring tools in fluvial ecosystems. However, very little is known about the potential effects of changes in taxonomic understanding (updating of classification and nomenclature) or the presence of new non-native species for biotic indices calculation. This is especially relevant given that errors, incorrect classification or exclusion of new/updated nomenclature may affect ecological status evaluations and have direct consequences for the management and conservation of freshwater systems. In this discussion paper the main constraints, challenges and implications of these issues are outlined and case studies from a range of European countries are discussed. However, similar challenges affect rivers and managers globally and will potentially be amplified further in the future. Bioassessment science needs to be open to improvements, and current tools and protocols need to be flexible so that they can be updated and revised rapidly to allow new scientific developments to be integrated. This discussion highlights specific examples and new ideas that may contribute to the future development of aquatic biomonitoring using macroinvertebrates and other faunal and floral groups in riverine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Guareschi
- Department of Ecology and Hydrology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| | - Paul J Wood
- Geography and Environment, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
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21
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Krajenbrink HJ, Acreman M, Dunbar MJ, Hannah DM, Laizé CLR, Wood PJ. Macroinvertebrate community responses to river impoundment at multiple spatial scales. Sci Total Environ 2019; 650:2648-2656. [PMID: 30296772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
River impoundment by the construction of dams potentially modifies a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors in lotic ecosystems and is considered one of the most significant anthropogenic impacts on rivers globally. The past two decades have witnessed a growing body of research centred on quantifying the effects of river impoundment, with a focus on mitigating and managing the effects of individual large dams. This study presents a novel multi-scale comparison of paired downstream and control sites associated with multiple water supply reservoirs (n = 80) using a spatially extensive multi-year dataset. Macroinvertebrate community structure and indices were analysed in direct association with spatial (e.g. region) and temporal variables (e.g. season) to identify consistent patterns in ecological responses to impoundment. Macroinvertebrate communities at monitoring sites downstream of water supply reservoirs differed significantly from those at control sites at larger spatial scales, both in terms of community structure and taxa richness. The effect was most significant at the regional scale, while biogeographical factors appeared to be important drivers of community differences at the national scale. Water supply reservoirs dampened natural seasonal patterns in community structure at sites downstream of impoundments. Generally, taxonomic richness was higher and %EPT richness lower at downstream sites. Biomonitoring indices used for river management purposes were able to detect community differences, demonstrating their sensitivity to river regulation activities. The results presented improve our understanding of the spatially extensive and long-term effects of water supply reservoirs on instream communities and provide a basis for the future implementation of mitigation measures on impounded rivers and heavily modified waterbodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Krajenbrink
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Mike Acreman
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Dunbar
- Environment Agency of England, Manley House, Kestrel Way, Exeter EX2 7LQ, United Kingdom
| | - David M Hannah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Cédric L R Laizé
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, United Kingdom; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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22
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Wood PJ, Strong R, McArthur GA, Michael M, Algar E, Muscat A, Rigby L, Ferguson M, Ashley DM. A phase I study of panobinostat in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors, including CNS tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:493-503. [PMID: 29987369 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This was an open label, phase I (3 + 3 design), multi-centre study evaluating panobinostat in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. METHODS Primary endpoints were to establish MTD, define and describe associated toxicities, including dose limiting toxicities (DLT) and to characterize its pharmacokinetics (PK). Secondary endpoints included assessing the anti-tumour activity of panobinostat, and its biologic activity, by measuring acetylation of histones in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Nine patients were enrolled and treated with intravenous panobinostat at a dosing level of 15 mg/m2 which was tolerated. Six were evaluable for adverse events. Two (33%) patients experienced Grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia, 1 (17%) experienced Grade 3 anemia, and 2 (33%) experienced Grade 3 neutropenia. Grade 4 drug related pain occurred in 2 (33%) of the patients studied. Two (33%) patients experienced a Grade 2 QTcF change (0.478 ± 0.006 ms). One cardiac DLT (T wave changes) was reported. PK values for 15 mg/m2 (n = 9) dosing were: Tmax 0.8 h, Cmax 235.2 ng/mL, AUC0-t 346.8 h ng/mL and t1/2 7.3 h. Panobinostat significantly induced acetylation of histone H3 and H4 at all time points measured when compared to pre-treatment samples (p < 0.05). Pooled quantitative Western blot data confirmed that panobinostat significantly induced acetylation of histone H4 at 6 h (p < 0.01), 24 h (p < 0.01) and 28-70 h (p < 0.01) post dose. CONCLUSION A significant biological effect of panobinostat, measured by acetylation status of histone H3 and H4, was achieved at a dose of 15 mg/m2. PK data and drug tolerability at 15 mg/m2 was similar to that previously published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. .,Children's Cancer Centre, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. .,Molecular Oncology and Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Robyn Strong
- Australian & New Zealand Children's Haematology/Oncology Group (ANZCHOG), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- Molecular Oncology and Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Michael
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Algar
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Muscat
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lin Rigby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David M Ashley
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Thornhill IA, Biggs J, Hill MJ, Briers R, Gledhill D, Wood PJ, Gee JHR, Ledger M, Hassall C. The functional response and resilience in small waterbodies along land-use and environmental gradients. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:3079-3092. [PMID: 29687937 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the essential services provided to humanity by functionally intact ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems are found throughout agricultural and urban landscapes and provide a wide range of ecosystem services, but globally they are also amongst the most vulnerable. In particular, ponds (lentic waters typically less than 2 ha), provide natural flood management, sequester carbon and hold significant cultural value. However, to inform their management it is important to understand (1) how functional diversity varies in response to disturbance and (2) the link between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem function. In this study, a meta-analysis of seven separate pond studies from across England and Wales was carried out to explore the effect of urban and agricultural land-use gradients, shading, emergent vegetation, surface area and pH upon groups of functionally similar members of the macroinvertebrate fauna. Functional effect groups were first identified by carrying out a hierarchical cluster analysis using body size, voltinism and feeding habits (18 categories) that are closely related to biogeochemical processes (e.g. nutrient and carbon recycling). Secondly, the influence of the gradients upon effect group membership (functional redundancy-FR) and the breadth of traits available to aid ecosystem recovery (response diversity) was assessed using species counts and functional dispersion (FDis) using 12 response traits. The effect of land-use gradients was unpredictable, whilst there was a negative response in both FR and FDis to shading and positive responses to increases in emergent vegetation cover and surface area. An inconsistent association between FDis and FR suggested that arguments for taxonomic biodiversity conservation to augment ecosystem functioning are too simplistic. Thus, a deeper understanding of the response of functional diversity to disturbance could have greater impact with decision-makers who may relate better to the loss of ecosystem function in response to environmental degradation than species loss alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Thornhill
