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Hao X, Wang S, Wang L, Li J, Li Y, Liu J. Exosomes as drug delivery systems in glioma immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:340. [PMID: 38890722 PMCID: PMC11184820 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the significant benefits of cancer immunotherapy for most cancers have been demonstrated in clinical and preclinical studies. However, the efficacy of these immunotherapies for gliomas is limited, owing to restricted drug delivery and insufficient immune activation. As drug carriers, exosomes offer the advantages of low toxicity, good biocompatibility, and intrinsic cell targeting, which could enhance glioma immunotherapy efficacy. However, a review of exosome-based drug delivery systems for glioma immunotherapy has not been presented. This review introduces the current problems in glioma immunotherapy and the role of exosomes in addressing these issues. Meanwhile, preparation and application strategies of exosome-based drug delivery systems for glioma immunotherapy are discussed, especially for enhancing immunogenicity and reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Finally, we briefly describe the challenges of exosome-based drug delivery systems in clinical translation. We anticipate that this review will guide the use of exosomes as drug carriers for glioma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqing Hao
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 193 Lianhe Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, China
- Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, No. 57 Xinda Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116085, China
| | - Shiming Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 193 Lianhe Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 193 Lianhe Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, China
- Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, No. 57 Xinda Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116085, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Ying Li
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 193 Lianhe Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, China.
- Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, No. 57 Xinda Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116085, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 193 Lianhe Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, China.
- Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, No. 57 Xinda Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116085, China.
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2
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Smack C, Johnson B, Nyalwidhe JO, Semmes OJ, Yang L. Small extracellular vesicles: Roles and clinical application in prostate cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2024; 161:119-190. [PMID: 39032949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a significant health problem in the United States. It is remarkably heterogenous, ranging from slow growing disease amenable to active surveillance to highly aggressive forms requiring active treatments. Therefore, being able to precisely determine the nature of disease and appropriately match patients to available and/or novel therapeutics is crucial to improve patients' overall outcome and quality of life. Recently small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a subset of nanoscale membranous vesicles secreted by various cells, have emerged as important analytes for liquid biopsy and promising vehicles for drug delivery. sEVs contain various biomolecules such as genetic material, proteins, and lipids that recapitulate the characteristics and state of their donor cells. The application of existing and newly developed technologies has resulted in an increased depth of knowledge about biophysical structures, biogenesis, and functions of sEVs. In prostate cancer patients, tumor-derived sEVs can be isolated from biofluids, commonly urine and blood. They mediate intercellular signaling within the tumor microenvironment and distal organ-specific sites, supporting cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. A mounting body of evidence suggests that sEV components can be potent biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of disease progression and treatment response. Due to enhanced circulation stability and bio-barrier permeability, sEVs can be also used as effective drug delivery carriers to improve the efficacy and specificity of anti-tumor therapies. This review discusses recent studies on sEVs in prostate cancer and is focused on their role as biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles in the clinical management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Smack
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Benjamin Johnson
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - O John Semmes
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Lifang Yang
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.
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3
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Liu J, Li B, Li L, Ming X, Xu ZP. Advances in Nanomaterials for Immunotherapeutic Improvement of Cancer Chemotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403024. [PMID: 38773882 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Immuno-stimulative effect of chemotherapy (ISECT) is recognized as a potential alternative to conventional immunotherapies, however, the clinical application is constrained by its inefficiency. Metronomic chemotherapy, though designed to overcome these limitations, offers inconsistent results, with effectiveness varying based on cancer types, stages, and patient-specific factors. In parallel, a wealth of preclinical nanomaterials holds considerable promise for ISECT improvement by modulating the cancer-immunity cycle. In the area of biomedical nanomaterials, current literature reviews mainly concentrate on a specific category of nanomaterials and nanotechnological perspectives, while two essential issues are still lacking, i.e., a comprehensive analysis addressing the causes for ISECT inefficiency and a thorough summary elaborating the nanomaterials for ISECT improvement. This review thus aims to fill these gaps and catalyze further development in this field. For the first time, this review comprehensively discusses the causes of ISECT inefficiency. It then meticulously categorizes six types of nanomaterials for improving ISECT. Subsequently, practical strategies are further proposed for addressing inefficient ISECT, along with a detailed discussion on exemplary nanomedicines. Finally, this review provides insights into the challenges and perspectives for improving chemo-immunotherapy by innovations in nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 000000, China
