1
|
Volpedo G, Riva A, Nobili L, Zara F, Ravizza T, Striano P. Gut-immune-brain interactions during neurodevelopment: from a brain-centric to a multisystem perspective. BMC Med 2025; 23:263. [PMID: 40325407 PMCID: PMC12054192 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-025-04093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and epileptic syndromes are complex neurological conditions linked by shared abnormal neurobiological processes. Existing therapies mostly target symptoms, rather than addressing the underlying causes of the disease, leaving a burden of unmet clinical needs. MAIN BODY Emerging evidence suggests a significant role for the gut microbiota and associated immune responses in influencing brain development and function, changing the paradigm of a brain-centric origin of NDDs. This review discusses the pivotal interactions within the gut-immune-brain axis, highlighting how microbial dysbiosis and immune signaling contribute to neurological pathologies. We also explore the potential of microbial management and immunomodulation as novel therapeutic avenues, emphasizing the need for a shift towards addressing the root causes of these disorders rather than just their symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This integrated perspective offers new insights into the biological underpinnings of NDDs and epilepsy, proposing innovative biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, Genoa, 16147, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, Genoa, 16147, Italy.
| | - Lino Nobili
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, Genoa, 16147, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, Genoa, 16147, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, Genoa, 16147, Italy
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, Genoa, 16147, Italy
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, Genoa, 16147, Italy
- Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Disease Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, Genoa, 16147, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Müller L, Di Benedetto S. Neuroimmune crosstalk in chronic neuroinflammation: microglial interactions and immune modulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2025; 19:1575022. [PMID: 40260075 PMCID: PMC12009833 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2025.1575022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a fundamental feature of many chronic neurodegenerative diseases, where it contributes to disease onset, progression, and severity. This persistent inflammatory state arises from the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses within the central nervous system (CNS), orchestrated by a complex interplay of resident immune cells, infiltrating peripheral immune cells, and an array of molecular mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles. Among CNS-resident cells, microglia play a central role, exhibiting a dynamic spectrum of phenotypes ranging from neuroprotective to neurotoxic. In chronic neurodegenerative diseases, sustained microglial activation often leads to the amplification of inflammatory cascades, reinforcing a pathogenic cycle of immune-mediated damage. Intercellular communication within the inflamed CNS is central to the persistence and progression of neuroinflammation. Microglia engage in extensive crosstalk with astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, and infiltrating immune cells, shaping both local and systemic inflammatory responses. These interactions influence key processes such as synaptic pruning, phagocytosis, blood-brain barrier integrity, and cytokine-mediated signaling. Understanding the mechanisms of cell-cell signaling in this context is critical for identifying therapeutic strategies to modulate the immune response and restore homeostasis. This review explores the key players in CNS neuroinflammation, with a focus on the role of microglia, the molecular pathways underlying intercellular communication, and potential therapeutic approaches to mitigate neuroinflammatory damage in chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kalsariya RA, Kavila D, Shorter S, Negi D, Goodall ICA, Boussios S, Ovsepian SV. Molecular biomarkers of glial activation and injury in epilepsy. Drug Discov Today 2025; 30:104289. [PMID: 39799990 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 12/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2025] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from fluid biopsies suggests activation and injury of glial cells in epilepsy. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical seizures in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and others merits review and comparison of the effects of seizures on glial markers in epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases with concomitant seizures. Herein, we revisit preclinical and clinical reports of alterations in glial proteins in cerebrospinal fluid and blood associated with various types of epilepsy. We consider shared and distinct characteristics of changes in different age groups and sexes, in humans and animal models of epilepsy, and compare them with those reported in biofluids in neurodegenerative diseases. Our analysis indicates a significant overlap of glial response in these prevalent neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reema A Kalsariya
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Dave Kavila
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Susan Shorter
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Deepika Negi
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Iain C A Goodall
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham, ME7 5NY, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Health, and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT2 7PB, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK; Kent Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7LX, UK; AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eberhard J, Henning L, Fülle L, Knöpper K, Böhringer J, Graelmann FJ, Hänschke L, Kenzler J, Brosseron F, Heneka MT, Domingos AI, Eyerich S, Lochner M, Weighardt H, Bedner P, Steinhäuser C, Förster I. Ablation of CCL17-positive hippocampal neurons induces inflammation-dependent epilepsy. Epilepsia 2025; 66:554-568. [PMID: 39607395 PMCID: PMC11827734 DOI: 10.1111/epi.18200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 11/13/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation are characteristic features of epilepsy, but it remains unclear whether neuronal cell death as such is causative for the development of epileptic seizures. To test this hypothesis, we established a novel mouse line permitting inducible ablation of pyramidal neurons by inserting simian diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor (DTR) cDNA into the Ccl17 locus. The chemokine CCL17 is expressed in pyramidal CA1 neurons in adult mice controlling microglial quiescence. METHODS Seizure activity in CCL17-DTR mice was analyzed by electroencephalographic recordings following treatment with DT for 3 consecutive days. Neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death were evaluated by (immuno)histochemistry. Pharmacological inhibition of TNFR1 signaling was achieved by treatment with XPro1595, a dominant-negative inhibitor of soluble tumor necrosis factor. RESULTS Neuronal cell death was detectable 7 days (d7) after the first DT injection in heterozygous CCL17-DTR mice. Spontaneous epileptic seizures were observed in the vast majority of mice, often with an initial peak at d6-9, followed by a period of reduced activity and a gradual increase during the 1-month observation period. Microglial reactivity was overt from d5 after DT administration not only in the CA1 region but also in the CA2/CA3 area, shortly followed by astrogliosis. Reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis persisted until d30 and, together with neuronal loss and stratum radiatum shrinkage, reflected important features of human hippocampal sclerosis. Granule cell dispersion was detectable only 3 months after DT treatment. Application of XPro1595 significantly reduced chronic seizure burden without affecting the development of hippocampal sclerosis. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, our data demonstrate that sterile pyramidal neuronal death is sufficient to cause epilepsy in the absence of other pathological processes. The CCL17-DTR mouse line may thus be a valuable model for further mechanistic studies on epilepsy and assessment of antiseizure medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Eberhard
- Immunology & Environment, Life and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Lukas Henning
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftBonnGermany
| | - Lorenz Fülle
- Immunology & Environment, Life and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Business Development Europe Research Services, WuXi Biologics, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Immunology & Environment, Life and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jana Böhringer
- Immunology & Environment, Life and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Frederike J. Graelmann
- Immunology & Environment, Life and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Lea Hänschke
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Julia Kenzler
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Sanofi‐Aventis DeutschlandMedical Operations General Medicines in Germany, Switzerland, Austria (GSA)BerlinGermany
| | | | - Michael T. Heneka
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonnGermany
- Luxembourg Center for Systems BiomedicineUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Ana I. Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Stefanie Eyerich
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and HygieneTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- ZAUM—Center of Allergy and EnvironmentTechnical University and Helmholtz Center MunichMunichGermany
| | - Matthias Lochner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and HygieneTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital EpidemiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology & Environment, Life and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | | | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology & Environment, Life and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khatoon S, Kalam N. Mechanistic insight of curcumin: a potential pharmacological candidate for epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2025; 15:1531288. [PMID: 39845785 PMCID: PMC11752882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1531288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2025] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous seizures with an extended epileptic discharge are the hallmarks of epilepsy. At present, there are several available anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in the market. Still no adequate treatment for epilepsy treatment is available. The main disadvantages of AEDs are their associated adverse effects. It is a challenge to develop new therapies that can reduce seizures by modulating the underlying mechanisms with no adverse effects. In the last decade, the neuromodulatory potential of phytoconstituents has sparked their usage in the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Curcumin is an active polyphenolic component that interacts at cellular and molecular levels. Curcumin's neuroprotective properties have been discovered in recent preclinical and clinical studies due to its immunomodulatory effects. Curcumin has the propensity to modulate signaling pathways involved in cell survival and manage oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory mechanisms. Further, curcumin can persuade epigenetic alterations, including histone modifications (acetylation/deacetylation), which are the changes responsible for the altered expression of genes facilitating the process of epileptogenesis. The bioavailability of curcumin in the brain is a concern that needs to be tackled. Therefore, nanonization has emerged as a novel drug delivery system to enhance the pharmacokinetics of curcumin. In the present review, we reviewed curcumin's modulatory effects on potential biomarkers involved in epileptogenesis including dendritic cells, T cell subsets, cytokines, chemokines, apoptosis mediators, antioxidant mechanisms, and cognition impairment. Also, we have discussed the nanocarrier systems for encapsulating curcumin, offering a promising approach to enhance bioavailability of curcumin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Khatoon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nida Kalam
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei L, Ou S, Meng Y, Sun L, Zhang L, Lu Y, Wu Y. Glycyrrhizin as a potential disease-modifying therapy for epilepsy: insights into targeting pyroptosis to exert neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects. Front Pharmacol 2025; 15:1530735. [PMID: 39834818 PMCID: PMC11743578 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1530735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Background For patients with epilepsy, antiseizure medication remains the primary treatment; however, it is ineffective in approximately 30% of cases. These patients experience progressive neuronal damage and poor outcomes. Therefore, there is an urgent need for disease-modifying therapy (DMT) that targets the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Glycyrrhizin has shown potential as a DMT in epilepsy due to its multiple targets and diverse mechanisms. Previous studies suggest that glycyrrhizin may regulate key processes involved in epilepsy pathogenesis, such as neuroinflammation and cell death, but its effects on pyroptosis have not been reported. Methods This study employed bioinformatics techniques to identify potential molecular targets for glycyrrhizin in epilepsy treatment and then validated using a kainic acid-induced status epilepticus mouse model. Results Glycyrrhizin treatment significantly prolonged seizure latency, reduced seizure duration, and alleviated neuronal damage in the status epilepticus mouse model. Molecular experiments indicated that glycyrrhizin may regulate pyroptosis through mediation of the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Conclusion Glycyrrhizin exerts neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects in epilepsy by regulating pyroptosis via the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, offering novel insights into its potential as a DMT for epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuling Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bankstahl M, Jahreis I, Wolf BJ, Ross TL, Bankstahl JP, Bascuñana P. PET imaging identifies anti-inflammatory effects of fluoxetine and a correlation of glucose metabolism during epileptogenesis with chronic seizure frequency. Neuropharmacology 2024; 261:110178. [PMID: 39369850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
The serotonergic system has shown to be altered during epileptogenesis and in chronic epilepsy, making selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors interesting candidates for antiepileptogenic therapy. In this study, we aimed to evaluate disease-modifying effects of fluoxetine during experimental epileptogenesis. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced by lithium-pilocarpine, and female rats were treated either with vehicle or fluoxetine over 15 days. Animals were subjected to 18F-FDG (7 days post-SE), 18F-GE180 (15 days post-SE) and 18F-flumazenil positron emission tomography (PET, 21 days post-SE). Uptake (18F-FDG), volume of distribution (18F-GE180) and binding potential (18F-flumazenil) were calculated. In addition, hyperexcitability testing and video-EEG monitoring were performed. Fluoxetine treatment did not alter brain glucose metabolism. 18F-GE180 PET indicated lower neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of treated animals (-22.6%, p = 0.042), but no differences were found in GABAA receptor density. Video-EEG monitoring did not reveal a treatment effect on seizure frequency. However, independently of the treatment, hippocampal FDG uptake 7 days after SE correlated with seizure frequency during the chronic phase (r = -0.58; p = 0.015). Fluoxetine treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects in rats during epileptogenesis. However, this effect did not alter disease outcome. Importantly, FDG-PET in early epileptogenesis showed biomarker potential as higher glucose metabolism correlated to lower seizure frequency in the chronic phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ina Jahreis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina J Wolf
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tobias L Ross
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens P Bankstahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pablo Bascuñana
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany; Brain Mapping Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISCC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISCC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang J, Cai JH, Wu TX, Gao ZQ, Zhou C, Wu Q, Ji MJ. Salvinorin A ameliorates pilocarpine-induced seizures by regulating hippocampal microglia polarization. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118697. [PMID: 39154669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia divinorum (Epling and Játiva) is a psychoactive plant traditionally used by the Latinos for various medicinal purposes. Salvinorin A (Sal A), the main bioactive constituent of S. divinorum, is a natural highly selective kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist. Considering the anti-inflammatory effect of S. divinorum and endogenous hippocampal dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system playing an anticonvulsant function, we hypothesis that Sal A can be a potential candidate to treat epilepsy. Here, we identified whether Sal A ameliorated epileptic seizures and neuronal damages in animal model and in vitro model and investigated its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice epilepsy model was induced by pilocarpine following seizures assessed by Racine classification. Hippocampus tissues were obtained for genetic, protein, and histological investigation. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglial cells were utilized to validate the anti-inflammatory and microglia polarization regulation effects of Sal A. RESULTS Sal A treatment significantly prolonged the latency to status epileptics (SE) and shortened the duration of SE in the pilocarpine-induced model. It also alleviated neuronal damages via activation of the AMPK/JNK/p-38 MAPK pathway and inhibition of apoptosis-related protein in hippocampus tissues. Furthermore, Sal A dose-dependently reduced microglia-mediated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory factors levels in SE mice and LPS-activated BV2 microglial cells by regulating microglia polarization. In addition, the effect of Sal A in vitro was totally blocked by KOR antagonist nor-BNI. CONCLUSION Sal A treatment protects against epileptic seizures and neuronal damages in pilocarpine-induced models by suppressing the inflammation response through regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization. This study might serve as a theoretical basis for clinical applications of Sal A and its analogs and provide a new insight into the development of anti-seizure drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ji-Heng Cai
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Sheyang County People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224300, China.