- College of Liberal Arts (CoLA), Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
- Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeremy Biggs
- Freshwater Habitats Trust, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Hill
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Robert Briers
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Gledhill
- Research Institute for the Built and Human Environment, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Paul J Wood
- Department of Geography, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - John H R Gee
- IBERS (Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Mark Ledger
- Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Hill MJ, Hassall C, Oertli B, Fahrig L, Robson BJ, Biggs J, Samways MJ, Usio N, Takamura N, Krishnaswamy J, Wood PJ. New policy directions for global pond conservation. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hill
- Institute of Science and the Environment; University of Worcester; Henwick Grove Worcester WR2 6AJ United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hassall
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Leeds; Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom
| | - Beat Oertli
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland; Hepia Lullier 1254 Jussy/Geneva Switzerland
| | - Lenore Fahrig
- Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory; Biology Department; Carleton University; Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Belinda J. Robson
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Jeremy Biggs
- Freshwater Habitats Trust; Bury Knowle House; Headington Oxford OX3 9HY United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; 7602 South Africa
| | - Nisikawa Usio
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Noriko Takamura
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba 305-8506 Japan
| | - Jagdish Krishnaswamy
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment; Bengaluru Karantaka India
| | - Paul J. Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography; Loughborough University; Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3TU United Kingdom
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25
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White JC, House A, Punchard N, Hannah DM, Wilding NA, Wood PJ. Macroinvertebrate community responses to hydrological controls and groundwater abstraction effects across intermittent and perennial headwater streams. Sci Total Environ 2018; 610-611:1514-1526. [PMID: 28687118 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent rivers comprise a significant proportion of river networks globally and their spatial extent is predicted to increase with rising water abstraction pressures. Despite this, the ecological implications of hydrological modifications within intermittent rivers have received limited research attention. This paper examines macroinvertebrate assemblages across intermittent and perennial sections of headwater streams within the Hampshire Avon catchment (United Kingdom) over a five-year period. The composition of faunal assemblages was quantified in relation to four hydrological metrics: the duration of flowing conditions, the geographical proximity to the nearest perennial source along each watercourse (two observed flow parameters) and two modelled groundwater abstraction influences. The results highlight that macroinvertebrate communities inhabiting sites which dry periodically and are positioned at greater distances (>c. 2.5km) above the perennial source (the most upstream point of permanent flow within a given year) possessed the highest conservation values. These sites supported species that are rare in many areas of Europe (e.g. Ephemeroptera: Paraletophlebia werneri) or with limited geographical distribution across the United Kingdom (e.g. Trichoptera: Limnephilus bipunctatus). A range of faunal community diversity indices were found to be more sensitive to the antecedent flow duration and distance from the perennial source, rather than any effects of groundwater abstraction. Taxonomic richness responded most strongly to these observed flow parameters and varied more markedly with the distance from the perennial source compared to the antecedent flow duration. Several taxa were significantly associated with the observed flow parameters, particularly those predominantly inhabiting perennially flowing systems. However, the distance that such fauna could migrate into intermittent reaches varied between taxa. This research demonstrates the overriding importance of antecedent flow durations and the geographical proximity to perennial sources on macroinvertebrate communities within intermittent and perennial headwater streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C White
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Andy House
- Wessex Water, Claverton, Bath BA2 7WW, United Kingdom.
| | - Neil Punchard
- Broads Authority, Yare House, 62-64 Thorpe Rd, Norwich NR1 1RY, United Kingdom.
| | - David M Hannah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas A Wilding
- The International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul J Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
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Mathers KL, Rice SP, Wood PJ. Temporal effects of enhanced fine sediment loading on macroinvertebrate community structure and functional traits. Sci Total Environ 2017; 599-600:513-522. [PMID: 28482308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of fine sediment that fills interstitial spaces in streambed substrates is widely acknowledged to have significant negative effects on macroinvertebrate communities, but the temporal consistency of clogging effects is less well known. In this study the effects of experimentally enhanced fine sediment content on aquatic invertebrates were examined over 126days in two lowland UK streams. Taxonomic approaches indicated significant differences in macroinvertebrate community structure associated with sediment treatment (clean or sedimented substrates), although the effects were variable on some occasions. The degree of separation between clean and sedimented communities was strong within seven of the nine sampling periods with significant differences in community composition being evident. EPT taxa and taxon characterised as sensitive to fine sediment demonstrated strong responses to enhanced fine sediment loading. Faunal traits also detected the effects of enhanced fine sediment loading but the results were not as consistent or marked. More widely, the study highlights the temporal dynamics of sedimentation effects upon macroinvertebrate communities and the need to consider faunal life histories when examining the effects of fine sediment loading pressures on lotic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Mathers
- Department of Geography, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Stephen P Rice
- Department of Geography, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul J Wood
- Department of Geography, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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27
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Mathers KL, Rice SP, Wood PJ. Temporal variability in lotic macroinvertebrate communities associated with invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) activity levels and substrate character. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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White JC, Hill MJ, Bickerton MA, Wood PJ. Macroinvertebrate Taxonomic and Functional Trait Compositions within Lotic Habitats Affected By River Restoration Practices. Environ Manage 2017; 60:513-525. [PMID: 28516312 PMCID: PMC5544791 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread degradation of lotic ecosystems has prompted extensive river restoration efforts globally, but many studies have reported modest ecological responses to rehabilitation practices. The functional properties of biotic communities are rarely examined within post-project appraisals, which would provide more ecological information underpinning ecosystem responses to restoration practices and potentially pinpoint project limitations. This study examines macroinvertebrate community responses to three projects which aimed to physically restore channel morphologies. Taxonomic and functional trait compositions supported by widely occurring lotic habitats (biotopes) were examined across paired restored and non-restored (control) reaches. The multivariate location (average community composition) of taxonomic and functional trait compositions differed marginally between control and restored reaches. However, changes in the amount of multivariate dispersion were more robust and indicated greater ecological heterogeneity within restored reaches, particularly when considering functional trait compositions. Organic biotopes (macrophyte stands and macroalgae) occurred widely across all study sites and supported a high alpha (within-habitat) taxonomic diversity compared to mineralogical biotopes (sand and gravel patches), which were characteristic of restored reaches. However, mineralogical biotopes possessed a higher beta (between-habitat) functional diversity, although this was less pronounced for taxonomic compositions. This study demonstrates that examining the functional and structural properties of taxa across distinct biotopes can provide a greater understanding of biotic responses to river restoration works. Such information could be used to better understand the ecological implications of rehabilitation practices and guide more effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C White