- GoodMedX Tech Limited Company, Hong Kong SAR, 000000, China
| | - Bei Li
- Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xin Ming
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, and Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518107, China
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4
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Rahmati S, Moeinafshar A, Rezaei N. The multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in colorectal cancer: metastasis, immune suppression, therapy resistance, and autophagy crosstalk. J Transl Med 2024; 22:452. [PMID: 38741166 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer structures released by all cells and widely distributed in all biological fluids. EVs are implicated in diverse physiopathological processes by orchestrating cell-cell communication. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with metastasis being the leading cause of mortality in CRC patients. EVs contribute significantly to the advancement and spread of CRC by transferring their cargo, which includes lipids, proteins, RNAs, and DNAs, to neighboring or distant cells. Besides, they can serve as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for early detection of CRC or be harnessed as effective carriers for delivering therapeutic agents. Autophagy is an essential cellular process that serves to remove damaged proteins and organelles by lysosomal degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy and EV release are coordinately activated in tumor cells and share common factors and regulatory mechanisms. Although the significance of autophagy and EVs in cancer is well established, the exact mechanism of their interplay in tumor development is obscure. This review focuses on examining the specific functions of EVs in various aspects of CRC, including progression, metastasis, immune regulation, and therapy resistance. Further, we overview emerging discoveries relevant to autophagy and EVs crosstalk in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Rahmati
- Student Research Committee, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysan Moeinafshar
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Dan Y, Ma J, Long Y, Jiang Y, Fang L, Bai J. Melanoma extracellular vesicles inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by stimulating CD8 T cells. Mol Immunol 2024; 169:78-85. [PMID: 38513590 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in mediating immune responses by carrying and presenting tumor antigens. Here, we suggested that melanoma EVs triggered cytotoxic CD8 T cell-mediated inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. Our results indicated that immunization of mice with melanoma EVs inhibited melanoma growth and metastasis while increasing CD8 T cells and serum interferon γ (IFN-γ) in vivo. In vitro experiments showed that melanoma EV stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) maturation, and mature dendritic cells induce T lymphocyte activation. Thus, tumor cell-derived EVs can generate anti-tumor immunity in a prophylactic setting and may be potential candidates for cell-free tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuqing Long
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liaoqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Medicine, Chongqing 401121, China.
| | - Jin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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6
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Stone TW, Williams RO. Tryptophan metabolism as a 'reflex' feature of neuroimmune communication: Sensor and effector functions for the indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase kynurenine pathway. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 38102897 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system were regarded as independent entities, it is now clear that immune system cells can influence the CNS, and neuroglial activity influences the immune system. Despite the many clinical implications for this 'neuroimmune interface', its detailed operation at the molecular level remains unclear. This narrative review focuses on the metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway, since its products have critical actions in both the nervous and immune systems, placing it in a unique position to influence neuroimmune communication. In particular, since the kynurenine pathway is activated by pro-inflammatory mediators, it is proposed that physical and psychological stressors are the stimuli of an organismal protective reflex, with kynurenine metabolites as the effector arm co-ordinating protective neural and immune system responses. After a brief review of the neuroimmune interface, the general perception of tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is expanded to emphasize this environmentally driven perspective. The initial enzymes in the kynurenine pathway include indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which is induced by tissue damage, inflammatory mediators or microbial products, and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), which is induced by stress-induced glucocorticoids. In the immune system, kynurenic acid modulates leucocyte differentiation, inflammatory balance and immune tolerance by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and modulates pain via the GPR35 protein. In the CNS, quinolinic acid activates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive glutamate receptors, whereas kynurenic acid is an antagonist: the balance between glutamate, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid is a significant regulator of CNS function and plasticity. The concept of kynurenine and its metabolites as mediators of a reflex coordinated protection against stress helps to understand the variety and breadth of their activity. It should also help to understand the pathological origin of some psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases involving the immune system and CNS, facilitating the development of new pharmacological strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Jarak I, Isabel Santos A, Helena Pinto A, Domingues C, Silva I, Melo R, Veiga F, Figueiras A. Colorectal cancer cell exosome and cytoplasmic membrane for homotypic delivery of therapeutic molecules. