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Collins SM, Hedd A, Montevecchi WA, Burt TV, Wilson DR, Fifield DA. Small tube-nosed seabirds fledge on the full moon and throughout the lunar cycle. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230290. [PMID: 38053366 PMCID: PMC10698475 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many seabirds are attracted to anthropogenic light, and the risk is greater for recent fledglings. Moon phase predicts the probability of stranding (fewer birds strand on the full moon), but it remains uncertain whether moon phase is associated with when young seabirds fledge. Fledging behaviour of nocturnal, burrowing seabirds can be difficult to monitor using traditional methods but can provide insight into environmental factors that influence the risk of stranding. We used passive integrated transponder tags to monitor the fledging dates and times of Leach's storm-petrel (Hydrobates leucorhous) chicks across four breeding seasons (2017, 2018, 2021, 2022) at a major colony in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. We also assessed whether moon phase and incident illumination related to fledging date and time. The median fledge time was 1.6 h after sunset (0.6-11.7 h). The median fledge date was 10 October, and fledging dates ranged from 13 September to 13 November. Most importantly, moon phase was not associated with the time and date that Leach's storm-petrel chicks fledged. These results suggest that recently fledged storm-petrels are less attracted to anthropogenic light during high levels of natural illumination, which could indicate periods of higher stranding risk and help concentrate conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M. Collins
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, Canada
| | - April Hedd
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - William A. Montevecchi
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, Canada
| | - Tori V. Burt
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, Canada
| | - David R. Wilson
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, Canada
| | - David A. Fifield
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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2
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Brown TM, Wilhelm SI, Mastromonaco GF, Burness G. A path forward in the investigation of seabird strandings attributed to light attraction. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Marie Brown
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program Trent University Peterborough Ontario Canada
| | - Sabina I. Wilhelm
- Environment and Climate Change Canada Mount Pearl Newfoundland Canada
| | | | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology Trent University Peterborough Ontario Canada
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Marangoni LFB, Davies T, Smyth T, Rodríguez A, Hamann M, Duarte C, Pendoley K, Berge J, Maggi E, Levy O. Impacts of artificial light at night in marine ecosystems-A review. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5346-5367. [PMID: 35583661 PMCID: PMC9540822 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The globally widespread adoption of Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) began in the mid-20th century. Yet, it is only in the last decade that a renewed research focus has emerged into its impacts on ecological and biological processes in the marine environment that are guided by natural intensities, moon phase, natural light and dark cycles and daily light spectra alterations. The field has diversified rapidly from one restricted to impacts on a handful of vertebrates, to one in which impacts have been quantified across a broad array of marine and coastal habitats and species. Here, we review the current understanding of ALAN impacts in diverse marine ecosystems. The review presents the current state of knowledge across key marine and coastal ecosystems (sandy and rocky shores, coral reefs and pelagic) and taxa (birds and sea turtles), introducing how ALAN can mask seabird and sea turtle navigation, cause changes in animals predation patterns and failure of coral spawning synchronization, as well as inhibition of zooplankton Diel Vertical Migration. Mitigation measures are recommended, however, while strategies for mitigation were easily identified, barriers to implementation are poorly understood. Finally, we point out knowledge gaps that if addressed would aid in the prediction and mitigation of ALAN impacts in the marine realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. B. Marangoni
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteSmithsonian InstitutionCiudad de PanamáPanamá
| | - Thomas Davies
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthDevonUK
| | - Tim Smyth
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect PlacePlymouthDevonUK
| | - Airam Rodríguez
- Grupo de Ornitología e Historia Natural de las islas Canarias, GOHNICBuenavista del NorteCanary IslandsSpain
- Terrestrial Ecology Group, Department of EcologyUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC‐UAM)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Mark Hamann
- College of Science and Engineering, Marine BiologyJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad Andres BelloSantiagoChile
| | | | - Jørgen Berge
- Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- University Centre in SvalbardLongyearbyenNorway
- Department of Biology and Technology, Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and SystemsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Elena Maggi
- Dip. di Biologia, CoNISMaUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Oren Levy
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life SciencesBar‐Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, The H. Steinitz Marine Biology LaboratoryEilatIsrael
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4
