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Harnett MM, Doonan J, Tarafdar A, Pineda MA, Duncombe-Moore J, Buitrago G, Pan P, Hoskisson PA, Selman C, Harnett W. The parasitic worm product ES-62 protects against collagen-induced arthritis by resetting the gut-bone marrow axis in a microbiome-dependent manner. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2024; 4:fitd.2023.1334705. [PMID: 38500783 PMCID: PMC7615750 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2023.1334705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 rescues defective levels of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (Bregs) and suppresses chronic Th1/Th17-driven inflammation to protect against joint destruction in the mouse collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of rheumatoid arthritis. Such autoimmune arthritis is also associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and disruption of intestinal barrier integrity. We recently further exploited the CIA model to show that ES-62's prevention of joint destruction is associated with protection of intestinal barrier integrity and normalization of the gut microbiota, thereby suppressing the gut pathology that precedes the onset of autoimmunity and joint damage in CIA-mice. As the status of the gut microbiota impacts on immune responses by influencing haematopoiesis, we have therefore investigated whether ES-62 harnesses the homeostatic mechanisms regulating this gut-bone marrow (BM) axis to resolve the chronic inflammation promoting autoimmunity and joint destruction in CIA. Reflecting this, ES-62 was found to counteract the BM myeloid/lymphoid bias typically associated with chronic inflammation and infection. This was achieved primarily by ES-62 acting to maintain the levels of lymphoid lineages (B220+ and CD3+ cells) observed in naïve, healthy mice but lost from the BM of CIA-mice. Moreover, ES-62's ability to prevent bone-destroying osteoclastogenesis was found to be associated with its suppression of CIA-induced upregulation of osteoclast progenitors (OCPs) in the BM. Critically, and supporting ES-62's targeting of the gut-BM axis, this rewiring of inflammatory haematopoiesis was lost in mice with a depleted microbiome. Underlining the importance of ES-62's actions in restoring steady-state haematopoiesis, the BM levels of B and T lymphoid cells were shown to be inversely correlated, whilst the levels of OCPs positively correlated, with the severity of joint damage in CIA-mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Harnett
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A. Pineda
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Geraldine Buitrago
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Piaopiao Pan
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Selman
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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2
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Buitrago G, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Conquering rheumatic diseases: are parasitic worms the answer? Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:739-748. [PMID: 37487870 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of novel treatment strategies, management of rheumatic disorders remains associated with substantial unmet clinical need. Of interest therefore, it has recently become apparent that there is a global inverse relationship between the incidence of such conditions and parasitic helminth infection, with striking examples involving rheumatoid arthritis (RA)/systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and filarial nematode worm infection in studies in India. Such findings reflect that helminths are master manipulators of the immune system, particularly in being able to modulate proinflammatory responses. The aim of this article is thus to consider findings to date on this exciting and intriguing research area to form an opinion on whether parasitic worms may be exploited to generate novel therapies for rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Buitrago
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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3
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Luo P, Wang P, Xu J, Hou W, Xu P, Xu K, Liu L. Immunomodulatory role of T helper cells in rheumatoid arthritis : a comprehensive research review. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:426-438. [PMID: 35775145 PMCID: PMC9350707 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.117.bjr-2021-0594.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that involves T and B cells and their reciprocal immune interactions with proinflammatory cytokines. T cells, an essential part of the immune system, play an important role in RA. T helper 1 (Th1) cells induce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-2, which are proinflammatory cytokines, leading to cartilage destruction and bone erosion. Th2 cells primarily secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which exert anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects in inflammatory arthritis models. IL-22 secreted by Th17 cells promotes the proliferation of synovial fibroblasts through induction of the chemokine C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). T follicular helper (Tfh) cells produce IL-21, which is key for B cell stimulation by the C-X-C chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5) and coexpression with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and/or inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS). PD-1 inhibits T cell proliferation and cytokine production. In addition, there are many immunomodulatory agents that promote or inhibit the immunomodulatory role of T helper cells in RA to alleviate disease progression. These findings help to elucidate the aetiology and treatment of RA and point us toward the next steps. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(7):426–438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peixu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China-Japan Friendship Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weikun Hou
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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4
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Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Nogueda-Torres B, Zaragoza-García O, Navarro-Zarza JE, Briceño O, Pérez-Rubio G, Falfán-Valencia R, Gutiérrez-Pérez IA, Parra-Rojas I. The Infection, Coinfection, and Abundance of Intestinal Protozoa Increase the Serum Levels of IFABP2 and TNF-α in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:846934. [PMID: 35492365 PMCID: PMC9039364 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.846934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa, nematodes, and platyhelminths are of clinical interest due to their role on the modulation of the immune responses. To determine the frequency of infection by intestinal parasites as well as the status of single or mixed infection (coinfection) and its relation with inflammation and intestinal permeability markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 women diagnosed with RA. A fecal sample of each participant was analyzed for parasitic identification. The DAS28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate score, as well as the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17A, and the intestinal fatty-acid binding protein 2 (IFABP2), was determined through the ELISA technique. The T CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes' proportions were determined by flow cytometry. In this study, 50% (n = 9) of the total sample tested were positive to the presence of intestinal protozoa (27% by single infection and 22.2% by coinfection). Blastocystis sp. and Endolimax nana were the most frequently identified protozoa. The serum levels of IFABP2 were increased in patients with infection by protozoa, mainly in those individuals with coinfection and a larger abundance of Blastocystis sp. We found that coinfection by protozoa was related to higher levels of TNF-α and higher frequency of T CD4+ lymphocytes, mainly in patients under antirheumatic treatment. Infection by intestinal protozoa is associated with increased intestinal permeability in patients with RA; thus, infection, coinfection, and abundance of intestinal protozoa should be clinically screened because they could be an associated factor to the clinical variability of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Zaragoza-García
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| | | | - Olivia Briceño
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
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Buitrago G, Duncombe-Moore J, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Mini Review: Structure and Function of Nematode Phosphorylcholine-Containing Glycoconjugates. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.769000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An unusual aspect of the biology of nematodes is the covalent attachment of phosphorylcholine (PC) to carbohydrate in glycoconjugates. Investigation of the structure of these molecules by ever-increasingly sophisticated analytical procedures has revealed that PC is generally in phosphodiester linkage with C6 of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in both N-type glycans and glycosphingolipids. Up to five PC groups have been detected in the former, being located on both antenna and core GlcNAc. The PC donor for transfer to carbohydrate appears to be phosphatidylcholine but the enzyme responsible for transfer remains to be identified. Work primarily involving the PC-containing Acanthocheilonema viteae secreted product ES-62, has shown that the PC attached to nematode N-glycans possesses a range of immunomodulatory properties, subverting for example, pro-inflammatory signalling in various immune system cell-types including lymphocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. This has led to the generation of PC-based ES-62 small molecule analogues (SMAs), which mirror the parent molecule in preventing the initiation or progression of disease in mouse models of a number of human conditions associated with aberrant inflammatory responses. These include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and lung and skin allergy such that the SMAs are considered to have widespread therapeutic potential.
