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Tembo G, Mayuni M, Kamng'ona R, Chimgoneko L, Chiwala G, Sichone S, Galafa B, Thole F, Mkandawire C, Chirwa AE, Nsomba E, Nkhoma V, Ngoliwa C, Toto N, Makhaza L, Muyaya A, Kudowa E, Henrion MYR, Dula D, Morton B, Chikaonda T, Gordon SB, Jambo KC. Poor association between 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-induced serum and mucosal antibody responses with experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B colonisation. Vaccine 2024; 42:2975-2982. [PMID: 38570270 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal carriage is the primary reservoir for transmissionand a prerequisite for invasive pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 13 (PCV13) showed a 62% efficacy in protection against experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B (Spn6B) carriage in a controlled human infection model (CHIM) of healthy Malawian adults. We, therefore, measured humoral responses to experimental challenge and PCV-13 vaccination and determined the association with protection against pneumococcal carriage. METHODS We vaccinated 204 young, healthy Malawian adults with PCV13 or placebo and nasally inoculated them with Spn6B at least four weeks post-vaccination to establish carriage. We collected peripheral blood and nasal lining fluid at baseline, 4 weeks post-vaccination (7 days pre-inoculation), 2, 7, 14 and > 1 year post-inoculation. We measured the concentration of anti-serotype 6B Capsular Polysaccharide (CPS) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in serum and nasal lining fluid using the World Health Organization (WHO) standardised enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS PCV13-vaccinated adults had higher serum IgG and nasal IgG/IgA anti-Spn6B CPS-specific binding antibodies than placebo recipients 4 to 6 weeks post-vaccination, which persisted for at least a year after vaccination. Nasal challenge with Spn6B did not significantly alter serum or nasal anti-CPS IgG binding antibody titers with or without experimental pneumococcal carriage. Pre-challenge titers of PCV13-induced serum IgG and nasal IgG/IgA anti-Spn6B CPS binding antibodies did not significantly differ between those that got experimentally colonised by Spn6B compared to those that did not. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that despite high PCV13 efficacy against experimental Spn6B carriage in young, healthy Malawian adults, robust vaccine-induced systemic and mucosal anti-Spn6B CPS binding antibodies did not directly relate to protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tembo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - M Mayuni
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - R Kamng'ona
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - L Chimgoneko
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - G Chiwala
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - S Sichone
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - B Galafa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - F Thole
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - C Mkandawire
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - A E Chirwa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - E Nsomba
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - V Nkhoma
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - C Ngoliwa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - N Toto
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - L Makhaza
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - A Muyaya
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - E Kudowa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - M Y R Henrion
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Dula
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - B Morton
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Chikaonda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - S B Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - K C Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
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Schaefer N, Bishop MJ, Bugnot AB, Foster-Thorpe C, Herbert B, Hoey AS, Mayer-Pinto M, Nakagawa S, Sherman CDH, Vozzo ML, Dafforn KA. Influence of habitat features on the colonisation of native and non-indigenous species. Mar Environ Res 2024; 198:106498. [PMID: 38631225 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Marine artificial structures provide substrates on which organisms can settle and grow. These structures facilitate establishment and spread of non-indigenous species, in part due to their distinct physical features (substrate material, movement, orientation) compared to natural habitat analogues such as rocky shores, and because following construction, they have abundant resources (space) for species to colonise. Despite the perceived importance of these habitat features, few studies have directly compared distributions of native and non-indigenous species or considered how functional identity and associated environmental preferences drive associations. We undertook a meta-analysis to investigate whether colonisation of native and non-indigenous species varies between artificial structures with features most closely resembling natural habitats (natural substrates, fixed structures, surfaces oriented upwards) and those least resembling natural habitats (artificial materials, floating structures, downfacing or vertical surfaces), or whether functional identity is the primary driver of differences. Analyses were done at global and more local (SE Australia) scales to investigate if patterns held regardless of scale. Our results suggest that functional group (i.e., algae, ascidians. barnacles, bryozoans, polychaetes) rather than species classification (i.e., native or non-indigenous) are the main drivers of differences in communities between different types of artificial structures. Specifically, there were differences in the abundance of ascidians, barnacles, and polychaetes between (1) upfacing and downfacing/vertical surfaces, and (2) floating and fixed substrates. When differences were detected, taxa were most abundant on features least resembling natural habitats. Results varied between global and SE Australian analyses, potentially due to reduced variability across studies in the SE Australian dataset. Thus, the functional group and associated preferences of the highest threat NIS in the area should be considered in design strategies (e.g., ecological engineering) to limit their establishment on newly built infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schaefer
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ana B Bugnot
- CSIRO Environment, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | | | - Brett Herbert
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Craig D H Sherman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | - Katherine A Dafforn
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia
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Huber A, Kovács E, Horváth A, Sahin-Tóth J, Kaptás Á, Juhász E, Kristóf K, Dobay O. Prevalence, serogroup distribution and risk factors of Neisseria meningitidis carriage in high school and university students in Hungary. Vaccine 2024; 42:2271-2277. [PMID: 38423809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis causes life-threatening invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) with high mortality worldwide. Asymptomatic pharyngeal meningococcus colonisation is an important reservoir for the spread of the bacterium. The aim of this study was to determine N. meningitidis colonisation rates in asymptomatic high school and university students and to identify risk factors for carriage. Oropharyngeal swab samples and data from a self-reported questionnaire were obtained from overall 610 students, among them 303 university students and 307 high school students, aged between 15 and 31 years in Budapest, Hungary, between November 2017 and December 2018. Meningococcal carriage and serogroup of N. meningitidis were determined by RT-PCR from DNA extracted directly from the specimen. N. meningitidis was identified in 212 (34.8 %) of the participants. Significantly higher carriage rate was found among high school students (48.9 %) compared to university students (20.5 %). Peak of colonisation rate was among 17-19-year-old students (48.7 %). Most carriage isolates were non-typable (87.3 %). From the 212 meningococcus carriers, 19 were colonised by serogroup B (9 %), 5 by serogroup C (2.4 %), and 1 had serogroup Y (0.5 %). Significantly higher colonisation rate was found among males (42.4 %) than in females (33.1 %). Antibiotic use in the past 2 months has decreased the rate of meningococcal colonisation. Recent respiratory infection, active or passive smoking and attending parties have not influenced meningococcal colonisation rate significantly. In conclusion, we have found high asymptomatic meningococcus carriage rate among high school students and young adults, however, the majority of the colonizing meningococci were non-typable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamária Huber
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kovács
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Horváth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Sahin-Tóth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kaptás
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emese Juhász
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kristóf
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Dobay
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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4
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Dertadian GC. The Coloniality of drug prohibition. Int J Drug Policy 2024; 126:104368. [PMID: 38452423 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
There have been several recent commentaries which have highlighted the relevance of the postcolonial perspective to drug prohibition and called for the decolonisation of drug policy (Daniels et al., 2021; Hillier, Winkler & Lavallée, 2020; Lasco, 2022; Mills, 2019). While these are significant interventions in the field, sparse drugs scholarship has engaged more directly with well-developed literature and concepts from Critical Indigenous Studies (Moreton-Robinson, 2016) and Indigenous Standpoint Theory (Moreton-Robinson, 2013; Nakata, 2007) and reflected on its applicability to the drug and alcohol field. In contrast to the postcolonial perspective, which understands colonisation as a historical event with contemporary impacts, Indigenous scholarship conceptualises colonisation as an active and ongoing part of how the settler-state continues to impose itself. From this vantage point I explore coloniality as a system of power and reflect on the way prohibition acts as a key arm of the settler-colonial state. The paper explores the way concepts like vulnerability, marginality, overrepresentation, disproportionality and addiction involve colonial violence, knowledge practices and narratives which are central to the way coloniality is maintained and continues to assert itself in contemporary settler societies.
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Meyer Sauteur PM. Childhood community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:1129-1136. [PMID: 38112800 PMCID: PMC10950989 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease in children, and its aetiological and clinical diagnosis are challenging for physicians in both private practice and hospitals. Over the past three decades, conjugate vaccines have successfully reduced the burden of the former main causes of CAP, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Today, viruses are by far the most commonly detected pathogens in children with CAP. Conclusion: New insights into the aetiology and treatment of CAP in children in recent years have influenced management and are the focus of this review. In addition to reducing diagnostic uncertainty, there is an urgent need to reduce antibiotic overuse and antimicrobial resistance in children with CAP. What is Known: • Conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b have shifted the epidemiology of childhood CAP to predominantly viral pathogens and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. • Clinical, laboratory, and radiological criteria cannot reliably distinguish between bacterial and viral aetiology in children with CAP. What is New: • Test results and epidemiological data must be carefully interpreted, as no single diagnostic method applied to non-pulmonary specimens has both high sensitivity and high specificity for determining pneumonia aetiology in childhood CAP. • This review provides a simple and pragmatic management algorithm for children with CAP to aid physicians in providing optimal and safe care and reducing antibiotic prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Meyer Sauteur
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Del Carmen Valero-Ubierna M, Benavente-Fernández A, Pérez de Rojas J, Moreno-Verdejo F, López-Gómez J, Fernández-Ontiveros S, Chueca-Porcuna N, García-Marín C, Jiménez-Moleón JJ, Rivera-Izquierdo M. Social and clinical predictors of perianal colonisation by multidrug-resistant bacteria for geriatric patients in the internal medicine service. Infection 2024; 52:231-241. [PMID: 38109027 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonisation by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a global health issue. The identification of patients with a higher risk of colonisation is essential. Patients admitted to internal medicine services might represent a vulnerable population with a high risk of colonisation. This study was the first to assess social and clinical variables associated with a higher risk of perianal colonisation by MDR bacteria in a Spanish cohort of patients admitted to internal medicine service. METHODS Patients admitted to an internal medicine service during 12 months of recruitment (1 March 2022 to 1 March 2023) were included in the study. Perianal swabs were performed at admission to identify the presence of MDR bacteria. Social and clinical variables were collected following a directed acyclic graph. A cluster analysis was performed to identify clinical profiles of higher risk. Bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify potential predictors of MDR bacteria colonisation. RESULTS A total of 245 patients, according to the required sample size, were included. Of them, 46 (18.8%) were colonised by MDR bacteria in perianal swabs. Female sex, age > 80 years, dependency on activities of daily living, cognitive deterioration and living in long-term care facilities constituted the highest risk clinical profile. After adjustments, living in long-term care facilities and malnutrition remained the main risk factors identified. CONCLUSION Patients admitted to internal medicine services presented a high frequency of perianal colonisation by MDR bacteria. Social and clinical variables associated with bio-psycho-social susceptibility were associated with colonisation. Special surveillance is needed in internal medicine services to control the transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Valero-Ubierna
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avenida de la Investigación s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Javier Pérez de Rojas
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avenida de la Investigación s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Fidel Moreno-Verdejo
- Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Jairo López-Gómez
- Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Chueca-Porcuna
- Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- CIBERINFEC - Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Infectious Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Marín
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avenida de la Investigación s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Juan Jiménez-Moleón
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avenida de la Investigación s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Rivera-Izquierdo
- Service of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avenida de la Investigación s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain.
- Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Luo H, Chen X, Jiang Z, Yan Q. Prevalence of and risk factors for intestinal colonisation by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in patients with haematological malignancies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107043. [PMID: 38040318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with haematological malignancies (HM patients) are at high risk of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). MDR-GNB intestinal colonisation is associated with MDR-GNB infections. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis on HM patients was to pool the prevalence of and risk factors for intestinal colonisation by MDR-GNB, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales, reported in previous studies. METHODS This study was conducted according to the protocol registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022374425). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 25 October 2022. Observational studies reporting CRE and/or ESBL intestinal colonisation in HM patients were included. Subgroup analyses were conducted by study region. RESULTS A total of 21 402 HM patients from 32 studies were analysed. The pooled CRE and ESBL colonisation rates were 21.7% [95% confidence interval (95%CI) 18.7-24.8] and 19.2% (95%CI 13.9-24.5), respectively. Prior exposure to tigecycline [odds ratio (OR) 3.99, 95%CI 2.08-7.68], carbapenem (OR 1.84, 95%CI 1.13-2.97) or penicillin (OR 1.72, 95%CI 1.05-2.83), as well as chemotherapy (OR 2.45, 95%CI 1.05-5.73), neutropenia (OR 1.88, 95%CI 1.08-3.26) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML; OR 1.86, 95%CI 1.33-2.61), were risk factors for CRE colonisation in HM patients. Prior antibiotic exposure was a risk factor for ESBL colonisation in HM patients (OR 4.90, 95%CI 2.76-8.70). CONCLUSIONS This study shows the high prevalence of MDR-GNB (CRE and ESBL) colonisation in HM patients and explains associated factors for the colonisation. The results provide evidence for MDR-GNB infection control in HM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Jiang
- Department of Haematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qun Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China..
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Abstract
Despite taking on several forms throughout history such as colonial medicine, tropical medicine, and international health, the field of global health continues to uphold colonialist structures. History demonstrates that acts of colonialism inevitably lead to negative health outcomes. Colonial powers promoted medical advancements when diseases affected their own people, and only did so for locals when in the colonies' best interests. Numerous medical advancements in the United States also relied on the exploitation of vulnerable populations. This history is critical in evaluating the actions of the United States as a proclaimed leader in global health. A significant barrier to progress in the field of global health is that most leaders and leading institutions are located in high-income countries, thereby defining the global standard. This standard fails to meet the needs of most of the world. In times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, colonial mentalities may be more evident. In fact, global health partnerships themselves are often ingrained in colonialism and may be counterproductive. Strategies for change have been called into question by the recent Black Lives Matter movement, particularly in evaluating the role that less privileged communities should have in their own fate. Globally, we can commit to evaluating our own biases and learning from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitra Sadigh
- Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Majid Sadigh
- Department of Education and Innovation, Nuvance Health/University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, NJ, USA
| | - Asghar Rastegar
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nelson Sewankambo
- Makerere College of Health Sciences, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
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Keaney J, Byrne H, Warin M, Kowal E. Refusing epigenetics: indigeneity and the colonial politics of trauma. Hist Philos Life Sci 2023; 46:1. [PMID: 38110801 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental epigenetics is increasingly employed to understand the health outcomes of communities who have experienced historical trauma and structural violence. Epigenetics provides a way to think about traumatic events and sustained deprivation as biological "exposures" that contribute to ill-health across generations. In Australia, some Indigenous researchers and clinicians are embracing epigenetic science as a framework for theorising the slow violence of colonialism as it plays out in intergenerational legacies of trauma and illness. However, there is dispute, contention, and caution as well as enthusiasm among these research communities.In this article, we trace strategies of "refusal" (Simpson, 2014) in response to epigenetics in Indigenous contexts. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Australia with researchers and clinicians in Indigenous health, we explore how some construct epigenetics as useless knowledge and a distraction from implementing anti-colonial change, rather than a tool with which to enact change. Secondly, we explore how epigenetics narrows definitions of colonial harm through the optic of molecular trauma, reproducing conditions in which Indigenous people are made intelligible through a lens of "damaged" bodies. Faced with these two concerns, many turn away from epigenetics altogether, refusing its novelty and supposed benefit for Indigenous health equity and resisting the pull of postgenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Keaney
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Henrietta Byrne
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Megan Warin
- School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma Kowal
- Alfred Deakin Institute, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Sharma K, Tak V, Nag VL, Bhatia PK, Kothari N. An observational study on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) colonisation and subsequent risk of infection in an adult intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary care hospital in India. Infect Prev Pract 2023; 5:100312. [PMID: 37868258 PMCID: PMC10585280 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2023.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a global health problem with a growing prevalence. India has a high prevalence of CRE. CRE infections are difficult to treat, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Colonisation is generally a prerequisite for infection and the prevention of CRE colonisation is key to the prevention of CRE infection. Objectives To determine the prevalence of CRE colonisation and subsequent infections in an adult intensive care unit (ICU) in India. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study in which perirectal swabs were obtained along with relevant clinical details of consenting adult patients upon ICU admission between January 2019 and August 2020. Rectal screening was performed using MacConkey agar plates with ertapenem disks and further identification was performed using conventional microbiological techniques. Ertapenem minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using an epsillometer (E) test. The modified carbapenem inactivation (mCIM) test and EDTA carbapenem inactivation test (eCIM) were performed to confirm carbapenem resistance using the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2020 guidelines. Results 192 ICU patients were screened for CRE. 37 patients were found to be colonised with CRE. Klebsiella pneumoniae (N=25; 67.6%) was the most frequent CRE isolate, followed by Escherichia coli (N=11; 29.7%) and one Enterobacter species (N=1; 2.7%). 89.2% (33/37) patients developed CRE infection. Pneumonia was the most common CRE infection identified in 12/33 (36.4%) patients.during the hospital stay. The median duration of hospital stay was longer (17 days) for CRE colonised compared to CRE non-colonised patients (9 days) (P<0.001). Death occurred in 27 % (N=10/37) of CRE-colonised patients during the hospital admission. Conclusion CRE colonisation is associated with high risk of subsequent CRE infection and longer ICU and hospital admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtika Sharma
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Vibhor Tak
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Nag
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | | | - Nikhil Kothari
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
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Wu YL, Hu XQ, Wu DQ, Li RJ, Wang XP, Zhang J, Liu Z, Chu WW, Zhu X, Zhang WH, Zhao X, Guan ZS, Jiang YL, Wu JF, Cui Z, Zhang J, Li J, Wang RM, Shen SH, Cai CY, Zhu HB, Jiang Q, Zhang J, Niu JL, Xiong XP, Tian Z, Zhang JS, Zhang JL, Tang LL, Liu AY, Wang CX, Ni MZ, Jiang JJ, Yang XY, Yang M, Zhou Q. Prevalence and risk factors for colonisation and infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in intensive care units: A prospective multicentre study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2023; 79:103491. [PMID: 37480701 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales colonisation/infection at admission and acquisition among patients admitted to the intensive care unit. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/DESIGN A prospective and multicentre study. SETTING This study was conducted in 24 intensive care units in Anhui, China. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic and clinical data were collected, and rectal carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales colonisation was detected by active screening. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyse factors associated with colonisation/infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales at admission and acquisition during the intensive care unit stay. RESULTS There were 1133 intensive care unit patients included in this study. In total, 5.9% of patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales colonisation/infection at admission, and of which 56.7% were colonisations. Besides, 8.5% of patients acquired carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales colonisation/infection during the intensive care stay, and of which 67.6% were colonisations. At admission, transfer from another hospital, admission to an intensive care unit within one year, colonisation/infection/epidemiological link with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales within one year, and exposure to any antibiotics within three months were risk factors for colonisation/infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. During the intensive care stay, renal disease, an epidemiological link with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, exposure to carbapenems and beta-lactams/beta-lactamase inhibitors, and intensive care stay of three weeks or longer were associated with acquisition. CONCLUSION The prevalence of colonisation/infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in intensive care units is of great concern and should be monitored systematically. Particularly for the 8.5% prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales acquisition during the intensive care stay needs enhanced infection prevention and control measures in these setting. Surveillance of colonisation/infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales at admission and during the patient's stay represents an early identification tool to prevent further transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales colonization screening at admission and during the patient's stay is an important tool to control carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales spread in intensive care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Le Wu
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Hu
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - De-Quan Wu
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruo-Jie Li
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xue-Ping Wang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- The Second Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Wen Chu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zi-Shu Guan
- Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yun-Lan Jiang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, the First People's Hospital of Anqing, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wu
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Zhuo Cui
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The First People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Ru-Mei Wang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The First People's Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Shi-Hua Shen
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Fuyang People's Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui, China
| | - Chao-Yang Cai
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Bin Zhu
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The First People's Hospital of Huainan City, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Huainan Xinhua Medical Group, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Huaibei People's Hospital, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Lan Niu
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The First People's Hospital of Huoqiu County, Huoqiu, Anhui, China
| | - Xian-Peng Xiong
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Lu'an People's Hospital, Lu'an, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Jian-She Zhang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Taihe County People's Hospital, Taihe, Anhui, China
| | - Jun-Lin Zhang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Tongling People's Hospital, Tongling, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Ling Tang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - An-Yun Liu
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Wang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The First People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Ni
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing-Jing Jiang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, Xuancheng People's Hospital, Xuancheng, Anhui, China
| | - Xi-Yao Yang
- Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Min Yang
- The Second Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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12
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Menezes J, Frosini SM, Amaral AJ, Loeffler A, Pomba C. Dissemination of bla NDM-5-carrying IncX3-type plasmid among non-clonal Escherichia coli strains colonising a dog with a skin infection caused by a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, United Kingdom. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16 Suppl 1:190-193. [PMID: 37926593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A successful outcome of a post-surgical wound infection management by a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is described in a dog. Four multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli strains belonging to ST410 (n = 1) and ST648 (n = 3) were isolated from faecal samples and nasal swabs of this dog at admission to a veterinary hospital in the United Kingdom, and one month after discharge. Whole-genome sequencing analysis suggests dissemination of a 46,161-bp IncX3 blaNDM-5-carrying plasmid among E. coli strains from the different lineages. In this study, the E. coli ST648 strains were virtually identical to each other (5 SNPs difference) indicating dissemination and persistence of this clone over time and across different anatomical sites in the same dog maybe due to the prolonged antimicrobial therapy. The carbapenemase carrying plasmid also showed homology with other publicly available plasmid sequences from Asian countries. These results suggests that plasmids may be a major vehicle in mediating the dissemination of carbapenem-resistance. Further studies investigating the selection and flow of plasmids carrying important resistance genes amongst companion animals are needed as it may further contaminate other environments posing a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Menezes
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Siân-Marie Frosini
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andreia J Amaral
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal; Science and Technology School, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Constança Pomba
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal.