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire,, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - M J Hill
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - M A Bickerton
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham,, B15 2TT, UK
| | - P J Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire,, LE11 3TU, UK
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Hill MJ, Heino J, Thornhill I, Ryves DB, Wood PJ. Effects of dispersal mode on the environmental and spatial correlates of nestedness and species turnover in pond communities. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hill
- Inst. of Science and the Environment, Univ. of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester; WR2 6AJ UK
| | - Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Inst., Natural Environment Centre, Biodiversity; Oulu, Finland
| | | | - David B. Ryves
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Dept of Geography, Loughborough Univ., Loughborough; Leicestershire UK
| | - Paul J. Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Dept of Geography, Loughborough Univ., Loughborough; Leicestershire UK
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30
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Hill MJ, Biggs J, Thornhill I, Briers RA, Gledhill DG, White JC, Wood PJ, Hassall C. Urban ponds as an aquatic biodiversity resource in modified landscapes. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:986-999. [PMID: 27476680 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization is a global process contributing to the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats. Many studies have focused on the biological response of terrestrial taxa and habitats to urbanization. However, little is known regarding the consequences of urbanization on freshwater habitats, especially small lentic systems. In this study, we examined aquatic macro-invertebrate diversity (family and species level) and variation in community composition between 240 urban and 782 nonurban ponds distributed across the United Kingdom. Contrary to predictions, urban ponds supported similar numbers of invertebrate species and families compared to nonurban ponds. Similar gamma diversity was found between the two groups at both family and species taxonomic levels. The biological communities of urban ponds were markedly different to those of nonurban ponds, and the variability in urban pond community composition was greater than that in nonurban ponds, contrary to previous work showing homogenization of communities in urban areas. Positive spatial autocorrelation was recorded for urban and nonurban ponds at 0-50 km (distance between pond study sites) and negative spatial autocorrelation was observed at 100-150 km and was stronger in urban ponds in both cases. Ponds do not follow the same ecological patterns as terrestrial and lotic habitats (reduced taxonomic richness) in urban environments; in contrast, they support high taxonomic richness and contribute significantly to regional faunal diversity. Individual cities are complex structural mosaics which evolve over long periods of time and are managed in diverse ways. This facilitates the development of a wide range of environmental conditions and habitat niches in urban ponds which can promote greater heterogeneity between pond communities at larger scales. Ponds provide an opportunity for managers and environmental regulators to conserve and enhance freshwater biodiversity in urbanized landscapes whilst also facilitating key ecosystem services including storm water storage and water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hill
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Jeremy Biggs
- Freshwater Habitats Trust, Bury Knowle House, Oxford, OX3 9HY, UK
| | | | - Robert A Briers
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - David G Gledhill
- Ecosystems & Environment Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Peel Building, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - James C White
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Paul J Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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Abstract
This paper describes the use of screened transfusion plasma as a source of human thyroid stimulating hormone (h-TSH) free protein for standardization of a conventional “double antibody” h-TSH radioimmunoassay. Serum and plasma immunoreactive h-TSH levels have been shown to be stable for up to four days at 4°C and 25°C. A 37°C incubation procedure has been developed which gives an acceptable standard curve, but with some loss of “between batch” precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Wood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey
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Han LC, Stanley PA, Wood PJ, Sharma P, Kuruppu AI, Bradshaw TD, Moses JE. Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons approach to piperlongumine analogues with potent anti-cancer activity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7585-93. [PMID: 27443386 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01160h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural products with anti-cancer activity play a vital role in lead and target discovery. We report here the synthesis and biological evaluation of the plant-derived alkaloid, piperlongumine and analogues. Using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons coupling approach, a selection of piperlongumine-like compounds were prepared in good overall yield from a novel phosphonoacetamide reagent. A number of the compounds displayed potent anti-cancer activity against colorectal (HCT 116) and ovarian (IGROV-1) carcinoma cell lines, via a mechanism of action which may involve ROS generation. Contrary to previous reports, no selective action in cancer cell (MRC-5) was observed for piperlongumine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chen Han
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Mathers KL, Chadd RP, Dunbar MJ, Extence CA, Reeds J, Rice SP, Wood PJ. The long-term effects of invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) on instream macroinvertebrate communities. Sci Total Environ 2016; 556:207-218. [PMID: 26974569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-native species represent a significant threat to indigenous biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide. It is widely acknowledged that invasive crayfish species may be instrumental in modifying benthic invertebrate community structure, but there is limited knowledge regarding the temporal and spatial extent of these effects within lotic ecosystems. This study investigates the long term changes to benthic macroinvertebrate community composition following the invasion of signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, into English rivers. Data from long-term monitoring sites on 7 rivers invaded by crayfish and 7 rivers where signal crayfish were absent throughout the record (control sites) were used to examine how invertebrate community composition and populations of individual taxa changed as a result of invasion. Following the detection of non-native crayfish, significant shifts in invertebrate community composition were observed at invaded sites compared to control sites. This pattern was strongest during autumn months but was also evident during spring surveys. The observed shifts in community composition following invasion were associated with reductions in the occurrence of ubiquitous Hirudinea species (Glossiphonia complanata and Erpobdella octoculata), Gastropoda (Radix spp.), Ephemeroptera (Caenis spp.), and Trichoptera (Hydropsyche spp.); although variations in specific taxa affected were evident between regions and seasons. Changes in community structure were persistent over time with no evidence of recovery, suggesting that crayfish invasions represent significant perturbations leading to permanent changes in benthic communities. The results provide fundamental knowledge regarding non-native crayfish invasions of lotic ecosystems required for the development of future management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Mathers