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Corbet M, Pineda MA, Yang K, Tarafdar A, McGrath S, Nakagawa R, Lumb FE, Suckling CJ, Harnett W, Harnett MM. Epigenetic drug development for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010069. [PMID: 34748611 PMCID: PMC8601611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ES-62 is the major secreted protein of the parasitic filarial nematode, Acanthocheilonema viteae. The molecule exists as a large tetramer (MW, ~240kD), which possesses immunomodulatory properties by virtue of multiple phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties attached to N-type glycans. By suppressing inflammatory immune responses, ES-62 can prevent disease development in certain mouse models of allergic and autoimmune conditions, including joint pathology in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Such protection is associated with functional suppression of "pathogenic" hyper-responsive synovial fibroblasts (SFs), which exhibit an aggressive inflammatory and bone-damaging phenotype induced by their epigenetic rewiring in response to the inflammatory microenvironment of the arthritic joint. Critically, exposure to ES-62 in vivo induces a stably-imprinted CIA-SF phenotype that exhibits functional responses more typical of healthy, Naïve-SFs. Consistent with this, ES-62 "rewiring" of SFs away from the hyper-responsive phenotype is associated with suppression of ERK activation, STAT3 activation and miR-155 upregulation, signals widely associated with SF pathogenesis. Surprisingly however, DNA methylome analysis of Naïve-, CIA- and ES-62-CIA-SF cohorts reveals that rather than simply preventing pathogenic rewiring of SFs, ES-62 induces further changes in DNA methylation under the inflammatory conditions pertaining in the inflamed joint, including targeting genes associated with ciliogenesis, to programme a novel "resolving" CIA-SF phenotype. In addition to introducing a previously unsuspected aspect of ES-62's mechanism of action, such unique behaviour signposts the potential for developing DNA methylation signatures predictive of pathogenesis and its resolution and hence, candidate mechanisms by which novel therapeutic interventions could prevent SFs from perpetuating joint inflammation and destruction in RA. Pertinent to these translational aspects of ES-62-behavior, small molecule analogues (SMAs) based on ES-62's active PC-moieties mimic the rewiring of SFs as well as the protection against joint disease in CIA afforded by the parasitic worm product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Corbet
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A. Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kun Yang
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rinako Nakagawa
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity E. Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Suckling
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MMH); (WH)
| | - Margaret M. Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MMH); (WH)
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7
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Qin Y, Jin HZ, Li YJ, Chen Z. Emerging Role of Eosinophils in Resolution of Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:764825. [PMID: 34733292 PMCID: PMC8558534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are a minor component of circulating granulocytes, which are classically viewed as end-stage effector cells in host defense against helminth infection and promoting allergic responses. However, a growing body of evidence has emerged showing that eosinophils are versatile leukocytes acting as an orchestrator in the resolution of inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease characterized by persistent synovitis that hardly resolves spontaneously. Noteworthy, a specific population of eosinophils, that is, regulatory eosinophils (rEos), was identified in the synovium of RA patients, especially in disease remission. Mechanistically, the rEos in the synovium display a unique pro-resolving signature that is distinct from their counterpart in the lung. Herein, we summarize the latest understanding of eosinophils and their emerging role in promoting the resolution of arthritis. This knowledge is crucial to the design of new approaches to rebalancing immune homeostasis in RA, considering that current therapies are centered on inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators rather than fostering the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hui-Zhi Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Jing Li
- Second Clinical Medical School, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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8
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Li J, Gao J, Zhou H, Zhou J, Deng Z, Lu Y, Rao J, Ji G, Gu J, Yang X, Xia Y, Wang X. Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Increases the Proportion and Suppressive Function of CD19 +CD24 hiCD27 + Breg Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603288. [PMID: 33343576 PMCID: PMC7746849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD19+CD24hiCD27+ memory Breg cells exhibit decreased abundance in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) after liver transplantation and produce less IL-10 than those from patients without cGVHD and healthy donors. Due to the lack of Breg cells and the difficulty in expanding them in vitro, in mouse models and early human clinical trials, the adoptive transfer of Breg cells to autoimmune diseases is greatly restricted. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a multifunctional serine/threonine (ser/thr) protein kinase that can participate in B cell growth, metabolic activity, and proliferation. Phosphoprotein array analysis showed that p-GSK-3β-s9 was highly expressed in mBreg cells. Furthermore, here, we demonstrated that GSK-3β expression in mBreg cells is lower than that observed in B cells by flow cytometry. We found that the treatment of B cells with the specific GSK-3β inhibitor SB216763 can significantly increase the proportion and immunosuppressive function of mBreg cells in vitro. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is one of a pivotal regulator of gene expression in adaptive immune system. Here, we observed that inhibition of GSK-3β by SB216763 results in enhanced expression of NFATc1 in B cells, which is essential in regulating the ability of B cells to secrete IL-10. By constructing a xGVHD mouse model, we observed that SB216763-treated mBreg cells effectively prevent xenogeneic GVHD. Here we propose a novel strategy using SB216763 to inhibit GSK-3β and then enhance the proportion and immunosuppressive function of mBreg cells by increasing the expression of NFATc1. This approach may be used as a therapy to ameliorate GVHD and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Gao
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinren Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghua Deng
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Rao
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Guwei Ji
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxiang Yang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxiang Xia
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission, Nanjing, China
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9
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Chen Z, Bozec A, Ramming A, Schett G. Anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 15:9-17. [PMID: 30341437 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a failure of spontaneous resolution of inflammation. Although the pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators that trigger RA have been the focus of intense investigations, the regulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines responsible for the suppression and resolution of disease in a context-dependent manner have been less well characterized. However, knowledge of the pathways that control the suppression and resolution of inflammation in RA is clinically relevant and conceptually important for understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and for the development of treatments that enable long-term remission. Cytokine-mediated processes such as the activation of T helper 2 cells by IL-4 and IL-13, the resolution of inflammation by IL-9, IL-5-induced eosinophil expansion, IL-33-mediated macrophage polarization, the production of IL-10 by regulatory B cells and IL-27-mediated suppression of lymphoid follicle formation are all involved in governing the regulation and resolution of inflammation in RA. By better understanding these immune-regulatory signalling pathways, new therapeutic strategies for RA can be envisioned that aim to balance and resolve, rather than suppress, inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Cystatin from Filarial Parasites Suppress the Clinical Symptoms and Pathology of Experimentally Induced Colitis in Mice by Inducing T-Regulatory Cells, B1-Cells, and Alternatively Activated Macrophages. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7040085. [PMID: 31683524 PMCID: PMC6966632 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential alternative therapeutic strategies for immune-mediated disorders are being increasingly recognized and are studied extensively. We previously reported the therapeutic potential of Brugia malayi derived recombinant cystatin (rBmaCys) in attenuating clinical symptoms of experimental colitis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the rBmaCys-induced suppression of inflammation in the colon. Our results show that, the frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells was elevated in the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. Similarly, the peritoneal macrophages recovered from the rBmaCys-treated colitis mice were alternatively activated and displayed reduced expression of TNF-α and IL-6. Another finding was significant increases in IgM+B1a-cells in the peritoneal cavity of mice following rBmaCys-treatment. These findings suggested that the regulatory cell network promoted by the rBmaCys in the colon and associated lymphoid tissues is important for its anti-inflammatory activity in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice.