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13
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Kraski A, Mousavi S, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Einspanier R, Alter T, Gölz G, Sharbati S. miR-125a-5p regulates the sialyltransferase ST3GAL1 in murine model of human intestinal campylobacteriosis. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:48. [PMID: 37848994 PMCID: PMC10583435 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic microorganisms are increasingly impacting human health worldwide. Due to the development of the global population, humans and animals live in shared and progressively crowded ecosystems, which enhances the risk of zoonoses. Although Campylobacter species are among the most important bacterial zoonotic agents worldwide, the molecular mechanisms of many host and pathogen factors involved in colonisation and infection are poorly understood. Campylobacter jejuni colonises the crypts of the human colon and causes acute inflammatory processes. The mucus and associated proteins play a central host-protective role in this process. The aim of this study was to explore the regulation of specific glycosyltransferase genes relevant to differential mucin-type O-glycosylation that could influence host colonisation and infection by C. jejuni. RESULTS Since microRNAs are known to be important regulators of the mammalian host cell response to bacterial infections, we focussed on the role of miR-125a-5p in C. jejuni infection. Combining in vitro and in vivo approaches, we show that miR-125a-5p regulates the expression of the sialyltransferase ST3GAL1 in an infection-dependent manner. The protein ST3GAL1 shows markedly increased intestinal levels in infected mice, with enhanced distribution in the mucosal epithelial layer in contrast to naïve mice. CONCLUSION From our previous studies and the data presented here, we conclude that miR-125a-5p and the previously reported miR-615-3p are involved in regulating the glycosylation patterns of relevant host cell response proteins during C. jejuni infection. The miRNA-dependent modulation of mucin-type O-glycosylation could be part of the mucosal immune response, but also a pathogen-driven modification that allows colonisation and infection of the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Kraski
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Boutin K, Gaudron SM, Denis J, Ben Rais Lasram F. Potential marine benthic colonisers of offshore wind farms in the English channel: A functional trait-based approach. Mar Environ Res 2023; 190:106061. [PMID: 37421705 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Offshore wind farms (OWFs) have gained attention as a promising alternative to conventional energy sources. However, their installation and operation may have multiple ecological impacts on the marine environment, including the "reef effect". The reef effect is the colonisation of wind turbines and other artificial substrates by benthic organisms, which has a major impact on marine biodiversity as it changes community assemblages and ecosystem functioning. We conducted a two-step study to predict the reef effect of a future OWF (Dunkirk, northern France). First, we explored similarities between colonisers of existing OWFs and those of other hard substrates (oil and gas platforms (O&GP) and hard substrates in the English Channel (HSEC)). We then analysed functional traits to determine a trait profile of potential colonisers of Dunkirk's OWF. Statistical analyses revealed that OWF and O&GP communities were more similar to each other than to that of HSEC. Comparing the three communities revealed that they shared 157 taxa, which could be potential colonisers of Dunkirk's future OWF. The functional profile revealed that OWF colonisers were species ranging from 10 to 100 mm in size, with gonochoric reproduction, pelagic and planktotrophic larvae, a life span of less than 2 years or 5-20 years, were sessile, and were carnivores or suspension feeders. Functional trait analysis revealed that during their intermediate stage of development, OWF benthic communities have a functional richness and diversity (0.68 and 0.53, respectively) similar to those of HSEC communities (0.54 and 0.50, respectively). However, based on using O&GP as a long-term view of the colonisation of OWFs, functional richness and diversity could decrease during the climax stage (0.07 and 0.42, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Boutin
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F 62930, Wimereux, France.
| | - Sylvie Marylene Gaudron
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F 62930, Wimereux, France; Sorbonne Univ., UFR 927, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Denis
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F 62930, Wimereux, France
| | - Frida Ben Rais Lasram
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, CNRS, IRD, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F 62930, Wimereux, France
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15
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Fang C, Zhou Z, Zhou M, Li J. Risk factors for nosocomial rectal colonisation with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in children with haematological malignancies: a case-control study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:66. [PMID: 37537568 PMCID: PMC10401768 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rectal colonisation with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CR-GNB) may cause CR-GNB infection in children with haematological malignancies (HMs) haematological. To date, information on its epidemiology is limited. This study aimed to assess the the risk factors for rectal colonisation with CR-GNB in children with HMs. METHODS A case-control study in a tertiary children's hospital in Hangzhou City, was conducted between July 2019, and September 2021. Based on the hospitalisation date, children in the CR-GNB colonisation group and control groups were matched at a ratio of 1:2. Conditional logistic regression models were used to compute the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the risk factors for CR-GNB rectal colonisation in children with HMs. RESULTS A total of 85 non-duplicated CR-GNB isolates were collected from rectal swab samples of 69 children with HMs. The 30-day mortality rates were 5.8% in the CR-GNB colonisation group and 0% in the control group (P = 0.020).colonisation In the conditional logistic regression model, the aORs were 6.84 (95% CI 1.86-25.20) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 4.16 (95% CI 1.17-14.84) for prior concomitant infections within the last 1 month, 2.33 (95% CI 1.16-4.69) for prior carbapenems usage within the last 1 month and 7.46 (95% CI 1.81-30.67) for prior hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). CONCLUSION AML/ALL, prior concomitant infections within the last 1 month, prior carbapenems usage within the last 1 month, and prior HSCT are associated with an increased risk of rectal colonisation with CR-GNB in children with HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 3333 Binsheng road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 3333 Binsheng road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 3333 Binsheng road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No. 3333 Binsheng road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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16
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Przesmycka K, Radwan J. Small-scale genetic structure of populations of the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Exp Appl Acarol 2023; 90:219-226. [PMID: 37498400 PMCID: PMC10406659 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Bulb mites are an economically significant pest of subterranean parts of plants and a versatile laboratory animal. However, the genetic structure of their populations remains unknown. To fill this gap in our knowledge of their biology, we set up a field experiment in which we allowed mites to colonize onion bulbs, and then determined the genetic structure of colonisers based on a panel of microsatellite loci. We found moderate but significant population structure among sites separated by ca. 20 m (FST range 0.03-0.21), with 7% of genetic variance distributed among sites. Allelic richness within some bulbs was nearly as high as that in the total population, suggesting that colonisation of bulbs was not associated with strong population bottlenecks. The significant genetic structure we observed over small spatial scales seems to reflect limited dispersal of mites in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Przesmycka
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
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17
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Holland L, Reid N, Hewlett N, Toombs M, Elisara T, Thomson A, Humphrey T, Smirnov A. Alcohol use in Australia: countering harm with healing. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2023; 37:100774. [PMID: 37693874 PMCID: PMC10485668 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful use of alcohol consumption in Australia is a serious socio-political and public health issue that is exacerbated by exploitative marketing campaigns by the alcohol industry. In Indigenous populations harmful alcohol use is directly related to the legacy of colonisation that has led to complex social issues and adverse intergenerational trauma. To effectively address alcohol-related harm in Australia, it is necessary to critically apply the 'Three Pillars of Harm Minimisation', which are demand reduction, supply reduction, and harm reduction. This can be facilitated through approaches such as the 'Interplay Wellbeing Framework', which situates concepts of wellbeing and risky alcohol use within the context of systemic inequities across all social determinants of health. Culturally responsive approaches embody a holistic view of community, mutually respectful collaboration, culture, healing, and self-determined change. This is underpinned by Indigenous leadership that promotes existing resistance, resilience, interpersonal relationships, and strengths that instil healing to counter the harms associated with alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelle Holland
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4006, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Natasha Reid
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Nicole Hewlett
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Maree Toombs
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Fisher Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Tylissa Elisara
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Amy Thomson
- School of Education, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Tracy Humphrey
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of South Australia, 101 Currie St, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew Smirnov
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
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18
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Odubamowo K, Garcia M, Muriithi F, Ogollah R, Daniels JP, Walker KF. Self-collected versus health-care professional taken swab for identification of vaginal-rectal colonisation with group B streptococcus in late pregnancy: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 286:95-101. [PMID: 37229964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing for group B streptococcus (GBS) requires a vaginal-rectal swab in late pregnancy. OBJECTIVE A systematic review of the test accuracy of a self-collected swab compared with a health-care professional collected swab in the diagnosis of GBS colonisation. SEARCH STRATEGY The Cochrane Library (including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects [DARE] and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL]), EMBASE, MEDLINE and Trip were searched in May 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials, test accuracy studies or diagnostic yield studies that compared the accuracy of a self-collected vaginal-rectal swab, compared to that taken by a health-care professional, for the detection of GBS colonisation in the third trimester. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two researchers independently screened, selected studies, extracted data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS 10 studies, with 2578 women were included. Pooled sensitivity of self-collected swabs was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81 to 0.95) and pooled specificity was 0.98 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.99). CONCLUSION This study provides reassuring evidence that self-collected swabs for maternal GBS colonisation are highly accurate relative to swabs collected by health-care professionals. Women requiring a swab for GBS colonisation can self-swab with appropriate instructions if they choose. FUNDING Personal fellowship from the University of Nottingham for KFW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Odubamowo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Maria Garcia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Francis Muriithi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Reuben Ogollah
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Jane P Daniels
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Kate F Walker
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, UK; Centre for Perinatal Research (CePR), University of Nottingham, UK.
