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Fidan C, Ağırbaş İ. The health-related quality of life of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03824-1. [PMID: 38632164 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We need to know about the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) to assess their health outcomes. Quantitative studies have discussed whether patients with Type 1 DM (T1DM) have better HRQoL than those with Type 2 DM (T2DM) or vice versa. However, no meta-analyses have addressed the HRQoL of patients with T1DM and T2DM together. Therefore, the primary objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the HRQoL of patients with T1DM and T2DM. The secondary objective of this meta-analysis was to use various scales to assess the HRQoL of patients with T1DM and T2DM. METHODS The inclusion criteria were (1) study participants were diagnosed with T1DM and T2DM and were aged 18 years or older, (2) outcome measure was HRQoL as assessed by appropriate instruments, (3) study written in the English language, (4) research articles using quantitative research methods, (5) study with full-text access, and (6) study reporting the necessary statistics to calculate the effect size. Cohen's d was used to calculate effect sizes, while the random effect model was used to calculate the joint effect size. RESULTS The sample consisted of seven articles, which recruited a total of 4.896 patients with DM. Patients with T1DM and T2DM had similar HRQoL. According to the EQ-5D-5L, patients with T1DM had a higher HRQoL than those with T2DM. According to the EQ-5D-VAS and SF-36, patients with T1DM and T2DM had similar HRQoL. The Egger's regression analysis indicated no publication bias. CONCLUSION Our results are sample-specific and cannot be generalized to all patients with DM. Therefore, more research is warranted on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuma Fidan
- Department of Healthcare Management, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Ağırbaş
- Department of Healthcare Management, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Boye KS, Stewart KD, Matza LS. Development of a Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) Measure to Assess Emotional Impact of Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2023:10.1007/s13300-023-01426-0. [PMID: 37351820 PMCID: PMC10363102 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-023-01426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients receiving treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) may experience an emotional impact associated with treatment-related changes. A patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure assessing both positive and negative emotional impact of medication treatment for T2D is needed to better understand the patient experience of treatment. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the emotional impact of treatment for T2D and support the development of a questionnaire to assess the emotional impact of treatment for T2D. METHODS Exit interviews were conducted with patients with T2D participating in the SURPASS-2 and SURPASS-3 trials for tirzepatide. The exit interviews included a concept elicitation section focusing on the emotional impact of their study treatment. Results were used to develop two questionnaires that were evaluated in cognitive interviews with patients with T2D. RESULTS The concept elicitation interviews included 28 patients (mean age 57.6 years; 64.3% female). Most patients reported positive changes in emotions associated with tirzepatide, including increased confidence (n = 23; 82.1%), hope (n = 23; 82.1%), self-esteem (n = 23; 82.1%), relief (n = 22; 78.6%), optimism (n = 21; 75.0%), sense of control (n = 21; 75.0%), happiness (n = 15; 53.6%), and motivation (n = 15; 53.6%), as well as reduced worry/anxiety (n = 19; 67.9%). Negative emotional impact was less commonly reported but included frustration (n = 2; 7.1%), worry/anxiety (n = 1; 3.6%), fear (n = 1; 3.6%), and feeling depressed (n = 1; 3.6%). Two new PROs, the Emotional Impact of Diabetes Treatment Questionnaires (EIDTQ, status and comparison versions), were developed based on these finding. The status version assesses the emotional impact of current treatment, while the comparison version allows for comparison of the current treatment to a previous treatment. The questionnaires were refined on the basis of cognitive interviews with 20 additional patients (mean age 58.3 years; 60.0% female), and results suggest that the final instruments were clear, comprehensible, and relevant to patients. CONCLUSION The EIDTQ-Status and Comparison measures can be used as a supplement to clinical outcomes, such as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and body weight, to provide a broader picture of the patient's emotional experience with medication treatment for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie D Stewart
- Evidera, 7101 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Louis S Matza
- Evidera, 7101 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Alzahrani O, Fletcher JP, Hitos K. Quality of life and mental health measurements among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2023; 21:27. [PMID: 36949507 PMCID: PMC10031182 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-023-02111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past few decades the benefits of assessing Quality of Life (QoL) and mental health in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) have steadily increased with limited studies relating to the most useful method to assess these patients. This study aims to identify, review, summarise, and evaluate the methodological quality for the most validated commonly used health-related QoL and mental health assessment measurements in diabetic patients. METHODS All original articles published on PubMed, MedLine, OVID, The Cochrane Register, Web of Science Conference Proceedings and Scopus databases were systematically reviewed between 2011 and 2022. A search strategy was developed for each database using all possible combinations of the following keywords: "type 2 diabetes mellitus", "quality of life", mental health", and "questionnaires". Studies conducted on patients with T2DM of ≥ 18 years with or without other clinical illnesses were included. Articles designed as a literature or systematic review conducted on either children or adolescents, healthy adults and/or with a small sample size were excluded. RESULTS A total of 489 articles were identified in all of the electronic medical databases. Of these articles, 40 were shown to meet our eligibility criteria to be included in this systematic review. Approximately, 60% of these studies were cross-sectional, 22.5% were clinical trials, and 17.5% of cohort studies. The top commonly used QoL measurements are the SF-12 identified in 19 studies, the SF-36, included in 16 studies, and the EuroQoL EQ-5D, found in 8 studies. Fifteen (37.5%) studies used only one questionnaire, while the remaining reviewed (62.5%) used more than one questionnaire. Finally, the majority (90%) of studies reported using self-administered questionnaires and only 4 used interviewer mode of administration. CONCLUSION Our evidence highlights that the commonly used questionnaire to evaluate the QoL and mental health is the SF-12 followed by SF-36. Both of these questionnaires are validated, reliable and supported in different languages. Moreover, using single or combined questionnaires as well as the mode of administration depends on the clinical research question and aim of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owiss Alzahrani