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123456. [PMID: 37778515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of death in the world. The multi-drug resistance, especially in metastatic colorectal cancer, drives the development of new strategies that secure a positive outcome and reduce undesirable side effects. Nanotechnology has made an impact in addressing some pharmacokinetic and safety issues related to administration of free therapeutic agents. However, demands of managing complex biointerfacing require equally complex methods for introducing stimuli-responsive or targeting elements. In order to procure a more efficient solution to the overcoming of biological barriers, the physiological functions of cancer cell plasma and exosomal membranes provided the source of highly functionalized coatings. Biomimetic nanovehicles based on colorectal cancer (CRC) membranes imparted enhanced biological compatibility, immune escape and protection to diverse classes of therapeutic molecules. When loaded with therapeutic load or used as a coating for other therapeutic nanovehicles, they provide highly efficient and selective cell targeting and uptake. This review presents a detailed overview of the recent application of homotypic biomimetic nanovehicles in the management of CRC. We also address some of the current possibilities and challenges associated with the CRC membrane biomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jarak
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Santos
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Helena Pinto
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia Domingues
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Melo
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Figueiras
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Li L, Wang C, Li Q, Guan Y, Zhang X, Kong F, Feng Z, Lu Y, Wang D, Wang N. Exosomes as a modulator of immune resistance in human cancers. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:135-149. [PMID: 37543438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomes secreted by cells form interactive networks between the tumor cells and immune cells, thereby regulating immune signaling cascades in the TME. As key messengers of cell-to-cell communication in the TME, exosomes not only take charge of tumor cell antigen presentation to the immune cells, but also regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit immune function, and, especially, promote immune resistance, all of which affects the therapeutic outcomes of tumors. Exosomes, which are small-sized vesicles, possess some remarkable advantages, including strong biological activity, a lack of immunogenicity and toxicity, and a strong targeting ability. Based on these characteristics, research on exosomes as biomarkers or carriers of tumor therapeutic drugs has become a research hotspot in related fields. This review describes the role of exosomes in cell communications in the TME, summarizes the effectiveness of exosome-based immunotherapy in overcoming immune resistance in cancer treatment, and systematically summarizes and discusses the characteristics of exosomes from different cell sources. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of exosome-related therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanzhou Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Chunyue Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Qiucheng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yue Guan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Fange Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Zixin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Di Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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Najaflou M, Bani F, Khosroushahi AY. Immunotherapeutic effect of photothermal-mediated exosomes secreted from breast cancer cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1535-1552. [PMID: 37815086 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Exosomal damage-associated molecular patterns can play a key role in immunostimulation and changing the cold tumor microenvironment to hot. Materials & methods: This study examined the immunostimulation effect of photothermal and hyperthermia-treated 4T1 cell-derived exosomes on 4T1 cell-induced breast tumors in BALB/c animal models. Exosomes were characterized for HSP70, HSP90 and HMGB-1 before injection into mice and tumor tissues were analyzed for IL-6, IL-12 and IL-1β, CD4 and CD8 T-cell permeability, and PD-L1 expression. Results: Thermal treatments increased high damage-associated molecular patterns containing exosome secretion and the permeability of T cells to tumors, leading to tumor growth inhibition. Conclusion: Photothermal-derived exosomes showed higher damage-associated molecular patterns than hyperthermia with a higher immunostimulation and inhibiting tumor growth effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Najaflou
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5165665931 Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5165665931 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Bani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5165665931 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5165665931 Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5165665931 Tabriz, Iran
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Salazar A, Chavarria V, Flores I, Ruiz S, Pérez de la Cruz V, Sánchez-García FJ, Pineda B. Abscopal Effect, Extracellular Vesicles and Their Immunotherapeutic Potential in Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093816. [PMID: 37175226 PMCID: PMC10180522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The communication between tumor cells and the microenvironment plays a fundamental role in the development, growth and further immune escape of the tumor. This communication is partially regulated by extracellular vesicles which can direct the behavior of surrounding cells. In recent years, it has been proposed that this feature could be applied as a potential treatment against cancer, since several studies have shown that tumors treated with radiotherapy can elicit a strong enough immune response to eliminate distant metastasis; this phenomenon is called the abscopal effect. The mechanism behind this effect may include the release of extracellular vesicles loaded with damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-derived antigens which activates an antigen-specific immune response. This review will focus on the recent discoveries in cancer cell communications via extracellular vesicles and their implication in tumor development, as well as their potential use as an immunotherapeutic treatment against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleli Salazar
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Víctor Chavarria