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Song Z, Liker A, Liu Y, Székely T. Evolution of social organization: phylogenetic analyses of ecology and sexual selection in weavers. Am Nat 2022; 200:250-263. [DOI: 10.1086/720270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Carle RD, Fleishman AB, Varela T, Manríquez Angulo P, De Rodt G, Hodum P, Colodro V, López V, Gutiérrez-Guzmán H. Introduced and native vertebrates in pink-footed shearwater (Ardenna creatopus) breeding colonies in Chile. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254416. [PMID: 34324511 PMCID: PMC8321096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity conservation planning requires accurate, current information about species status and threats. Although introduced mammals are the greatest threat to seabirds globally, data on introduced species is lacking for many seabird breeding islands. To inform conservation planning, we used trail cameras to document the presence, relative abundance, and seasonal and diel attendance of introduced and native vertebrates within pink-footed shearwater (Ardenna creatopus) breeding colonies on Isla Mocha (five colonies, 2015-2020) and Isla Robinson Crusoe (Juan Fernández Archipelago), Chile (one colony, 2019-2020). The most commonly detected species were pink-footed shearwaters and introduced rats (Rattus spp.) on Isla Mocha, and European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and pink-footed shearwaters on Isla Robinson Crusoe. Introduced mammals observed, in order of greatest catch-per-unit-effort, were rats, cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and European hares (Lepus europaeus) on Isla Mocha and European rabbits, cats, cattle (Bos taurus), rats, dogs, mice (Mus musculus), and southern coati (Nasua nasua) on Isla Robinson Crusoe. Especially noteworthy results for pink-footed shearwater conservation were the presence of cats during all monitoring months in shearwater colonies on both islands, that catch-per-unit-effort of rabbits was greater than shearwaters on Isla Robinson Crusoe, and that rats were the most observed vertebrates after shearwaters on Isla Mocha. Pink-footed shearwaters were regularly present on the islands from October through May. Presence and relative catch-per-unit-effort of pink-footed shearwaters qualitatively matched the species' known breeding phenology. The regular presence and temporal overlap with shearwaters of cats, rats, rabbits, and cattle within shearwater colonies, coupled with the irregular presence of dogs, coati, hares, and mice, indicated a serious conservation threat for pink-footed shearwaters and other native insular fauna and flora. Finally, our study provides a widely applicable model for analysis of multi-year trail camera data collected with unstandardized settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan David Carle
- Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Abram B. Fleishman
- Conservation Metrics, Inc., Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Tiare Varela
- Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile
| | - Pablo Manríquez Angulo
- Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile
| | - Guillermo De Rodt
- Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile
| | - Peter Hodum
- Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile
- University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Valentina Colodro
- Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile
| | - Verónica López
- Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile
| | - Héctor Gutiérrez-Guzmán
- Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, San Juan Bautista, Robinson Crusoe Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile
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Abstract
The physiology and behavior of most life at or near the Earth’s surface has evolved over billions of years to be attuned with our planet’s natural light–dark cycle of day and night. However, over a relatively short time span, humans have disrupted this natural cycle of illumination with the introduction and now widespread proliferation of artificial light at night (ALAN). Growing research in a broad range of fields, such as ecology, the environment, human health, public safety, economy, and society, increasingly shows that ALAN is taking a profound toll on our world. Much of our current understanding of light pollution comes from datasets generated by remote sensing, primarily from two missions, the Operational Linescan System (OLS) instrument of the now-declassified Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) of the U.S. Department of Defense and its follow-on platform, the Day-Night Band (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument on board the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership satellite. Although they have both proved invaluable for ALAN research, sensing of nighttime lights was not the primary design objective for either the DMSP-OLS or VIIRS-DNB instruments; thus, they have some critical limitations. Being broadband sensors, both the DMSP-OLS and VIIRS-DNB instruments suffer from a lack of spectral information. Additionally, their spatial resolutions are too low for many ALAN research applications, though the VIIRS-DNB instrument is much improved over the DMSP-OLS in this regard, as well as in terms of dynamic range and quantization. Further, the very late local time of VIIRS-DNB observations potentially misses the true picture of ALAN. We reviewed both current literature and guiding advice from ALAN experts, aggregated from a diverse range of disciplines and Science Goals, to derive recommendations for a mission to expand knowledge of ALAN in areas that are not adequately addressed with currently existing orbital missions. We propose a stand-alone mission focused on understanding light pollution and its effects on our planet. Here we review the science cases and the subsequent mission recommendations for NITESat (Nighttime Imaging of Terrestrial Environments Satellite), a dedicated ALAN observing mission.