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11
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Doonan J, Tarafdar A, Pineda MA, Lumb FE, Crowe J, Khan AM, Hoskisson PA, Harnett MM, Harnett W. The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1554. [PMID: 30952846 PMCID: PMC6451002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system has evolved in the context of our colonisation by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasitic helminths. Reflecting this, the rapid eradication of pathogens appears to have resulted in reduced microbiome diversity and generation of chronically activated immune systems, presaging the recent rise of allergic, autoimmune and metabolic disorders. Certainly, gastrointestinal helminths can protect against gut and lung mucosa inflammatory conditions by modulating the microbiome and suppressing the chronic inflammation associated with dysbiosis. Here, we employ ES-62, an immunomodulator secreted by tissue-dwelling Acanthocheilonema viteae to show that helminth-modulation of the gut microbiome does not require live infection with gastrointestinal-based worms nor is protection restricted to mucosal diseases. Specifically, subcutaneous administration of this defined immunomodulator affords protection against joint disease in collagen-induced arthritis, a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, which is associated with normalisation of gut microbiota and prevention of loss of intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Felicity E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Jenny Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Aneesah M Khan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paul A Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
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12
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Langdon K, Phie J, Thapa CB, Biros E, Loukas A, Haleagrahara N. Helminth-based therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 66:366-372. [PMID: 30529501 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proteins from parasitic worms have been posed as novel therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other auto-inflammatory diseases. However, with so many potential therapeutics, it is important that drug discovery be based on the specific phyla or species which show the most promising effects. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the reported effects of helminthic secretory proteins and derivative therapy on RA in an animal model. METHODS Medline, Scopus and Web of Science were searched to identify studies evaluating helminthic therapy in the collagen-induced arthritis model of RA. A meta-analysis was undertaken to determine the overall effect of the proteins. Subgroup analyses were also undertaken to investigate individual treatments. RESULTS Seven articles were included in the analysis. Overall, helminthic therapy significantly reduced arthritis score (SMD -1.193, 95% CI -1.525, -0.860). Subgroup analyses found a significant reduction in arthritis score following treatment with helminth protein ES-62 (SMD -1.186, 95% CI -1.633, -0.738) and phosphorylcholine-based treatment (SMD -0.997, 95% CI -1.423, -0.571). Subgroup analyses found ES-62 treatment significantly decreased IFN-γ levels (SMD -1.611, 95% CI -2.734, -0.487) and significantly increased levels of IL-10 (SMD 0.946, 95% CI 0.127, 1.765). CONCLUSIONS Therapeutics from parasitic worms are a promising avenue for drug discovery, especially with all included studies reporting a significant improvement in arthritis score. Based on pooled data presented in this study, the nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae seems to be of particular interest for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kane Langdon
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, 4814 Townsville, Australia
| | - James Phie
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, Douglas, 4814 Townsville, Australia
| | - Chetan B Thapa
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, 4814 Townsville, Australia
| | - Erik Biros
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, Douglas, 4814 Townsville, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Smithfield, 4878 Cairns, Australia
| | - Nagaraja Haleagrahara
- College of Public Health, Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, 4814 Townsville, Australia.
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13
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Pan W, Xu HW, Hao WT, Sun FF, Qin YF, Hao SS, Liu H, Cao JP, Shen YJ, Zheng KY. The excretory-secretory products of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces stimulated IL-10 production in B cells via TLR-2 signaling. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:29. [PMID: 30355335 PMCID: PMC6201587 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excretory-secretory products released by Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces (EgPSC-ESPs) are well-known to regulate T cell responses. However, their direct influence on the differentiation of B cell subsets remains largely elusive. This study investigated the effects of EgPSC-ESPs on the differentiation of IL-10-producing B cells (B10), and explored the possible role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) signaling in this process. Results In comparison to phosphate buffered saline (PBS), B cells exposed to the excretory–secretory products (ESPs) generated higher percentages of B10 cells, with higher expression of IL-10 mRNA, and larger amount of IL-10 production, which were in a dose dependent way. The mRNA and protein expression of TLR-2 in the ESPs-stimulated B cells were significantly higher than those in PBS, which was consistent to the results in B cells isolated from EgPSC infected mice. Moreover, TLR-2−/− B cells in response to ESPs stimulation expressed lower levels of IL-10 mRNA and produced undetectable IL-10 in comparison to those in normal B cells. In addition, Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten/AKT/Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PTEN/AKT/PI3K) pathway was activated in ESPs-treated B cells, which was also dependent on TLR-2 signaling. Pam3CSK4, the agonist of TLR-2, could mock the effects of ESPs on the expression of PTEN, AKT and PI3K. Conclusion Overall, this study revealed that TLR-2 signaling was required for B10 induction mediated by EgPSC-ESPs, which might be an immunomodulatory target against the parasite infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-018-0267-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui-Wen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Ting Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fen-Fen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Fang Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Juan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. .,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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14
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Doonan J, Thomas D, Wong MH, Ramage HJ, Al-Riyami L, Lumb FE, Bell KS, Fairlie-Clarke KJ, Suckling CJ, Michelsen KS, Jiang HR, Cooke A, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Failure of the Anti-Inflammatory Parasitic Worm Product ES-62 to Provide Protection in Mouse Models of Type I Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:E2669. [PMID: 30336585 PMCID: PMC6222842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths and their isolated secreted products show promise as novel treatments for allergic and autoimmune conditions in humans. Foremost amongst the secreted products is ES-62, a glycoprotein derived from Acanthocheilonema viteae, a filarial nematode parasite of gerbils, which is anti-inflammatory by virtue of covalently-attached phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties. ES-62 has been found to protect against disease in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and airway hyper-responsiveness. Furthermore, novel PC-based synthetic small molecule analogues (SMAs) of ES-62 have recently been demonstrated to show similar anti-inflammatory properties to the parent molecule. In spite of these successes, we now show that ES-62 and its SMAs are unable to provide protection in mouse models of certain autoimmune conditions where other helminth species or their secreted products can prevent disease development, namely type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. We speculate on the reasons underlying ES-62's failures in these conditions and how the negative data generated may help us to further understand ES-62's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - David Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Michelle H Wong
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Hazel J Ramage
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Lamyaa Al-Riyami
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Felicity E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Kara S Bell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Karen J Fairlie-Clarke
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Colin J Suckling
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Kathrin S Michelsen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Hui-Rong Jiang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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15
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Rincón-Arévalo H, Villa-Pulgarín J, Tabares J, Rojas M, Vásquez G, Ramírez-Pineda JR, Castaño D, Yassin LM. Interleukin-10 production and T cell-suppressive capacity in B cell subsets from atherosclerotic apoE -/- mice. Immunol Res 2018; 65:995-1008. [PMID: 28744806 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The evidence regarding the role of regulatory B cells (Breg) in atherosclerosis are scarce, and there are contradictory data about their atheroprotective properties. Due to the demonstrated protective function of Breg in different inflammatory diseases mainly through interleukin-10 (IL-10) production, the knowledge of their participation in atherosclerosis immunopathology would be very valuable. To further study which B cell subsets participate in IL-10 production and their regulatory role, splenocytes from apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice were evaluated by ex vivo and in vitro cultures. Atherosclerotic mice had increased frequency of IL-10+ B cells, which presented high CD1d, CD19, and IgM, but variable CD5, CD21, and CD23 expression. IL-10+ B cells were not enriched in B cell subsets previously reported as Breg. Increased frequency of IL-10+ B cells with transitional 1-like (T1-like) and follicular (FO) and reduced CD5+ and marginal zone (MZ) phenotypes were observed ex vivo. Increased frequency of IL-10+ B cells with T1-like and MZ, and decreased IL-10+ FO and T2 phenotypes were also observed in vitro. To determine regulatory capacity of B cells in the atherosclerotic model, each subset were co-cultured with CD4+CD25- T cells. CD5+, FO, MZ, and T1-like cells from atherosclerotic mice exhibited regulation in an IL-10-dependent manner. However, only FO cells decreased both frequency of interferon gamma (IFN-γ)+ and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)+ and proliferation of T cells. Finally, splenocytes showed increased frequency of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ cells only when FO-depleted B cells were evaluated. These results suggest that mainly FO B cells can modulate in some level the inflammatory responses observed in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Rincón-Arévalo
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Janny Villa-Pulgarín
- Grupo Inmunomodulación, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jorge Tabares
- Grupo Inmunomodulación, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.,Unidad de Citometría, Facultad de Medicina, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Vásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José R Ramírez-Pineda
- Grupo Inmunomodulación, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Castaño
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Lina M Yassin
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia.