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Immunoregulation Lab, Department of Immunology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Itamar Flores
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Samanta Ruiz
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | | | - Benjamin Pineda
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
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Samarpita S, Li X. Leveraging Exosomes as the Next-Generation Bio-Shuttles: The Next Biggest Approach against Th17 Cell Catastrophe. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087647. [PMID: 37108809 PMCID: PMC10142210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the launch of clinical-grade exosomes is rising expeditiously, as they represent a new powerful approach for the delivery of advanced therapies and for diagnostic purposes for various diseases. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that can act as biological messengers between cells, in the context of health and disease. In comparison to several lab-based drug carriers, exosome exhibits high stability, accommodates diverse cargo loads, elicits low immunogenicity and toxicity, and therefore manifests tremendous perspectives in the development of therapeutics. The efforts made to spur exosomes in drugging the untreatable targets are encouraging. Currently, T helper (Th) 17 cells are considered the most prominent factor in the establishment of autoimmunity and several genetic disorders. Current reports have indicated the importance of targeting the development of Th17 cells and the secretion of its paracrine molecule, interleukin (IL)-17. However, the present-day targeted approaches exhibit drawbacks, such as high cost of production, rapid transformation, poor bioavailability, and importantly, causing opportunistic infections that ultimately hamper their clinical applications. To overcome this hurdle, the potential use of exosomes as vectors seem to be a promising approach for Th17 cell-targeted therapies. With this standpoint, this review discusses this new concept by providing a snapshot of exosome biogenesis, summarizes the current clinical trials of exosomes in several diseases, analyzes the prospect of exosomes as an established drug carrier and delineates the present challenges, with an emphasis on their practical applications in targeting Th17 cells in diseases. We further decode the possible future scope of exosome bioengineering for targeted drug delivery against Th17 cells and its catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Samarpita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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12
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Ben Hamouda S, Essafi-Benkhadir K. Interplay between Signaling Pathways and Tumor Microenvironment Components: A Paradoxical Role in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065600. [PMID: 36982677 PMCID: PMC10057671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has become an important part of colorectal cancer (CRC) research. Indeed, it is now accepted that the invasive character of a primary CRC is determined not only by the genotype of the tumor cells, but also by their interactions with the extracellular environment, which thereby orchestrates the development of the tumor. In fact, the TME cells are a double-edged sword as they play both pro- and anti-tumor roles. The interaction of the tumor-infiltrating cells (TIC) with the cancer cells induces the polarization of the TIC, exhibiting an antagonist phenotype. This polarization is controlled by a plethora of interconnected pro- and anti-oncogenic signaling pathways. The complexity of this interaction and the dual function of these different actors contribute to the failure of CRC control. Thus, a better understanding of such mechanisms is of great interest and provides new opportunities for the development of personalized and efficient therapies for CRC. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways linked to CRC and their implication in the development or inhibition of the tumor initiation and progression. In the second part, we enlist the major components of the TME and discuss the complexity of their cells functions.
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Yao J, Chen Y, Lin Z. Exosomes: Mediators in microenvironment of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2023. [PMID: 36760212 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment, the soil where tumor thrives, plays a critical role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Various cell signaling molecules in the environment promote tumor angiogenesis, immune tolerance and facilitate immune escape. Exosomes, as messengers between tumor and host cells, are considered key mediators involved in the tumor-accelerating environment. However, the exosome-mediated communication networks in the CRC microenvironment are still largely unclear. In this review, we summarized the relationship between TME and CRC based on recent literature. Then, we revealed the unique impacts and signal molecules of exosomes on account of their regulatory role in the flora, hypoxia, inflammatory and immunological microenvironment of CRC. Finally, we summarized the therapeutically effective of exosomes in CRC microenvironment and discussed their current status and prospects, aiming to provide new molecular targets and a theoretical basis for the CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yingrui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of patients with cancer. However, promoting antitumour immunity in patients with tumours that are resistant to these therapies remains a challenge. Thermal therapies provide a promising immune-adjuvant strategy for use with immunotherapy, mostly owing to the capacity to reprogramme the tumour microenvironment through induction of immunogenic cell death, which also promotes the recruitment of endogenous immune cells. Thus, thermal immunotherapeutic strategies for various cancers are an area of considerable research interest. In this Review, we describe the role of the various thermal therapies and provide an update on attempts to combine these with immunotherapies in clinical trials. We also provide an overview of the preclinical development of various thermal immuno-nanomedicines, which are capable of combining thermal therapies with various immunotherapy strategies in a single therapeutic platform. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with the clinical translation of thermal immuno-nanomedicines and emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary and inter-professional collaboration to facilitate the optimal translation of this technology from bench to bedside.