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Relative Influence of Environmental Factors on Biodiversity and Behavioural Traits of a Rare Mesopelagic Fish, Trachipterus trachypterus (Gmelin, 1789), in a Continental Shelf Front of the Mediterranean Sea. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8080581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coastal environments can be influenced by water body masses with particular physical, chemical, and biological properties that create favourable conditions for the development of unique planktonic communities. In this study, we investigated a continental shelf front at Ponza Island (Tyrrhenian Sea) and discussed its diversity and complexity in relation to major environmental parameters. Moon phase and current direction were found to play a significant role in shaping species abundance and behaviour. During in situ observations, we also provided the first data on the behaviour of juveniles of a rare mesopelagic species, Trachipterus trachypterus, suggesting the occurrence of Batesian mimicry.
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De Pascalis F, Imperio S, Benvenuti A, Catoni C, Rubolini D, Cecere JG. Sex-specific foraging behaviour is affected by wind conditions in a sexually size dimorphic seabird. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Oceans of stimuli: an individual-based model to assess the role of olfactory cues and local enhancement in seabirds' foraging behaviour. Anim Cogn 2020; 23:629-642. [PMID: 32152923 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oceans are extremely dynamic environments, which poses challenges for top-predators such as seabirds to find food resources. Yet, seabirds evolved sensorial abilities (olfactory senses) along with complex behaviours (social information transfer through local enhancement) to improve foraging efficiency. Using the Cory's shearwater (Calonectris borealis) as a model species, we developed an individual-based model to explore the complementary role of different searching mechanisms (olfactory foraging and local enhancement) for the optimal foraging behaviour of pelagic seabirds during 1-day foraging trips around breeding colonies. Model outputs were compared with observed patterns of Cory's shearwaters distribution during local foraging trips. Also, the foraging efficiency of virtual individuals was analysed considering hypothetical scenarios of foraging conditions and densities of foraging individuals around breeding colonies. The results support the use of a combination of searching strategies by Cory's shearwaters, which produced representative patterns of space use from tracked individuals, including spatial foraging segregation of neighbouring sub-colonies. Furthermore, while the mechanisms underpinning local enhancement played a key role in mitigating sub-optimal foraging conditions, the use of olfactory senses conferred great adaptive foraging advantages over a wide range of environmental conditions. Our results also indicate a synergistic effect between the two strategies, which suggests that a multimodal foraging strategy is useful to forage in extremely dynamic environments. The developed model provides a basis for further investigation regarding the role of foraging mechanisms in the population dynamics of colonial animals, including the adaptive foraging behaviour of marine top predators to dynamic environmental conditions.
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10
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Appel G, López-Baucells A, Magnusson WE, Bobrowiec PED. Temperature, rainfall, and moonlight intensity effects on activity of tropical insectivorous bats. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The extrinsic factors that most influence animal activity are weather and light conditions, which can be assessed at hourly, monthly, and even lunar-cycle timescales. We evaluated the responses of tropical aerial-insectivorous bats to temperature, rainfall, and moonlight intensity within and among nights. Temperature positively affected the activity of two species (Cormura brevirostris and Saccopteryx bilineata). Moonlight reduced Myotis riparius activity and increased the activity of Pteronotus rubiginosus and S. leptura. Rainfall can promote an irregular activity peak during the night compared to nights without rainfall, but the bats in our study were not active for a longer time after a rainfall event. Our findings indicate that moonlight and temperature are the variables with the highest impact on the activity of tropical insectivorous bat species and that some species are sensitive to small variations in rainfall among and within nights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulliana Appel
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Adrià López-Baucells
- Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, Portugal
- Granollers Museum of Natural Sciences, c/Palaudàries, Granollers, Spain
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11
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Barentine JC. Methods for Assessment and Monitoring of Light Pollution around Ecologically Sensitive Sites. J Imaging 2019; 5:54. [PMID: 34460492 PMCID: PMC8320940 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging5050054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of electric lighting over a century ago, and particularly in the decades following the Second World War, indications of artificial light on the nighttime Earth as seen from Earth orbit have increased at a rate exceeding that of world population growth during the same period. Modification of the natural photic environment at night is a clear and imminent consequence of the proliferation of anthropogenic light at night into outdoor spaces, and with this unprecedented change comes a host of known and suspected ecological consequences. In the past two decades, the conservation community has gradually come to view light pollution as a threat requiring the development of best management practices. Establishing those practices demands a means of quantifying the problem, identifying polluting sources, and monitoring the evolution of their impacts through time. The proliferation of solid-state lighting and the changes to source spectral power distribution it has brought relative to legacy lighting technologies add the complication of color to the overall situation. In this paper, I describe the challenge of quantifying light pollution threats to ecologically-sensitive sites in the context of efforts to conserve natural nighttime darkness, assess the current state of the art in detection and imaging technology as applied to this realm, review some recent innovations, and consider future prospects for imaging approaches to provide substantial support for darkness conservation initiatives around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Barentine