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16
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Yang F, Fan X, Huang H, Dang Q, Lei H, Li Y. A Single Microorganism Epitope Attenuates the Development of Murine Autoimmune Arthritis: Regulation of Dendritic Cells via the Mannose Receptor. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1528. [PMID: 30013572 PMCID: PMC6036119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A single epitope of Leishmania analog of the receptors for activated C kinase (LACK) from Leishmania major, the polypeptide LACK156–173, is recognized by Vβ4+/Vα8+ T cells, and activate these cells that drives the subsequent T helper (Th)2 response. This study was undertaken to investigate the therapeutic potential of the LACK156–173 epitope in murine autoimmune arthritis models. To explore the influence of the LACK156–173 epitope on murine collagen antibody-induced arthritis, as well as its immunological mechanism, we vaccinated or treated mice with a LACK156–173 epitope expression plasmid or polypeptide. The effect of LACK156–173 epitope was then evaluated by clinical scores, histopathology, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Using flow cytometry, we measured the subsets and maturity of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), as well as T cell polarization, in co-culture experiments. We also measured cytokine gene expression and production. The murine macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 was used to identify the receptor for the epitope. Vaccination or treatment of the mice with the LACK156–173 epitope expression plasmid or polypeptide ameliorated the severity of arthritis. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the LACK156–173 epitope improved the balance of effector T cells in synovial tissue compared to that in untreated arthritis controls. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 expression was diminished by LACK156–173. The epitope also influenced T cell polarization by regulating the differentiation, maturation, and functions of CD11c+ DCs and upregulating Jagged1 ligand expression. Blocking the mannose receptor (MR) significantly attenuated LACK156–173 epitope-induced macrophage activation. Our data indicate that vaccination or treatment with a single microorganism epitope, LACK156–173, is a highly efficient therapy for murine autoimmune arthritis. The therapeutic effects are mediated by the regulation of the differentiation, maturation, and functions of DCs via MR, resulting in the upregulation of Jagged1 expression and Th2 cell polarization. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the LACK156–173 epitope in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuemei Fan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiujie Dang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongwei Lei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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17
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Doonan J, Lumb FE, Pineda MA, Tarafdar A, Crowe J, Khan AM, Suckling CJ, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Protection Against Arthritis by the Parasitic Worm Product ES-62, and Its Drug-Like Small Molecule Analogues, Is Associated With Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1016. [PMID: 29867986 PMCID: PMC5967578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory actions of parasitic helminth excretory-secretory (ES) products that serendipitously protect against development of chronic inflammatory disorders are well established: however, knowledge of the interaction between ES products and the host musculoskeletal system in such diseases is limited. In this study, we have focused on ES-62, a glycoprotein secreted by the rodent filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae that is immunomodulatory by virtue of covalently attached phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties, and also two synthetic drug-like PC-based small molecule analogues (SMAs) that mimic ES-62's immunomodulatory activity. We have previously shown that each of these molecules prevents development of pathology in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a model of the musculoskeletal disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and reflecting this, we now report that ES-62 and its SMAs, modify bone remodeling by altering bone marrow progenitors and thus impacting on osteoclastogenesis. Consistent with this, we find that these molecules inhibit functional osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, this appears to be achieved by induction of anti-oxidant response gene expression, thereby resulting in reduction of the reactive oxygen species production that is necessary for the increased osteoclastogenesis witnessed in musculoskeletal diseases like RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity E. Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A. Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aneesah M. Khan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Suckling
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M. Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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18
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Suckling CJ, Alam S, Olson MA, Saikh KU, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Small Molecule Analogues of the parasitic worm product ES-62 interact with the TIR domain of MyD88 to inhibit pro-inflammatory signalling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2123. [PMID: 29391452 PMCID: PMC5794923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ES-62 is a protein secreted by the parasitic worm Acanthocheilonema viteae that is anti-inflammatory by virtue of covalently attached phosphorylcholine. Previously we have reported that drug-like Small Molecule Analogues (SMAs) of its phosphorylcholine moiety can mimic ES-62 in protecting against disease development in certain mouse models of autoimmune and allergic conditions, due to them causing partial degradation of the TLR/IL-1R adaptor MyD88. We have now taken a molecular modelling approach to investigating the mechanism underlying this effect and this predicts that the SMAs interact directly with the MyD88 TIR domain. Further support for this is provided by assay of LPS-induced MyD88/NF-κB-driven secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter activity in commercially-available stably transfected (TLR4-MD2-NF-κB-SEAP) HEK293 cells, as SMA12b-mediated inhibition of such SEAP activity is blocked by its pre-incubation with recombinant MyD88-TIR domain. Direct binding of SMA12b to the TIR domain is also shown to inhibit homo-dimerization of the adaptor, an event that can explain the observed degradation of the adaptor and inhibition of subsequent downstream signalling. Thus, these new data identify initial events by which drug-like ES-62 SMAs, which we also demonstrate are able to inhibit cytokine production by human cells, homeostatically maintain "safe" levels of MyD88 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Suckling
- WestCHEM Research School, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shahabuddin Alam
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mark A Olson
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kamal U Saikh
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
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19
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Amrouche K, Jamin C. Influence of drug molecules on regulatory B cells. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Harnett MM, Harnett W. Can Parasitic Worms Cure the Modern World's Ills? Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:694-705. [PMID: 28606411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing recognition that the alarming surge in allergy and autoimmunity in the industrialised and developing worlds shadows the rapid eradication of pathogens, such as parasitic helminths. Appreciation of this has fuelled an explosion in research investigating the therapeutic potential of these worms. This review considers the current state-of-play with a particular focus on exciting recent advances in the identification of potential novel targets for immunomodulation that can be exploited therapeutically. Furthermore, we contemplate the prospects for designing worm-derived immunotherapies for an ever-widening range of inflammatory diseases, including, for example, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and ageing as well as neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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21
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Dai YC, Zhong J, Xu JF. Regulatory B cells in infectious disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3-10. [PMID: 28534949 PMCID: PMC5482109 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a subset of B cells, which reportedly exert significant immunomodulatory effects through the production of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35 and transforming growth factor-β. Over the last decade, studies have indicated that Bregs function in autoimmune and allergic diseases through antigen-specific and non-specific immunoregulatory mechanisms. However, only a limited number of reviews have focused on the role of Bregs during infection, particularly their functions in intracellular infections. The present review discusses the role of Bregs in infectious diseases in animal models and human studies, and provides an overview of the immunoregulatory mechanisms used by Bregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Chao Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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22