| | - Tong-Xuan Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Gao
- School of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Miao-Jin Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deng Z, Lee A, Lin T, Taneja S, Kowdley D, Leung JH, Hill M, Tao T, Fitzgerald J, Yu L, Blakeslee JJ, Townsend K, Weil ZM, Parquette JR, Ziouzenkova O. Amino Acid Compound 2 (AAC2) Treatment Counteracts Insulin-Induced Synaptic Gene Expression and Seizure-Related Mortality in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11689. [PMID: 39519239 PMCID: PMC11546384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252111689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amino acid compound 2 (AAC2) improves glycemic and cognitive functions in diabetic mouse models through mechanisms distinct from insulin. Our goal was to compare the effects of AAC2, insulin, and their nanofiber-forming combination on early asymptomatic AD pathogenesis in APP/PS1 mice. Insulin, but not AAC2 or the combination treatment (administered intraperitoneally every 48 h for 120 days), increased seizure-related mortality, altered the brain fat-to-lean mass ratio, and improved specific cognitive functions in APP/PS1 mice. NanoString and pathway analysis of cerebral gene expression revealed dysregulated synaptic mechanisms, with upregulation of Bdnf and downregulation of Slc1a6 in insulin-treated mice, correlating with insulin-induced seizures. In contrast, AAC2 promoted the expression of Syn2 and Syp synaptic genes, preserved brain composition, and improved survival. The combination of AAC2 and insulin counteracted free insulin's effects. None of the treatments influenced canonical amyloidogenic pathways. This study highlights AAC2's potential in regulating synaptic gene expression in AD and insulin-induced contexts related to seizure activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Deng
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.D.); or (A.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Aejin Lee
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.D.); or (A.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (M.H.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si 17058, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (T.L.); (S.T.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Sagarika Taneja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (T.L.); (S.T.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Devan Kowdley
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.D.); or (A.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Jacob H. Leung
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.D.); or (A.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Marykate Hill
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.D.); or (A.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Tianyi Tao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (T.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Julie Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.F.); (Z.M.W.)
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Joshua J. Blakeslee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Kristy Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (T.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.F.); (Z.M.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Biomedical Research Center (BMRC), Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jon R. Parquette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (T.L.); (S.T.); (J.R.P.)
| | - Ouliana Ziouzenkova
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.D.); or (A.L.); (D.K.); (J.H.L.); (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vasović D, Stanojlović O, Hrnčić D, Šutulović N, Vesković M, Ristić AJ, Radunović N, Mladenović D. Dose-Dependent Induction of Differential Seizure Phenotypes by Pilocarpine in Rats: Considerations for Translational Potential. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1579. [PMID: 39459366 PMCID: PMC11509679 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60101579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Pilocarpine is used in experimental studies for testing antiepileptic drugs, but further characterization of this model is essential for its usage in testing novel drugs. The aim of our study was to study the behavioral and EEG characteristics of acute seizures caused by different doses of pilocarpine in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were treated with a single intraperitoneal dose of 100 mg/kg (P100), 200 mg/kg (P200), or 300 mg/kg (P300) of pilocarpine, and epileptiform behavior and EEG changes followed within 4 h. Results: The intensity and the duration of seizures were significantly higher in P300 vs. the P200 and P100 groups, with status epilepticus dominating in P300 and self-limiting tonic-clonic seizures in the P200 group. The seizure grade was significantly higher in P200 vs. the P100 group only during the first hour after pilocarpine application. The latency of seizures was significantly shorter in P300 and P200 compared with P100 group. Conclusions: Pilocarpine (200 mg/kg) can be used as a suitable model for the initial screening of potential anti-seizure medications, while at a dose of 300 mg/kg, it can be used for study of the mechanisms of epileptogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolika Vasović
- Clinical Centre of Serbia, University Eye Hospital, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Hrnčić
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Šutulović
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Vesković
- Institute of Pathophysiology “Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 9, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar J. Ristić
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Dr Subotića 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Radunović
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Kneza Mihaila 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Mladenović
- Institute of Pathophysiology “Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 9, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Santos AB, Carona A, Ettcheto M, Camins A, Falcão A, Fortuna A, Bicker J. Krüppel-like factors: potential roles in blood-brain barrier dysfunction and epileptogenesis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1765-1776. [PMID: 38684799 PMCID: PMC11335766 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic and debilitating neurological disorder, known for the occurrence of spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Despite the availability of antiseizure drugs, 30% of people with epilepsy experience uncontrolled seizures and drug resistance, evidencing that new therapeutic options are required. The process of epileptogenesis involves the development and expansion of tissue capable of generating spontaneous recurrent seizures, during which numerous events take place, namely blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. The consequent cerebrovascular dysfunction results in a lower seizure threshold, seizure recurrence, and chronic epilepsy. This suggests that improving cerebrovascular health may interrupt the pathological cycle responsible for disease development and progression. Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of zinc-finger transcription factors, encountered in brain endothelial cells, glial cells, and neurons. KLFs are known to regulate vascular function and changes in their expression are associated with neuroinflammation and human diseases, including epilepsy. Hence, KLFs have demonstrated various roles in cerebrovascular dysfunction and epileptogenesis. This review critically discusses the purpose of KLFs in epileptogenic mechanisms and BBB dysfunction, as well as the potential of their pharmacological modulation as therapeutic approach for epilepsy treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreia Carona
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prakash C, Kumar P, Sharma D. Recent Advances in Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches in Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2024; 14:785. [PMID: 39199478 PMCID: PMC11353141 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a severe neurological disorder involving spontaneous and recurrent seizures, affecting a large number of people worldwide [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rahimi Darehbagh R, Seyedoshohadaei SA, Ramezani R, Rezaei N. Stem cell therapies for neurological disorders: current progress, challenges, and future perspectives. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:386. [PMID: 39054501 PMCID: PMC11270957 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising approach for treating various neurological disorders by harnessing the regenerative potential of stem cells to restore damaged neural tissue and circuitry. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of stem cell applications in primary neurological conditions, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), and other related disorders. The review begins with a detailed introduction to stem cell biology, discussing the types, sources, and mechanisms of action of stem cells in neurological therapies. It then critically examines the preclinical evidence from animal models and early human trials investigating the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of different stem cell types, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While ESCs have been studied extensively in preclinical models, clinical trials have primarily focused on adult stem cells such as MSCs and NSCs, as well as iPSCs and their derivatives. We critically assess the current state of research for each cell type, highlighting their potential applications and limitations in different neurological conditions. The review synthesizes key findings from recent, high-quality studies for each neurological condition, discussing cell manufacturing, delivery methods, and therapeutic outcomes. While the potential of stem cells to replace lost neurons and directly reconstruct neural circuits is highlighted, the review emphasizes the critical role of paracrine and immunomodulatory mechanisms in mediating the therapeutic effects of stem cells in most neurological disorders. The article also explores the challenges and limitations associated with translating stem cell therapies into clinical practice, including issues related to cell sourcing, scalability, safety, and regulatory considerations. Furthermore, it discusses future directions and opportunities for advancing stem cell-based treatments, such as gene editing, biomaterials, personalized iPSC-derived therapies, and novel delivery strategies. The review concludes by emphasizing the transformative potential of stem cell therapies in revolutionizing the treatment of neurological disorders while acknowledging the need for rigorous clinical trials, standardized protocols, and multidisciplinary collaboration to realize their full therapeutic promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramyar Rahimi Darehbagh
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Nanoclub Elites Association, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | | | - Rojin Ramezani
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khemka N, Morris G, Kazemzadeh L, Costard LS, Neubert V, Bauer S, Rosenow F, Venø MT, Kjems J, Henshall DC, Prehn JHM, Connolly NMC. Integrative network analysis of miRNA-mRNA expression profiles during epileptogenesis in rats reveals therapeutic targets after emergence of first spontaneous seizure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15313. [PMID: 38961125 PMCID: PMC11222454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Epileptogenesis is the process by which a normal brain becomes hyperexcitable and capable of generating spontaneous recurrent seizures. The extensive dysregulation of gene expression associated with epileptogenesis is shaped, in part, by microRNAs (miRNAs) - short, non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate protein levels. Functional miRNA-mediated regulation can, however, be difficult to elucidate due to the complexity of miRNA-mRNA interactions. Here, we integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiles sampled over multiple time-points during and after epileptogenesis in rats, and applied bi-clustering and Bayesian modelling to construct temporal miRNA-mRNA-mRNA interaction networks. Network analysis and enrichment of network inference with sequence- and human disease-specific information identified key regulatory miRNAs with the strongest influence on the mRNA landscape, and miRNA-mRNA interactions closely associated with epileptogenesis and subsequent epilepsy. Our findings underscore the complexity of miRNA-mRNA regulation, can be used to prioritise miRNA targets in specific systems, and offer insights into key regulatory processes in epileptogenesis with therapeutic potential for further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Khemka
- Centre for Systems Medicine & Dept. of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Morris
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laleh Kazemzadeh
- Centre for Systems Medicine & Dept. of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lara S Costard
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Neurocenter, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Valentin Neubert
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Neurocenter, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Neurocenter, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Neurocenter, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Morten T Venø
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Omiics ApS, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David C Henshall