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Jeffrey M, Denny KJ, Lipman J, Conway Morris A. Differentiating infection, colonisation, and sterile inflammation in critical illness: the emerging role of host-response profiling. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49:760-771. [PMID: 37344680 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Infection results when a pathogen produces host tissue damage and elicits an immune response. Critically ill patients experience immune activation secondary to both sterile and infectious insults, with overlapping clinical phenotypes and underlying immunological mechanisms. Patients also undergo a shift in microbiota with the emergence of pathogen-dominant microbiomes. Whilst the combination of inflammation and microbial shift has long challenged intensivists in the identification of true infection, the advent of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics has further confounded the diagnostic dilemma as the number of microbial detections increases. Given the key role of the host immune response in the development and definition of infection, profiling the host response offers the potential to help unravel the conundrum of distinguishing colonisation and sterile inflammation from true infection. This narrative review provides an overview of current approaches to distinguishing colonisation from infection using routinely available techniques and proposes matrices to support decision-making in this setting. In searching for new tools to better discriminate these states, the review turns to the understanding of the underlying pathobiology of the host response to infection. It then reviews the techniques available to assess this response in a clinically applicable context. It will cover techniques including profiling of transcriptome, protein expression, and immune functional assays, detailing the current state of knowledge in diagnostics along with the challenges and opportunities. The ultimate infection diagnostic tool will likely combine an assessment of both host immune response and sensitive pathogen detection to improve patient management and facilitate antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jeffrey
- John V Farman Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kerina J Denny
- Department of Intensive Care, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Jamieson Trauma Institute and Intensive Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nimes, France
| | - Andrew Conway Morris
- John V Farman Intensive Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Rangasamy P, Foo HL, Yusof BNM, Chew SY, Jamil AAM, Than LTL. Probiotic Strain Limosilactobacillus reuteri 29B is Proven Safe and Exhibits Potential Probiotic Traits in a Murine Vaginal Model. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10094-2. [PMID: 37314695 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacilli, the most common group of bacteria found in a healthy vaginal microbiota, have been demonstrated to act as a defence against colonisation and overgrowth of vaginal pathogens. These groups of bacteria have sparked interests in incorporating them as probiotics aimed at re-establishing balance within the urogenital ecosystem. In this study, the safety characteristics of Limosilactobacillus reuteri 29B (L29B) strain were evaluated through whole genome sequencing (WGS) and animal study. Cell culture assay and 16S rDNA analysis were done to evaluate the ability of the strain to colonise and adhere to the mouse vaginal tract, and RAST analysis was performed to screen for potential genes associated with probiotic trait. The histological study on the mice organs and blood analysis of the mice showed there was no incidence of inflammation. We also found no evidence of bacterial translocation. The cell culture assay on HeLa cells showed 85% of adhesion, and there was a significant reduction of Candida strain viability in displacement assay. As for the 16S rDNA analysis, there was a significant amount of L29B colonisation of the vaginal microflora. Taken together, the intravaginal administration of L29B significantly reduced the number Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcaceae that were present in mouse vaginal tract. It also improved and promoted a balanced vaginal microflora environment without causing any harm or irritation to mice. Limosilactobacillus 29B (L29B) is safe to be administered intravaginally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premmala Rangasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Ling Foo
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Laboratory of Probiotics and Cancer Therapeutics, UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory (CANRES), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof
- Department of Dietetic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amilia Afzan Mohd Jamil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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21
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Vohra P, Bremner A, Nicholls B, Chintoan-Uta C, Corona-Torres R, Stevens MP. Evaluation of N-glycan-decorated live attenuated Escherichia coli and outer membrane vesicles as vaccines against Campylobacter jejuni colonisation in chickens. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00595-9. [PMID: 37277252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading global cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and poultry are a major reservoir. Glycoconjugate vaccines containing the conserved C. jejuni N-glycan have previously been reported to be effective at reducing caecal colonisation of chickens by C. jejuni. These include recombinant subunit vaccines, live E. coli strains expressing the N-glycan on the surface as well as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from these E. coli strains. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of live E. coli expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan from a plasmid and glycosylated OMVs (G-OMVs) derived from them against colonisation by different C. jejuni strains. Despite the C. jejuni N-glycan being expressed on the surface of the live strain and the OMVs, no reduction in caecal colonisation by C. jejuni was observed and N-glycan-specific responses were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Vohra
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Charlotte Auerbach Road, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom.
| | - Abi Bremner
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Nicholls
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Cosmin Chintoan-Uta
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Corona-Torres
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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22
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Castro N, Gestoso I, Ramalhosa P, Lopes E, Almeida C, Costa A, Parente M, Cacabelos E, Herrera R, Costa JL, Canning-Clode J. Testing differences of marine non-indigenous species diversity across Macaronesia using a standardised approach. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 192:115021. [PMID: 37209662 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) induces severe impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. Macaronesia is an ecologically relevant region where several NIS were detected recently. For the first time, a standard experimental approach was designed to examine biofouling assemblages and investigate NIS across the region. In this context, sessile biofouling assemblages were examined in four recreational marinas in all the Macaronesian archipelagos from 2018 to 2020: the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cabo Verde. We hypothesised that NIS numbers, abundance, and recruitment differed in each location due to abiotic and biotic features. From the Azores (higher latitudes) to Cabo Verde (lower latitudes), NIS recruitment and percentage cover decreased following a partial latitude gradient. The present study unveiled 25 NIS, with new records for the Azores (two cryptogenic species), Canary Islands (one NIS and two cryptogenic species), and Cabo Verde (three NIS and three cryptogenic species). The present research represents a pioneer and relevant step in advancing our current understanding of marine biological invasions in Macaronesia, employing a standard and low-cost approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Castro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ignacio Gestoso
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences of University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Patrício Ramalhosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Evandro Lopes
- ISECMAR-UTA, Instituto de Engenharias e Ciências do Mar da Universidade Técnica do Atlântico, CP 163 Mindelo, São Vicente, Cabo Verde; CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade dos Açores, R. Mãe de Deus 13A, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Corrine Almeida
- ISECMAR-UTA, Instituto de Engenharias e Ciências do Mar da Universidade Técnica do Atlântico, CP 163 Mindelo, São Vicente, Cabo Verde
| | - Ana Costa
- InBIO Associate Laboratory, CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Manuela Parente
- InBIO Associate Laboratory, CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Eva Cacabelos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Hydrosphere S.L Environmental laboratory for the study of aquatic ecosystems, Vigo, Spain; Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Rogélio Herrera
- Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Canarias, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José L Costa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Canning-Clode
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
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23
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Pérez-González A, Carballo R, Araújo-Ameijeiras A, Abad R, Navarro C, Ocampo A, Poveda E, Potel C. Meningococcal carriage in men who have sex with men presenting at a sexual health unit in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:287-96. [PMID: 36692604 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is asymptomatically carried in the nasopharynx of 5-10% adults, although certain populations, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), exhibit a higher colonisation rate. Interest in Nm carriage has been renewed, owed to meningitis outbreaks within populations of MSM. The aim of this study was to characterise Nm isolates and risk factors for its carriage among MSM attending a sexual health unit. A retrospective cross-sectional study was undertaken between June 2018 and December 2021. We took anal, oropharyngeal, urethral, and blood samples as part of the sexually transmitted infection screening procedures routinely implemented. Nm isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing; the serogroup and genogroup were determined by multi-locus sequence typing. A total of 399 subjects were recruited, and the Nm oropharyngeal carriage rate was 29%, similar among both people living with HIV (PLWH) and uninfected individuals. Nm carriage was less common in vaccinated individuals, especially those who had received the tetravalent vaccine (2.6% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.008). The most frequent serogroups were B (40%) and non-groupable (45%). Most of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (96%) and ceftriaxone (100%). However, we identified 21 strains (20%) belonging to hyperinvasive lineages (CC11, CC4821, CC32, CC41/44, CC213, and CC269), most of which belonged to serogroup B. Given that vaccination with MenACWY was associated with a low Nm carriage, we encourage routine vaccination of all MSM. Moreover, the administration of the meningitis B vaccine should also be assessed considering that several invasive lines included in serogroup B are circulating among MSM.
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24
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Stremmel H, Weiss L, Parra G, Ramos-Rodríguez E, Araújo CVM. Ecotoxicological assessment of the effects of fluoxetine on Daphnia magna based on acute toxicity, multigenerational reproduction effects, and attraction-repellence responses. Chemosphere 2023; 312:137028. [PMID: 36323386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine, a common pharmaceutical used as an antidepressant, is already considered potentially hazardous to biota due to its increasing use and detection in European, North American, and Asian rivers. We studied the effects of fluoxetine on Daphnia magna, as we hypothesized that fluoxetine might have harmful effects, short and long-term, at different levels: survival, behaviour, and reproduction (offspring production). We applied two different approaches: (i) a scenario at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1-1.0 μg/L) and (ii) a scenario simulating a future worsening of contamination (1-800 μg/L) until the reach of lethal concentrations. In the former, we examined whether there are multigenerational effects on reproduction and on the avoidance/colonisation behaviour in previously exposed populations. In the latter, three responses were assessed: survival, avoidance behaviour and reproduction. We did not detect differences in the reproduction output of D. magna among the treatments over the three generations examined. Irrespective of the multigenerational treatment, D. magna colonised the environments with fluoxetine in a similar way. In the second scenario, we determined the lethal concentration for 50% of the population (96 h-LC50 = 365 μg/L), which, in spite of the toxic effect, was attractive to organisms during the avoidance tests (24 h); in fact, D. magna were attracted (no repellence) even to the highest concentrations of fluoxetine tested (800 μg/L). Lastly, in a 21-day chronic toxicity test the reproduction output of D. magna increased with higher concentrations of fluoxetine. This effect might be related to the fact that the organisms in the contaminated treatment began their first reproduction earlier, when compared to that in the control treatments. In conclusion, this study discusses an identified hazard for aquatic biota due to the fluoxetine attraction effect and a predictive assessment of the consequences expected if its indiscriminate use increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Stremmel
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Linda Weiss
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gema Parra
- Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology Department, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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25
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Wolf AS, Mitsi E, Jones S, Jochems SP, Roalfe L, Thindwa D, Meiring JE, Msefula J, Bonomali F, Makhaza Jere T, Mbewe M, Collins AM, Gordon SB, Gordon MA, Ferreira DM, French N, Goldblatt D, Heyderman RS, Swarthout TD. Quality of antibody responses by adults and young children to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation. Vaccine 2022; 40:7201-7210. [PMID: 36210249 PMCID: PMC10615833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) protects against invasive pneumococcal disease caused by vaccine-serotype (VT) Streptococcus pneumoniae by generating opsonophagocytic anti-capsular antibodies, but how vaccination protects against and reduces VT carriage is less well understood. Using serological samples from PCV-vaccinated Malawian individuals and a UK human challenge model, we explored whether antibody quality (IgG subclass, opsonophagocytic killing, and avidity) is associated with protection from carriage. Following experimental challenge of adults with S. pneumoniae serotype 6B, 3/21 PCV13-vaccinees were colonised with pneumococcus compared to 12/24 hepatitis A-vaccinated controls; PCV13-vaccination induced serotype-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2, and strong opsonophagocytic responses. However, there was no clear relationship between antibody quality and protection from carriage or carriage intensity after vaccination. Similarly, among PCV13-vaccinated Malawian infants there was no relationship between serotype-specific antibody titre or quality and carriage through exposure to circulating serotypes. Although opsonophagocytic responses were low in infants, antibody titre and avidity to circulating serotypes 19F and 6A were maintained or increased with age. These data suggest a complex relationship between antibody-mediated immunity and pneumococcal carriage, and that PCV13-driven antibody quality may mature with age and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia-Sophia Wolf
- NIHR Global Health Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Mitsi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Scott Jones
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon P. Jochems
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lucy Roalfe
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Deus Thindwa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James E. Meiring
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | - Maurice Mbewe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Andrea M. Collins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Melita A. Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neil French
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- NIHR Global Health Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Todd D. Swarthout
- NIHR Global Health Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
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26
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Mai S, Berthoud JL, Haag H, Woog F. Factors limiting reproductive success in urban Greylag Geese ( Anser anser). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13685. [PMID: 35945936 PMCID: PMC9357368 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the late eighties, Greylag Geese (Anser anser) started to colonise an urban area previously void of geese in southwestern Germany. Between 2004 and 2020, in a period of steady population increase with subsequent population stagnation, we analysed two measures of reproductive success: (1) the relation between freshly hatched to fledged young for each brood and (2) the probability of a hatchling to survive to fledging. We were able to show that the dispersal of pairs from the nesting site to a different brood rearing area resulted in higher reproductive success. However, the increasing population size of Greylag Geese and the number of breeding pairs of recently immigrated Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca) had a negative impact on reproductive success, indicating density dependence. Our results show that newly established populations in urban settings do not grow indefinitely, which is an important fact that should be taken into account by wildlife managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mai
- Department of Zoology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Center of Excellence for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Holger Haag
- Department of Zoology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Friederike Woog
- Department of Zoology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Biswas D. The site of Anthropocene and colonial entanglement: reviewing The Nutmeg's Curse. J Environ Stud Sci 2022; 12:905-908. [PMID: 35938084 PMCID: PMC9342946 DOI: 10.1007/s13412-022-00783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amitav Ghosh's The Nutmeg's Curse (2021) offers an incisive template of the intersecting history of Anthropocene and colonisation. The parables retold by Ghosh transport us to a sequestered past obscured by a Eurocentric discourse on colonial modernity. However, it is the same history which is now falling apart to reveal the devastating trajectory of the omnicidal enterprise carried out by the earliest colonising forces. The mapping of anthropogenic activities also helps us identify the locus of the philosophy that has bolstered the impetus of these forces. On one hand, the mechanistic view of life propagated by the colonisers had initiated the inception of colonial modernity; on the other hand, its boomeranging effect coupled with the "great acceleration" (133) has reached a tipping point leading to the present-day environmental crisis. Ghosh's book is a percipient warning for denialists who believe that the earth is an inert entity and that non-humans are brute forces to be subjugated. To counter this climate crisis, Ghosh comes up with some reversal strategies in which storytellers and indigenous communities may play an active role in restoring "Gaia" with all its vitality.