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Vogel P, Janke L, Gravano DM, Lu M, Sawant DV, Bush D, Shuyu E, Vignali DAA, Pillai A, Rehg JE. Globule Leukocytes and Other Mast Cells in the Mouse Intestine. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:76-97. [PMID: 28494703 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817705174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Only 2 major mast cell (MC) subtypes are commonly recognized in the mouse: the large connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs) and the mucosal mast cells (MMCs). Interepithelial mucosal inflammatory cells, most commonly identified as globule leukocytes (GLs), represent a third MC subtype in mice, which we term interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs). This term clearly distinguishes ieMMCs from lamina proprial MMCs (lpMMCs) while clearly communicating their common MC lineage. Both lpMMCs and ieMMCs are rare in normal mouse intestinal mucosa, but increased numbers of ieMMCs are seen as part of type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminth infections and in food allergies. Interestingly, we found that increased ieMMCs were consistently associated with decreased mucosal inflammation and damage, suggesting that they might have a role in controlling helminth-induced immunopathology. We also found that ieMMC hyperplasia can develop in the absence of helminth infections, for example, in Treg-deficient mice, Arf null mice, some nude mice, and certain graft-vs-host responses. Since tuft cell hyperplasia plays a critical role in type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminths, we looked for (but did not find) any direct relationship between ieMMC and tuft cell numbers in the intestinal mucosa. Much remains to be learned about the differing functions of ieMMCs and lpMMCs in the intestinal mucosa, but an essential step in deciphering their roles in mucosal immune responses will be to apply immunohistochemistry methods to consistently and accurately identify them in tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laura Janke
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Meifen Lu
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deepali V Sawant
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dorothy Bush
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Shuyu
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Asha Pillai
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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23
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Lumb FE, Doonan J, Bell KS, Pineda MA, Corbet M, Suckling CJ, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Dendritic cells provide a therapeutic target for synthetic small molecule analogues of the parasitic worm product, ES-62. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1704. [PMID: 28490801 PMCID: PMC5431997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ES-62, a glycoprotein secreted by the parasitic filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, subverts host immune responses towards anti-inflammatory phenotypes by virtue of covalently attached phosphorylcholine (PC). The PC dictates that ES-62 exhibits protection in murine models of inflammatory disease and hence a library of drug-like PC-based small molecule analogues (SMAs) was synthesised. Four sulfone-containing SMAs termed 11a, 11e, 11i and 12b were found to reduce mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibit NF-κB p65 activation, and suppress LPS-induced up-regulation of CD40 and CD86. Active SMAs also resulted in a DC phenotype that exhibited reduced capacity to prime antigen (Ag)-specific IFN-γ production during co-culture with naïve transgenic TCR DO.11.10 T cells in vitro and reduced their ability, following adoptive transfer, to prime the expansion of Ag-specific T lymphocytes, specifically TH17 cells, in vivo. Consistent with this, mice receiving DCs treated with SMAs exhibited significantly reduced severity of collagen-induced arthritis and this was accompanied by a significant reduction in IL-17+ cells in the draining lymph nodes. Collectively, these studies indicate that drug-like compounds that target DCs can be designed from parasitic worm products and demonstrate the potential for ES-62 SMA-based DC therapy in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kara S Bell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marlene Corbet
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin J Suckling
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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24
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Ellagic acid alleviates adjuvant induced arthritis by modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 41:339-349. [PMID: 28450796 PMCID: PMC5382880 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, but it is now clear that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a central role in its pathogenesis. Ellagic acid (EA) has a variety of biological activities including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential effect of ellagic acid on the prevention and/or treatment of adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) model in mice. Ellagic acid treatment was started one week before AIA induction and continued for three weeks after induction of AIA. Ellagic acid treatment significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited foot paw oedematous swelling and attenuated AIA-associated pathology. Ellagic acid significantly (p < 0.01) reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines: interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 17 (IL-17). However, serum levels of IL-10 and interferon γ (IFN-γ) significantly increased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), while serum level of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) did not significantly alter with EA treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that EA attenuated AIA-associated pathology in the mouse model by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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25
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Eason RJ, Bell KS, Marshall FA, Rodgers DT, Pineda MA, Steiger CN, Al-Riyami L, Harnett W, Harnett MM. The helminth product, ES-62 modulates dendritic cell responses by inducing the selective autophagolysosomal degradation of TLR-transducers, as exemplified by PKCδ. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37276. [PMID: 27869138 PMCID: PMC5116678 DOI: 10.1038/srep37276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that ES-62, a phosphorylcholine (PC)-containing glycoprotein secreted by the parasitic filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae targets dendritic cell (DC) responses, specifically by suppressing TLR4 signalling to inhibit Th1/Th17-driven inflammation. We have now investigated the molecular mechanisms underpinning such immunomodulation and show here that ES-62-mediated downregulation of protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ), a TLR4-associated signalling mediator required for full activation of LPS-driven pro-inflammatory responses, is associated with induction of a low level of autophagic flux, as evidenced by upregulation and trafficking of p62 and LC3 and their consequent autophagolysosomal degradation. By contrast, the classical TLR4 ligand LPS, strongly upregulates p62 and LC3 expression but under such canonical TLR4 signalling this upregulation appears to reflect a block in autophagic flux, with these elements predominantly degraded in a proteasomal manner. These data are consistent with autophagic flux acting to homeostatically suppress proinflammatory DC responses and indeed, blocking of PKC-δ degradation by the autophagolysosomal inhibitors, E64d plus pepstatin A, results in abrogation of the ES-62-mediated suppression of LPS-driven release of IL-6, IL-12p70 and TNF-α by DCs. Thus, by harnessing this homeostatic regulatory mechanism, ES-62 can protect against aberrant inflammation, either to promote parasite survival or serendipitously, exhibit therapeutic potential in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J. Eason
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Kara S. Bell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Fraser A. Marshall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - David T. Rodgers
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Miguel A. Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Christina N. Steiger
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Lamyaa Al-Riyami
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Margaret M. Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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26
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Onkoba N, Chimbari M, Kamau J, Mukaratirwa S. Metabolic and adaptive immune responses induced in mice infected with tissue-dwelling nematode Trichinella zimbabwensis. Open Vet J 2016; 6:178-184. [PMID: 27882304 PMCID: PMC5116437 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-dwelling helminths are known to induce intestinal and systemic inflammation accompanied with host compensatory mechanisms to counter balance nutritional and metabolic deficiencies. The metabolic and immune responses of the host depend on parasite species and tissues affected by the parasite. This study investigated metabolic and immuno-inflammatory responses of mice infected with tissue-dwelling larvae of Trichinella zimbabwensis and explored the relationship between infection, metabolic parameters and Th1/Th17 immune responses. Sixty (60) female BALB/c mice aged between 6 to 8 weeks old were randomly assigned into T. zimbabwensis-infected and control groups. Levels of Th1 (interferon-γ) and Th17 (interleukin-17) cytokines, insulin and blood glucose were determined as well as measurements of body weight, food and water intake. Results showed that during the enteric phase of infection, insulin and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in the Trichinella infected group accompanied with a reduction in the trends of food intake and weight loss compared with the control group. During systemic larval migration, trends in food and water intake were significantly altered and this was attributed to compensatory feeding resulting in weight gain, reduced insulin levels and increased IL-17 levels. Larval migration also induced a Th1/Th17 derived inflammatory response. It was concluded that T. zimbabwensis alters metabolic parameters by instigating host compensatory feeding. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that non-encapsulated T. zimbabwensis parasite plays a role in immunomodulating host Th1/Th17 type responses during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Onkoba