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Sun J, Liu Z, Quan J, Li L, Zhao G, Lu J. Transcriptome sequencing reveals the effect of selenium nanoparticles on primary hepatocytes of rainbow trout. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109503. [PMID: 36459924 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the important threats in rainbow trout culture, and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have an important role in combating heat stress and enhancing immunity. In this study, to enable rainbow trout to survive at higher temperatures, we added 5 µg/mL SeNPs to hepatocytes to study the resistance effect and immune effect of SeNPs against heat stress, thus enabling rainbow trout to adapt to summer temperatures (Average 26 °C) in Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China. Therefore, we investigated the transcriptome expression profile of hepatocytes spiked with SeNPs when exposed to heat stress. A total of 234 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were firmly established in SeNPs-added group when exposed to heat stress compared to non-SeNPs-added group. Of these DEGs, 156 were up-regulated and 78 were down-regulated. These DEGs were grouped into different Gene Ontology (GO) functional terms and enriched in 75 significantly different Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, of which approximately-one-third (19) were associated with immunity. STRING was used to identify 39 key immune DEGs belonging to 5 immune pathways (C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, and Rachidonic acid metabolism). These pathways interact extensively and formed a complex network to regulate heat stress. These results provided an important basis for future elucidation of the role of SeNPs in heat stress resistance and immune enhancement in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Zhe Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Jinqiang Quan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Lanlan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Guiyan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Junhao Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
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Zhang T, Shang F, Ma Y, Xu Y, Sun W, Song H. Caveolin-1 Promotes the Imbalance of Th17/Treg in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Regulating Hsp70 Expression. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:565-574. [PMID: 37077366 PMCID: PMC10106795 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s398780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether the expression of Hsp70 is associated with Cav-1 in promoting the imbalance of Th17/Treg cells in COPD. Methods The plasma Cav-1, Hsp70 expression were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The frequencies of circulating Th17, Treg cells and Th17/Treg ratio were determined by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from subjects were transfected with Cav-1 or control plasmids and Hsp70 plasmid. Results We found that Cav-1 expression was lower but the levels of Hsp70 and Th17 cells were higher in COPD than in healthy control (HC). Hsp70 expressions were positively correlated with Cav-1 levels, Th17 cells, and Th17/Treg ratio in COPD but not in HC. Cav-1 over-expression resulted in an increase in Hsp70 and Th17 levels. Suppressing Hsp70 expressing by small interfering RNA (siRNA), the decline of Th17 frequency was observed in Cav-1-overexpressed PBMCs. Conclusion Collectively, our results illuminate that Cav-1 contributes to the imbalance of Th17/Treg through potentially regulating Hsp70 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongsong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Shang
- Department of Pathology, No. 971 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao, 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Biotherapy Center, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Sun
- Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiping Song
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Haiping Song; Yanxia Xu, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao, 266042, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 532 8496 2202; +86 532 84962203, Fax +86 532-84963506, Email ;
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Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunoediting and Their Potential as Oncoimmunotherapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010082. [PMID: 36612080 PMCID: PMC9817790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) within and around a tumor is a complex interacting mixture of tumor cells with various stromal cells, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. In the early steps of tumor formation, the local microenvironment tends to oppose carcinogenesis, while with cancer progression, the microenvironment skews into a protumoral TME and the tumor influences stromal cells to provide tumor-supporting functions. The creation and development of cancer are dependent on escape from immune recognition predominantly by influencing stromal cells, particularly immune cells, to suppress antitumor immunity. This overall process is generally called immunoediting and has been categorized into three phases; elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Interaction of tumor cells with stromal cells in the TME is mediated generally by cell-to-cell contact, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The least well studied are EVs (especially exosomes), which are nanoparticle-sized bilayer membrane vesicles released by many cell types that participate in cell/cell communication. EVs carry various proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and small molecules that influence cells that ingest the EVs. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) play a significant role in every stage of immunoediting, and their cargoes change from immune-activating in the early stages of immunoediting into immunosuppressing in the escape phase. In addition, their cargos change with different treatments or stress conditions and can be influenced to be more immune stimulatory against cancer. This review focuses on the emerging understanding of how TEVs affect the differentiation and effector functions of stromal cells and their role in immunoediting, from the early stages of immunoediting to immune escape. Consideration of how TEVs can be therapeutically utilized includes different treatments that can modify TEV to support cancer immunotherapy.