- Westmead Research Centre for Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - John P Fletcher
- Westmead Research Centre for Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kerry Hitos
- Westmead Research Centre for Evaluation of Surgical Outcomes, Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
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Uzoigwe C, Radin M, Hamersky CM, DeKoven M, Holt C, Karkare S, Polonsky WH. Quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes after switching to insulin degludec: results from a cross-sectional survey. Qual Life Res 2021; 30:1629-1640. [PMID: 33550540 PMCID: PMC8178133 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-020-02753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Five quality of life (QoL) domains are particularly important to patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using basal insulin-sense of physical well-being, sense of safety regarding hypoglycemia, sense of diabetes as burdensome, feelings of freedom and flexibility, and sleep quality. METHODS An online survey assessed these QoL domains in adult patients with T2D in the USA who had switched from a previous basal insulin to insulin degludec (IDeg): modified versions of the World Health Organization (Five) Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Hypoglycemia Attitudes and Behavior Scale (HABS; confidence and anxiety subscales only), and Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS; emotional burden and regimen-related distress subscales only); three items assessing feelings of freedom and flexibility; and one item assessing sleep quality (hours of restful sleep). Patients rated each item for their previous basal insulin and currently while using IDeg. Correlations between sleep quality and the other QoL scales were also assessed. RESULTS In total, 152 patients completed the survey and were included in the study sample. Patients reported significantly improved scores while using IDeg on all WHO-5, DDS, HABS, feelings of freedom and flexibility item scores, and total raw/mean subscale scores (P < 0.0001). Patients also reported a significantly greater number of hours of restful sleep [mean (SD) 6.6 (2.0) vs. 5.5 (1.8); P < 0.0001]. Better sleep quality statistically significantly correlated with improved QoL in all other domains assessed. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with IDeg after switching from a previous basal insulin was associated with statistically significant improvements in all QoL domains assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Uzoigwe
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA.
| | - Michael Radin
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Carol M Hamersky
- Novo Nordisk Inc., 800 Scudders Mill Road, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | | | | | | | - William H Polonsky
- Behavioral Diabetes Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.,University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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MacDonald CS, Nielsen SM, Bjørner J, Johansen MY, Christensen R, Vaag A, Lieberman DE, Pedersen BK, Langberg H, Ried-Larsen M, Midtgaard J. One-year intensive lifestyle intervention and improvements in health-related quality of life and mental health in persons with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of the U-TURN randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e001840. [PMID: 33441418 PMCID: PMC7812095 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of lifestyle interventions in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and subjective well-being are ambiguous, and no studies have explored the effect of exercise interventions that meet or exceed current recommended exercise levels. We investigated whether a 1-year intensive lifestyle intervention is superior in improving HRQoL compared with standard care in T2D persons. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed secondary analyses of a previously conducted randomized controlled trial (April 2015 to August 2016). Persons with non-insulin-dependent T2D (duration ≤10 years) were randomized to 1-year supervised exercise and individualized dietary counseling (ie, 'U-TURN'), or standard care. The primary HRQoL outcome was change in the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) physical component score (PCS) from baseline to 12 months of follow-up, and a key secondary outcome was changes in the SF-36 mental component score (MCS). RESULTS We included 98 participants (U-TURN group=64, standard care group=34) with a mean age of 54.6 years (SD 8.9). Between-group analyses at 12-month follow-up showed SF-36 PCS change of 0.8 (95% CI -0.7 to 2.3) in the U-TURN group and deterioration of 2.4 (95% CI -4.6 to -0.1) in the standard care group (difference of 3.2, 95% CI 0.5 to 5.9, p=0.02) while no changes were detected in SF-36 MCS. At 12 months, 19 participants (30%) in the U-TURN group and 6 participants (18%) in the standard care group achieved clinically significant improvement in SF-36 PCS score (adjusted risk ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 4.5 corresponding to number needed to treat of 4, 95% CI 1.6 to infinite). CONCLUSION In persons with T2D diagnosed for less than 10 years, intensive lifestyle intervention improved the physical component of HRQoL, but not the mental component of HRQoL after 1 year, compared with standard care. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02417012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Scott MacDonald
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina M Nielsen
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Bjørner
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Optum Patient Insights, Lincoln, Rhode Island, USA
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Y Johansen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robin Christensen
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Allan Vaag
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Langberg
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Midtgaard