- College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa
- Tropical Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M.J. Chimbari
- College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - J.M. Kamau
- Tropical Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - S. Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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27
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Park MK, Jung YO, Lee SY, Lee SH, Heo YJ, Kim EK, Oh HJ, Moon YM, Son HJ, Park MJ, Park SH, Kim HY, La Cho M, Min JK. Amelioration of autoimmune arthritis by adoptive transfer of Foxp3-expressing regulatory B cells is associated with the Treg/Th17 cell balance. J Transl Med 2016; 14:191. [PMID: 27350539 PMCID: PMC4924280 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foxp3 is a key regulator of the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and its expression is thought to be T cell-restricted. We found that B cells in mice can express Foxp3 and B cells expressing Foxp3 may play a role in preventing the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1J mice. METHODS Foxp3 expression was modulated in CD19(+) B cells by transfection with shRNA or using an over-expression construct. In addition, Foxp3-transfected B cells were adoptively transferred to CIA mice. We found that LPS or anti-IgM stimulation induced Foxp3 expression in B cells. Foxp3-expressing B cells were found in the spleens of mice. RESULTS Over-expression of Foxp3 conferred a contact-dependent suppressive ability on proliferation of responder T cells. Down-regulation of Foxp3 by shRNA caused a profound induction in proliferation of responder T cells. Adoptive transfer of Foxp3(+)CD19(+) B cells attenuated the clinical symptoms of CIA significantly with concomitant suppression of IL-17 production and enhancement of Foxp3 expression in CD4(+) T cells from splenocytes. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Foxp3 expression is not restricted to T cells. The expression of Foxp3 in B cells is critical for the immunoregulation of T cells and limits autoimmunity in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Park
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Young Ok Jung
- />Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kang-Nam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Lee
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Yu Jung Heo
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Hye Jwa Oh
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Young Mee Moon
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Son
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Min Jung Park
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Park
- />Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Youn Kim
- />Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi La Cho
- />The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040 South Korea
| | - Jun Ki Min
- />Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 327 Sosa-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-717 South Korea
- />Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Holy Family Hospital, Rheumatism Research Center (RhRC), Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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28
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Caraballo L, Zakzuk J, Lee BW, Acevedo N, Soh JY, Sánchez-Borges M, Hossny E, García E, Rosario N, Ansotegui I, Puerta L, Sánchez J, Cardona V. Particularities of allergy in the Tropics. World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9:20. [PMID: 27386040 PMCID: PMC4924335 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are distributed worldwide and their risk factors and triggers vary according to geographical and socioeconomic conditions. Allergies are frequent in the Tropics but aspects of their prevalence, natural history, risk factors, sensitizers and triggers are not well defined and some are expected to be different from those in temperate zone countries. The aim of this review is to investigate if allergic diseases in the Tropics have particularities that deserve special attention for research and clinical practice. Such information will help to form a better understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of allergic diseases in the Tropics. As expected, we found particularities in the Tropics that merit further study because they strongly affect the natural history of common allergic diseases; most of them related to climate conditions that favor permanent exposure to mite allergens, helminth infections and stinging insects. In addition, we detected several unmet needs in important areas which should be investigated and solved by collaborative efforts led by the emergent research groups on allergy from tropical countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caraballo
- />Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra. 5 # 7-77, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- />Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra. 5 # 7-77, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- />Khoo Teck Puat- National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- />Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nathalie Acevedo
- />Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Translational Immunology Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian Yi Soh
- />Khoo Teck Puat- National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- />Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mario Sánchez-Borges
- />Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Centro Médico- Docente La Trinidad and Clínica El Avila, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Elham Hossny
- />Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Children’s Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elizabeth García
- />Allergy Section, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nelson Rosario
- />Federal University of Parana, Rua General Carneiro, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ignacio Ansotegui
- />Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quirón Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Leonardo Puerta
- />Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra. 5 # 7-77, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- />Department of Pediatrics, Graduate Program on Allergology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Victoria Cardona
- />Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Nikou T, Ioannidis A, Zoga M, Tzavellas E, Paparrigopoulos T, Magana M, Pliatsika P, Nikolaou C, Chatzipanagiotou S. Alteration in the concentrations of Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in alcohol-dependent individuals without liver disease, during detoxification therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163:77-83. [PMID: 27068251 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The course of Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) was investigated in alcohol-dependent individuals without liver disease in order to ascertain the use of these cytokines as markers for the follow-up testing and the outcome of the detoxification treatment. METHODS Forty-eight alcohol-dependent individuals were admitted for alcohol detoxification. Blood was obtained upon admission, two weeks later and after the completion of the detoxification period (4-5 weeks). Serum IL-7, IL-10 and G-CSF were measured with a commercially available sandwich enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS IL-7 concentration was steadily high from admission up to two weeks later and then showed a fall, yet still remaining significantly higher than in the control group at the end of the detoxification treatment. IL-10 concentration was significantly low on admission, presenting a linear increase during therapy and remained insignificantly low at the end. G-CSF was significantly elevated on admission and presented a linear fall ending up in almost normal values at the end of the detoxification therapy. CONCLUSIONS The alterations in the concentration of IL-7, IL-10 and G-CSF and their trend to normalization during the detoxification therapy are indicative of the generalized immune system disorder, caused by alcohol abuse. Further studies will help in further elucidating the pathophysiology of the immune system function in alcohol abuse, while immunological parameters might serve as biological markers and diagnostic tools for the assessment of the course and the outcome of the detoxification therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nikou
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece; Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Zoga
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Tzavellas
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Paparrigopoulos
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Magana
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Pliatsika
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Chryssoula Nikolaou
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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30