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Chandran S, Tang Q. Impact of interleukin-6 on T cells in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2022; 22 Suppl 4:18-27. [PMID: 36453710 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in T cell activation, survival, and differentiation. Acting as a switch that induces the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17 cells and inhibits their development into regulatory T cells, IL-6 promotes rejection and abrogates tolerance. Therapies that target IL-6 signaling include antibodies to IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor and inhibitors of janus kinases; several of these therapeutics have demonstrated robust clinical efficacy in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Clinical trials of IL-6 inhibition in kidney transplantation have focused primarily on its effects on B cells, plasma cells, and HLA antibodies. In this review, we summarize the impact of IL-6 on T cells in experimental models of transplant and describe the effects of IL-6 inhibition on the T cell compartment in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Chandran
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, Diabetes Center, Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genome Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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19
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Stone TW, Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Chiang NY, Darlington LG, Williams RO. An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002004. [PMID: 36507331 PMCID: PMC9729788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Stone,
| | - Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Catitti G, De Bellis D, Vespa S, Simeone P, Canonico B, Lanuti P. Extracellular Vesicles as Players in the Anti-Inflammatory Inter-Cellular Crosstalk Induced by Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14098. [PMID: 36430575 PMCID: PMC9697937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are circulating particles surrounded by a plasma membrane carrying a cargo consisting of proteins, lipids, RNAs, and DNA fragments, stemming from the cells from which they originated. EV factors (i.e., miRNAs) play relevant roles in intercellular crosstalk, both locally and systemically. As EVs increasingly gained attention as potential carriers for targeted genes, the study of EV effects on the host immune response became more relevant. It has been demonstrated that EVs regulate the host immune response, executing both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. It is also known that physical exercise triggers anti-inflammatory effects. This review underlines the role of circulating EVs as players in the anti-inflammatory events associated with the regulation of the host's immune response to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Catitti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico De Bellis
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone Vespa
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Lopatina T, Sarcinella A, Brizzi MF. Tumour Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Challenging Target to Blunt Tumour Immune Evasion. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164020. [PMID: 36011012 PMCID: PMC9406972 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumour onset and development occur because of specific immune support. The immune system, which is originally able to perceive and eliminate incipient cancer cells, becomes suppressed and hijacked by cancer. For these purposes, tumour cells use extracellular vesicles (TEVs). Specific molecular composition allows TEVs to reprogram immune cells towards tumour tolerance. Circulating TEVs move from their site of origin to other organs, preparing “a fertile soil” for metastasis formation. This implies that TEV molecular content can provide a valuable tool for cancer biomarker discovery and potential targets to reshape the immune system into tumour recognition and eradication. Abstract Control of the immune response is crucial for tumour onset and progression. Tumour cells handle the immune reaction by means of secreted factors and extracellular vesicles (EV). Tumour-derived extracellular vesicles (TEV) play key roles in immune reprogramming by delivering their cargo to different immune cells. Tumour-surrounding tissues also contribute to tumour immune editing and evasion, tumour progression, and drug resistance via locally released TEV. Moreover, the increase in circulating TEV has suggested their underpinning role in tumour dissemination. This review brings together data referring to TEV-driven immune regulation and antitumour immune suppression. Attention was also dedicated to TEV-mediated drug resistance.