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The University Hospitals Centre for Health Research (UCSF), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lecumberri E, Ortega M, Iturregui M, Quesada JA, Vázquez C, Orozco D. Quality-of-life and treatment satisfaction in actual clinical practice of patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and hypoglycemia treated with insulin degludec. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:1053-1059. [PMID: 29300101 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1419172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The frequency of hypoglycemia in patients with T1DM is high and results in a poorer quality-of-life and low treatment satisfaction. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of changing the basal insulin (glargine or detemir) to insulin degludec. METHODS An observational analytical study was conducted on a cohort of 110 patients with T1DM. The patients were administered three questionnaires to assess treatment satisfaction (DTSQ-s), fear of hypoglycemia (HFS-II) and quality-of-life (EQ-5D), before the change and at 6 months. A statistical analysis was performed for repeated measures. RESULTS The 110 patients with T1DM had a mean diabetes duration of 19.1 (11.6) years, 53.6% were men, the mean age was 43.4 (15.4) years, and the mean BMI was 25.2 (4.2) kg/m2. After 6 months, there was a significant reduction in baseline fasting plasma glucose (from 159.1 [68.6] to 132.9 [56.6] mg/dL; p < .001) and HbA1c levels (from 7.82% [1.2] to 7.6% [1.2]; p = .002). A reduction in the number of severe hypoglycemic episodes (0.17 [0.5] vs 0.05 [0.2]; p = .03) was observed. At 6 months, an improvement in the DTSQ-s (from 24.3 [5.5] to 27.3 [5.4]; p < .001) was observed. There was a decrease in the mean number of perceived hypoglycemia (from 2.9 [1.4] to 2.3 [1.4]; p = .003) and hyperglycemia (from 3.5 [1.3] to 2.7 [1.4]; p < .001). There was also a decrease in the mean HFS-II score (from 24.1 [14.0] to 20.0 [13.0]; p < .001). There were no significant differences in the EQ-5D index (from 0.91 [0.14] to 0.89 [0.16]; p = .13). However, there was significant improvement in the EQ-5D as measured by VAS (from 70.5 [16.5] to 73.6 [14.4]; p = .04). CONCLUSIONS The change to insulin degludec in patients with T1DM improved their metabolic control, increased their satisfaction with the insulin therapy, and offered them improved quality-of-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Lecumberri
- a Medicine Department , Autónoma University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
- b Endocrinology Department , University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain
| | - Maite Ortega
- a Medicine Department , Autónoma University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
- b Endocrinology Department , University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marta Iturregui
- b Endocrinology Department , University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Clotilde Vázquez
- a Medicine Department , Autónoma University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
- b Endocrinology Department , University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain
| | - Domingo Orozco
- c Medicine Department , Miguel Hernández University of Elche , Alicante , Spain
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Lalić N, Russel-Szymczyk M, Culic M, Tikkanen CK, Chubb B. Cost-Effectiveness of Insulin Degludec Versus Insulin Glargine U100 in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Serbia. Diabetes Ther 2018; 9:1201-1216. [PMID: 29700772 PMCID: PMC5984929 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-018-0426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of insulin degludec versus insulin glargine U100 in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Serbia. METHODS A cost-utility analysis, implementing a simple short-term model, was used to compare treatment costs and outcomes with degludec versus glargine U100 in patients with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Cost-effectiveness was analysed in a 1-year setting, based on data from clinical trials. Costs were estimated from the healthcare payer perspective, the Serbian Health Insurance Fund (RFZO). The outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) or cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. RESULTS Degludec is highly cost-effective compared with glargine U100 for people with T1DM and T2DM in Serbia. The ICERs are estimated at 417,586 RSD/QALY gained in T1DM, 558,811 RSD/QALY gained in T2DM on basal oral therapy (T2DMBOT) and 1,200,141 RSD/QALY gained in T2DM on basal-bolus therapy (T2DMB/B). All ICERs fall below the commonly accepted thresholds for cost-effectiveness in Serbia (1,785,642 RSD/QALY gained). In all three patient groups, insulin costs are higher with degludec than with glargine U100, but these costs are partially offset by savings from a lower daily insulin dose in T1DM and T2DMBOT, a reduction in hypoglycaemic events in all three patient groups and reduced costs of SMBG testing in the T2DM groups with degludec versus glargine U100. CONCLUSION Degludec is a cost-effective alternative to glargine U100 for patients with T1DM and T2DM in Serbia. Degludec may particularly benefit those suffering from hypoglycaemia or where the patient would benefit from the option of flexible dosing. FUNDING Novo Nordisk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Lalić
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Weatherall J, Polonsky WH, Lanar S, Knoble N, Håkan-Bloch J, Constam E, Philis-Tsimikas A, Marrel A. When insulin degludec enhances quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: a qualitative investigation. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2018; 16:87. [PMID: 29720273 PMCID: PMC5932896 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-018-0883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anecdotal reports suggest that insulin degludec (IDeg) may offer unique health-related quality of life (HRQoL) benefits. As the nature of these benefits remain unclear, this study utilized qualitative research methods to investigate and elucidate the experience of “feeling better” after initiating IDeg. Methods Twenty adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who reported “feeling better” on IDeg for > 3 months participated in 90-min interviews. One focus group and nine telephone interviews were conducted at two sites in the United States (US) and one focus group was conducted in Switzerland. Patients were ≥ 18 years of age, did not take mealtime insulin, and had switched to IDeg from another basal insulin. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed and translated (Swiss German). Utilizing grounded theory, transcripts were analyzed by sorting quotes into concepts using thematic analysis. Results Participants' mean age was 66 years and the average duration of T2D was 17.6 years. Mean duration of IDeg use was 1.45 years. Four major factors were identified as key contributors to patients’ sense of “feeling better”: 1) reduced sense of diabetes as burdensome and requiring excessive attention; 2) enhanced feelings of adaptability and freedom; 3) heightened sense of security, especially regarding concerns about hypoglycemia; and 4) greater sense of physical well-being (greater energy/less fatigue). Content saturation was achieved. Generally, patients from the US sites were more focused on medical results than Swiss patients, who were more likely to identify IDeg’s effect on overall HRQoL. A limitation of the study was that the population was primarily white, > 60 and otherwise healthy (no comorbid physical or mental condition). Conclusions A group of patients with T2D, who had switched to IDeg from another basal insulin, reported HRQoL benefits which were attributed to both diabetes-specific improvements (feeling less burdened by day-to-day diabetes demands) and non-specific gains (greater energy). The conclusions may have limited transferability due to the characteristics of the sample population and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William H Polonsky
- Behavioral Diabetes Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.,University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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9