- Department of Geography, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen P Rice
- Department of Geography, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paul J Wood
- Department of Geography, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Waldeck K, Cullinane C, Ardley K, Shortt J, Martin B, Tothill RW, Li J, Johnstone RW, McArthur GA, Hicks RJ, Wood PJ. Long term, continuous exposure to panobinostat induces terminal differentiation and long term survival in the TH-MYCN neuroblastoma mouse model. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:194-204. [PMID: 26914605 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial malignancy in childhood and accounts for ∼15% of childhood cancer deaths. Amplification of MYCN in neuroblastoma is associated with aggressive disease and predicts for poor prognosis. Novel therapeutic approaches are therefore essential to improving patient outcomes in this setting. The histone deacetylases are known to interact with N-Myc and regulate numerous cellular processes via epigenetic modulation, including differentiation. In this study, we used the TH-MYCN mouse model of neuroblastoma to investigate the antitumor activity of the pan-HDAC inhibitor, panobinostat. In particular we sought to explore the impact of long term, continuous panobinostat exposure on the epigenetically driven differentiation process. Continuous treatment of tumor bearing TH-MYCN transgenic mice with panobinostat for nine weeks led to a significant improvement in survival as compared with mice treated with panobinostat for a three-week period. Panobinostat induced rapid tumor regression with no regrowth observed following a nine-week treatment period. Initial tumor response was associated with apoptosis mediated via upregulation of BMF and BIM. The process of terminal differentiation of neuroblastoma into benign ganglioneuroma, with a characteristic increase in S100 expression and reduction of N-Myc expression, occurred following prolonged exposure to the drug. RNA-sequencing analysis of tumors from treated animals confirmed significant upregulation of gene pathways associated with apoptosis and differentiation. Together our data demonstrate the potential of panobinostat as a novel therapeutic strategy for high-risk neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Waldeck
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kerry Ardley
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jake Shortt
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Gene Regulation Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Martin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Gene Regulation Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard W Tothill
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason Li
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Bioinformatics Core Facility, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Gene Regulation Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St.Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J Wood
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Children's Cancer Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Hill MJ, Sayer CD, Wood PJ. When is the best time to sample aquatic macroinvertebrates in ponds for biodiversity assessment? Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:194. [PMID: 26920128 PMCID: PMC4769307 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ponds are sites of high biodiversity and conservation value, yet there is little or no statutory monitoring of them across most of Europe. There are clear and standardised protocols for sampling aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in ponds, but the most suitable time(s) to undertake the survey(s) remains poorly specified. This paper examined the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities from 95 ponds within different land use types over three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) to determine the most appropriate time to undertake sampling to characterise biodiversity. The combined samples from all three seasons provided the most comprehensive record of the aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa recorded within ponds (alpha and gamma diversity). Samples collected during the autumn survey yielded significantly greater macroinvertebrate richness (76% of the total diversity) than either spring or summer surveys. Macroinvertebrate diversity was greatest during autumn in meadow and agricultural ponds, but taxon richness among forest and urban ponds did not differ significantly temporally. The autumn survey provided the highest measures of richness for Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Odonata. However, richness of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera was highest in spring and lowest in autumn. The results illustrate that multiple surveys, covering more than one season, provide the most comprehensive representation of macroinvertebrate biodiversity. When sampling can only be undertaken on one occasion, the most appropriate time to undertake surveys to characterise the macroinvertebrate community biodiversity is during autumn, although this may need to be modified if other floral and faunal groups need to be incorporated into the sampling programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hill
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - C D Sayer
- Pond Restoration Research Group, Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - P J Wood
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, Leicestershire, UK
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Waldeck K, Cullinane C, Shortt J, Martin B, Ardley K, Tothill R, McArthur G, Wood PJ. Abstract 5384: Prolonged survival of the TH-MYCN murine model of high-risk neuroblastoma, in response to the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat, is the result of both apoptosis and differentiation. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-5384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background/Aims: Deregulated acetylation of histones plays a key role in the pathogenesis of hematological as well as solid tumors by changing the chromatin structure and consequently altering transcription of genes involved in cell cycle control, differentiation and apoptosis. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) can therefore result in multiple cellular responses, including cell death and differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of major prolongation in survival induced by the HDAC-inhibitor panobinostat, in the TH-MYCN mouse model for neuroblastoma,
Methods: Mice homozygous for the TH-MYCN transgene underwent abdominal ultrasounds (US) from five weeks of age until neuroblastomas of between 50mm3 and 200 mm3 were detected. Mice were then randomized to receive the pan-HDAC inhibitor, panobinostat or vehicle daily for nine weeks. Tumor volume was monitored by serial US. One hundred days following cessation of therapy tumors were harvested for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of key markers for differentiation. For short-term experiments, tumors were harvested after 24hr for western blot and IHC analysis of key proteins of the apoptosis pathways as well as biomarkers of HDAC inhibition. RNA-seq analysis was performed on tumors harvested at baseline, 14 hr and 24 hr post panobinostat treatment. Gene set enrichment, and pathway analysis was then performed to investigate changes in the expression of genes associated with apoptosis, differentiation and NMYC expression.
Results: Treatment with panobinostat significantly improved survival with 100% of TH-MYCN mice alive at day 63 compared with vehicle (0.0%, mean survival 7 days; p<0.0001). One hundred days after the withdrawal of drug 88.9% of panobinostat treated mice remained alive (p<0.0001) with no evidence of disease progression on US. Panobinostat induced rapid tumor regression as determined by US, and significant apoptosis mediated through the caspase-dependent pathway via up-regulation of the BH3 only pro-apoptotic proteins, BMF and BIM. Panobinostat also induced differentiation of malignant neuroblastomas into benign ganglioneuromas as evidenced by H&E and IHC analysis of markers of differentiation including S100 and SSTR2. Correspondingly tumors had reduced expression of NMYC compared with untreated tumors. The findings confirmed up-regulation of genes associated with apoptosis and differentiation, as well as down-regulation of NMYC expression.
Conclusions: Treatment of TH-MYCN mice with continuous panobinostat significantly improved survival and reduced tumor burden, primarily via induction of apoptosis and differentiation. These preclinical findings indicate that HDAC inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy, and supports the further study of panobinostat as a treatment option for high-risk neuroblastoma.