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28
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Kelly MR, Whitworth P, Jamieson A, Burgess JG. Bacterial colonisation of plastic in the Rockall Trough, North-East Atlantic: An improved understanding of the deep-sea plastisphere. Environ Pollut 2022; 305:119314. [PMID: 35447252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has now been found within multiple ecosystems across the globe. Characterisation of microbial assemblages associated with marine plastic, or the so-called 'plastisphere', has focused predominantly on plastic in the epipelagic zone. Whether this community includes taxa that are consistently enriched on plastic compared to surrounding non plastic surfaces is unresolved, as are the ecological implications. The deep sea is likely a final sink for most of the plastic entering the ocean, yet there is limited information on microbial colonisation of plastic at depth. The aim of this study was to investigate deep-sea microbial communities associated with polystyrene (PS) and polyurethane (PU) with Bath stone used as a control. The substrates (n = 15) were deployed in the Rockall Trough (Atlantic), and recovered 420 days later from a depth of 1796 m. To characterise the bacterial communities, 16S rRNA genes were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. A dominant core microbiome (taxa shared across all substrates) comprised 8% of total ASVs (amplicon sequence variant) and accounted for 92% of the total community reads. This suggests that many commonly reported members of the plastisphere are simply opportunistic which freely colonise any hard surface. Transiently associated species consisted of approximately 7% of the total community. Thirty genera were enriched on plastic (P < 0.05), representing 1% of the total community. The discovery of novel deep-sea enriched taxa included Aurantivirga, Algivirga, IheB3-7, Spirosoma, HTCC5015, Ekhidna and Calorithrix on PS and Candidatus Obscuribacter, Haloferula, Marine Methylotrophic Group 3, Aliivibrio, Tibeticola and Dethiosulfatarculus on PU. This small fraction of the microbiome include taxa with unique metabolic abilities and show how bacterial communities can be shaped by plastic pollution at depth. This study outlines a novel approach in categorising the plastisphere to elucidate the ecological implications of enriched taxa that show an affinity for colonising plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Kelly
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Whitworth
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan Jamieson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Minderoo-UWA Deep Sea Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Oceans Institute, IOMRC Building, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - J Grant Burgess
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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Tinelli M, Rossini A, Scudeller L, Zabzuni D, Errico G, Fogato E, D'Angelo R, Gentiloni Silverj F, Cesana E, Bergamaschini LC, Pasi F, Monaco M, Cerquetti M, Pantosti A, Giufrè M. Dynamics of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales intestinal colonisation in the elderly population after hospital discharge, Italy, 2018-2020. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106594. [PMID: 35483624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) represent a serious threat to public health worldwide. Elderly patients are at increased risk of colonisation/infection with CPE. This study aimed to evaluate the persistence of CPE colonisation and the genotypic characteristics of persistent strains in elderly people discharged from Italian hospitals. A longitudinal study was conducted in two Italian cities (March 2018 to September 2020) enrolling 137 patients aged ≥65 years with CPE intestinal colonisation at hospital discharge. CPE colonisation was evaluated after 4, 8 and 12 months. Competing risk analysis was used to explore the association between baseline characteristics and persistence at 4 months. For all isolates, carbapenemase typing and multilocus sequence typing were performed. Persistent isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. Of 137 patients, 91% carried carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-KP) and 8.8% carried carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli. Although a large number of patients were lost to follow-up owing to death or withdrawal, 28/65 patients (43.1%) remained colonised at Month 4; 16/42 (38.1%) and 5/28 (17.9%) were found colonised up to Months 8 and 12, respectively. Colonisation persistence was more frequent in patients with bacteraemia or complicated urinary tract infection while in hospital and in those staying in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Clonal characteristics of CP-KP isolates did not appear to influence persistence. Isolates obtained from each persistent carrier were identical or highly related by SNP phylogenetic analysis. Identification of patients at higher risk of persistent intestinal carriage after hospital discharge can prompt control measures to limit the transmission of CPE in the community, especially in LTCF settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tinelli
- Italian Society of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (SIMIT), Prato, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luigia Scudeller
- Research and Innovation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dorjan Zabzuni
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Errico
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Fogato
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, ASP 'Golgi-Redaelli', Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto D'Angelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, ASP 'Golgi-Redaelli', Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Pasi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Monaco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Cerquetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pantosti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giufrè
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Dodds KC, Schaefer N, Bishop MJ, Nakagawa S, Brooks PR, Knights AM, Strain EMA. Material type influences the abundance but not richness of colonising organisms on marine structures. J Environ Manage 2022; 307:114549. [PMID: 35092888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urbanisation of coastal areas and growth in the blue economy drive the proliferation of artificial structures in marine environments. These structures support distinct ecological communities compared to natural hard substrates, potentially reflecting differences in the materials from which they are constructed. We undertook a meta-analysis of 46 studies to compare the effects of different material types (natural or eco-friendly vs. artificial) on the colonising biota on built structures. Neither the abundance nor richness of colonists displayed consistent patterns of difference between artificial and natural substrates or between eco-friendly and standard concrete. Instead, there were differences in the abundance of organisms (but not richness) between artificial and natural materials, that varied according to material type and by functional group. When compared to biogenic materials and rock, polymer and metal supported significantly lower abundances of total benthic species (in studies assessing sessile and mobile species together), sessile invertebrates and corals (in studies assessing these groups individually). In contrast, non-indigenous species were significantly more abundant on wood than metal. Concrete supported greater abundances of the general community, including habitat-forming species, compared to wood. Our results suggest that the ecological requirements of the biological community, alongside economic, logistic and engineering factors should be considered in material selection for multifunctional marine structures that deliver both engineering and ecological (enhanced abundance and diversity) benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate C Dodds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Nina Schaefer
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Paul R Brooks
- Earth Institute & School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antony M Knights
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth M A Strain
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7053, Australia
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Stanton IC, Bethel A, Leonard AFC, Gaze WH, Garside R. Existing evidence on antibiotic resistance exposure and transmission to humans from the environment: a systematic map. Environ Evid 2022; 11:8. [PMID: 35308196 PMCID: PMC8917330 DOI: 10.1186/s13750-022-00262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is predicted to become the leading cause of death by 2050 with antibiotic resistance being an important component. Anthropogenic pollution introduces antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to the natural environment. Currently, there is limited empirical evidence demonstrating whether humans are exposed to environmental AMR and whether this exposure can result in measurable human health outcomes. In recent years there has been increasing interest in the role of the environment and disparate evidence on transmission of AMR to humans has been generated but there has been no systematic attempt to summarise this. We aim to create two systematic maps that will collate the evidence for (1) the transmission of antibiotic resistance from the natural environment to humans on a global scale and (2) the state of antibiotic resistance in the environment in the United Kingdom. METHODS Search strategies were developed for each map. Searches were undertaken in 13 bibliographic databases. Key websites were searched and experts consulted for grey literature. Search results were managed using EndNote X8. Titles and abstracts were screened, followed by the full texts. Articles were double screened at a minimum of 10% at both stages with consistency checking and discussion when disagreements arose. Data extraction occurred in Excel with bespoke forms designed. Data extracted from each selected study included: bibliographic information; study site location; exposure source; exposure route; human health outcome (Map 1); prevalence/percentage/abundance of ARB/antibiotic resistance elements (Map 2) and study design. EviAtlas was used to visualise outputs. RESULTS For Map 1, 40 articles were included, from 11,016 unique articles identified in searches, which investigated transmission of AMR from the environment to humans. Results from Map 1 showed that consumption/ingestion was the most studied transmission route. Exposure (n = 17), infection (n = 16) and colonisation (n = 11) being studied as an outcome a similar number of times, with mortality studied infrequently (n = 2). In addition, E. coli was the most highly studied bacterium (n = 16). For Map 2, we included 62 studies quantifying ARB or resistance elements in the environment in the UK, from 6874 unique articles were identified in the searches. The most highly researched species was mixed communities (n = 32). The most common methodology employed in this research question was phenotypic testing (n = 37). The most commonly reported outcome was the characterisation of ARBs (n = 40), followed by characterisation of ARGs (n = 35). Other genetic elements, such as screening for intI1 (n = 15) (which encodes a Class 1 integron which is used as a proxy for environmental ARGs) and point mutations (n = 1) were less frequently reported. Both maps showed that research was focused towards aquatic environments. CONCLUSIONS Both maps can be used by policy makers to show the global (Map 1) and UK (Map 2) research landscapes and provide an overview of the state of AMR in the environment and human health impacts of interacting with the environment. We have also identified (1) clusters of research which may be used to perform meta-analyses and (2) gaps in the evidence base where future primary research should focus. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13750-022-00262-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Catherine Stanton
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
| | - Alison Bethel
- College of Medicine and Health, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 1TX UK
| | - Anne Frances Clare Leonard
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
| | - William Hugo Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
| | - Ruth Garside
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, Knowledge Spa, University of Exeter, Truro, TR1 3HD UK
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Petric S, Hart B, Mohamed J. "Bridging two worlds?": Towards cultural safety within Schools of Nursing in Australian Universities. Nurse Educ Today 2022; 110:105176. [PMID: 35121236 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultural safety has a stronghold within nursing practice and nursing education in Australia and is seen as a philosophy and practice that challenges and refutes previous concepts and frameworks of cultural awareness and cultural competence (Petric, 2019). Cultural safety practices are required for all members of the nursing profession, with a gaze now focused upon Australian Schools of Nursing to demonstrate their commitment and readiness towards cultural safety. AIM This research study measures the commitment and readiness towards cultural safety within Schools of Nursing in Australian universities. METHODS This research study utilises a quantitative descriptive survey design, inviting the Deans of Schools of Nursing in Australia to respond to a modified Occupational Commitment and Health Professional Program Readiness Assessment Compass (DOH, 2014), that measures the current levels of commitment and readiness towards cultural safety. FINDINGS This research study provides evidence of cultural safety strategies within Australian Schools of Nursing with leadership and commitment being the highest scoring factor (M = 34.81; SD 6.34). However, structures towards and support for the implementation of cultural safety strategies and practices were demonstrated as weaknesses (M = 21.18; SD 4.71). DISCUSSION There is a valuable opportunity for leadership and knowledge sharing between Schools of Nursing in Australia. The research outcomes highlight the importance for Schools of Nursing to review, reflect upon, and fully implement the Nursing and Midwifery Curriculum Framework (CATSINaM, 2017) and to audit and report levels of cultural safety. CONCLUSIONS There are cultural safety champions and their leadership is important to the continuing development of curricula, organisations and the profession. These individuals' actions must also be reflected within and supported by organisational cultures, as they fundamentally encourage or obstruct the development of cultural safety in nursing students and academics; material, cultural and human resources are fundamental to the transformations towards cultural safety and to the decolonising practices of the nursing profession (Petric, 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Petric
- School of Nursing, University of Notre Dame Australia, Level 7, 160 Oxford St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Bethne Hart
- School of Nursing, University of Notre Dame Australia, Level 7, 160 Oxford St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Janine Mohamed
- The Lowitja Institute, Suite 1, Level 2, 100 Drummond St, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
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Taleb M, Tail G, Djedouani B, Nihal Açıkgöz H. Impact of plastic wrapping on carcass decomposition and arthropod colonisation in northern Africa during spring. Sci Justice 2022; 62:117-127. [PMID: 35033324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of plastic wrapping on decomposition rate and carrion fauna of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) was examined in spring in a semi-urban area in North Algeria. All decomposition stages were observed in all carcasses, with the same durations in the control but different durations in the wrapped carcasses. Decomposition of the carcasses in the plastic wrapping was significantly slower than that of the exposed ones. A total of 12,516 specimens, belonging to 36 families and 69 species, were morphologically identified. Thirteen species of forensic relevance were also identified at the molecular level using the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcode region, and the sequences were submitted to online databases. Wrapping had a significant effect on species composition (χ2 = 569.269, df = 55, p < 0.001). Higher species richness, abundance, and diversity were found in the control group. No significant difference in species abundance was observed between the treatments. The plastic wrap did not influence the accessibility of carcasses to insects, nor did it delay the arrival of necrophagous flies. This study provides basic information on the decomposition and arthropod colonisation of wrapped remains and contributes to the literature on North African carrion fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Taleb
- Department of Biology, University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria.