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Melzer Cohen C, Thorsted BL, Wolden ML, Chodick G, Karasik A. Improved Glycemic Control Achieved by Switching to Insulin Degludec in Insulin-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in a Real-World Setting: a Non-interventional, Retrospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Ther 2017; 8:1047-1055. [PMID: 28884311 PMCID: PMC5630553 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-017-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retrospective cohort study evaluating the clinical effectiveness of insulin degludec (IDeg) in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes switching from other insulins to IDeg in a real-world setting. METHODS Data were drawn from the Maccabi Health Management Organization in Israel and included patients treated with IDeg between 1 September 2014 and 29 February 2016. Main inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, and treated with insulin for at least 1 year prior to IDeg initiation. HbA1c, insulin dose, body weight, and body mass index were recorded before and 90 and 180 days post-switch. RESULTS Of 211 eligible patients, 57% were male, mean age ± SD 62.2 ± 12.1 years, and diabetes duration >10 years. Switching to IDeg decreased HbA1c from a mean 8.8 ± 1.5% (73.0 ± 16.4 mmol/mol) baseline by 0.58 ± 1.0% (6.3 ± 10.9 mmol/mol) (p < 0.001). Baseline HbA1c of >8.5% (69.0 mmol/mol) and daily insulin dose of ≥50 U were associated with a greater reduction in HbA1c [1.0 ± 1.1% (10.9 ± 12.0 mmol/mol) and 1.2 ± 1.1% (13.1 ± 12.0 mmol/mol), respectively] compared with the total population. At 180 days post-switch, the mean daily basal insulin dose increased by 2 U compared with pre-switch. There was no significant change in body weight post-switch. CONCLUSIONS In a real-world setting, switching from another insulin to IDeg significantly improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, without significant weight gain and with only a modest increase in insulin dose after IDeg initiation. FUNDING Novo Nordisk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriel Chodick
- Medical Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avraham Karasik
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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Aso Y, Suzuki K, Chiba Y, Sato M, Fujita N, Takada Y, Murano S, Kuroda H. Effect of insulin degludec versus insulin glargine on glycemic control and daily fasting blood glucose variability in insulin-naïve Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: I'D GOT trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017. [PMID: 28651211 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Insulin degludec (IDeg) is an ultra-long-acting insulin that has a smooth time/action profile over more than 42h. The present study compared the effects of IDeg and insulin glargine (IGlar) on HbA1c reduction and on within-subject day-to-day variability of fasting blood glucose (FBG) in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eligible patients were randomly allocated at a 3:1 ratio to receive once-daily IDeg (n=31) or IGlar (n=12). Both basal insulins were administered before breakfast and titrated to achieve a target FBG <110mg/dl. The primary endpoints were the change in HbA1c from baseline to 24weeks of treatment, as well as the standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of FBG from 8 to 12weeks and from 20 to 24weeks. Secondary endpoints included the QOL evaluated by the Diabetes Therapy-Related QOL questionnaire. RESULTS After 24weeks, HbA1c was decreased by 1.6% in the IDeg group and 1.7% in the IGlar at the same insulin dosage. At 24weeks, FBG was significantly lower in the IDeg group than in the IGlar group and the CV of FBG was significantly smaller in the IDeg group. The frequency of total and severe hypoglycemic episodes did not differ between the groups. In the IDeg group, QOL showed significant improvement regarding anxiety and dissatisfaction with treatment. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with IDeg or IGlar achieved similar improvement in glycemic control in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. The day-to-day variation of FBG was smaller in patients receiving IDeg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Aso
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Kunihiro Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Minoru Sato
- NHO Utsunomiya National Hospital, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nobuya Fujita
- Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
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11
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Kaku K, Wolden ML, Hyllested-Winge J, Nørtoft E. Insulin Degludec in Clinical Practice: A Review of Japanese Real-World Data. Diabetes Ther 2017; 8:189-195. [PMID: 28091878 PMCID: PMC5306124 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-017-0225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this literature review we evaluated the real-world clinical effectiveness of switching Japanese diabetic patients from their current insulin regimen to insulin degludec (IDeg). METHODS Studies were identified from Japanese Diabetes Society (JDS) abstracts (2014-2015) and PubMed (2012 onwards). Inclusion criteria were: Japanese population, >15 participants, and studies switching patients from basal or basal-bolus insulin regimens to IDeg. Randomized controlled trials and case reports were excluded. Weighted mean changes in safety and effectiveness endpoints were calculated using the number of patients in each study. RESULTS In total, 81 JDS abstracts and seven manuscripts met the search criteria, representing 4238 patients [1028 with type 1 diabetes (T1D), 602 with type 2 diabetes (T2D), 2608 with unspecified or mixed diabetes]. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was reported in 93% of studies, with an improvement in 84% of these (51% significant, 33% numerical), no change in 12%, and worsening in 4% (3% numerical, 1% significant). Across all studies, the weighted mean absolute change in HbA1c was -0.3% (-2.7 mmol/mol). Basal insulin dose was reported in 58% of studies and was lower in 60% of these (30% significant, 30% numerical), numerically unchanged in 26%, and higher in 14% (2% significant, 12% numerical). The weighted mean change in basal insulin dose was -4.8% and -3.0% for all studies and for studies with only significant results, respectively. The weighted mean change in basal dose based on all studies was -8.9, -5.5, and -2.9% for the T1D, T2D, and unspecified patient populations, respectively. Hypoglycemia was recorded in 31% of the studies. After switching treatment to IDeg, 55% of studies reported decreased hypoglycemia, 29% no change, and 16% an increase. Quality of life (QoL) was measured in 11% of studies, of which 82% reported improved QoL after switching, and 18% reported no change in QoL. CONCLUSION Switching from a conventional basal insulin to IDeg has the potential to improve HbA1c with a lower insulin dose. Switching to IDeg may also provide a reduced risk of hypoglycemia and improvement in QoL. FUNDING Novo Nordisk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kaku
- Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.