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Janicova L, Rzepecka J, Rodgers DT, Doonan J, Bell KS, Lumb FE, Suckling CJ, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Testing small molecule analogues of the Acanthocheilonema viteae immunomodulator ES-62 against clinically relevant allergens. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:340-51. [PMID: 27059010 PMCID: PMC4913752 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ES-62 is a glycoprotein secreted by the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae that protects against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway hyper-responsiveness in mice by virtue of covalently attached anti-inflammatory phosphorylcholine (PC) residues. We have recently generated a library of small molecule analogues (SMAs) of ES-62 based around its active PC moiety as a starting point in novel drug development for asthma and identified two compounds - termed 11a and 12b - that mirror ES-62's protective effects. In this study, we have moved away from OVA, a model allergen, to test the SMAs against two clinically relevant allergens - house dust mite (HDM) and cockroach allergen (CR) extract. We show that both SMAs offer some protection against development of lung allergic responses to CR, in particular reducing eosinophil infiltration, whereas only SMA 12b is effective in protecting against eosinophil-dependent HDM-induced allergy. These data therefore suggest that helminth molecule-induced protection against model allergens may not necessarily translate to clinically relevant allergens. Nevertheless, in this study, we have managed to demonstrate that it is possible to produce synthetic drug-like molecules based on a parasitic worm product that show therapeutic potential with respect to asthma resulting from known triggers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Janicova
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Rzepecka
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - D T Rodgers
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - K S Bell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - F E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - C J Suckling
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - M M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Zakeri A, Borji H, Haghparast A. Interaction Between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 35:219-48. [PMID: 27120222 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1096936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. They play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, especially asthma. Since TLRs significantly orchestrate innate and adaptive immune response, their manipulation has widely been considered as a potential approach to control asthma symptoms. It is well established that helminths have immunoregulatory effects on host immune responses, especially innate immunity. They release bioactive molecules such as excretory-secretory (ES) products manipulating TLRs expression and signaling. Thus, given the promising results derived from preclinical studies, harnessing helminth-derived molecules affecting TLRs can be considered as a potential biological therapy for allergic diseases. Prospectively, the data that are available at present suggest that, in the near future, it is possible that helminth antigens will offer new therapeutic strategies and druggable targets for fighting allergic diseases. This review describes the interactions between helminths and TLRs and discusses the potential possibilities for asthma therapy. In this opinion paper, the authors aimed to review the updated literatures on the interplay between helminths, TLRs, and asthma with a view to proposing helminth-based asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,c Biotechnology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
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Steinfelder S, O’Regan NL, Hartmann S. Diplomatic Assistance: Can Helminth-Modulated Macrophages Act as Treatment for Inflammatory Disease? PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005480. [PMID: 27101372 PMCID: PMC4839649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths have evolved numerous pathways to prevent their expulsion or elimination from the host to ensure long-term survival. During infection, they target numerous host cells, including macrophages, to induce an alternatively activated phenotype, which aids elimination of infection, tissue repair, and wound healing. Multiple animal-based studies have demonstrated a significant reduction or complete reversal of disease by helminth infection, treatment with helminth products, or helminth-modulated macrophages in models of allergy, autoimmunity, and sepsis. Experimental studies of macrophage and helminth therapies are being translated into clinical benefits for patients undergoing transplantation and those with multiple sclerosis. Thus, helminths or helminth-modulated macrophages present great possibilities as therapeutic applications for inflammatory diseases in humans. Macrophage-based helminth therapies and the underlying mechanisms of their therapeutic or curative effects represent an under-researched area with the potential to open new avenues of treatment. This review explores the application of helminth-modulated macrophages as a new therapy for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Steinfelder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noëlle Louise O’Regan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Coltherd JC, Rodgers DT, Lawrie RE, Al-Riyami L, Suckling CJ, Harnett W, Harnett MM. The parasitic worm-derived immunomodulator, ES-62 and its drug-like small molecule analogues exhibit therapeutic potential in a model of chronic asthma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19224. [PMID: 26763929 PMCID: PMC4725896 DOI: 10.1038/srep19224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic asthma is associated with persistent lung inflammation and long-term remodelling of the airways that have proved refractory to conventional treatments such as steroids, despite their efficacy in controlling acute airway contraction and bronchial inflammation. As its recent dramatic increase in industrialised countries has not been mirrored in developing regions, it has been suggested that helminth infection may protect humans against developing asthma. Consistent with this, ES-62, an immunomodulator secreted by the parasitic worm Acanthocheilonema viteae, can prevent pathology associated with chronic asthma (cellular infiltration of the lungs, particularly neutrophils and mast cells, mucus hyper-production and airway thickening) in an experimental mouse model. Importantly, ES-62 can act even after airway remodelling has been established, arresting pathogenesis and ameliorating the inflammatory flares resulting from repeated exposure to allergen that are a debilitating feature of severe chronic asthma. Moreover, two chemical analogues of ES-62, 11a and 12b mimic its therapeutic actions in restoring levels of regulatory B cells and suppressing neutrophil and mast cell responses. These studies therefore provide a platform for developing ES-62-based drugs, with compounds 11a and 12b representing the first step in the development of a novel class of drugs to combat the hitherto intractable disorder of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Coltherd
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, G12 8TA, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - D T Rodgers
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, G12 8TA, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R E Lawrie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, G12 8TA, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - L Al-Riyami
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - C J Suckling
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XL, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - W Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, G12 8TA, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Pineda MA, Eason RJ, Harnett MM, Harnett W. From the worm to the pill, the parasitic worm product ES-62 raises new horizons in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Lupus 2015; 24:400-11. [PMID: 25801883 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314560004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from human studies suggests that parasitic worm infection can protect humans against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and this idea is strengthened by data generated in model systems. Although therapeutic use of parasitic worms is currently being explored, there are obvious benefits in pursuing drug development through identification and isolation of the 'active ingredients'. ES-62 is a secreted glycoprotein of the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, which we have found to protect against the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. ES-62 activity is dependent on the inflammatory phenotype of the local environment and protection arises via inhibition of Th17- and γδT cell-dependent IL-17 production. At the same time, NK and NK T cell IL-17 production is left intact, and such selectivity suggests that ES-62 might make a particularly attractive therapeutic for RA. However, as a potentially immunogenic protein, ES-62 is unsuitable for development as a drug. Nevertheless, ES-62 activity is dependent on covalently attached phosphorylcholine (PC) residues and we have therefore produced a library of PC-based drug-like ES-62 small-molecule analogues (SMAs) as an alternative therapeutic strategy. Screening this library, we have found an ES-62 SMA that mirrors ES-62 in protecting against CIA and by the same IL-17-dependent mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R J Eason