- International Dark-Sky Association, 3223 N. First Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; ; Tel.: +1-520-347-6363
- Consortium for Dark Sky Studies, University of Utah, 375 S 1530 E, RM 235 ARCH, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0730, USA
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Karris G, Xirouchakis S, Maina I, Grivas K, Kavadas S. Home range and foraging habitat preference of Scopoli's shearwater Calonectris diomedea during the early chick-rearing phase in the eastern Mediterranean. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Karris
- G. Karris (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-8026) , Dept of Environmental Technolo
| | - Stavros Xirouchakis
- S. Xirouchakis, Natural History Museum of Crete, Univ. of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Irida Maina
- I. Maina S. Kavadas, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Inst. of Marine Biological Resources and I
| | - Kostas Grivas
- K. Grivas, Biosfaira, Environmental Studies and Wildlife Services, Aidiniou, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Kavadas
- I. Maina S. Kavadas, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Inst. of Marine Biological Resources and I
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Cortés V, González-Solís J. Seabird bycatch mitigation trials in artisanal demersal longliners of the Western Mediterranean. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196731. [PMID: 29742148 PMCID: PMC5942821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High numbers of seabirds are killed annually worldwide in longline fisheries. In the Mediterranean, this mortality is seriously affecting the viability of seabird populations, in particular of the three endemic shearwaters. Even so, there is currently no specific seabird mitigation requirements for the longline fleet operating in this area. From 2013 to 2014, we assessed the efficiency and practical applicability of four mitigation measures on artisanal demersal longliners targeting European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the western Mediterranean: night setting, tori line, weighted lines and artificial baits. We performed fifty-two pairs of experimental (with the tested mitigation measure) and control settings (without any measure), and compared their effects on seabird interactions and fish catches. In addition, we estimated the longline sink rates and the seabird access area to baited hooks in different longline configurations. Night setting reduced bycatch risk without affecting target and non-commercial fish catches. The tori line may have reduced the bycatch risk by displacing bait attacks beyond the end of the line, but at this distance shearwaters could still access to the baits and the streamers did not deter birds under calm wind conditions. Weighted lines increased sink rate, but it resulted in only a minor reduction of the seabird access window to baited hooks and led to some operational problems during the setting. Artificial baits substantially reduced commercial catches. Moreover, the seabird access to the baited hooks was influenced by the longline configuration, the setting speed and the relative position to the floats and weights. So far, night setting stands out as the best mitigation measure for reducing bycatch levels without compromising target catches in demersal longliners. Ideally, these results should be confirmed in longliners targeting species other than European hake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Cortés
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacob González-Solís
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Cianchetti-Benedetti M, Becciu P, Massa B, Dell’Omo G. Conflicts between touristic recreational activities and breeding shearwaters: short-term effect of artificial light and sound on chick weight. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Ludvigsen M, Berge J, Geoffroy M, Cohen JH, De La Torre PR, Nornes SM, Singh H, Sørensen AJ, Daase M, Johnsen G. Use of an Autonomous Surface Vehicle reveals small-scale diel vertical migrations of zooplankton and susceptibility to light pollution under low solar irradiance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap9887. [PMID: 29326985 PMCID: PMC5762190 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light is a major cue for nearly all life on Earth. However, most of our knowledge concerning the importance of light is based on organisms' response to light during daytime, including the dusk and dawn phase. When it is dark, light is most often considered as pollution, with increasing appreciation of its negative ecological effects. Using an Autonomous Surface Vehicle fitted with a hyperspectral irradiance sensor and an acoustic profiler, we detected and quantified the behavior of zooplankton in an unpolluted light environment in the high Arctic polar night and compared the results with that from a light-polluted environment close to our research vessels. First, in environments free of light pollution, the zooplankton community is intimately connected to the ambient light regime and performs synchronized diel vertical migrations in the upper 30 m despite the sun never rising above the horizon. Second, the vast majority of the pelagic community exhibits a strong light-escape response in the presence of artificial light, observed down to 100 m. We conclude that artificial light from traditional sampling platforms affects the zooplankton community to a degree where it is impossible to examine its abundance and natural rhythms within the upper 100 m. This study underscores the need to adjust sampling platforms, particularly in dim-light conditions, to capture relevant physical and biological data for ecological studies. It also highlights a previously unchartered susceptibility to light pollution in a region destined to see significant changes in light climate due to a reduced ice cover and an increased anthropogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ludvigsen
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Departments of Arctic Biology and Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Jørgen Berge