- Centre for Systems Medicine & Dept. of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Centre for Systems Medicine & Dept. of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Niamh M C Connolly
- Centre for Systems Medicine & Dept. of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gautam V, Rawat K, Sandhu A, Kumar A, Kharbanda PS, Medhi B, Bhatia A, Saha L. Exploring the effect of 6-BIO and sulindac in modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in chronic phase of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2024; 251:109931. [PMID: 38570067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The prospective involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in epilepsy, with the proposed therapeutic uses of its modulators, has been suggested; however, comprehensive knowledge in this regard is currently limited. Despite postulations about the pathway's significance and treatment potential, a systematic investigation is required to better understand its implications in chronic epilepsy. We investigated the role of key proteins like β-catenin, GSK-3β, and their modulators sulindac and 6-BIO, in Wnt/β-catenin pathway during chronic phase of temporal lobe epilepsy. We also evaluated the role of modulators in seizure score, seizure frequency and neurobehavioral parameters in temporal lobe epilepsy. We developed status epilepticus model using lithium-pilocarpine. The assessment of neurobehavioral parameters was done followed by histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry staining of hippocampus as well as RT-qPCR and western blotting to analyse gene and protein expression. In SE rats, seizure score and frequency were significantly high compared to control rats, with notable changes in neurobehavioral parameters and neuronal damage observed in hippocampus. Our study also revealed a substantial upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in chronic epilepsy, as evidenced by gene and protein expression studies. Sulindac emerged as a potent modulator, reducing seizure score, frequency, neuronal damage, apoptosis, and downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway when compared to 6-BIO. Our findings emphasize the potential of GSK-3β and β-catenin as promising drug targets for chronic temporal lobe epilepsy, offering valuable treatment options for chronic epilepsy. The promising outcomes with sulindac encourages further exploration in clinical trials to assess its therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipasha Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kajal Rawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Arushi Sandhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Parampreet Singh Kharbanda
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Lima AMDL, de Lima Rosa G, Guzzo EFM, Padilha RB, de Araujo MC, da Silva RC, Coitinho AS, Van Der Sand ST. Effect of prednisolone in a kindling model of epileptic seizures in rats on cytokine and intestinal microbiota diversity. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 155:109800. [PMID: 38657485 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Epileptic seizures can be initiated and facilitated by inflammatory mechanisms. As the dysregulation of the immune system would be involved in epileptogenesis, it is suggested that anti-inflammatory medications could impact epileptic seizures. These medications could potentially have a side effect by altering the structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota. These changes can disrupt microbial homeostasis, leading to dysbiosis and potentially exacerbating intestinal inflammation. We hypothesize that prednisolone may affect the development of epileptic seizures, potentially influencing the diversity of the intestinal microbiota and the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prednisolone treatment on epileptic seizures and investigate the effect of this drug on the bacterial diversity of the intestinal microbiota and markers of inflammatory processes in intestinal tissue. We used Male Wistar rat littermates (n = 31, 90-day-old) divided into four groups: positive control treated with 2 mg/kg of diazepam (n = 6), negative control treated with 0.9 g% sodium chloride (n = 6), and the remaining two groups were subjected to treatment with prednisolone, with one receiving 1 mg/kg (n = 9) and the other 5 mg/kg (n = 10). All administrations were performed intraperitoneally (i.p.) over 14 days. To induce the chronic model of epileptic seizures, we administered pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 25 mg/kg i.p. on alternate days. Seizure latency (n = 6 - 10) and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations from intestinal samples were measured by ELISA (n = 6 per group), and intestinal microbiota was evaluated with intergenic ribosomal RNA (rRNA) spacer (RISA) analysis (n = 6 per group). The prednisolone treatment demonstrated an increase in the latency time of epileptic seizures and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations compared to controls. There was no statistically significant difference in intestinal microbiota diversity between the different treatments. However, there was a strong positive correlation between microbial diversity and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations. The administration of prednisolone yields comparable results to diazepam on increasing latency between seizures, exhibiting promise for its use in clinical studies. Although there were no changes in intestinal microbial diversity, the increase in the TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines in intestinal tissue may be linked to immune system signaling pathways involving the intestinal microbiota. Additional research is necessary to unravel the intricacies of these pathways and to understand their implications for clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Muliterno Domingues Lourenço de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Lima Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson Fernando Müller Guzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bremm Padilha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Milena Conci de Araujo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Simon Coitinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Sueli Teresinha Van Der Sand
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2.600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ravizza T, Scheper M, Di Sapia R, Gorter J, Aronica E, Vezzani A. mTOR and neuroinflammation in epilepsy: implications for disease progression and treatment. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:334-350. [PMID: 38531962 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy remains a major health concern as anti-seizure medications frequently fail, and there is currently no treatment to stop or prevent epileptogenesis, the process underlying the onset and progression of epilepsy. The identification of the pathological processes underlying epileptogenesis is instrumental to the development of drugs that may prevent the generation of seizures or control pharmaco-resistant seizures, which affect about 30% of patients. mTOR signalling and neuroinflammation have been recognized as critical pathways that are activated in brain cells in epilepsy. They represent a potential node of biological convergence in structural epilepsies with either a genetic or an acquired aetiology. Interventional studies in animal models and clinical studies give strong support to the involvement of each pathway in epilepsy. In this Review, we focus on available knowledge about the pathophysiological features of mTOR signalling and the neuroinflammatory brain response, and their interactions, in epilepsy. We discuss mitigation strategies for each pathway that display therapeutic effects in experimental and clinical epilepsy. A deeper understanding of these interconnected molecular cascades could enhance our strategies for managing epilepsy. This could pave the way for new treatments to fill the gaps in the development of preventative or disease-modifying drugs, thus overcoming the limitations of current symptomatic medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirte Scheper
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Jan Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands.
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hall AM, Kamei N, Shao M, Mun HS, Chen K, Chen Y, Baram TZ. Inhibition of Neuron-Restrictive Silencing Factor (REST/NRSF) Chromatin Binding Attenuates Epileptogenesis. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0006-24.2024. [PMID: 38641413 PMCID: PMC11103648 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0006-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which brain insults lead to subsequent epilepsy remain unclear. Insults including trauma, stroke, infections, and long seizures (status epilepticus, SE) increase the nuclear expression and chromatin binding of the neuron-restrictive silencing factor/RE-1 silencing transcription factor (NRSF/REST). REST/NRSF orchestrates major disruption of the expression of key neuronal genes, including ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, potentially contributing to epileptogenesis. Accordingly, transient interference with REST/NRSF chromatin binding after an epilepsy-provoking SE suppressed spontaneous seizures for the 12 d duration of a prior study. However, whether the onset of epileptogenesis was suppressed or only delayed has remained unresolved. The current experiments determined if transient interference with REST/NRSF chromatin binding prevented epileptogenesis enduringly or, alternatively, slowed epilepsy onset. Epileptogenesis was elicited in adult male rats via systemic kainic acid-induced SE (KA-SE). We then determined if decoy, NRSF-binding-motif oligodeoxynucleotides (NRSE-ODNs), given twice following KA-SE (1) prevented REST/NRSF binding to chromatin, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, or (2) prevented the onset of spontaneous seizures, measured with chronic digital video-electroencephalogram. Blocking NRSF function transiently after KA-SE significantly lengthened the latent period to a first spontaneous seizure. Whereas this intervention did not influence the duration and severity of spontaneous seizures, total seizure number and seizure burden were lower in the NRSE-ODN compared with scrambled-ODN cohorts. Transient interference with REST/NRSF function after KA-SE delays and moderately attenuates insult-related hippocampal epilepsy, but does not abolish it. Thus, the anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic actions of NRSF are but one of the multifactorial mechanisms generating epilepsy in the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Noriko Kamei
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Manlin Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Hyun-Seung Mun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Yuncai Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Taraschenko O, Fox HS, Eldridge E, Heliso P, Al-Saleem F, Dessain S, Casale G, Willcockson G, Anderson K, Wang W, Dingledine R. MyD88-mediated signaling is critical for the generation of seizure responses and cognitive impairment in a model of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Epilepsia 2024; 65:1475-1487. [PMID: 38470097 PMCID: PMC11087204 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that interleukin-1 receptor-mediated immune activation contributes to seizure severity and memory loss in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. In the present study, we assessed the role of the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), an adaptor protein in Toll-like receptor signaling, in the key phenotypic characteristics of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. METHODS Monoclonal anti-NMDAR antibodies or control antibodies were infused into the lateral ventricle of MyD88 knockout mice (MyD88-/-) and control C56BL/6J mice (wild type [WT]) via osmotic minipumps for 2 weeks. Seizure responses were measured by electroencephalography. Upon completion of the infusion, the motor, anxiety, and memory functions of the mice were assessed. Astrocytic (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]) and microglial (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 [Iba-1]) activation and transcriptional activation for the principal inflammatory mediators involved in seizures were determined using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS As shown before, 80% of WT mice infused with anti-NMDAR antibodies (n = 10) developed seizures (median = 11, interquartile range [IQR] = 3-25 in 2 weeks). In contrast, only three of 14 MyD88-/- mice (21.4%) had seizures (0, IQR = 0-.25, p = .01). The WT mice treated with antibodies also developed memory loss in the novel object recognition test, whereas such memory deficits were not apparent in MyD88-/- mice treated with anti-NMDAR antibodies (p = .03) or control antibodies (p = .04). Furthermore, in contrast to the WT mice exposed to anti-NMDAR antibodies, the MyD88-/- mice had a significantly lower induction of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in the hippocampus (p = .0001, Sidak tests). There were no significant changes in the expression of GFAP and Iba-1 in the MyD88-/- mice treated with anti-NMDAR or control antibodies. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that MyD88-mediated signaling contributes to the seizure and memory phenotype in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and that CCL2 activation may participate in the expression of these features. The removal of MyD88 inflammation may be protective and therapeutically relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Taraschenko
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ember Eldridge
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Priscilla Heliso