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12
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Minze MG, Chastain LM. Combination therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes: the use of insulin degludec/liraglutide. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:471-8. [PMID: 27099505 PMCID: PMC4820208 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s73579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of type 2 diabetes is estimated to currently affect over 350 million people worldwide and is anticipated to continue increasing over the next 20 years. Current treatment guidelines recommend the choice of pharmacotherapy based upon patient-specific parameters, with combination therapy for patients with a hemoglobin A1c level ≥9%. A new combination therapy of insulin degludec + liraglutide provides a long-acting basal insulin with a glucagon-like peptide agonist. In clinical trials, this combination product has reduced hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose more than the individual agents alone. Further advantages observed with this combination include weight loss and decrease in hypoglycemia compared to basal insulin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly G Minze
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Lisa M Chastain
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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13
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Vora J, Cariou B, Evans M, Gross JL, Harris S, Landstedt-Hallin L, Mithal A, Rodriguez MR, Meneghini L. Clinical use of insulin degludec. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 109:19-31. [PMID: 25963320 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of current basal insulin preparations include concerns related to their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, hypoglycaemia, weight gain, and perception of management complexity, including rigid dosing schedules. Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a novel basal insulin with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties compared to insulin glargine (IGlar) including a long half-life of ∼25 h and a duration of action >42 h at steady state, providing a flat and stable blood glucose-lowering effect when injected once daily. Evidence from phase 3a clinical trials with a treat-to-target design in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes has shown that IDeg has similar efficacy to IGlar, with a 9% and 26% reduction in risk of overall and nocturnal hypoglycaemia, respectively (in the pooled population) during the entire treatment period, and a 16% and 32% reduction during the maintenance period, respectively. Given its pharmacodynamic properties, IDeg offers a broad dosing window, allowing for flexible dose administration, if required. Two different formulations of IDeg are available (100 units/mL [U100] and 200 units/mL), the latter providing the same IDeg dose as the U100 formulation in half the injection volume. The unique pharmacokinetic profile of IDeg facilitates glycaemic control while minimising the risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiten Vora
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK.
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Clinique d'Endocrinologie, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Evans
- University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Stewart Harris
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lena Landstedt-Hallin
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ambrish Mithal
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medanta the Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | | | - Luigi Meneghini
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Kobuke K, Yoneda M, Nakanishi S, Ohno H, Maeda S, Egusa G. Efficacy and safety of insulin degludec in Japanese patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: 24-week results from the observational study in routine clinical practice. J Diabetes Investig 2015; 7:94-9. [PMID: 26816606 PMCID: PMC4718095 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Insulin degludec, a new long‐acting insulin analog, showed its better glycemic control and reduced risk of hypoglycemia. This is the first prospective observational study that evaluated the efficacy and safety of insulin degludec in routine clinical practice. Materials and Methods Japanese patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving basal–bolus insulin therapy were switched their basal insulin to degludec, and prospectively observed over a 24‐week course. The Diabetes Therapy‐Related Quality of Life questionnaire was administered before and 12 weeks after switching. Results The participants were 80 diabetes patients = (type 1, 44; type 2, 36). In the type 1 group, there was no difference in glycated hemoglobin levels between the pre‐switching and 24‐week measurements (from 62 to 62 mmol/mol, P = 0.768), whereas the daily insulin dose (per kg of bodyweight) decreased significantly (basal, from 0.25 to 0.20 U/kg, P < 0.001; bolus, from 0.40 to 0.37 U/kg, P = 0.001). In the type 2 group, glycated hemoglobin levels decreased after switching (from 60 to 58 mmol/mol, P = 0.028). In the type 1 group, the frequency of hypoglycemia decreased significantly after switching, but not significantly in the type 2 group. Patient satisfaction with the control of hypoglycemia tended to improve in the type 1 group. Conclusions Compared with existing long‐acting insulin, degludec can maintain glycemic control at a lower insulin dose and frequency of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes, while it can improve glycemic control at an equal insulin dose in type 2 diabetes. This is first observational prospective study of insulin degludec in routine clinical practice that we evaluated the effect on glycemic control and risk of hypoglycemia in basal‐bolus insulin therapy. We found that insulin degludec can maintain glycemic control at a lower insulin dose and frequency of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes, while it can improve glycemic control at equally insulin dose in type 2 diabetes. These results mean that insulin degludec is of use in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kobuke
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakanishi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic Bomb Survivors Hospital Hiroshima Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Shusaku Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
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15