- Departments of Arctic Biology and Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre for Autonomous Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maxime Geoffroy
- Department Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty for Bioscience, Fisheries and Economy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s A1C 5R3, Canada
| | - Jonathan H. Cohen
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
| | - Pedro R. De La Torre
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stein M. Nornes
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanumant Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asgeir J. Sørensen
- Centre of Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Malin Daase
- Departments of Arctic Biology and Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Geir Johnsen
- Departments of Arctic Biology and Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway
- Centre for Autonomous Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Differences in social preference between the sexes during ontogeny drive segregation in a precocial species. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017; 71:103. [PMID: 28747810 PMCID: PMC5486806 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Hypotheses for why animals sexually segregate typically rely on adult traits, such as differences in sexual roles causing differential habitat preferences, or size dimorphism inducing differences in diet or behaviour. However, segregation can occur in juveniles before such roles or size dimorphism is well established. In young humans, leading hypotheses suggest that (1) sexes differ in their activity and the synchronisation of behaviour causes segregation and (2) sexes separate in order to learn and maximise future reproductive roles. We reared pheasants, Phasianus colchicus, from hatching in the absence of adults in a controlled environment. Females aggregated with their own sex from hatching, whereas males initially exhibited random association, but segregation became pronounced with age. The increase in segregation corresponded to an increase in sexual size dimorphism. By standardising habitat availability and diet and by removing predation risk, we could disregard the Predation Risk and the Forage Selection Hypotheses operating at this age. Activity budgets did not differ between the sexes, providing no support for the Behavioural Synchrony or the Activity Budget Hypotheses. Both sexes preferentially approached groups of unfamiliar, same-sex birds in binary choice tests, providing support for the Social Preference Hypothesis. Females may segregate to avoid male aggression. Sexual segregation may become established early in development, especially in precocial species, such as pheasants. A clear understanding of ontogenetic factors is essential to further our understanding of adult assortment patterns. Assortment by sex may not be inherent, but rather emerge as a consequence of social interactions early in life. Significance statement Hypotheses pertaining to the force driving sexual segregation typically rely on adult traits, such as size dimorphism or differences in sexual roles. However, in some species, animals segregate as juveniles, so that most hypotheses previously invoked to explain sexual segregation in adults are irrelevant. We reared pheasants, Phasianus colchicus, from hatching and monitored multiple aspects of the chicks’ life history in an effort to determine what causes sexual segregation. Females aggregate with their own sex from hatching, whereas males initially have a more random association, but segregation becomes pronounced as both sexes got older, coinciding with greater sexual dimorphism. We controlled for influences of predation risk and dietary/habitat choice and found that activity budgets did not differ between the sexes. Instead, we found that both sexes preferred their own sex when presented with a binary choice, providing evidence that social preference could drive sexual segregation in pheasants.
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Ozella L, Cecchetti M, Pessani D. Diet of feral cats during the Scopoli’s shearwater breeding season on Linosa Island, Mediterranean Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2016.1237562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ozella
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - M. Cecchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - D. Pessani
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
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Reynolds AM, Paiva VH, Cecere JG, Focardi S. Lévy patterns in seabirds are multifaceted describing both spatial and temporal patterning. Front Zool 2016; 13:29. [PMID: 27366198 PMCID: PMC4928295 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The flight patterns of albatrosses and shearwaters have become a touchstone for much of Lévy flight research, spawning an extensive field of enquiry. There is now compelling evidence that the flight patterns of these seabirds would have been appreciated by Paul Lévy, the mathematician after whom Lévy flights are named. Here we show that Lévy patterns (here taken to mean spatial or temporal patterns characterized by distributions with power-law tails) are, in fact, multifaceted in shearwaters being evident in both spatial and temporal patterns of activity. Results We tested for Lévy patterns in the at-sea behaviours of two species of shearwater breeding in the North Atlantic Ocean (Calonectris borealis) and the Mediterranean sea (C. diomedea) during their incubating and chick-provisioning periods. We found that distributions of flight durations, on/in water durations and inter-dive time-intervals have power-law tails and so bear the hallmarks of Lévy patterns. Conclusions The occurrence of these statistical laws is remarkable given that bird behaviours are strongly shaped by an individual’s motivational state and by complex environmental interactions. Our observations could take Lévy patterns as models of animal behaviour to a new level by going beyond the characterisation of spatial movements to characterise how different behaviours are interwoven throughout daily animal life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitor H Paiva
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517 Portugal
| | - Jacopo G Cecere
- ISPRA, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Italy ; LIPU, Conservation Department, Parma, 43100 Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
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