| | - Ghania Tail
- Department of Biology, University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Brahim Djedouani
- Department of Legal Medicine, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Algiers, Algeria
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Daniels JP, Dixon E, Gill A, Bishop J, Wilks M, Millar M, Gray J, Roberts TE, Plumb J, Deeks JJ, Hemming K, Khan KS, Thangaratinam S. Rapid intrapartum test for maternal group B streptococcal colonisation and its effect on antibiotic use in labouring women with risk factors for early-onset neonatal infection (GBS2): cluster randomised trial with nested test accuracy study. BMC Med 2022; 20:9. [PMID: 35027057 PMCID: PMC8759240 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother-to-baby transmission of group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the main cause of early-onset infection. We evaluated whether, in women with clinical risk factors for early neonatal infection, the use of point-of-care rapid intrapartum test to detect maternal GBS colonisation reduces maternal antibiotic exposure compared with usual care, where antibiotics are administered due to those risk factors. We assessed the accuracy of the rapid test in diagnosing maternal GBS colonisation, against the reference standard of selective enrichment culture. METHODS We undertook a parallel-group cluster randomised trial, with nested test accuracy study and microbiological sub-study. UK maternity units were randomised to a strategy of rapid test (GeneXpert GBS system, Cepheid) or usual care. Within units assigned to rapid testing, vaginal-rectal swabs were taken from women with risk factors for vertical GBS transmission in established term labour. The trial primary outcome was the proportion of women receiving intrapartum antibiotics to prevent neonatal early-onset GBS infection. The accuracy of the rapid test was compared against the standard of selective enrichment culture in diagnosing maternal GBS colonisation. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined in paired maternal and infant samples. RESULTS Twenty-two maternity units were randomised and 20 were recruited. A total of 722 mothers (749 babies) participated in rapid test units; 906 mothers (951 babies) were in usual care units. There was no evidence of a difference in the rates of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (relative risk 1.16, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.64) between the rapid test (41%, 297/716) and usual care (36%, 328/906) units. No serious adverse events were reported. The sensitivity and specificity measures of the rapid test were 86% (95% CI 81 to 91%) and 89% (95% CI 85 to 92%), respectively. Babies born to mothers who carried antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli were more likely to be colonised with antibiotic-resistant strains than those born to mothers with antibiotic-susceptible E. coli. CONCLUSION The use of intrapartum rapid test to diagnose maternal GBS colonisation did not reduce the rates of antibiotics administered for preventing neonatal early-onset GBS infection than usual care, although with considerable uncertainty. The accuracy of the rapid test is within acceptable limits. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN74746075 . Prospectively registered on 16 April 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane P Daniels
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Emily Dixon
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alicia Gill
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jon Bishop
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Wilks
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Jim Gray
- Birmingham Women's & Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tracy E Roberts
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane Plumb
- Group B Strep Support, JYW House, Bridge Road, Haywards Heath, UK
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karla Hemming
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Khalid S Khan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Shakila Thangaratinam
- Birmingham Women's & Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Metabolism and System Research, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Fischer M, Maxwell K, Pedersen H, Greeno D, Jingwas N, Graham Blair J, Hugu S, Mustonen T, Murtomäki E, Mustonen K. Empowering her guardians to nurture our Ocean's future. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2022; 32:271-296. [PMID: 34465946 PMCID: PMC8396138 DOI: 10.1007/s11160-021-09679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Coastal Indigenous and Traditional communities are starting to see changes to their lives from climate change, whether this is from species range changes or displacement from land changes. For many of these communities, the ability to adequately adapt to these changes is limited by the governance structures they are required to live within, which differ from their customary practices and culture. In November 2019, a group of Indigenous and Traditional Peoples, attended the Future Seas 2030 workshop and discussed the consequences of climate change, the biggest barriers for their communities, and barriers for using traditional knowledge in order to contribute towards a more sustainable future that in the end will benefit all of earth's people. The aim of this workshop was to highlight and give a voice to the various backgrounds and real-life situations impacting on some of the world's Indigenous and Traditional communities whose connection with the oceans and coasts have been disrupted. This paper presents these issues of oppression, colonisation, language and agency, making it difficult for these groups to contribute to the current management of oceans and coasts, and asks scientists and practitioners in this space to be allies and enable the needed shift to earth's guardians taking a leading role in nurturing her for our future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mibu Fischer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Kimberley Maxwell
- Te Kōtahi Research Institute, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | | | - Dean Greeno
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, Hobart, TAS Australia
- College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS Australia
| | | | - Jamie Graham Blair
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Sutej Hugu
- Indigenous Taiwan Self-Determination Alliance (ITW-SDA), Namasia, Taiwan
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Fischer M, Maxwell K, Pedersen H, Greeno D, Jingwas N, Graham Blair J, Hugu S, Mustonen T, Murtomäki E, Mustonen K. Empowering her guardians to nurture our Ocean's future. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2022; 32:271-296. [PMID: 34465946 DOI: 10.22541/au.160391058.89181791/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coastal Indigenous and Traditional communities are starting to see changes to their lives from climate change, whether this is from species range changes or displacement from land changes. For many of these communities, the ability to adequately adapt to these changes is limited by the governance structures they are required to live within, which differ from their customary practices and culture. In November 2019, a group of Indigenous and Traditional Peoples, attended the Future Seas 2030 workshop and discussed the consequences of climate change, the biggest barriers for their communities, and barriers for using traditional knowledge in order to contribute towards a more sustainable future that in the end will benefit all of earth's people. The aim of this workshop was to highlight and give a voice to the various backgrounds and real-life situations impacting on some of the world's Indigenous and Traditional communities whose connection with the oceans and coasts have been disrupted. This paper presents these issues of oppression, colonisation, language and agency, making it difficult for these groups to contribute to the current management of oceans and coasts, and asks scientists and practitioners in this space to be allies and enable the needed shift to earth's guardians taking a leading role in nurturing her for our future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mibu Fischer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Kimberley Maxwell
- Te Kōtahi Research Institute, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | | | - Dean Greeno
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, Hobart, TAS Australia
- College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS Australia
| | | | - Jamie Graham Blair
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Sutej Hugu
- Indigenous Taiwan Self-Determination Alliance (ITW-SDA), Namasia, Taiwan
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Vohra P, Chintoan-Uta C, Bremner A, Mauri M, Terra VS, Cuccui J, Wren BW, Vervelde L, Stevens MP. Evaluation of a Campylobacter jejuni N-glycan-ExoA glycoconjugate vaccine to reduce C. jejuni colonisation in chickens. Vaccine 2021; 39:7413-7420. [PMID: 34799141 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide and handling or consumption of contaminated poultry meat is the key source of infection. Glycoconjugate vaccines containing the C. jejuni N-glycan have been reported to be partially protective in chickens. However, our previous studies with subunit vaccines comprising the C. jejuni FlpA or SodB proteins with up to two or three C. jejuni N-glycans, respectively, failed to elicit significant protection. In this study, protein glycan coupling technology was used to add up to ten C. jejuni N-glycans onto a detoxified form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ExoA). The glycoprotein, G-ExoA, was evaluated for efficacy against intestinal colonisation of White Leghorn chickens by C. jejuni strains M1 and 11168H relative to unglycosylated ExoA. Chickens were challenged with the minimum dose required for reliable colonisation, which was 102 colony-forming units (CFU) for strain M1 and and 104 CFU for strain 11168H. Vaccine-specific serum IgY was detected in chickens vaccinated with both ExoA and G-ExoA. However, no reduction in caecal colonisation by C. jejuni was observed. While the glycan dose achieved with G-ExoA was higher than FlpA- or SodB-based glycoconjugates that were previously evaluated, it was lower than that of glycoconjugates where protection against C. jejuni has been reported, indicating that protection may be highly sensitive to the amount of glycan presented and/or study-specific variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Vohra
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Charlotte Auerbach Road, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
| | - Cosmin Chintoan-Uta
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Abi Bremner
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Mauri
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa S Terra
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Cuccui
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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R D, Khanum S, R SS, A T, Prasad N, V RB. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage among health care personnel in nonoutbreak settings in tertiary care hospital in Mysore. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:1499-1502. [PMID: 34182067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug resistant organism recognized as major cause of infections ranging from relatively minor skin and soft tissue infections to life-threatening systemic infections. Contact transmission from health care personnel (HCP) to the patients provides the main mode of transmission of MRSA. Screening of HCPs colonized with MRSA may aid in preventing spread of this organism. METHODS Two samples were collected from 200 HCP which included sample from anterior nares and web spaces of both hands. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA strains were done as per standard operating protocol. Results were compiled, tabulated, and all data were subjected to SPSS, version 17.0 software for analysis. RESULTS About 25.5% (51 HCPs) were carriers of S aureus and among them 6.5% (13 HCPs) were carriers of MRSA. Among the MRSA carriers, 28.4% were physicians, followed by nursing interns (21.1%), MBBS interns (9%), nurses (5.4%), and others, that is, physiotherapist, housekeeping staff, and helping staff (37.5%). CONCLUSIONS In spite of having infection control policies in place, MRSA carriage rate was 6.5%. This signifies the importance of periodic systematic screening of all HCPs and decolonization, which may help in eliminating the burden of MRSA carrier status and spread of infection in the health care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepashree R
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Saniya Khanum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS AHER, Bannimanta, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sujatha S R
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejashree A
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagalambika Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS AHER, Bannimanta, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramya B V
- Department of Nursing, JSS Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Berglund B, Hoang NTB, Lundberg L, Le NK, Tärnberg M, Nilsson M, Bornefall E, Khu DTK, Welander J, Le HT, Olson L, Dien TM, Nilsson LE, Larsson M, Hanberger H. Clonal spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae among patients at admission and discharge at a Vietnamese neonatal intensive care unit. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:162. [PMID: 34801068 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-01033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a growing problem globally, particularly in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). Previous studies have shown high rates of CRE colonisation among patients at hospitals in LMICs, with increased risk of hospital-acquired infections. Methods We isolated carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) from faecal samples collected in 2017 from patients at admission and discharge at a Vietnamese neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). 126 CRKP were whole-genome sequenced. The phylogenetic relationship between the isolates and between clinical CRKP isolates collected in 2012–2018 at the same hospital were investigated. Results NDM-type carbapenemase-(61%) and KPC-2-encoding genes (41%) were the most common carbapenem resistance genes observed among the admission and discharge isolates. Most isolates (56%) belonged to three distinct clonal clusters of ST15, carrying blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1 and blaNDM-4, respectively. Each cluster also comprised clinical isolates from blood collected at the study hospital. The most dominant ST15 clone was shown to be related to isolates collected from the same hospital as far back as in 2012. Conclusions Highly resistant CRKP were found colonising admission and discharge patients at a Vietnamese NICU, emphasising the importance of continued monitoring. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a population of CRKP consisting mostly of ST15 isolates in three clonally related clusters, each related to blood isolates collected from the same hospital. Furthermore, clinical isolates collected from previous years (dating back to 2012) were shown to likely be clonally descended from ST15 isolates in the largest cluster, suggesting a successful hospital strain which can colonise inpatients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-021-01033-3.