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Scott Dessain
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA
| | - George Casale
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Kayley Anderson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Epilepsy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Häussler U, Neres J, Vandenplas C, Eykens C, Kadiu I, Schramm C, Fleurance R, Stanley P, Godard P, de Mot L, van Eyll J, Knobeloch KP, Haas CA, Dedeurwaerdere S. Downregulation of Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 15 (USP15) Does Not Provide Therapeutic Benefit in Experimental Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2367-2389. [PMID: 37874479 PMCID: PMC10973041 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Structural epilepsies display complex immune activation signatures. However, it is unclear which neuroinflammatory pathways drive pathobiology. Transcriptome studies of brain resections from mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) patients revealed a dysregulation of transforming growth factor β, interferon α/β, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathways. Since these pathways are regulated by ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP), in particular USP15, we hypothesized that USP15 blockade may provide therapeutic relief in treatment-resistant epilepsies. For validation, transgenic mice which either constitutively or inducibly lack Usp15 gene expression underwent intrahippocampal kainate injections to induce mTLE. We show that the severity of status epilepticus is unaltered in mice constitutively lacking Usp15 compared to wild types. Cell death, reactive gliosis, and changes in the inflammatory transcriptome were pronounced at 4 days after kainate injection. However, these brain inflammation signatures did not differ between genotypes. Likewise, induced deletion of Usp15 in chronic epilepsy did not affect seizure generation, cell death, gliosis, or the transcriptome. Concordantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Usp15 in a microglial cell line did not impact inflammatory responses in the form of cytokine release. Our data show that a lack of USP15 is insufficient to modulate the expression of relevant neuroinflammatory pathways in an mTLE mouse model and do not support targeting USP15 as a therapeutic approach for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Häussler
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - João Neres
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Catherine Vandenplas
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Caroline Eykens
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Irena Kadiu
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Carolin Schramm
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Renaud Fleurance
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Phil Stanley
- Early Development Statistics, UCB Celltech, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Patrice Godard
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Laurane de Mot
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jonathan van Eyll
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, 1420, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute for Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hansastr. 9a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chaudhary A, Mehra P, Keshri AK, Rawat SS, Mishra A, Prasad A. The Emerging Role of Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Signals in Psychiatric Disorders and Acquired Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1527-1542. [PMID: 37725212 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The new and evolving paradigms of psychiatric disorders pathogenesis are deeply inclined toward chronic inflammation that leads to disturbances in the neuronal networks of patients. A strong association has been established between the inflammation and neurobiology of depression which is mediated by different toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs and associated signalling pathways are identified as key immune regulators to stress and infections in neurobiology. They are a special class of transmembrane proteins, which are one of the broadly studied members of the Pattern Recognition Patterns family. This review focuses on summarizing the important findings on the role of TLRs associated with psychotic disorders and acquired epilepsy. This review also shows the promising potential of TLRs in immune response mediated through antidepressant therapies and TLRs polymorphism associated with various psychotic disorders. Moreover, this also sheds light on future directions to further target TLRs as a therapeutic approach for psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Chaudhary
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Parul Mehra
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Anand K Keshri
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Suraj S Rawat
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
- Indian Knowledge System and Mental Health Application Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
- Human Computer Interface Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Karan AA, Spivak YS, Suleymanova EM, Gerasimov KA, Bolshakov AP, Vinogradova LV. Distant neuroinflammation acutely induced by focal brain injury and its control by endocannabinoid system. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114679. [PMID: 38190933 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We studied spatiotemporal features of acute transcriptional inflammatory response induced by a focal brain injury in distant uninjured neuronal tissue and a role of endocannabinoid (eCB) system in its control. MATERIALS AND METHODS A focal excitotoxic lesion was induced by a unilateral injection of kainate in the dorsal hippocampus of awake Wistar rats. During acute post-injury period (3 h and 24 h post-injection), mRNA levels of genes associated with neuroinflammation (Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Ccl2; Cx3cl1, Zc3 h12a, Tgfb1) and eCB receptors of CB1 and CB2 types (Cnr1 and Cnr2) in intact regions of the hippocampus and neocortex were measured using qPCR. Occurrence of acute symptomatic seizures was controlled electrographically. To modulate eCB signaling during injury and acute post-injury period, antagonists (AM251, AM630) and agonist (WIN55-212-2) of eCB receptors were administered before the injury induction. RESULTS Local intrahippocampal injury triggered widespread time- and region-dependent neuroinflammation in undamaged brain regions remote from the lesion site. The distant areas of the hippocampus and hippocampal meninges exhibited early (3 h) transient upregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines simultaneously with occurrence of acute symptomatic seizures. The neocortex and its meninges showed minor neuroinflammation early after injury (3 h) but later (24 h) significantly upregulated several genes, mainly with anti-inflammatory properties. Focal lesion also changed expression of eCB receptors in the distant extra-lesional regions - CB1 receptors at 3 h and both CB1 and CB2 receptors at 24 h. Within the hippocampus, significant regional differences in constitutive and post-injury expression CB1 receptors were found. Pharmacological blockade of eCB receptors during injury and early post-injury period lengthened hippocampal neuroinflammation and reversed upregulation of anti-inflammatory molecules in the neocortex. CONCLUSION The findings show that focal brain injury rapidly triggers widespread parenchymal and extraparenchymal neuroinflammation. The early injury-induced response is likely to represent neurogenic neuroinflammation produced by network hyperexcitability (acute symptomatic seizures). Activation of eCB signaling during acute phase of the brain injury is important for initiation of adaptive anti-inflammatory processes and prevention of chronic pathologic neuroinflammation in distant uninjured structures. However, the beneficial role of injury-induced eCB activity appears to depend on many factors including time, brain region, eCB tone etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Karan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Yulia S Spivak
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Elena M Suleymanova
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Gerasimov
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova street 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alex P Bolshakov
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Vinogradova
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Street 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lumley LA, Nguyen DA, de Araujo Furtado M, Niquet J, Linz EO, Schultz CR, Stone MF, Wasterlain CG. Efficacy of Lacosamide and Rufinamide as Adjuncts to Midazolam-Ketamine Treatment Against Cholinergic-Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:347-357. [PMID: 37977809 PMCID: PMC10801783 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepine pharmacoresistance develops when treatment of status epilepticus (SE) is delayed. This response may result from gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAAR) internalization that follows prolonged SE; this receptor trafficking results in fewer GABAAR in the synapse to restore inhibition. Increase in synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) also occurs in rodent models of SE. Lacosamide, a third-generation antiseizure medication (ASM), acts on the slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Another ASM, rufinamide, similarly acts on sodium channels by extending the duration of time spent in the inactivation stage. Combination therapy of the benzodiazepine midazolam, NMDAR antagonist ketamine, and ASMs lacosamide (or rufinamide) was investigated for efficacy against soman (GD)-induced SE and neuropathology. Adult male rats implanted with telemetry transmitters for monitoring electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were exposed to a seizure-inducing dose of GD and treated with an admix of atropine sulfate and HI-6 1 minute later and with midazolam monotherapy or combination therapy 40 minutes after EEG seizure onset. Rats were monitored continuously for seizure activity for two weeks, after which brains were processed for assessment of neurodegeneration, neuronal loss, and neuroinflammatory responses. Simultaneous administration of midazolam, ketamine, and lacosamide (or rufinamide) was more protective against GD-induced SE compared with midazolam monotherapy. In general, lacosamide triple therapy had more positive outcomes on measures of epileptogenesis, EEG power integral, and the number of brain regions protected from neuropathology compared with rats treated with rufinamide triple therapy. Overall, both drugs were well tolerated in these combination models. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We currently report on improved efficacy of antiseizure medications lacosamide and rufinamide, each administered in combination with ketamine (NMDAR antagonist) and midazolam (benzodiazepine), in combatting soman (GD)-induced seizure, epileptogenesis, and brain pathology over that provided by midazolam monotherapy, or dual therapy of midazolam and lacosamide (or rufinamide) in rats. Administration of lacosamide as adjunct to midazolam and ketamine was particularly effective against GD-induced toxicity. However, protection was incomplete, suggesting the need for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucille A Lumley
- Neuroscience Department, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (L.A.L., D.A.N., E.O.L., C.R.S., M.F.S.); BioSEaD, LLC, Rockville, Maryland (M.d.A.F.); and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, and Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California (J.N., C.G.W.)
| | - Donna A Nguyen
- Neuroscience Department, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (L.A.L., D.A.N., E.O.L., C.R.S., M.F.S.); BioSEaD, LLC, Rockville, Maryland (M.d.A.F.); and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, and Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California (J.N., C.G.W.)
| | - Marcio de Araujo Furtado
- Neuroscience Department, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (L.A.L., D.A.N., E.O.L., C.R.S., M.F.S.); BioSEaD, LLC, Rockville, Maryland (M.d.A.F.); and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, and Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California (J.N., C.G.W.)
| | - Jerome Niquet
- Neuroscience Department, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (L.A.L., D.A.N., E.O.L., C.R.S., M.F.S.); BioSEaD, LLC, Rockville, Maryland (M.d.A.F.); and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, and Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California (J.N., C.G.W.)
| | - Emily O Linz
- Neuroscience Department, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (L.A.L., D.A.N., E.O.L., C.R.S., M.F.S.); BioSEaD, LLC, Rockville, Maryland (M.d.A.F.); and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, and Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California (J.N., C.G.W.)
| | - Caroline R Schultz
- Neuroscience Department, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (L.A.L., D.A.N., E.O.L., C.R.S., M.F.S.); BioSEaD, LLC, Rockville, Maryland (M.d.A.F.); and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, and Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California (J.N., C.G.W.)
| | - Michael F Stone
- Neuroscience Department, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (L.A.L., D.A.N., E.O.L., C.R.S., M.F.S.); BioSEaD, LLC, Rockville, Maryland (M.d.A.F.); and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, and Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California (J.N., C.G.W.)