Citation Format: Kelly Waldeck, Carleen Cullinane, Jake Shortt, Ben Martin, Kerry Ardley, Richard Tothill, Grant McArthur, Paul J. Wood. Prolonged survival of the TH-MYCN murine model of high-risk neuroblastoma, in response to the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat, is the result of both apoptosis and differentiation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5384. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5384
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Waldeck
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jake Shortt
- 2Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Gene Regulation Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ben Martin
- 2Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Gene Regulation Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kerry Ardley
- 1Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Translational Research Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard Tothill
- 3Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Grant McArthur
- 4Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J. Wood
- 5Monash University, Department of Pediatrics, Clayton, Australia
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Byrne P, Reid I, Wood PJ. Stormflow hydrochemistry of a river draining an abandoned metal mine: the Afon Twymyn, central Wales. Environ Monit Assess 2013; 185:2817-2832. [PMID: 22752965 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated drainage from metal mines is a serious water-quality problem facing nations that exploit metal mineral resources. Measurements of river hydrochemistry during baseflow are common at mine sites, whilst detailed hydrochemical information regarding stormflow is limited and often confined to a single event. This study investigates the seasonal evolution of stormflow hydrochemistry at an abandoned metal mine in central Wales, UK, and the possible sources and mechanisms of metal release. Significant flushing of metals was observed during stormflow events, resulting in concentrations that severely exceeded water-quality guidelines. The relationship between metal concentrations and river discharge suggests dissolution of efflorescent metal sulphates on the surface of the mine spoil as the principal source of the contamination. High fluxes of Pb during stormflows are linked to extended periods of dry weather prior to storm events that produced water table drawdown and encouraged oxidation of Pb sulphide in the mine spoil. However, some Pb flushing also occurred following wet antecedent conditions. It is suggested that Fe oxide reduction in mine spoil and translatory flows involving metal-rich pore waters results in flushing during wetter periods. Detailed measurements of stormflow hydrochemistry at mine sites are essential for accurate forecasting of long-term trends in metals flux to understand metal sources and mechanisms of release, to assess potential risks to water quality and instream ecology, and to gauge the potential effectiveness of remediation. In order to protect riverine and riparian ecosystems, it is suggested that routine monitoring of stormflows becomes part of catchment management in mining-impacted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Byrne
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Byrne P, Reid I, Wood PJ. Changes in macroinvertebrate community structure provide evidence of neutral mine drainage impacts. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2013; 15:393-404. [PMID: 25208704 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30447c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic environments as a consequence of metal mining is an international issue. Most historic studies have considered the impact of acid mine drainage (pH < 6) on instream communities and comparatively little attention has been given to sites where drainage is typically circum-neutral (6 > pH < 8). Here, the impacts of historic mining activities on the benthic macroinvertebrate community of a circum-neutral river in Central Wales are assessed. Biotic and diversity indices, widely used for biomonitoring purposes, indicate aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages within the Afon Twymyn to be in a good condition, despite severe metal contamination of bed sediments and river water. However, Canonical Correspondence Analysis identifies differences in community structure between mining impacted and unimpacted reaches of the river associated with chalcophile (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd) and common (Fe and Mn) metals. Stream pH was not a significant factor structuring the macroinvertebrate community. Widely utilised macroinvertebrate indices failed to identify impacts at the community level because they either seek to identify impacts of a specific contaminant or are dependent on a model community response to a given stress. The nature of metal mine discharges is temporally complex, having highly variable chemical signatures and as a result, care is advised when interpreting and modelling community impacts. The use of standard macroinvertebrate biotic and diversity indices in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive could lead to erroneous classifications of aquatic ecosystem health when used for bio-monitoring rivers affected by neutral mine drainage where other indicators are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Byrne
- Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Wilby RL, Orr H, Watts G, Battarbee RW, Berry PM, Chadd R, Dugdale SJ, Dunbar MJ, Elliott JA, Extence C, Hannah DM, Holmes N, Johnson AC, Knights B, Milner NJ, Ormerod SJ, Solomon D, Timlett R, Whitehead PJ, Wood PJ. Evidence needed to manage freshwater ecosystems in a changing climate: turning adaptation principles into practice. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:4150-64. [PMID: 20538318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that climate change poses severe threats to freshwater ecosystems. Here we examine the scientific basis for adaptively managing vulnerable habitats and species. Our views are shaped by a literature survey of adaptation in practice, and by expert opinion. We assert that adaptation planning is constrained by uncertainty about evolving climatic and non-climatic pressures, by difficulties in predicting species- and ecosystem-level responses to these forces, and by the plasticity of management goals. This implies that adaptation measures will have greatest acceptance when they deliver multiple benefits, including, but not limited to, the amelioration of climate impacts. We suggest that many principles for biodiversity management under climate change are intuitively correct but hard to apply in practice. This view is tested using two commonly assumed doctrines: "increase shading of vulnerable reaches through tree planting" (to reduce water temperatures); and "set hands off flows" (to halt potentially harmful abstractions during low flow episodes). We show that the value of riparian trees for shading, water cooling and other functions is partially understood, but extension of this knowledge to water temperature management is so far lacking. Likewise, there is a long history of environmental flow assessment for allocating water to competing uses, but more research is needed into the effectiveness of ecological objectives based on target flows. We therefore advocate more multi-disciplinary field and model experimentation to test the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of adaptation measures applied at different scales. In particular, there is a need for a major collaborative programme to: examine natural adaptation to climatic variation in freshwater species; identify where existing environmental practice may be insufficient; review the fitness of monitoring networks to detect change; translate existing knowledge into guidance; and implement best practice within existing regulatory frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Wilby
- Department of Geography, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Holt HB, Wild SH, Postle AD, Zhang J, Koster G, Umpleby M, Shojaee-Moradie F, Dewbury K, Wood PJ, Phillips DI, Byrne CD. Cortisol clearance and associations with insulin sensitivity, body fat and fatty liver in middle-aged men. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1024-32. [PMID: 17370058 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The regulation of cortisol metabolism in vivo is not well understood. We evaluated the relationship between cortisol metabolism and insulin sensitivity, adjusting for total and regional fat content and for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-nine middle-aged healthy men with a wide range of BMI were recruited. We measured fat content by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), liver fat by ultrasound and MRI, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by adrenal response to ACTH(1-24), unconjugated urinary cortisol excretion, corticosteroid-binding globulin, and cortisol clearance by MS. We assessed insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and by OGTT. RESULTS Cortisol clearance was strongly inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity (M value) (r = -0.61, p = 0.002). Cortisol clearance was increased in people with fatty liver compared with those without (mean+/-SD: 243 +/- 10 vs 158 +/- 36 ml/min; p = 0.014). Multiple regression modelling showed that the relationship between cortisol clearance and insulin sensitivity was independent of body fat. The relationship between fatty liver and insulin sensitivity was significantly influenced by body fat and cortisol clearance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Cortisol clearance is strongly associated with insulin sensitivity, independently of the amount of body fat. The relationship between fatty liver and insulin sensitivity is mediated in part by both fatness and cortisol clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Holt