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Lagler H, Bangert C, Quint T, Österreicher Z, Nussbaumer-Pröll A, Eberl S, Weber M, Karer M, Sommer MOA, Zeitlinger M. Comparison of non-invasive Staphylococcus aureus sampling methods on lesional skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021. [PMID: 34734346 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that Staphylococcus aureus colonisation is linked to severity of atopic dermatitis. As no gold standard for S. aureus sampling on atopic dermatitis skin lesions exists, this study compared three commonly used methods. In addition, effectiveness of standard skin disinfection to remove S. aureus colonisation from these inflamed skin lesions was investigated. In 30 atopic dermatitis patients, three different S. aureus sampling methods, i.e. detergent scrubbing, moist swabbing and tape stripping, were performed on naïve and disinfected skin lesions. Two different S. aureus selective media, mannitol salt agar and chromID agar, were used for bacterial growing. Quantifying the S. aureus load varied significantly between the different sampling methods on naïve skin lesions ranging from mean 51 to 1.5 × 104 CFU/cm2 (p < 0.001). The qualitative detection on naïve skin was highest with the two detergent-based techniques (86% each), while for tape stripping, this value was 67% (all on chromID agar). In comparison, mannitol salt agar was less sensitive (p < 0.001). The disinfection of the skin lesions led to a significant reduction of the S. aureus load (p < 0.05) but no complete eradication in the case of previously positive swab. The obtained data highlight the importance of the selected sampling method and consecutive S. aureus selection agar plates to implement further clinical studies for the effectiveness of topical anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. Other disinfection regimes should be considered in atopic dermatitis patients when complete de-colonisation of certain skin areas is required, e.g. for surgical procedures.
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Phee L, Paget S, Jacques J, Bharathan B, El-Mugamar H, Sivaramakrishnan A. Carbapenemase-producing organism (CPO) colonisation at a district general hospital: universal screening may help reduce transmission. Infect Prev Pract 2021; 3:100164. [PMID: 34647013 PMCID: PMC8498735 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2021.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Assess the potential of hospital-wide routine screening by determining the prevalence and incidence of carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) isolated from rectal screens at Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals. Methods 3,553 samples were collected between 01/12/2018 and 31/08/2019: from adult critical care wards (universal screening - admission, discharge and weekly), from medical wards with risk-factor based screening according to the prevailing Public Health England (PHE) carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) screening guidelines, or on an ad hoc basis. Prevalence was defined as previously documented positive CPO colonisation, or new positive status, as a proportion of all eligible samples. Incidence was defined as all newly positive patients per 1,000 patient-days. Results Overall CPO prevalence was 2.1% (95% CI: 1.61–2.58%). Inpatient prevalence was significantly higher at 2.6% vs outpatient at 0.5% (p < 0.001). Incidence was 0.44 per 1,000 patient-days (95% CI: 0.33–0.57), with a rate ratio between Barnet and Chase Farm of 4.9 (p = 0.013). Incidence was highest where universal screening strategy was applied (3.9 per 1000 patient-days, 95% CI: 2.4–5.91). This was 2.5 times higher than risk-factor based screening (p = 0.005) and 23.5 times that of wards without routine surveillance implemented (p < 0.001). Conclusion Surveillance remains a cornerstone in controlling CPO transmission. Our local incidence, lacking hospital-wide screening, significantly exceeded the reported UK average. Universal screening could help to uncover the true prevalence and incidence of CPO, thereby providing the necessary information to properly control transmission, reducing nosocomial outbreaks and ultimately reducing the overall cost to healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Phee
- Department of Microbiology, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Department of Pathology, Singapore Health Services, SKH, Singapore
| | - Stephanie Paget
- Department of Microbiology, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Judy Jacques
- Infection Prevention and Control Team, Barnet Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Binutha Bharathan
- Department of Microbiology, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Husam El-Mugamar
- Department of Microbiology, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Anand Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Abstract
Effectiveness is a key criterion in assessing the justification of antibiotic resistance interventions. Depending on an intervention’s effectiveness, burdens and costs will be more or less justified, which is especially important for large scale population-level interventions with high running costs and pronounced risks to individuals in terms of wellbeing, integrity and autonomy. In this paper, we assess the case of routine hospital screening for multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDRGN) from this perspective. Utilizing a comparison to screening programs for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) we argue that current screening programmes for MDRGN in low endemic settings should be reconsidered, as its effectiveness is in doubt, while general downsides to screening programs remain. To accomplish justifiable antibiotic stewardship, MDRGN screening should not be viewed as a separate measure, but rather as part of a comprehensive approach. The program should be redesigned to focus on those at risk of developing symptomatic infections with MDRGN rather than merely detecting those colonised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Nijsingh
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science (FLoV), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Institute for Ethics, History and Theory of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Lessingstr. 2, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Munthe
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science (FLoV), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindblom
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Åhrén
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Swedish Strategic Program Against Antimicrobial Resistance (Strama), Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wyres KL, Hawkey J, Mirčeta M, Judd LM, Wick RR, Gorrie CL, Pratt NF, Garlick JS, Watson KM, Pilcher DV, McGloughlin SA, Abbott IJ, Macesic N, Spelman DW, Jenney AWJ, Holt KE. Genomic surveillance of antimicrobial resistant bacterial colonisation and infection in intensive care patients. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:683. [PMID: 34261450 PMCID: PMC8278603 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negatives (3GCR-GN) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are common causes of multi-drug resistant healthcare-associated infections, for which gut colonisation is considered a prerequisite. However, there remains a key knowledge gap about colonisation and infection dynamics in high-risk settings such as the intensive care unit (ICU), thus hampering infection prevention efforts. METHODS We performed a three-month prospective genomic survey of infecting and gut-colonising 3GCR-GN and VRE among patients admitted to an Australian ICU. Bacteria were isolated from rectal swabs (n = 287 and n = 103 patients ≤2 and > 2 days from admission, respectively) and diagnostic clinical specimens between Dec 2013 and March 2014. Isolates were subjected to Illumina whole-genome sequencing (n = 127 3GCR-GN, n = 41 VRE). Multi-locus sequence types (STs) and antimicrobial resistance determinants were identified from de novo assemblies. Twenty-three isolates were selected for sequencing on the Oxford Nanopore MinION device to generate completed reference genomes (one for each ST isolated from ≥2 patients). Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were identified by read mapping and variant calling against these references. RESULTS Among 287 patients screened on admission, 17.4 and 8.4% were colonised by 3GCR-GN and VRE, respectively. Escherichia coli was the most common species (n = 36 episodes, 58.1%) and the most common cause of 3GCR-GN infection. Only two VRE infections were identified. The rate of infection among patients colonised with E. coli was low, but higher than those who were not colonised on admission (n = 2/33, 6% vs n = 4/254, 2%, respectively, p = 0.3). While few patients were colonised with 3GCR- Klebsiella pneumoniae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa on admission (n = 4), all such patients developed infections with the colonising strain. Genomic analyses revealed 10 putative nosocomial transmission clusters (≤20 SNVs for 3GCR-GN, ≤3 SNVs for VRE): four VRE, six 3GCR-GN, with epidemiologically linked clusters accounting for 21 and 6% of episodes, respectively (OR 4.3, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS 3GCR-E. coli and VRE were the most common gut colonisers. E. coli was the most common cause of 3GCR-GN infection, but other 3GCR-GN species showed greater risk for infection in colonised patients. Larger studies are warranted to elucidate the relative risks of different colonisers and guide the use of screening in ICU infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Wyres
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jane Hawkey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mirianne Mirčeta
- Microbiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M Judd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan R Wick
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire L Gorrie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel F Pratt
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jill S Garlick
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerrie M Watson
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David V Pilcher
- Intensive Care Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care - Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve A McGloughlin
- Intensive Care Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care - Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain J Abbott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nenad Macesic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denis W Spelman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam W J Jenney
- Microbiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Huws SA, Edwards JE, Lin W, Rubino F, Alston M, Swarbreck D, Caim S, Stevens PR, Pachebat J, Won MY, Oyama LB, Creevey CJ, Kingston-Smith AH. Microbiomes attached to fresh perennial ryegrass are temporally resilient and adapt to changing ecological niches. Microbiome 2021; 9:143. [PMID: 34154659 PMCID: PMC8215763 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiomes, such as the rumen, greatly influence host nutrition due to their feed energy-harvesting capacity. We investigated temporal ecological interactions facilitating energy harvesting at the fresh perennial ryegrass (PRG)-biofilm interface in the rumen using an in sacco approach and prokaryotic metatranscriptomic profiling. RESULTS Network analysis identified two distinct sub-microbiomes primarily representing primary (≤ 4 h) and secondary (≥ 4 h) colonisation phases and the most transcriptionally active bacterial families (i.e Fibrobacteriaceae, Selemondaceae and Methanobacteriaceae) did not interact with either sub-microbiome, indicating non-cooperative behaviour. Conversely, Prevotellaceae had most transcriptional activity within the primary sub-microbiome (focussed on protein metabolism) and Lachnospiraceae within the secondary sub-microbiome (focussed on carbohydrate degradation). Putative keystone taxa, with low transcriptional activity, were identified within both sub-microbiomes, highlighting the important synergistic role of minor bacterial families; however, we hypothesise that they may be 'cheating' in order to capitalise on the energy-harvesting capacity of other microbes. In terms of chemical cues underlying transition from primary to secondary colonisation phases, we suggest that AI-2-based quorum sensing plays a role, based on LuxS gene expression data, coupled with changes in PRG chemistry. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we show that fresh PRG-attached prokaryotes are resilient and adapt quickly to changing niches. This study provides the first major insight into the complex temporal ecological interactions occurring at the plant-biofilm interface within the rumen. The study also provides valuable insights into potential plant breeding strategies for development of the utopian plant, allowing optimal sustainable production of ruminants. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Huws
- Institute of Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK.