| | - Claude G Wasterlain
- Neuroscience Department, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (L.A.L., D.A.N., E.O.L., C.R.S., M.F.S.); BioSEaD, LLC, Rockville, Maryland (M.d.A.F.); and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, and Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California (J.N., C.G.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Milano C, Montali M, Barachini S, Burzi IS, Pratesi F, Petrozzi L, Chico L, Morganti R, Gambino G, Rossi L, Ceravolo R, Siciliano G, Migliorini P, Petrini I, Pizzanelli C. Increased production of inflammatory cytokines by circulating monocytes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A possible role in drug resistance. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 386:578272. [PMID: 38160122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum inflammatory biomarkers in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (drug-resistant - DR, vs. drug-sensitive - DS). Patients with epilepsy showed higher levels of serum CCL2, CCL3, IL-8 and AOPP, and lower levels of FRAP and thiols compared to healthy controls (HC). Although none of the serum biomarkers distinguished DR from DS patients, when analysing intracellular cytokines after in vitro stimulation, DR patients presented higher percentages of IL-1β and IL-6 positive monocytes compared to DS patients and HC. Circulating innate immune cells might be implicated in DR epilepsy and constitute potential new targets for treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Milano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Montali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Barachini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I S Burzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Pratesi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Petrozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Chico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Morganti
- Section of Statistics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Gambino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Migliorini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Petrini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Pizzanelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ye X, Lin JY, Chen LX, Wu XC, Ma KJ, Li BX, Fang YX. SREBP1 deficiency diminishes glutamate-mediated HT22 cell damage and hippocampal neuronal pyroptosis induced by status epilepticus. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23945. [PMID: 38205297 PMCID: PMC10777081 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening disorder that can result in death or severe brain damage, and there is a substantial body of evidence suggesting a strong association between pyroptosis and SE. Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) is a significant transcription factor participating in both lipid homeostasis and glucose metabolism. However, the function of SREBP1 in pyroptosis during SE remains unknown. In this study, we established a SE rat model by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride and pilocarpine in vivo. Additionally, we treated HT22 hippocampal cells with glutamate to create neuronal injury models in vitro. Our results demonstrated a significant induction of SREBP1, inflammasomes, and pyroptosis in the hippocampus of SE rats and glutamate-treated HT22 cells. Moreover, we found that SREBP1 is regulated by the mTOR signaling pathway, and inhibiting mTOR signaling contributed to the amelioration of SE-induced hippocampal neuron pyroptosis, accompanied by a reduction in SREBP1 expression. Furthermore, we conducted siRNA-mediated knockdown of SREBP1 in HT22 cells and observed a significant reversal of glutamate-induced cell death, activation of inflammasomes, and pyroptosis. Importantly, our confocal immunofluorescence analysis revealed the co-localization of SREBP1 and NLRP1. In conclusion, our findings suggest that deficiency of SREBP1 attenuates glutamate-induced HT22 cell injury and hippocampal neuronal pyroptosis in rats following SE. Targeting SREBP1 may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ye
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun-Yi Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling-Xia Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xue-chun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Jun Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Bei-Xu Li
- School of Policing Studies, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, 201701, China
| | - You-Xin Fang
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Boleti APDA, Cardoso PHDO, Frihling BEF, de Moraes LFRN, Nunes EAC, Mukoyama LTH, Nunes EAC, Carvalho CME, Macedo MLR, Migliolo L. Pathophysiology to Risk Factor and Therapeutics to Treatment Strategies on Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2024; 14:71. [PMID: 38248286 PMCID: PMC10813806 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy represents a condition in which abnormal neuronal discharges or the hyperexcitability of neurons occur with synchronicity, presenting a significant public health challenge. Prognostic factors, such as etiology, electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities, the type and number of seizures before treatment, as well as the initial unsatisfactory effects of medications, are important considerations. Although there are several third-generation antiepileptic drugs currently available, their multiple side effects can negatively affect patient quality of life. The inheritance and etiology of epilepsy are complex, involving multiple underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Different neurotransmitters play crucial roles in maintaining the normal physiology of different neurons. Dysregulations in neurotransmission, due to abnormal transmitter levels or changes in their receptors, can result in seizures. In this review, we address the roles played by various neurotransmitters and their receptors in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Furthermore, we extensively explore the neurological mechanisms involved in the development and progression of epilepsy, along with its risk factors. Furthermore, we highlight the new therapeutic targets, along with pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies currently employed in the treatment of epileptic syndromes, including drug interventions employed in clinical trials related to epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Araújo Boleti
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e Suas Funções Biológicas, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e da Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Breno Emanuel Farias Frihling
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Luiz Filipe Ramalho Nunes de Moraes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ellynes Amancio Correia Nunes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Lincoln Takashi Hota Mukoyama
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ellydberto Amancio Correia Nunes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Marcelo Espinola Carvalho
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e Suas Funções Biológicas, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e da Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mamad O, Heiland M, Lindner AU, Hill TDM, Ronroy RM, Rentrup K, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Langa E, Heller JP, Moreno O, Llop J, Bhattacharya A, Palmer JA, Ceusters M, Engel T, Henshall DC. Anti-seizure effects of JNJ-54175446 in the intra-amygdala kainic acid model of drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy in mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1308478. [PMID: 38259288 PMCID: PMC10800975 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1308478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
There remains a need for new drug targets for treatment-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. The ATP-gated P2X7 receptor coordinates neuroinflammatory responses to tissue injury. Previous studies in mice reported that the P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ-47965567 suppressed spontaneous seizures in the intraamygdala kainic acid model of epilepsy and reduced attendant gliosis in the hippocampus. The drug-resistance profile of this model is not fully characterised, however, and newer P2X7 receptor antagonists with superior pharmacokinetic profiles have recently entered clinical trials. Using telemetry-based continuous EEG recordings in mice, we demonstrate that spontaneous recurrent seizures in the intraamygdala kainic acid model are refractory to the common anti-seizure medicine levetiracetam. In contrast, once-daily dosing of JNJ-54175446 (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) resulted in a significant reduction in spontaneous recurrent seizures which lasted several days after the end of drug administration. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry and ex vivo radiotracer assay, we find that JNJ-54175446-treated mice at the end of recordings display a reduction in astrogliosis and altered microglia process morphology within the ipsilateral CA3 subfield of the hippocampus, but no difference in P2X7 receptor surface expression. The present study extends the characterisation of the drug-resistance profile of the intraamygdala kainic acid model in mice and provides further evidence that targeting the P2X7 receptor may have therapeutic applications in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mamad
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mona Heiland
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas U. Lindner
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas D. M. Hill
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan M. Ronroy
- Division of Population Health Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kilian Rentrup
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elena Langa
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Janosch P. Heller
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oscar Moreno
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - James A. Palmer
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Marc Ceusters
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li W, Wu J, Zeng Y, Zheng W. Neuroinflammation in epileptogenesis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269241. [PMID: 38187384 PMCID: PMC10771847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of enduring neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures with heterogeneous etiology, clinical expression, severity, and prognosis. Growing body of research investigates that epileptic seizures are originated from neuronal synchronized and excessive electrical activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated and 30% of epileptic patients still are resistant to the currently available pharmacological treatments with recurrent seizures throughout life. Over the past two decades years accumulated evidences provide strong support to the hypothesis that neuroinflammation, including microglia and astrocytes activation, a cascade of inflammatory mediator releasing, and peripheral immune cells infiltration from blood into brain, is associated with epileptogenesis. Meanwhile, an increasing body of preclinical researches reveal that the anti-inflammatory therapeutics targeting crucial inflammatory components are effective and promising in the treatment of epilepsy. The aim of the present study is to highlight the current understanding of the potential neuroinflammatory mechanisms in epileptogenesis and the potential therapeutic targets against epileptic seizures.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang J, Liu Y, Wu Y, Yang K, Yang K, Yan L, Feng L. Anti-inflammatory effects of icariin in the acute and chronic phases of the mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176141. [PMID: 37866741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia made a significant contribution in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Icariin (ICA), a bioactive ingredient isolated from Epimedium, has been shown to present both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was to explore the potential therapeutic effects of icariin on mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy and its underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. To this end, we firstly measured the serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and found that patients with a higher seizure frequency showed correspondingly higher inflammatory reaction. Mouse pharmacokinetic study, transmembrane transportation assay, and cell viability assay collectively demonstrated that ICA was able to cross the blood-brain barrier and has good biocompatibility. The acute and chronic epilepsy models were next established in a pilocarpine mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Icariin has been identified that it could cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the hippocampus to exhibit therapeutic effects. ICA treatment dramatically promoted microglial polarization to the M2 phenotype in epilepsy mice both in the acute and chronic phases. Reduced release of M1-associated proinflammatory factors, such as IL-1β and IL-6, corroborates the altered glial cell polarization. Furthermore, ICA alleviated seizure intensity and mortality in acute phase epileptic mice. Models in the chronic group also showed improved general condition, cognition ability, and memory function after ICA treatment. Taken together, our research strongly suggested that icariin has the potential to treat epilepsy via inhibiting neuroinflammation by promoting microglial polarization to the M2 phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yunyi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yuanxia Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Kaiyi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Luzhe Yan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (Jiangxi Branch), Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Foiadelli T, Santangelo A, Costagliola G, Costa E, Scacciati M, Riva A, Volpedo G, Smaldone M, Bonuccelli A, Clemente AM, Ferretti A, Savasta S, Striano P, Orsini A. Neuroinflammation and status epilepticus: a narrative review unraveling a complex interplay. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1251914. [PMID: 38078329 PMCID: PMC10703175 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1251914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency resulting from the failure of the mechanisms involved in seizure termination or from the initiation of pathways involved in abnormally prolonged seizures, potentially leading to long-term consequences, including neuronal death and impaired neuronal networks. It can eventually evolve to refractory status epilepticus (RSE), in which the administration of a benzodiazepine and another anti-seizure medications (ASMs) had been ineffective, and super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE), which persists for more than 24 h after the administration of general anesthesia. Objective of the present review is to highlight the link between inflammation and SE. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown that neuroinflammation can contribute to seizure onset and recurrence by increasing neuronal excitability. Notably, microglia and astrocytes can promote neuroinflammation and seizure susceptibility. In fact, inflammatory mediators released by glial cells might enhance neuronal excitation and cause drug resistance and seizure recurrence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation could be crucial for improving SE treatment, wich is currently mainly addressed with benzodiazepines and eventually phenytoin, valproic acid, or levetiracetam. IL-1β signal blockade with Anakinra has shown promising results in avoiding seizure recurrence and generalization in inflammatory refractory epilepsy. Inhibiting the IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE)/caspase-1 is also being investigated as a possible target for managing drug-resistant epilepsies. Targeting the ATP-P2X7R signal, which activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and triggers inflammatory molecule release, is another avenue of research. Interestingly, astaxanthin has shown promise in attenuating neuroinflammation in SE by inhibiting the ATP-P2X7R signal. Furthermore, IL-6 blockade using tocilizumab has been effective in RSE and in reducing seizures in patients with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). Other potential approaches include the ketogenic diet, which may modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and the use of cannabidiol (CBD), which has demonstrated antiepileptic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, and targeting HMGB1-TLR4 axis. Clinical experience with anti-cytokine agents such as Anakinra and Tocilizumab in SE is currently limited, although promising. Nonetheless, Etanercept and Rituximab have shown efficacy only in specific etiologies of SE, such as autoimmune encephalitis. Overall, targeting inflammatory pathways and cytokines shows potential as an innovative therapeutic option for drug-resistant epilepsies and SE, providing the chance of directly addressing its underlying mechanisms, rather than solely focusing on symptom control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Foiadelli
- Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - A. Santangelo
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Department, AOUP Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - G. Costagliola
- Pediatric Oncology, Pediatric Department, AOUP Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Costa
- Pediatric Department, AOUP Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Scacciati
- Pediatric Department, AOUP Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Riva
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal, and Child Health, IRCCS Istituto “G. Gaslini”, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - G. Volpedo
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal, and Child Health, IRCCS Istituto “G. Gaslini”, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - M. Smaldone
- Pediatric Department, AOUP Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Bonuccelli
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Department, AOUP Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - A. M. Clemente
- Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - A. Ferretti
- Pediatrics Unit, Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Savasta
- Pediatric Clinic and Rare Disease Microcitemico Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P. Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal, and Child Health, IRCCS Istituto “G. Gaslini”, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Orsini
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Department, AOUP Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ismail FS, Faustmann PM, Förster E, Corvace F, Faustmann TJ. Tiagabine and zonisamide differentially regulate the glial properties in an astrocyte-microglia co-culture model of inflammation. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3253-3267. [PMID: 37231170 PMCID: PMC10567966 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to the role of astrocytes and microglia in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and limited studies of antiseizure medication (ASM) effects on glial cells, we studied tiagabine (TGB) and zonisamide (ZNS) in an astrocyte-microglia co-culture model of inflammation. Different concentrations of ZNS (10, 20, 40, 100 µg/ml) or TGB (1, 10, 20, 50 µg/ml) were added to primary rat astrocytes co-cultures with 5-10% (M5, physiological conditions) or 30-40% (M30, pathological inflammatory conditions) microglia for 24 h, aiming to study glial viability, microglial activation, connexin 43 (Cx43) expression and gap-junctional coupling. ZNS led to the reduction of glial viability by only 100 µg/ml under physiological conditions. By contrast, TGB revealed toxic effects with a significant, concentration-dependent reduction of glial viability under physiological and pathological conditions. After the incubation of M30 co-cultures with 20 µg/ml TGB, the microglial activation was significantly decreased and resting microglia slightly increased, suggesting possible anti-inflammatory features of TGB under inflammatory conditions. Otherwise, ZNS caused no significant changes of microglial phenotypes. The gap-junctional coupling was significantly decreased after the incubation of M5 co-cultures with 20 and 50 µg/ml TGB, which can be related to its anti-epileptic activity under noninflammatory conditions. A significant decrease of Cx43 expression and cell-cell coupling was found after the incubation of M30 co-cultures with 10 µg/ml ZNS, suggesting additional anti-seizure effects of ZNS with the disruption of glial gap-junctional communication under inflammatory conditions. TGB and ZNS differentially regulated the glial properties. Developing novel ASMs targeting glial cells may have future potential as an "add-on" therapy to classical ASMs targeting neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatme Seval Ismail
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Pedro M Faustmann
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Franco Corvace
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Timo Jendrik Faustmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Česká K, Papež J, Ošlejšková H, Slabý O, Radová L, Loja T, Libá Z, Svěráková A, Brázdil M, Aulická Š. CCL2/MCP-1, interleukin-8, and fractalkine/CXC3CL1: Potential biomarkers of epileptogenesis and pharmacoresistance in childhood epilepsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023; 46:48-54. [PMID: 37429062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathophysiological processes leading to epileptogenesis and pharmacoresistance in epilepsy have been the subject of extensive preclinical and clinical research. The main impact on clinical practice is the development of new targeted therapies for epilepsy. We studied the importance of neuroinflammation in the development of epileptogenesis and pharmacoresistance in childhood epilepsy patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study conducted at two epilepsy centers in the Czech Republic compared 22 pharmacoresistant patients and 4 pharmacodependent patients to 9 controls. We analyzed the ProcartaPlex™ 9-Plex immunoassay panel consisting of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, CXCL10/IP-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (CCL2/MCP-1), B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and chemokine (C-X3-X motif) ligand 1 (fractalkine/CXC3CL1) to determine their alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma, concurrently. RESULTS The analysis of 21 paired CSF and plasma samples in pharmacoresistant patients compared to controls revealed a significant elevation of CCL2/MCP-1 in CSF (p < 0.000512) and plasma (p < 0.00.017). Higher levels of fractalkine/CXC3CL1 were revealed in the plasma of pharmacoresistant patients than in controls (p < 0.0704), and we determined an upward trend in CSF IL-8 levels (p < 0.08). No significant differences in CSF and plasma levels were detected between pharmacodependent patients and controls. CONCLUSION Elevated CCL2/MCP-1 in CSF and plasma, elevated levels of fractalkine/CXC3CL1 in CSF, and a trend toward elevated IL-8 in the CSF of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy indicate these cytokines as potential biomarkers of epileptogenesis and pharmacoresistance. CCL2/MCP-1was detected in blood plasma; this assessment may be easily achieved in clinical practice without the invasiveness of a spinal tap. However, due to the complexity of neuroinflammation in epilepsy, further studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Česká
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brno Epilepsy Center, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Papež
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Ošlejšková
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brno Epilepsy Center, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slabý
- Ondrej Slaby Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radová
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Loja
- Ondrej Slaby Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Libá
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Svěráková
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Brázdil
- Brno Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Full-member of ERN, EpiCARE, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Štefánia Aulická
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brno Epilepsy Center, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Ondrej Slaby Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic; Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Smith LA, Chen C, Lax NZ, Taylor RW, Erskine D, McFarland R. Astrocytic pathology in Alpers' syndrome. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:86. [PMID: 37259148 PMCID: PMC10230702 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractory epilepsy is the main neurological manifestation of Alpers' syndrome, a severe childhood-onset mitochondrial disease caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma gene (POLG). The pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning neuronal hyperexcitabilty leading to seizures in Alpers' syndrome remain unknown. However, pathological changes to reactive astrocytes are hypothesised to exacerbate neural dysfunction and seizure-associated cortical activity in POLG-related disease. Therefore, we sought to phenotypically characterise astrocytic pathology in Alpers' syndrome. We performed a detailed quantitative investigation of reactive astrocytes in post-mortem neocortical tissues from thirteen patients with Alpers' syndrome, eight neurologically normal controls and five sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) patients, to control for generalised epilepsy-associated astrocytic pathology. Immunohistochemistry to identify glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-reactive astrocytes revealed striking reactive astrogliosis localised to the primary visual cortex of Alpers' syndrome tissues, characterised by abnormal-appearing hypertrophic astrocytes. Phenotypic characterisation of individual GFAP-reactive astrocytes demonstrated decreased abundance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins and altered expression of key astrocytic proteins including Kir4.1 (subunit of the inwardly rectifying K+ ion channel), AQP4 (astrocytic water channel) and glutamine synthetase (enzyme that metabolises glutamate). These phenotypic astrocytic changes were typically different from the pathology observed in SUDEP tissues, suggesting alternative mechanisms of astrocytic dysfunction between these epilepsies. Crucially, our findings provide further evidence of occipital lobe involvement in Alpers' syndrome and support the involvement of reactive astrocytes in the pathogenesis of POLG-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Chun Chen
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Nichola Z Lax
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE2 4HH UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Stredny C, Rotenberg A, Leviton A, Loddenkemper T. Systemic inflammation as a biomarker of seizure propensity and a target for treatment to reduce seizure propensity. Epilepsia Open 2023; 8:221-234. [PMID: 36524286 PMCID: PMC9978091 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
People with diabetes can wear a device that measures blood glucose and delivers just the amount of insulin needed to return the glucose level to within bounds. Currently, people with epilepsy do not have access to an equivalent wearable device that measures a systemic indicator of an impending seizure and delivers a rapidly acting medication or other intervention (e.g., an electrical stimulus) to terminate or prevent a seizure. Given that seizure susceptibility is reliably increased in systemic inflammatory states, we propose a novel closed-loop device where release of a fast-acting therapy is governed by sensors that quantify the magnitude of systemic inflammation. Here, we review the evidence that patients with epilepsy have raised levels of systemic indicators of inflammation than controls, and that some anti-inflammatory drugs have reduced seizure occurrence in animals and humans. We then consider the options of what might be incorporated into a responsive anti-seizure system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coral Stredny