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, DOHaD Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Vance GHS, Lewis SA, Grimshaw KEC, Wood PJ, Briggs RA, Thornton CA, Warner JO. Exposure of the fetus and infant to hens' egg ovalbumin via the placenta and breast milk in relation to maternal intake of dietary egg. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:1318-26. [PMID: 16238791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternally derived allergens may be transferred to the developing infant during pregnancy and lactation. However, it is not known how manipulation of environmental allergen levels might impact on this early-life exposure. OBJECTIVE To measure dietary egg allergen (ovalbumin (OVA)) in gestation-associated environments, in relation to maternal dietary egg intake. METHOD OVA was measured by allergen-specific ELISA in maternal blood collected throughout pregnancy, infant blood at birth (umbilical cord) and in breast milk at 3 months post-partum. Samples derived from pregnant women undergoing diagnostic amniocentesis at 16-18 weeks gestation who were not subject to any dietary intervention, and from pregnant women, with personal or partner atopy, randomized to complete dietary egg exclusion or an unmodified healthy diet before 20 weeks gestation as a primary allergy prevention strategy. Maternal dietary egg intake was monitored closely throughout the study period by diary record and serial measurement of OVA-specific immunoglobulin G concentration. RESULTS Circulating OVA was detected throughout pregnancy in 20% of women and correlated with both presence (P<0.001) and concentration (r=0.754, P<0.001) of infant OVA at birth (umbilical cord). At 3 months post-partum OVA was detected in breast milk samples of 35% women, in higher concentrations than measured in blood. Blood and breast milk OVA were not related to maternal dietary intake or atopic pre-disposition. CONCLUSIONS Rigorous dietary egg exclusion does not eliminate trans-placental and breast milk egg allergen passage. This early-life exposure could modulate developing immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H S Vance
- Child Health, Infection, Inflammation & Repair Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Holt HB, Wild SH, Wood PJ, Zhang J, Darekar AA, Dewbury K, Poole RB, Holt RIG, Phillips DI, Byrne CD. Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations are independently associated with hepatic steatosis in obese subjects. Diabetologia 2006; 49:141-8. [PMID: 16323001 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We tested the hypothesis that NEFA concentrations are higher in obese subjects with fatty liver than in obese subjects without fatty liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 22 obese (BMI>30 kg/m(2)) men aged 42-64 years, in whom liver fat was assessed by ultrasound and classified into categories of no, mild to moderate and severe fatty liver by two independent radiologists. Regional and visceral abdominal fat were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging, and endogenous glucose production, whole-body glucose disposal during an insulin clamp, and NEFA concentrations were measured, along with NEFA suppression (percent (%) suppression and insulin sensitivity index for NEFA during an OGTT). RESULTS Seven subjects had no evidence of fatty liver, nine had mild or moderate fatty liver and six had severe fatty liver. The amount of visceral fat was not associated with the degree of fatty liver. Whole-body glucose disposal was inversely associated with fatty liver (38.4, 26.5 and 23.9 mumol kg(-1) min(-1) for the groups with no fatty liver, mild to moderate fatty liver and severe fatty liver, respectively, p=0.004). NEFA suppression during the OGTT was decreased (62.5, 50.8 and 41%, p=0.03, for no, mild to moderate, and severe fatty liver, respectively) and the insulin sensitivity index for NEFA was decreased (0.80, 0.40 and 0.34, p<0.0001). Regression modelling suggested that NEFA concentrations were associated with fatty liver independently of whole-body glucose production and disposal measurements. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In obese men, NEFA concentrations during an OGTT are associated with fatty liver independently of classic measures of insulin sensitivity determined by the hyperinsulinaemic clamp. The contribution to this association by factors regulating NEFA concentrations requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Holt
- Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Division Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Centre Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Patel MBR, Arden NK, Masterson LM, Phillips DIW, Swaminathan R, Syddall HE, Byrne CD, Wood PJ, Cooper C, Holt RIG. Investigating the role of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis as a determinant of male bone mineral density (BMD). Bone 2005; 37:833-41. [PMID: 16153900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The GH-IGF axis has profound effects on bone metabolism and may be important in the etiology of idiopathic osteoporosis. Serum IGF-I is often low in men with osteoporosis, which may be attributable to GH hypo-secretion or hepatic GH insensitivity. We studied the GH-IGF axis in depth to look for evidence to support these hypotheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS 28 healthy 60- to 70-year-old men with low, intermediate, or normal BMD were studied. GH secretion was measured by overnight urine collection. GH reserve was assessed by exercise and glucagon stimulation tests. Hepatic IGF-I production was investigated using a GH-IGF-I generation test. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, linear regression, and analysis of variance. RESULTS Serum IGF-I was reduced in subjects with low BMD (P = 0.009). There was no difference in GH secretion or reserve between the groups. Overall, GH reserve and IGF-I were positively related but this was attenuated in the low BMD group. However, no statistically significant difference in IGF-I generation capacity between BMD groups was found. CONCLUSIONS Men with reduced BMD have low IGF-I but normal GH secretion and reserve. Our data suggested, but could not confirm, hepatic resistance to GH as a mechanism for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B R Patel
- MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Reynolds RM, Dennison EM, Walker BR, Syddall HE, Wood PJ, Andrew R, Phillips DI, Cooper C. Cortisol secretion and rate of bone loss in a population-based cohort of elderly men and women. Calcif Tissue Int 2005; 77:134-8. [PMID: 16151676 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although excessive glucocorticoids are a well-recognized cause of osteoporosis, little is known about the role of endogenous glucocorticoids in determining skeletal mass. We have performed a detailed study of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to explore the relationships between cortisol secretion and adult bone mass in 151 healthy men and 96 healthy women aged 61 to 73 years. At baseline and 4-year follow-up, bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine and proximal femur; a lifestyle questionnaire was completed; and height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured. At follow-up subjects underwent a very low-dose (0.25 mg) dexamethasone suppression test, a low-dose (1 microg) short synacthen test, and a 24-hour urine collection for measurement of cortisol and its metabolites. In men, elevated peak plasma cortisol was associated with accelerated loss of mineral density in the lumbar spine (r = 0.16, P = 0.05). This relationship remained significant after adjustment for testosterone, estradiol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone levels (r = 0.22, P = 0.01) and after additional adjustment for age, (BM), activity, cigarette and alcohol consumption, and Kellgren/Lawrence score (r = 0.19, P = 0.03). In contrast in women, elevated peak plasma cortisol was associated with lower baseline BMD at the femoral neck (r = -0.23, P = 0.03) and greater femoral neck loss rate (r = 0.24, P = 0.02). There was no association between plasma cortisol concentrations after dexamethasone or urinary total cortisol metabolite excretion and bone density or bone loss rate at any site. These data provide evidence that circulating endogenous glucocorticoids influence the rate of involutional bone loss in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Reynolds
- Endocrinology Unit, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, UK.