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Nutman TB. Looking beyond the induction of Th2 responses to explain immunomodulation by helminths. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:304-13. [PMID: 25869527 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although helminth infections are characteristically associated with Th2-mediated responses that include the production of the prototypical cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by CD4(+) cells, the production of IgE, peripheral blood eosinophilia and mucus production in localized sites, these responses are largely attenuated when helminth infections become less acute. This modulation of the immune response that occurs with chronic helminth infection is often induced by molecules secreted by helminth parasites, by non-Th2 regulatory CD4(+) cells, and by nonclassical B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. This review will focus on those parasite- and host-mediated mechanisms underlying the modulated T-cell response that occurs as the default in chronic helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory debilitating disease triggered by a complex interaction involving genetic and environmental factors. Active smoking and occupational exposures such as silica increase its risk, suggesting that initial inflammation and generation of rheumatoid arthritis-related autoantibodies in the lungs may precede the clinical disease. This hypothesis paved the way to epidemiological studies investigating air pollution as a potential determinant of rheumatoid arthritis. Studies designed for epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis found a link between traffic, a surrogate of air pollution, and this disease. Furthermore, a small case–control study recently found an association between wood smoke exposure and anticyclic citrullinated protein/peptide antibody in sera of patients presenting wood-smoke-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, reports addressing impact of specific pollutants on rheumatoid arthritis incidence and severity across populations are somewhat conflicting. In addition to the link reported between other systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases and particulate matters/gaseous pollutants, experimental observation of exacerbated rheumatoid arthritis incidence and severity in mice models of collagen-induced arthritis after diesel exhaust particles exposure as well as hypovitaminosis D-related autoimmunity can help understand the role of air pollution in rheumatoid arthritis. All these considerations highlight the necessity to extend high quality epidemiological researches investigating different sources of atmospheric pollution across populations and particularly in low-and-middle countries, in order to further explore the biological plausibility of air pollution’s effect in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. This should be attempted to better inform policies aiming to reduce the burden of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Essouma
- Division of Medicine, Sangmelima's Reference Hospital, P.O. Box 890, Sangmelima, Cameroon
| | - Jean Jacques N Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa ; Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Rodgers DT, McGrath MA, Pineda MA, Al-Riyami L, Rzepecka J, Lumb F, Harnett W, Harnett MM. The parasitic worm product ES-62 targets myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent effector mechanisms to suppress antinuclear antibody production and proteinuria in MRL/lpr mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1023-35. [PMID: 25546822 PMCID: PMC4409857 DOI: 10.1002/art.39004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective The hygiene hypothesis suggests that parasitic helminths (worms) protect against the development of autoimmune disease via a serendipitous side effect of worm-derived immunomodulators that concomitantly promote parasite survival and limit host pathology. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ES-62, a phosphorylcholine-containing glycoprotein secreted by the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae, protects against kidney damage in an MRL/lpr mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods MRL/lpr mice progressively produce high levels of autoantibodies, and the resultant deposition of immune complexes drives kidney pathology. The effects of ES-62 on disease progression were assessed by measurement of proteinuria, assessment of kidney histology, determination of antinuclear antibody (ANA) production and cytokine levels, and flow cytometric analysis of relevant cellular populations. Results ES-62 restored the disrupted balance between effector and regulatory B cells in MRL/lpr mice by inhibiting plasmablast differentiation, with a consequent reduction in ANA production and deposition of immune complexes and C3a in the kidneys. Moreover, by reducing interleukin-22 production, ES-62 may desensitize downstream effector mechanisms in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Highlighting the therapeutic importance of resetting B cell responses, adoptive transfer of purified splenic B cells from ES-62–treated MRL/lpr mice mimicked the protection afforded by the helminth product. Mechanistically, this reflects down-regulation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression by B cells and also kidney cells, resulting in inhibition of pathogenic cross-talk among Toll-like receptor–, C3a-, and immune complex–mediated effector mechanisms. Conclusion This study provides the first demonstration of protection against kidney pathology by a parasitic worm–derived immunomodulator in a model of SLE and suggests therapeutic potential for drugs based on the mechanism of action of ES-62.
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Versini M, Jeandel PY, Bashi T, Bizzaro G, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications. BMC Med 2015; 13:81. [PMID: 25879741 PMCID: PMC4396177 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hygiene Hypothesis (HH) attributes the dramatic increase in autoimmune and allergic diseases observed in recent decades in Western countries to the reduced exposure to diverse immunoregulatory infectious agents. This theory has since largely been supported by strong epidemiological and experimental evidence. DISCUSSION The analysis of these data along with the evolution of the Western world's microbiome enable us to obtain greater insight into microorganisms involved in the HH, as well as their regulatory mechanisms on the immune system. Helminthes and their derivatives were shown to have a protective role. Helminthes' broad immunomodulatory properties have already begun to be exploited in clinical trials of autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type-1 diabetes. SUMMARY In this review, we will dissect the microbial actors thought to be involved in the HH as well as their immunomodulatory mechanisms as emphasized by experimental studies, with a particular attention on parasites. Thereafter, we will review the early clinical trials using helminthes' derivatives focusing on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Versini
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Archet-1 Hospital, University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 151 Route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06202, Nice, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Jeandel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Archet-1 Hospital, University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 151 Route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06202, Nice, France.
| | - Tomer Bashi
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
| | - Giorgia Bizzaro
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
| | - Miri Blank
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel.
- The Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Harnett MM, Harnett W, Pineda MA. The parasitic worm product ES-62 up-regulates IL-22 production by γδ T cells in the murine model of Collagen-Induced Arthritis. INFLAMMATION AND CELL SIGNALING 2014; 1. [PMID: 26594650 DOI: 10.14800/ics.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ES-62 is a phosphorylcholine (PC)-containing glycoprotein secreted by the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema viteae that acts to modulate the host immune response to promote the establishment of chronic helminth infection. Reflecting its anti-inflammatory actions, we have previously reported that ES-62 protects mice from developing Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA): thus, as this helminth-derived product may exhibit therapeutic potential in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), it is important to understand the protective immunoregulatory mechanisms triggered by ES-62 in this model in vivo. We have established to date that ES-62 acts by downregulating pathogenic Th17/IL-17-mediated responses and upregulating the regulatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, our studies have identified that IL-22, another member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, exerts dual pathogenic and protective roles in this model of RA with ES-62 harnessing the cytokine's inflammation-resolving and tissue repair properties in the joint during the established phase of disease. Here, we discuss the counter-regulatory roles of IL-22 in the murine model of CIA and present additional novel data showing that ES-62 selectively induces γδ T cells with the capacity to induce IL-22 production and that γδ T cells with the capacity to produce IL-22, but not IL-17, induced during CIA can be identified by their expression of TLR4. Moreover, we also show that treatment of mice undergoing CIA with the active PC moiety of ES-62, in the form of PC conjugated to BSA, is not only sufficient to mimic the ES-62-dependent suppression of pathogenic IL-17 responses shown previously but also that of the IL-22 and IL-10 up-regulation observed with the parasitic worm product during CIA. These findings not only reinforce the potential of IL-22, firstly described as a Th17-related pro-inflammatory cytokine, as a protective factor in arthritis but also suggest that drugs based on the PC moiety found in ES-62 may be able to harness the joint-protecting activities of IL-22 therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA
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