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Evans M, McEwan P. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of insulin degludec: from clinical trials to clinical practice. J Comp Eff Res 2015; 4:279-286. [PMID: 25959645 DOI: 10.2217/cer.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of diabetes presents one of the greatest challenges to healthcare provision in modern times, with the cost of treating diabetes and its related complications representing a significant proportion of healthcare expenditure. In recent years, many new therapeutic entities have been developed with the aim of improving glycemic control, and thus slowing the development of micro- and macrovascular complications. Insulin degludec is a new-generation basal insulin analog with an ultra-long duration of action and low day-to-day and hour-to-hour intrapatient variability in blood glucose-lowering action. In this review, we consider evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies demonstrating the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of insulin degludec and its potential for improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Evans
- University Hospital Llandough, Penlan Road, Penarth, Cardiff CF64 2XX, UK
| | - Phil McEwan
- Swansea Centre for Health Economics, University of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
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16
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Evans M, McEwan P, Foos V. Insulin degludec early clinical experience: does the promise from the clinical trials translate into clinical practice--a case-based evaluation. J Med Econ 2015; 18:96-105. [PMID: 25325179 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2014.975234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical experience of patients is an additional source of information that can inform prescribing decisions for new therapies in practice. In diabetes, for example, patients with recurrent hypoglycemia may be excluded from trials conducted for regulatory purposes. Using insulin degludec (IDeg), a new basal insulin with an ultra-long duration of action as an example, an interim analysis is presented describing whether the decision to prescribe IDeg to patients experiencing treatment-limiting problems on their existing insulin regimes represented good clinical and economic value. METHODS Records from the first 51 consecutive patients with diabetes (35 type 1 [T1D] and 16 type 2 [T2D]) switching to insulin degludec from either insulin glargine (IGlar) or insulin detemir (IDet), mostly due to problems with hypoglycemia (39/51, 76.5%), were reviewed at up to 37 weeks. Patients indicated frequency of hypoglycemia and completed a disease-specific questionnaire reporting six measures of confidence and treatment satisfaction. For the largest group of exposed patents, the T1D module of the IMS Core Diabetes Model (CDM) was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the treatment decision. FINDINGS HbA1c decreased by 0.5 ± 0.3% points and 0.7 ± 0.3% points for T1D and T2D, respectively. Hypoglycemic events decreased by >90%. Combined mean scores were ≥ 3.7 (1 = much worse, 3 = no change, 5 = much improved) for all six satisfaction and confidence items. In T1D, the treatment decision was highly cost-effective in the CDM lifetime analysis. Even when excluding benefits beyond hypoglycemia reduction, predicted cost per quality-adjusted life-year for IDeg vs IGlar/IDet was £10,754. INTERPRETATION These data illustrate the complementary nature of clinical trial and practice data when evaluating the value of therapeutic innovations in diabetes care. There were reductions in patient-reported hypoglycemia, reduced HbA1c, and improved treatment satisfaction in relation to the decision to prescribe IDeg. Initial health economic evaluation suggested that the decision to prescribe IDeg in this phenotypic group of T1D patients represented good value for money.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Evans
- Llandough Hospital, Diabetes Resource Centre , Cardiff , UK
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17
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Vora J, Christensen T, Rana A, Bain SC. Insulin degludec versus insulin glargine in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of endpoints in phase 3a trials. Diabetes Ther 2014; 5:435-46. [PMID: 25081590 PMCID: PMC4269648 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-014-0076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin degludec (degludec) is a basal insulin with an ultra-long, stable action profile and reduced pharmacodynamic variability. Seven phase 3a trials compared degludec with insulin glargine (glargine). Patient-level meta-analyses were performed to obtain a comprehensive overview of differences between the insulin preparations, possible because consistent outcome definitions were utilized. METHODS Three categories of trials were analyzed: basal-bolus-treated type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DMB/B), insulin-naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DMinsulin-naïve), and basal-bolus-treated T2DM (T2DMB/B). Regression models were adjusted for baseline characteristics. Endpoints analyzed were glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin dose and hypoglycemic rates analyzed in mutually exclusive groups: non-severe nocturnal, non-severe daytime, and severe. RESULTS As with previous treat-to-target trials, reductions in HbA1c were similar between degludec and glargine. Reductions in FPG were significantly greater with degludec in T1DMB/B and T2DMinsulin-naïve. Total daily insulin dose was significantly lower with degludec in T1DMB/B and T2DMinsulin-naïve. Estimated hypoglycemia rate ratios for degludec/glargine were as follows for T1DMB/B, T2DMinsulin-naïve and T2DMB/B, respectively: non-severe nocturnal 0.83, 0.64, 0.75 (all P < 0.05); non-severe daytime 1.14 [not significant (ns)], 0.89 (ns), and 0.83 (P < 0.05). Rate ratios for severe events were 1.12 (ns) (T1DMB/B); 0.14 (P < 0.05) (T2DMinsulin-naïve); and not analyzed (T2DMB/B) due to too few events. CONCLUSIONS Compared with glargine, degludec is associated with equivalent HbA1c control and significantly lower nocturnal hypoglycemia rates. In T1DMB/B and T2DMinsulin-naïve, degludec is also associated with significantly greater reductions in FPG and lower total doses of insulin versus glargine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiten Vora
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool University Hospitals, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK,
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18