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Jerjes WK, Cleare AJ, Wessely S, Wood PJ, Taylor NF. Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol and cortisone output in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Affect Disord 2005; 87:299-304. [PMID: 15922454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to obtain a naturalistic measure of diurnal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis output in CFS patients unaffected by medication or comorbid psychiatric disorder likely to influence the axis. METHOD Cortisol and cortisone levels were measured in saliva samples collected from 0600 h to 2100 h at 3-h intervals in CFS patients and healthy controls. RESULTS Mean cortisol and cortisone concentrations were significantly lower in patients than controls across the whole day, as were levels at each individual time point except 2100 h. Cosinor analysis showed a significant diurnal rhythm of cortisol and cortisone that was not phase-shifted in CFS compared to controls. However, there was a lower rhythm-adjusted mean and a lower amplitude in CFS patients. The cortisol/cortisone ratio showed no diurnal rhythm and did not differ between CFS subjects and controls. LIMITATIONS The sample size was relatively small, and drawn from specialist referral patients who had been ill for some time; generalisation of these results to other populations is therefore unwarranted. CONCLUSION The main findings of this study are to provide further evidence for reduced basal HPA axis function in at least some patients with CFS and to show for the first time that salivary cortisone is also reduced in CFS and has a diurnal rhythm similar to that of cortisol. We have also demonstrated that the cortisol/cortisone ratio remains unchanged in CFS, suggesting that increased conversion of cortisol to cortisone cannot account for the observed lowering of salivary cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Jerjes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RX, United Kingdom.
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Reynolds RM, Shakerdi LA, Sandhu K, Wallace AM, Wood PJ, Walker BR. The utility of three different methods for measuring urinary 18-hydroxycortisol in the differential diagnosis of suspected primary hyperaldosteronism. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152:903-7. [PMID: 15941931 DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urine 18-hydroxycortisol (18-OHF) measurements are claimed to discriminate between primary hyperaldosteronism due to Conn's syndrome/adrenal adenoma or idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH), and also to identify cases of glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism (GSH). We have evaluated three urine 18-OHF methods using a panel of urine samples from patients with hypertension. DESIGN Clinical methods comparative study. METHODS Urine samples from patients with primary hyperaldosteronism due to either adenoma (n = 6), BAH (n = 6), GSH (n = 9), or essential hypertension (n = 38) were analysed without knowledge of the diagnosis using three different methods in different laboratories. These included 'in-house' radioimmunoassay (RIA), 'in-house' time-resolved fluorometric assay (DELFIA), and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS The three assays showed good correlation, but there were large bias differences: RIA bias was greater than DELFIA which was greater than GC-MS. Discrimination between adenoma and BAH patients was best for the DELFIA method, with no overlap between results for these two groups. All three methods gave significantly elevated results for the GSH group compared with the BAH and essential hypertension groups. No assay distinguished BAH from essential hypertension. CONCLUSION Measurement of urine 18-OHF may be a useful additional test in the differential diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism. The clinical diagnostic value of urinary 18-OHF measurements is method-dependent with the DELFIA assay having the best discriminatory value.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Reynolds
- Endocrinology Unit, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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McMullen S, Osgerby JC, Thurston LM, Gadd TS, Wood PJ, Wathes DC, Michael AE. Alterations in placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 betaHSD) activities and fetal cortisol:cortisone ratios induced by nutritional restriction prior to conception and at defined stages of gestation in ewes. Reproduction 2004; 127:717-25. [PMID: 15175508 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the placenta, cortisol is inactivated by NADP(+)- and NAD(+)-dependent isoforms of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11betaHSD). Decreased placental 11betaHSD activities have been implicated in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and fetal programming of adult diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate whether placental 11betaHSD activities and fetal plasma cortisol:cortisone ratios could be affected by nutritional restriction of ewes (70% maintenance diet) throughout gestation, for specific stages of gestation, or prior to mating. Chronic nutritional restriction from day 26 of gestation onwards decreased NAD(+)-dependent 11betaHSD activities by 52 +/- 4% and 45 +/- 6% on days 90 and 135 of gestation respectively. Although the decreases in enzyme activities were associated with fetal IUGR, the cortisol:cortisone ratio in fetal plasma was unaffected by chronic nutritional restriction throughout pregnancy. Nutritional restriction confined to early (days 26-45), mid- (days 46-90) and late gestation (days 91-135), or the 30 days prior to mating, had no significant effect on NAD(+)-dependent, placental 11betaHSD activities, nor was there evidence of IUGR. However, nutritional restriction at each stage of pregnancy and prior to mating was associated with significant decreases in the fetal plasma cortisol:cortisone ratio (3.2 +/- 0.7 in control fetuses; 1.0 to 1.6 in fetuses carried by nutritionally restricted ewes). We conclude that nutritional restriction of pregnant ewes for more than 45 consecutive days can significantly decrease NAD(+)-dependent placental 11betaHSD activities in association with IUGR. While the cortisol:cortisone ratio in fetal plasma is sensitive to relatively acute restriction of nutrient intake, even prior to mating, this ratio does not reflect direct ex vivo measurements of placental 11betaHSD activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McMullen