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of NeurologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of NeurologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alan Leviton
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of NeurologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tobias Loddenkemper
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of NeurologyBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen Y, Nagib MM, Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Littlejohn TL, Yu Y, Jiang J. Neuroinflammatory mediators in acquired epilepsy: an update. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:683-701. [PMID: 36745211 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders that have diverse etiologies but are commonly characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Although the mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizures mostly remain poorly understood and the causes often can be idiopathic, a considerable portion of cases are known as acquired epilepsy. This form of epilepsy is typically associated with prior neurological insults, which lead to the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis, eventually resulting in unprovoked seizures. A convergence of evidence in the past two decades suggests that inflammation within the brain may be a major contributing factor to acquired epileptogenesis. As evidenced in mounting preclinical and human studies, neuroinflammatory processes, such as activation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and upregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, are commonly observed after seizure-precipitating events. An increased knowledge of these neuroinflammatory processes in the epileptic brain has led to a growing list of inflammatory mediators that can be leveraged as potential targets for new therapies of epilepsy and/or biomarkers that may provide valued information for the diagnosis and prognosis of the otherwise unpredictable seizures. In this review, we mainly focus on the most recent progress in understanding the roles of these inflammatory molecules in acquired epilepsy and highlight the emerging evidence supporting their candidacy as novel molecular targets for new pharmacotherapies of acquired epilepsy and the associated behavioral deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taylor L Littlejohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Henning L, Antony H, Breuer A, Müller J, Seifert G, Audinat E, Singh P, Brosseron F, Heneka MT, Steinhäuser C, Bedner P. Reactive microglia are the major source of tumor necrosis factor alpha and contribute to astrocyte dysfunction and acute seizures in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. Glia 2023; 71:168-186. [PMID: 36373840 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extensive microglia reactivity has been well described in human and experimental temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). To date, however, it is not clear whether and based on which molecular mechanisms microglia contribute to the development and progression of focal epilepsy. Astroglial gap junction coupled networks play an important role in regulating neuronal activity and loss of interastrocytic coupling causally contributes to TLE. Here, we show in the unilateral intracortical kainate (KA) mouse model of TLE that reactive microglia are primary producers of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and contribute to astrocyte dysfunction and severity of status epilepticus (SE). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed pronounced and persistent microglia reactivity, which already started 4 h after KA-induced SE. Partial depletion of microglia using a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor prevented early astrocyte uncoupling and attenuated the severity of SE, but increased the mortality of epileptic mice following surgery. Using microglia-specific inducible TNFα knockout mice we identified microglia as the major source of TNFα during early epileptogenesis. Importantly, microglia-specific TNFα knockout prevented SE-induced gap junction uncoupling in astrocytes. Continuous telemetric EEG recordings revealed that during the first 4 weeks after SE induction, microglial TNFα did not significantly contribute to spontaneous generalized seizure activity. Moreover, the absence of microglial TNFα did not affect the development of hippocampal sclerosis but attenuated gliosis. Taken together, these data implicate reactive microglia in astrocyte dysfunction and network hyperexcitability after an epileptogenic insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Henning
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Henrike Antony
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Breuer
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Müller
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Li L, Yu Y, Jiang J. Transient inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 after status epilepticus blunts brain inflammation and is neuroprotective. Mol Brain 2023; 16:14. [PMID: 36694204 PMCID: PMC9875432 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) in humans is characterized by prolonged convulsive seizures that are generalized and often difficult to control. The current antiseizure drugs (ASDs) aim to stop seizures quickly enough to prevent the SE-induced brain inflammation, injury, and long-term sequelae. However, sole reliance on acute therapies is imprudent because prompt treatment may not always be possible under certain circumstances. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the devastating consequences of SE are presumably associated with neuroinflammatory reactions, where prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a pivotal role. As the terminal synthase for pathogenic PGE2, the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is rapidly and robustly induced by prolonged seizures. Congenital deletion of mPGES-1 in mice is neuroprotective and blunts gliosis following chemoconvulsant seizures, suggesting the feasibility of mPGES-1 as a potential antiepileptic target. Herein, we investigated the effects of a dual species mPGES-1 inhibitor in a mouse pilocarpine model of SE. Treatment with the mPGES-1 inhibitor in mice after SE that was terminated by diazepam, a fast-acting benzodiazepine, time-dependently abolished the SE-induced PGE2 within the brain. Its negligible effects on cyclooxygenases, the enzymes responsible for the initial step of PGE2 biosynthesis, validated its specificity to mPGES-1. Post-SE inhibition of mPGES-1 also blunted proinflammatory cytokines and reactive gliosis in the hippocampus and broadly prevented neuronal damage in a number of brain areas. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of mPGES-1 by small-molecule inhibitors might provide an adjunctive strategy that can be implemented hours after SE, together with first-line ASDs, to reduce SE-provoked brain inflammation and injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lexiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
A Comprehensive Review on Anti-Inflammatory Response of Flavonoids in Experimentally-Induced Epileptic Seizures. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13010102. [PMID: 36672083 PMCID: PMC9856497 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, a group of natural compounds with phenolic structure, are becoming popular as alternative medicines obtained from plants. These compounds are reported to have various pharmacological properties, including attenuation of inflammatory responses in multiple health issues. Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system implicated with the activation of the inflammatory cascade in the brain. The aim of the present study was to summarize the role of various neuroinflammatory mediators in the onset and progression of epilepsy, and, thereafter, to discuss the flavonoids and their classes, including their biological properties. Further, we highlighted the modulation of anti-inflammatory responses achieved by these substances in different forms of epilepsy, as evident from preclinical studies executed on multiple epilepsy models. Overall, the review summarizes the available evidence of the anti-inflammatory potential of various flavonoids in epilepsy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Fu Z, Lin Q, Xu Z, Fu W, Shi D, Cheng Y, Yang T, Liu G, Shi H, Cheng D. Longitudinal Positron Emission Tomography Imaging with P2X7 Receptor-Specific Radioligand 18F-FTTM in a Kainic Acid Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3512-3522. [PMID: 36383137 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (P2X7R), as a brain inflammation biomarker, play important roles in the epileptogenic progress. Mounting evidence supports their activation in the brain during epilepsy, and inhibition of the P2X7 receptor reduces the seizure frequency and severity. In this study, we investigate P2X7R-targeted (18F-FTTM) position emission tomography (PET) imaging in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy to obtain further insights into the role of P2X7R during epileptogenesis. 18F-FTTM (5-10% radiochemical yield, over 99% radiochemical purity, and a specific activity of 270-300 MBq/nmol, n = 6, EOS) was first synthesized. Then, the rat models induced by intrahippocampal injection of saline (1.2 μL, n = 15) or kainic acid (1.2 μL, 0.5 μg/μL, n = 35) were examined using 18F-FTTM Micro-PET/CT longitudinal imaging, respectively. The imaging results showed that increases in the 18F-FTTM uptake was evident after status epilepticus (SE) in the epileptogenesis-associated brain regions, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, or temporal cortex, and this peaked during the latent period. The histopathological analysis revealed that the P2X7R PET uptake reached a peak at 7 days after SE and was mostly related to microglial activation. Thus, P2X7R-targeted PET imaging agent 18F-FTTM may act as a useful tool for identifying brain inflammation during epilepsy. P2X7R PET is a highly potent longitudinal biomarker of epilepsy and could be of interest to determine the therapeutic windows in epilepsy and to monitor treatment response, and it warrants further clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhequan Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingyu Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhan Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhui Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dai Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guobing Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongcheng Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dengfeng Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ismail FS, Faustmann PM, Kümmel ML, Förster E, Faustmann TJ, Corvace F. Brivaracetam exhibits mild pro-inflammatory features in an in vitro astrocyte-microglia co-culture model of inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:995861. [PMID: 36406753 PMCID: PMC9670320 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.995861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Implications of glia in the pathophysiology of epilepsy raise the question of how these cells besides neurons are responsive to antiseizure medications (ASMs). Understanding ASM effects on glia and glia-mediated inflammation may help to explore astrocytes and microglia as potential targets for alternative anti-epileptogenic therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the new generation ASM brivaracetam (BRV) in an astrocyte-microglia co-culture model of inflammation. Primary rat astrocytes co-cultures containing 5%-10% (M5, "physiological" conditions) or 30%-40% (M30, "pathological inflammatory" conditions) of microglia were treated with different concentrations of BRV (0.5, 2, 10, and 20 μg/ml) for 24 h. Glial cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Microglial activation states were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and astroglial connexin 43 (Cx43) expression by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Gap-junctional coupling was studied via Scrape Loading. Incubation with high, overdose concentration (20 μg/ml) of BRV significantly reduced the glial cell viability under physiological conditions (p < 0.01: **). Treatment with BRV in therapeutic concentrations (0.5 and 2 μg/ml) reduced the resting microglia (p < 0.05: *) and increased the microglial activation under inflammatory conditions (p < 0.01: **). Astroglial Cx43 expression was not affected. The gap-junctional coupling significantly increased only by 0.5 μg/ml BRV under physiological conditions (p < 0.05: *). Our findings suggest mild pro-inflammatory, in vitro features of BRV with regard to microglia morphology. BRV showed no effects on Cx43 expression and only limited effects on gap-junctional coupling. Reduction of glial viability by overdose BRV indicates possible toxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatme Seval Ismail
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pedro M. Faustmann
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Kümmel
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Timo Jendrik Faustmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Franco Corvace
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102475. [PMID: 36289737 PMCID: PMC9599244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are one of the most common symptoms of brain tumors. The incidence of seizures differs among brain tumor type, grade, location and size, but paediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas/glioneuronal tumors are often highly epileptogenic. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to play a role in epileptogenesis and tumorigenesis because it is involved in the (re)modelling of neuronal connections and cell-cell signaling. In this review, we discuss the epileptogenicity of brain tumors with a focus on tumor type, location, genetics and the role of the extracellular matrix. In addition to functional problems, epileptogenic tumors can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, stigmatization and life-long care. The health advantages can be major if the epileptogenic properties of brain tumors are better understood. Surgical resection is the most common treatment of epilepsy-associated tumors, but post-surgery seizure-freedom is not always achieved. Therefore, we also discuss potential novel therapies aiming to restore ECM function.