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Rodbard HW, Cariou B, Zinman B, Handelsman Y, Wolden ML, Rana A, Mathieu C. Health status and hypoglycaemia with insulin degludec versus insulin glargine: a 2-year trial in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:869-72. [PMID: 24495158 PMCID: PMC4237540 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a new basal insulin with an ultra-long and stable glucose-lowering effect. We compared once-daily IDeg and insulin glargine (IGlar), both in combination with metformin ± dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, in a 52-week, open-label, treat-to-target trial in patients with type 2 diabetes followed by a 52-week extension trial in which subjects [n = 725/1030 (70.4%)] maintained their initial randomised treatment. Health status was assessed at baseline and 105 weeks using the Short Form-36 (SF-36 v2) questionnaire. SF-36 scores were analysed (ITT population) using anova, with adjustments for covariates. At 105 weeks, the overall physical component score was significantly better with IDeg versus IGlar [treatment contrast (TC): 1.1 (0.1; 2.1)95% CI , p < 0.05]. This was largely because of significantly better physical functioning [TC: 1.1 (0.0; 2.3)95% CI , p < 0.05] and bodily pain sub-domain scores [TC: 1.5 (0.2; 2.9)95% CI , p < 0.05]. Improvements in health status with IDeg compared to IGlar were maintained after 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Rodbard
- Endocrine and Metabolic Consultants, Rockville, MD, USA
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19
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Stokes V, Gough SC. Recent advances with insulin degludec for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:301-312. [PMID: 30763990 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.917045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has been referred to as the global epidemic of the 21st century, and is associated with significant morbidity and premature mortality. Estimates suggest that over 50% of people with Type 2 diabetes will at some point need insulin injections to help treat their diabetes. Once daily insulin injections are being increasingly used to initiate insulin in people with Type 2 diabetes and the development of novel, safe, once daily basal insulins with low rates of hypoglycaemia are important to help achieve internationally recommended glycaemic targets for individual patients. Insulin degludec is a novel once daily basal insulin analogue that has been developed for use in people with Type 2 diabetes. A comprehensive drug development program suggests that it can achieve comparable glycaemic control to existing basal insulins but with reduced rates of hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Stokes
- a Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Stephen Cl Gough
- a Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- b NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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20
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Abstract
Treat-to-target is a therapeutic concept that considers well defined and specific physiologic targets as aims in controlling the pathophysiology of the disease. It has been widely used in diseases that pathophysiology includes, chronic metabolic and physiological disturbances, namely rheumatic conditions, vascular medicine and diabetes. In diabetes, the availability of "gold-standard" quantitative measures like fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin make the application of treat-to-target trials especially pertinent. Treatment modalities which have used single therapeutic agents or combinations or in combination with a variety of titration algorithms and implementation protocols have broadened our understanding of diabetes management with specific reference to insulin initiation and maintenance. Treat-to-target trials have been used to investigate a wide variety of questions including efficacy, safety, effect of treatment on comorbidities and patient satisfaction, ideal mechanisms to implement insulin initiation etc. A more generalized acceptance and implementation of treat-to-target trials may finally revolutionize diabetes management by combining aspects of individual care with standard treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bipin Sethi
- Department of Endocrinology, Care Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rakesh K. Sahay
- Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mathew John
- Department of Endocrinology, Providence Endocrine and Diabetes Specialty Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Samit Ghosal
- Department of Diabetology, Nightingale Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Surendra K. Sharma
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. SK Sharma's Diabetes Thyroid and Endocrine Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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21
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Keating GM. Insulin degludec and insulin degludec/insulin aspart: a review of their use in the management of diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2014; 73:575-93. [PMID: 23620200 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin degludec (Tresiba(®)) is an ultra-long-acting insulin analogue that is also available as a coformulation with rapid-acting insulin aspart (insulin degludec/insulin aspart) [Ryzodeg(®)]. Insulin degludec has a flat, stable glucose-lowering profile with a duration of action of >42 h, and less within-patient day-to-day variability in glucose-lowering effect than the long-acting insulin analogue insulin glargine. In clinical trials, insulin degludec achieved similar glycaemic control to that seen with insulin glargine in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes, but with a lower risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. In addition, trials examining a flexible dosing regimen of insulin degludec in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes show the potential for adjusting the injection time, without compromising glycaemic control or safety. A 200 U/mL formulation of insulin degludec is also available for use in patients who require large volumes of basal insulin. Insulin degludec/insulin aspart was noninferior to the long-acting insulin analogue insulin detemir in patients with type 1 diabetes and has the potential to reduce the number of daily injections. Trial results also indicate that insulin degludec/insulin aspart may be an appropriate option for initiating insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic drugs. Subcutaneous insulin degludec was generally well tolerated in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes. In conclusion, insulin degludec and insulin degludec/insulin aspart represent a useful advance in the treatment of type 1 or 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Keating
- Adis, 41 Centorian Drive, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, North Shore 0754, Auckland, New Zealand.