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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Valsamakis G, Anwar A, Tomlinson JW, Shackleton CHL, McTernan PG, Chetty R, Wood PJ, Banerjee AK, Holder G, Barnett AH, Stewart PM, Kumar S. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in lean and obese males with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:4755-61. [PMID: 15356090 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-032240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. Impaired conversion of cortisone (E) to cortisol (F) by the type 1 isoenzyme of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) in obesity may represent a protective mechanism preventing ongoing weight gain and glucose intolerance. We have studied glucocorticoid metabolism in 33 male subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus [age, 44.2 +/- 13 yr; body mass index (BMI), 31.1 +/- 7.5 kg/m(2) (mean +/- sd)] and 38 normal controls (age, 41.4 +/- 14 yr; BMI, 38.2 +/- 12.8 kg/m(2)). Circulating F:E ratios were elevated in the diabetic group and correlated with serum cholesterol and homeostasis model assessment-S. There was no difference in 11beta-HSD1 activity between diabetic subjects and controls. In addition, 11beta-HSD1 activity was unaffected by BMI in diabetic subjects. However, in control subjects, increasing BMI was associated with a reduction in the urinary tetrahydrocortisol+5alpha-tetrahydrocortisol:tetrahydrocortisone ratio (P < 0.05) indicative of impaired 11beta-HSD1 activity. The degree of inhibition correlated tightly with visceral fat mass. Changes in 11beta-HSD1 activity could not be explained by circulating levels of adipocytokines. Impaired E to F metabolism in obesity may help preserve insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes mellitus. Failure to down-regulate 11beta-HSD1 activity in patients with diabetes may potentiate dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. Inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 may therefore represent a therapeutic strategy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valsamakis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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Holt RIG, Syddall HE, Phillips DIW, Martyn CN, Gluckman PD, Breier BH, Wood PJ, Fall CHD. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in late middle age: no association with birthweight in three UK cohorts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 180:359-66. [PMID: 15030377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small body size at birth and during infancy is associated with an increased risk of adult osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Fetal programming of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis may provide a mechanism for these epidemiological findings. AIMS To determine whether measurements of GH and IGF-I in late middle age were related to size at birth and in infancy. METHODS Overnight urinary GH excretion and fasting serum IGF-I were measured in 309 men and 193 women from Hertfordshire (born 1920-1930) for whom birthweight and weight at 1 year were recorded. Serum IGF-I was measured in men and women from Preston (n=254, born 1935-1943) and Sheffield (n=215, born 1939-1940) whose birthweight and other birth measurements were recorded. RESULTS Urinary GH and serum IGF-I were not related to birthweight, other measurements at birth, or weight at 1 year. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous studies in children or young adults, these data do not support the hypothesis that IGF-I concentrations are programmed by intra-uterine events, as assessed by birthweight, in late middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I G Holt
- Fetal Origins of Adult Disease Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Swords FM, Carroll PV, Kisalu J, Wood PJ, Taylor NF, Monson JP. The effects of growth hormone deficiency and replacement on glucocorticoid exposure in hypopituitary patients on cortisone acetate and hydrocortisone replacement. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 59:613-20. [PMID: 14616886 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 beta HSD1) converts inactive cortisone to active cortisol. 11 beta HSD1 activity is increased in GH deficiency and inhibited by GH and IGF-I in acromegaly. However it is not known whether these changes in cortisol metabolism exert significant effects during hydrocortisone therapy, and the effect has not been studied in patients taking cortisone acetate. We have studied the effect of GH induced 11 beta HSD1 inhibition in hypopituitary adults with severe GH deficiency to determine whether this inhibition has a different magnitude of effect when patients are taking different forms of glucocorticoid replacement therapy. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS We have taken the ratio of 11-hydroxy/11-oxo cortisol metabolites (Fm/Em), an established measure of net 11 beta HSD activity to reflect the likely balance of cortisol to cortisone exposure in tissues expressing 11 beta HSD1, principally the liver and adipose tissue. We recruited 10 hypopituitary adults all on established glucocorticoid replacement therapy, but who were not receiving GH. Patients were treated with their standard hydrocortisone therapy for one week and an equivalent dose of cortisone acetate in its place for one week in random order. Serial serum cortisol assessments and urine steroid profiles were performed on each treatment. All patients were then established on GH therapy for at least three months before the two-week cycle was repeated. Fm/Em was also measured in a control population (20F, 20M). RESULTS Prior to GH, the ratio Fm/Em was greater with hydrocortisone compared with cortisone acetate replacement (1.17 +/- 0.28 and 0.52 +/- 0.09 respectively, P < 0.001) or with normal subjects (normal males: 0.81 +/- 0.24, females 0.66 +/- 0.14). Following GH replacement Fm/Em fell in patients on hydrocortisone and cortisone acetate (Pre-GH: 0.84 +/- 0.40, Post-GH: 0.70 +/- 0.34, P < 0.05) confirming the inhibition of 11 beta HSD1 by GH/IGF-I. Conversely, the ratio of urinary free cortisol/cortisone did not change indicating unchanged 11 beta HSD2 activity. Mean circulating cortisol also fell in all subjects after GH. This effect was greater during cortisone acetate treatment (-18.7%, P < 0.0001), than during hydrocortisone replacement (-10.9%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that tissue exposure to glucocorticoid is supra-physiological in hypopituitary patients with untreated GH deficiency taking hydrocortisone replacement therapy. This situation is ameliorated by GH replacement therapy. However, local and circulating cortisol concentrations are more vulnerable to the inhibitory effect of GH on 11 beta HSD1 in patients taking cortisone acetate, such that serum cortisol assessments should be made in patients taking cortisone acetate after GH therapy to ensure that glucocorticoid replacement remains adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Swords
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
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