Collapse
|
42
|
Aronica E, Binder DK, Drexel M, Ikonomidou C, Kadam SD, Sperk G, Steinhäuser C. A companion to the preclinical common data elements and case report forms for neuropathology studies in epilepsy research. A report of the TASK3 WG2 Neuropathology Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 35938285 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society (ILAE/AES) Joint Translational Task Force initiated the TASK3 working group to create common data elements (CDEs) for various aspects of preclinical epilepsy research studies, which could help improve the standardization of experimental designs. This article addresses neuropathological changes associated with seizures and epilepsy in rodent models of epilepsy. We discuss CDEs for histopathological parameters for neurodegeneration, changes in astrocyte morphology and function, mechanisms of inflammation, and changes in the blood-brain barrier and myelin/oligodendrocytes resulting from recurrent seizures in rats and mice. We provide detailed CDE tables and case report forms (CRFs), and with this companion manuscript, we discuss the rationale and methodological aspects of individual neuropathological examinations. The CDEs, CRFs, and companion paper are available to all researchers, and their use will benefit the harmonization and comparability of translational preclinical epilepsy research. The ultimate hope is to facilitate the development of rational therapy concepts for treating epilepsies, seizures, and comorbidities and the development of biomarkers assessing the pathological state of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Devin K Binder
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Meinrad Drexel
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Shilpa D Kadam
- The Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guenther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gong L, Zhu T, Chen C, Xia N, Yao Y, Ding J, Xu P, Li S, Sun Z, Dong X, Shen W, Sun P, Zeng L, Xie Y, Jiang P. Miconazole exerts disease-modifying effects during epilepsy by suppressing neuroinflammation via NF-κB pathway and iNOS production. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105823. [PMID: 35878745 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to the generation of epilepsy and has been proposed as an effective therapeutic target. Recent studies have uncovered the potential effects of the anti-fungal drug miconazole for treating various brain diseases by suppressing neuroinflammation but have not yet been studied in epilepsy. Here, we investigated the effects of different doses of miconazole (5, 20, 80 mg/kg) on seizure threshold, inflammatory cytokines release, and glial cells activation in the pilocarpine (PILO) pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and intrahippocampal kainic acid (IHKA) models. We demonstrated that 5 and 20 mg/kg miconazole increased seizure threshold, but only 20 mg/kg miconazole reduced inflammatory cytokines release, glial cells activation, and morphological alteration during the early post-induction period (24 h, 3 days). We further investigated the effects of 20 mg/kg miconazole on epilepsy (4 weeks after KA injection). We found that miconazole significantly attenuated cytokines production, glial cells activation, microglial morphological changes, frequency and duration of recurrent hippocampal paroxysmal discharges (HPDs), and neuronal and synaptic damage in the hippocampus during epilepsy. In addition, miconazole suppressed the KA-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway and iNOS production. Our results indicated miconazole to be an effective drug for disease-modifying effects during epilepsy, which may act by attenuating neuroinflammation through the suppression of NF-κB activation and iNOS production. At appropriate doses, miconazole may be a safe and effective approved drug that can easily be repositioned for clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Gong
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ningxiao Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yinping Yao
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Department of Pediatrics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Junchao Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Department of Pediatrics, Yiwu Maternity and Children Hospital, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Department of Pediatrics, Tongxiang First People's Hospital, Tongxiang 314500, China
| | - Shufen Li
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Department of Pediatrics, Lishui Center Hospital, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Zengxian Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; Department of Pediatrics, Lishui Center Hospital, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Xinyan Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Weida Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Innovation Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University City College School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Yicheng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Peifang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center For Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zeng C, Hu J, Chen F, Huang T, Zhang L. The Coordination of mTOR Signaling and Non-Coding RNA in Regulating Epileptic Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:924642. [PMID: 35898503 PMCID: PMC9310657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.924642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy accounts for a significant proportion of the burden of neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation acting as the inflammatory response to epileptic seizures is characterized by aberrant regulation of inflammatory cells and molecules, and has been regarded as a key process in epilepsy where mTOR signaling serves as a pivotal modulator. Meanwhile, accumulating evidence has revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) interfering with mTOR signaling are involved in neuroinflammation and therefore articipate in the development and progression of epilepsy. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the regulation of mTOR on neuroinflammatory cells and mediators, and feature the progresses of the interaction between ncRNAs and mTOR in epileptic neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chudai Zeng
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jason Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fenghua Chen, ; Tianxiang Huang, ; Longbo Zhang,
| | - Tianxiang Huang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fenghua Chen, ; Tianxiang Huang, ; Longbo Zhang,
| | - Longbo Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Fenghua Chen, ; Tianxiang Huang, ; Longbo Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shalaby AM, Sharaf Eldin HEM, Abdelsameea AA, Abdelnour HM, Alabiad MA, Elkholy MR, Aboregela AM. Betahistine Attenuates Seizures, Neurodegeneration, Apoptosis, and Gliosis in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus in a Mouse Model of Epilepsy: A Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Biochemical Study. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-15. [PMID: 35686434 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622012107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent and chronic neurological disorder marked by recurring, uncontrollable seizures of the brain. Chronic or repeated seizures produce memory problems and induce damage to different brain regions. Histamine has been reported to have neuroprotective effects. Betahistine is a histamine analogue. The current research investigated the effects of convulsions on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult male albino mice and assessed the possible protective effect of betahistine. Four groups of 40 adult male mice were organized: control, betahistine (10 mg/kg/day), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (40 mg/kg/ on alternate days), and Betahistine-PTZ group received betahistine 1 h before PTZ. PTZ induced a substantial rise in glutamate level and a considerable decrease in histamine level. Structural changes in the cerebral cortex and cornu ammonis (CA1) of the hippocampus were detected in the pattern of neuron degeneration. Some neurons were shrunken with dark nuclei, and others had faintly stained ones. Focal accumulation of neuroglial cells and ballooned nerve cells of the cerebral cortex were also detected. Cleaved caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 showed substantial increases, while synaptophysin expression was significantly reduced. Interestingly, these changes were less prominent in mice pretreated with betahistine. In conclusion, betahistine had shown neuroprotective properties against brain damage induced by convulsions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Heba E M Sharaf Eldin
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Hanim Magdy Abdelnour
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ramadan Elkholy
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Adel Mohamed Aboregela
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Beneficial effects of whole-body vibration exercise for brain disorders in experimental studies with animal models: a systematic review. Behav Brain Res 2022; 431:113933. [PMID: 35654174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain disorders have been a health challenge and is increasing over the years. Early diagnosis and interventions are considered essential strategies to treat patients at risk of brain disease. Physical exercise has shown to be beneficial for patients with brain diseases. A type of exercise intervention known as whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise gained increasing interest. During WBV, mechanical vibrations, produced by a vibrating platform are transmitted, to the body. The purpose of the current review was to summarize the effects of WBV exercise on brain function and behavior in experimental studies with animal models. Searches were performed in EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science including publications from 1960 to July 2021, using the keywords "whole body vibration" AND (animal or mice or mouse or rat or rodent). From 1284 hits, 20 papers were selected. Rats were the main animal model used (75%) followed by mice (20%) and porcine model (5%), 16 studies used males species and 4 females. The risk of bias, accessed with the SYRCLE Risk of Bias tool, indicated that none of the studies fulfilled all methodological criteria, resulting in possible bias. Despite heterogeneity, the results suggest beneficial effects of WBV exercise on brain functioning, mainly related to motor performance, coordination, behavioral control, neuronal plasticity and synapse function. In conclusion, the findings observed in animal studies justifies continued clinical research regarding the effectiveness and potential of WBV for the treatment of various types of brain disorders such as trauma, developmental disorders, neurogenetic diseases and other neurological diseases.
Collapse
|
47
|
Xie Y, Wang M, Deng X, Chen Y. Long non-coding RNA H19 alleviates hippocampal damage in convulsive status epilepticus rats through the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12783-12793. [PMID: 35603469 PMCID: PMC9275906 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2074760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Xie
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Deng
- Department of Neurology, Xiehe Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hou Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Deng Y, Liu G, Zhou Y, Shi H, Shi X, Jiang Q. Characterization of Immune-Related Genes and Immune Infiltration Features in Epilepsy by Multi-Transcriptome Data. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2855-2876. [PMID: 35547834 PMCID: PMC9084924 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s360743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yunqi Hou, Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570102, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Deng
- Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Genglong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongfen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Shi
- Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangqun Shi
- Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianhua Jiang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528308, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wu Q, Wang H, Liu X, Zhao Y, Zhang J. The Role of the Negative Regulation of Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Improving Emotional Behavior After Epileptic Seizures. Front Neurol 2022; 13:823908. [PMID: 35493845 PMCID: PMC9046666 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.823908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveStudies have long shown that uncontrolled inflammatory responses in the brain play a key role in epilepsy pathogenesis. Microglias play an important role in epileptic-induced neuroinflammation, but their role after epileptic seizures is still poorly understood. Alleviating epilepsy and its comorbidities has become a key area of interest for pediatricians.MethodsA pilocarpine-induced rat model of epilepsy was established. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, epilepsy group, TLR4 inhibitor group (epilepsy+TAK-242), and NF-κB antagonist group (epilepsy+BAY11–7082).Results1. The results of TUNEL staining showed that the expression in rats in the epilepsy group was the most obvious and was significantly different from that in rats in the control, EP+BAY and EP+TAK groups. 2. The expression of TLR4 and NF-κB was highest in rats in the epilepsy group and was significantly different from that in rats in the control, EP+BAY and EP+TAK groups. 3. The fluorescence intensity and number of IBA-1-positive cells in rats in the epilepsy group were highest and significantly different from those in rats in the control, EP+BAY and EP+TAK groups. Western blot analysis of IBA-1 showed that the expression in rats in the epilepsy group was the highest and was statistically significant. 4. CD68 was the highest in rats in the epilepsy group and was statistically significant. 5. In the open-field experiment, the central region residence time of rats in the EP group was delayed, the central region movement distance traveled was prolonged, the total distance traveled was prolonged, and the average speed was increased. Compared with rats in the EP group, rats in the EP+BAY and EP+ TAK groups exhibited improvements to different degrees.ConclusionAt the tissue level, downregulation of the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway in epilepsy could inhibit microglial activation and the expression of the inflammatory factor CD68, could inhibit hyperphagocytosis, and inhibit the occurrence and exacerbation of epilepsy, thus improving cognitive and emotional disorders after epileptic seizures.
Collapse
|
50
|
Dong L, Zheng Q, Cheng Y, Zhou M, Wang M, Xu J, Xu Z, Wu G, Yu Y, Ye L, Feng Z. Gut Microbial Characteristics of Adult Patients With Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:803538. [PMID: 35250450 PMCID: PMC8888681 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.803538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo characterize the intestinal flora of patients with epilepsy and its correlation with epilepsy.MethodsPatients with ages > 18 years were consecutively enrolled from the outpatient department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from January 2018 to December 2019. A total of 71 subjects were recruited, including epilepsy patients (n = 41) as an observation group and patient family members (n = 30) as a control group. Fresh stool specimens of all the subjects were collected. The 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was analyzed to determine changes in intestinal flora composition and its correlation with epilepsy. Subgroup analysis was then conducted. All patients with epilepsy were divided into an urban group (n = 21) and a rural group (n = 20) according to the region, and bioinformatics analyses were repeated between subgroups.ResultsLEfSe analysis showed that Fusobacterium, Megasphaera, Alloprevotella, and Sutterella had relatively increased abundance in the epilepsy group at the genus level. Correlation analysis suggested that Fusobacterium sp. (r = 0.584, P < 0.01), Fusobacterium mortiferum (r = 0.560, P < 0.01), Ruminococcus gnavus (r = 0.541, P < 0.01), and Bacteroides fragilis (r = 0.506, P < 0.01) were significantly positively correlated with the occurrence of epilepsy (r ≥ 0.5, P < 0.05). PICRUSt function prediction analysis showed that there were significant differences in 16 pathways between the groups at level 3. Comparing the rural group with the urban group, Proteobacteria increased at the phylum level and Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium varium, Prevotella stercorea, and Prevotellaceae bacterium DJF VR15 increased at the species level in the rural group.ConclusionThere were significant differences in the composition and functional pathways of gut flora between epilepsy patients and patient family members. The Fusobacterium may become a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Dong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongran Cheng
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- National Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunli Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lan Ye
- The Medical Function Laboratory of Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Ye,
| | - Zhanhui Feng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Zhanhui Feng,
| |
Collapse
|