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK.
| | - Joan E Edwards
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708, Wageningen, WE, Netherlands
- Current work address: Palital Feed Additives, Velddriel, Netherlands
| | - Wanchang Lin
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Francesco Rubino
- Institute of Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | | | | | - Pauline Rees Stevens
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Justin Pachebat
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Mi-Young Won
- Institute of Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Linda B Oyama
- Institute of Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Christopher J Creevey
- Institute of Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Alison H Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3FG, UK
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Southwell C, Wotherspoon S, Emmerson L. Emerging evidence of resource limitation in an Antarctic seabird metapopulation after 6 decades of sustained population growth. Oecologia 2021; 196:693-705. [PMID: 34109449 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of resource limitation on spatio-temporal population dynamics is a fundamental theme in ecology and the concepts of carrying capacity, density dependence and population synchrony are central to this theme. The life history characteristics of seabirds, which include use of disjunct patches of breeding habitat, high coloniality during breeding, strong philopatry, and central-place foraging, make this group well suited to studying this paradigm. Here, we investigate whether density-dependent processes are starting to limit population growth in the Adélie penguin metapopulation breeding in the Windmill Islands, East Antarctica, after 6 decades of growth. Our finding that the regional growth rate has slowed in recent decades, and that growth is slowing differentially across local populations as availability of breeding habitat and possibly food resources decrease, supports the notion of density-dependent regulation. Our observation of the first new colonisation of a breeding patch in a half-century of population growth by this highly philopatric species is further evidence for this. Given these emerging patterns of spatio-temporal population dynamics, this metapopulation may be at a point where the rate of change in density-dependent processes and rare events such as colonisations accelerates into the future, potentially providing new insights into spatio-temporal metapopulation dynamics of a long-lived species over a short time-frame. Continued long-term study of populations experiencing these circumstances provides an opportunity to expedite advances in understanding metapopulation processes. Our study highlights the importance of spatial heterogeneity and the mosaic of abiotic and biotic features of landscapes and seascapes in shaping species' metapopulation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Southwell
- Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia.
| | - Simon Wotherspoon
- Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
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Assis R, Lasnoy M, Adler A. Clinical and epidemiological features of patients colonised by different types of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 26:108-113. [PMID: 34118482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients colonised or infected by different types of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) and to analyse the differences in their outcome. METHODS This was a retrospective comparative study of all patients colonised or infected by KPC-, NDM- or OXA-48-producing CPE who were hospitalised between 1 January 2018 and 30 June 2019. Microbiological, demographic and clinical data were collected from the patients' computerised files. RESULTS One type of CPE was isolated in 285 patients, including 138 with KPC-CPE, 94 with NDM-CPE and 53 with OXA-48-CPE. The most common CPE types were KPC-Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 47), OXA-48-Escherichia coli (n = 38), NDM-Enterobacter cloacae complex (n = 35) and KPC-Citrobacter freundii (n = 37). All three groups of patients were similar with respect to their risk factors, with the exception of previous exposure to antimicrobials that was more common in patients with KPC-CPE compared with OXA-48-CPE. Also, these patients were more likely to be co-infected by other multidrug-resistant bacteria. Clinical infections were more common in KPC-CPE than in OXA-48-CPE carriers (9.9% vs. 1.9%; P = 0.033). No other demographic or clinical variables were found to be correlated with clinical infections. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that colonisation by OXA-48-CPE might be less risky compared with KPC-CPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Assis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Lasnoy
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos Adler
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Marticorena J, Matabos M, Ramirez-Llodra E, Cathalot C, Laes-Huon A, Leroux R, Hourdez S, Donval JP, Sarrazin J. Recovery of hydrothermal vent communities in response to an induced disturbance at the Lucky Strike vent field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Mar Environ Res 2021; 168:105316. [PMID: 33992969 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
So far, the natural recovery of vent communities at large scales has only been evaluated at fast spreading centers, by monitoring faunal recolonisation after volcanic eruptions. However, at slow spreading ridges, opportunities to observe natural disturbances are rare, the overall hydrothermal system being more stable. In this study, we implemented a novel experimental approach by inducing a small-scale disturbance to assess the recovery potential of vent communities along the slow-spreading northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (nMAR). We followed the recovery patterns of thirteen Bathymodiolus azoricus mussel assemblages colonising an active vent edifice at the Lucky Strike vent field, in relation to environmental conditions and assessed the role of biotic interactions in recolonisation dynamics. Within 2 years after the disturbance, almost all taxonomic richness had recovered, with the exception of a few low occurrence species. However, we observed only a partial recovery of faunal densities and a major change in faunal composition characterised by an increase in abundance of gastropod species, which are hypothesised to be the pioneer colonists of these habitats. Although not significant, our results suggest a potential role of mobile predators in early-colonisation stages. A model of post-disturbance succession for nMAR vent communities from habitat opening to climax assemblages is proposed, also highlighting numerous knowledge gaps. This type of experimental approach, combined with dispersal and connectivity analyses, will contribute to fully assess the resilience of active vent communities after a major disturbance, especially along slow spreading centers targeted for seafloor massive sulphide extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Matabos
- Ifremer, REM/EEP/LEP, F 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - E Ramirez-Llodra
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; REV Ocean, Oksenøyveien 10, 1366 Lysaker, Norway
| | - C Cathalot
- Ifremer, REM/GM/LCG, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - A Laes-Huon
- Ifremer, REM/RDT/LDCM, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - R Leroux
- Research Centre for Watershed-Aquatic Ecosystem Interactions, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - S Hourdez
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR 8222 CNRS-SU, 1 avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - J-P Donval
- Ifremer, REM/GM/LCG, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - J Sarrazin
- Ifremer, REM/EEP/LEP, F 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Neiber MT, Chueca LJ, Caro A, Teixeira D, Schlegel KA, Gómez-Moliner BJ, Walther F, Glaubrecht M, Hausdorf B. Incorporating palaeogeography into ancestral area estimation can explain the disjunct distribution of land snails in Macaronesia and the Balearic Islands (Helicidae: Allognathini). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 162:107196. [PMID: 33965538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The systematics and biogeographical history of the Eastern Mediterranean and Macaronesian land snail tribe Allognathini (Helicidae: Helicinae) is investigated based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the genus-group systematics of the tribe needs to be revised. We show for the first time that the narrow-range endemics Lampadia and Idiomela from the Madeira Archipelago belong to Allognathini and represent together the sister group of the diverse Canary Island Hemicycla radiation. We therefore suggest synonymising Lampadiini with Allognathini. Sister to these Macaronesian genera was the Balearic Island Allognathus radiation. Pseudotachea was not recovered as a monophyletic group and the two currently recognised species clustered in Iberus. Similarly, Adiverticula was not recovered as a monophyletic group and clustered in Hemicycla. We therefore suggest synonymising Pseudotachea with Iberus and Adiverticula with Hemicycla. The six genera in Allognathini, which we distinguish here (Cepaea, Iberus, Allognathus, Hemicycla, Idiomela and Lampadia), originated in Western to South-western Europe according to our ancestral area estimation and the fossil record. The disjunct distribution of the Balearic Islands and Macaronesian sister clades and the mainly Iberian Iberus clade that separated earlier can be explained by the separation of the Betic-Rif System from the Iberian Peninsula during the late Oligocene to early Miocene, along with independent Miocene dispersals to the Balearic Islands and Macaronesia from the Iberian Peninsula, where the ancestral lineage became extinct.
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Tang SSL, Chee E, Teo JQ, Chlebicki MP, Kwa ALH. Incidence of a subsequent carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infection after previous colonisation or infection: a prospective cohort study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 57:106340. [PMID: 33857538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In patients with a history of carbapenemase-producing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CP-CRE), the need for CP-CRE targeted treatment in subsequent sepsis episodes is unclear. This study aimed to characterise the incidence of subsequent CP-CRE infective episodes in individuals with prior CP-CRE colonisation and/or infection, and identify predictors for these subsequent CP-CRE infections. METHODS All adult inpatients with CP-CRE detected from any site between June 2012 and May 2014 at a tertiary-care hospital were prospectively followed for two years to assess for any subsequent CP-CRE infections. Potential factors to which patients were exposed during the follow-up period were collected from medical records and analysed. RESULTS A total of 171 patients were enrolled. Of 151 patients who entered the follow-up period, 16 (10.6%) developed a subsequent CP-CRE infection. The median time to a subsequent infective episode was 24.5 days (12-105 days). The type of carbapenemase was highly conserved within index and subsequent paired episodes (16 of 17 pairs). Patients with first CP-CRE isolated from intra-abdominal or respiratory sources were ≥7 times more likely to develop a subsequent infection, while most rectal carriers remain colonised. For carriers (n = 133), Klebsiella spp. (OR 4.7) and OXA carbapenemase (OR 9.4) were significant predictors of subsequent infection. In patients with initial infection (n = 18), end-stage renal failure requiring dialysis (OR 22.0) was the only predisposing factor. CONCLUSION The incidence of subsequent infections in patients with prior colonisation was low. Consideration for CP-CRE targeted therapy is recommended in patients on dialysis and previous CP-CRE infections involving the bloodstream and/or respiratory tract.
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50
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Traulsen J, Zagami C, Daddi AA, Boccellato F. Molecular modelling of the gastric barrier response, from infection to carcinogenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2021; 50-51:101737. [PMID: 33975688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2021.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lining of the stomach is a tight monolayer of epithelial cells performing functions in digestion and a protective barrier against gastric acid, toxic metabolites and infectious agents, including Helicobacter pylori. The response of the epithelial barrier to infections underlies gastric pathologies, including gastric cancer. H. pylori has the unique capacity to colonise the gastric mucosa while evading the immune system. The colonised mucosa initiates an inflammatory response to fight the infection and a strong regenerative program to avoid barrier failure and ulceration. This response changes the morphology and cell composition of the gastric epithelium and in parallel it might contribute to the accumulation of somatic mutations leading to cellular transformation. Genetically modified mice, cell lines and human-derived organoids are the main biological models to study the gastric epithelial barrier. With these models it is possible to dissect the stepwise process of tissue adaptation to infection that places the epithelium at risk of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Traulsen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Claudia Zagami
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Alice Anna Daddi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesco Boccellato
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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