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22
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Owens DR, Matfin G, Monnier L. Basal insulin analogues in the management of diabetes mellitus: What progress have we made? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:104-19. [PMID: 24026961 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin remains the most effective and consistent means of controlling blood glucose levels in diabetes. Since 1946, neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) has been the predominant basal insulin in clinical use. However, absorption is variable due to the need for resuspension and the time-action profile (peak activity 4-6 h after subcutaneous administration) confers an increased propensity for between-meal and nocturnal hypoglycaemia. In the 1980s, recombinant DNA technology enabled modifications to the insulin molecule resulting in the soluble long-acting insulin analogues, glargine and detemir. Both exhibit a lower risk of hypoglycaemia compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn due to improved time-action profiles and reduced day-to-day glucose variability. Glargine is indicated for administration once daily and detemir once or twice daily. Degludec is the latest prolonged-acting insulin which forms long subcutaneous multi-hexamers that delay absorption. Recent phase III trials in type 1 and type 2 diabetes show that degludec was non-inferior to comparators (predominantly glargine) with a minimal although inconsistent reduction in overall hypoglycaemia and a small absolute difference in nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Newer developmental agents include LY2605541 and glargine U300. LY2605541 comprises insulin lispro combined with polyethylene glycol, thereby increasing its hydrodynamic size and retarding absorption from the subcutaneous tissue. Glargine U300 is a new formulation of glargine resulting in a flatter and more prolonged time-action profile than its predecessor. This article reviews recent advances in basal insulin analogues, including a critical appraisal of the degludec trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/trends
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin, Long-Acting/adverse effects
- Insulin, Long-Acting/chemistry
- Insulin, Long-Acting/genetics
- Insulin, Long-Acting/therapeutic use
- Insulin, Regular, Human/analogs & derivatives
- Insulin, Regular, Human/chemistry
- Insulin, Regular, Human/genetics
- Insulin, Regular, Human/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Owens
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
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23
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Stockley S. Characteristics and practicalities of a new basal insulin. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2014; 23:16-20. [PMID: 24406491 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2014.23.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although current basal insulin analogues offer substantial improvements over previous therapies, they are not yet ideal. Issues such as fear of hypoglycaemia and the complexity and rigidity of dosing regimens are significant barriers to the initiation and intensification of insulin therapy. Fear of hypoglycaemia in particular has been proven to affect negatively adherence and health-related quality of life for people with diabetes. Insulin degludec (IDeg), a new basal insulin analogue with a longer duration of action and lower variability than insulin glargine (IGlar), was granted marketing authority by the European Medicines Agency in January 2013 and launched in the UK in March 2013. Clinical data show comparable efficacy to previous insulin analogues but with a reduced risk of hypoglycaemia and greater opportunity for flexible dosing. These improvements make IDeg a viable option for insulin therapy in people with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Stockley
- Lead Diabetes Specialist Nurse, Surrey & Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, East Surrey Hospital, Redhill, Surrey
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24
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Keating GM. Insulin degludec and insulin degludec/insulin aspart: a guide to their use in diabetes mellitus. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-013-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Over the last few years there has been a steady increase in the number of prescriptions dispensed in primary care for intermediate and long-acting insulin analogues and a reduction in prescriptions for biphasic isophane insulin. For example, in England, the volume of intermediate and long-acting insulin analogues in general practice has risen from approximately 650,000 prescriptions per quarter in 2007 to over 850,000 per quarter in 2012.(1) ▾Insulin degludec (Tresiba, Novo Nordisk) is a new long acting basal insulin analogue for the management of diabetes mellitus in adults.(2) Two strengths of insulin degludec (100 units/mL and 200 units/mL) were launched in the UK in February 2013. Here we discuss evidence for the effectiveness and safety of insulin degludec.
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Freemantle N, Evans M, Christensen T, Wolden ML, Bjorner JB. A comparison of health-related quality of life (health utility) between insulin degludec and insulin glargine: a meta-analysis of phase 3 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:564-71. [PMID: 23451759 PMCID: PMC4298030 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate health-related quality of life (health utility) scores in patients with diabetes receiving insulin degludec (IDeg) or insulin glargine (IGlar). METHODS Patient-level data from six, randomized, controlled, open-label, multicentre, confirmatory, treat-to-target trials of 26- or 52 weeks' duration were pooled in this analysis. The Short Form 36 (SF-36) version-2 health questionnaire was completed by patients at baseline and end-of-trial. SF-36 scores for 4001 individual patients were then mapped onto the EuroQol-5D health utility scale, which has a range from -0.59 (a state worse than death) to 1.00 (perfect health). RESULTS IDeg treatment exhibited a significant improvement in health status of 0.005 (CI: 0.0006; 0.009) points compared with IGlar (p < 0.024). Gender, region, trial and age also had a significant influence on estimated utility scores as did baseline utility scores, p < 0.05. Prior to the removal of interaction variables a difference of 0.008 points was observed, p < 0.045. Previous insulin treatment did not have an impact on the final outcome. CONCLUSION This study shows that IDeg is associated with a modest, but statistically significant, improvement in health utility compared with IGlar in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Freemantle
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL Medical School, London, UK.
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Jain V, Gupta O. Insulin degludec. JOURNAL OF MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.4103/0971-9903.117795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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