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Yang X, Gao M, Xu R, Tao Y, Luo W, Wang B, Zhong W, He L, He Y. Hyperthermia combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in the treatment of primary and metastatic tumors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:969447. [PMID: 36032103 PMCID: PMC9412234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.969447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the difference in temperature, thermotherapy can be divided into thermal ablation and mild hyperthermia. The main advantage of thermal ablation is that it can efficiently target tumors in situ, while mild hyperthermia has a good inhibitory effect on distant metastasis. There are some similarities and differences between the two therapies with respect to inducing anti-tumor immune responses, but neither of them results in sustained systemic immunity. Malignant tumors (such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and brain cancer) are recurrent, highly metastatic, and highly invasive even after treatment, hence a single therapy rarely resolves the clinical issues. A more effective and comprehensive treatment strategy using a combination of hyperthermia and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies has gained attention. This paper summarizes the relevant preclinical and clinical studies on hyperthermia combined with ICI therapies and compares the efficacy of two types of hyperthermia combined with ICIs, in order to provide a better treatment for the recurrence and metastasis of clinically malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Yang
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Miaozhi Gao
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Runshi Xu
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yangyang Tao
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wang Luo
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Binya Wang
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wenliang Zhong
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine and Visual Function Protection Engineering and Technological Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Lan He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yingchun He
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine and Visual Function Protection Engineering and Technological Research Center, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yingchun He,
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Liu P, Ye M, Wu Y, Wu L, Lan K, Wu Z. Hyperthermia combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: Synergistic sensitization and clinical outcomes. Cancer Med 2022; 12:3201-3221. [PMID: 35908281 PMCID: PMC9939221 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the field of oncotherapy, research interest regarding immunotherapy has risen to the point that it is now seen as a key application. However, inherent disadvantages of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as their low response rates and immune-related adverse events (irAEs), currently restrict their clinical application. Were these disadvantages to be overcome, more patients could derive prolonged benefits from ICIs. At present, many basic experiments and clinical studies using hyperthermia combined with ICI treatment (HIT) have been performed and shown the potential to address the above challenges. Therefore, this review extensively summarizes the knowledge and progress of HIT for analysis and discusses the effect and feasibility. METHODS In this review, we explored the PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov databases, with regard to the searching terms "immune checkpoint inhibitor, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, ablation, photothermal therapy". RESULTS By reviewing the literature, we analyzed how hyperthermia influences tumor immunology and improves the efficacy of ICI. Hyperthermia can trigger a series of multifactorial molecular cascade reactions between tumors and immunization and can significantly induce cytological modifications within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The pharmacological potency of ICIs can be enhanced greatly through the immunomodulatory amelioration of immunosuppression, and the activation of immunostimulation. Emerging clinical trials outcome regarding HIT have verified and enriched the theoretical foundation of synergistic sensitization. CONCLUSION HIT research is now starting to transition from preclinical studies to clinical investigations. Several HIT sensitization mechanisms have been reflected and demonstrated as significant survival benefits for patients through pioneering clinical trials. Further studies into the theoretical basis and practical standards of HIT, combined with larger-scale clinical studies involving more cancer types, will be necessary for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Liu
- Oncology & Radiotherapy DepartmentZhejiang HospitalHangzhouChina,Second Clinical Medical CollegeZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Mengna Ye
- Second Clinical Medical CollegeZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of TCM PharmacyZhejiang HospitalHangzhouChina
| | - Lichao Wu
- College of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kaiping Lan
- Oncology Department of Combination of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineTonglu Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Zhibing Wu
- Oncology & Radiotherapy DepartmentZhejiang HospitalHangzhouChina
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24
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Zhang S, Mao C, Li X, Miao W, Teng J. Advances in Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:746653. [PMID: 35937071 PMCID: PMC9355282 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.746653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a severe inflammatory disease of the brain. Patients with AE demonstrate amnesia, seizures, and psychosis. Recent studies have identified numerous associated autoantibodies (e.g., against NMDA receptors (NMDARs), LGI1, etc.) involved in the pathogenesis of AE, and the levels of diagnosis and treatment are thus improved dramatically. However, there are drawbacks of clinical diagnosis and treatment based solely on antibody levels, and thus the application of additional biomarkers is urgently needed. Considering the important role of immune mechanisms in AE development, we summarize the relevant research progress in identifying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers with a focus on cytokines/chemokines, demyelination, and nerve damage.
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Zhou Y, Zhong Q, Huang D, Qin L, Huang J, Wang C, Chen B, Chen M, Li Y, Liu W. The efficacy of adding hyperthermia to the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients based on the states of EGFR. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5223-5232. [PMID: 35771151 PMCID: PMC9271295 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: The study aims to explore the efficacy of adding hyperthermia to the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients based on the states of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Patients and methods: We included 205 advanced NSCLC patients who were received hyperthermia plus other treatment (hyperthermia group) or non- hyperthermia and other treatments (non- hyperthermia group). The OS and progression free survival (PFS) were retrospectively estimated. Using Kaplan-Meier and the log-rank test compare the OS and PFS between the groups. Results: The median follow-up was 22 months. The Univariate analysis have shown that 1-year OS and PFSfirst rates in the hyperthermia group and non- hyperthermia group were 83.3% vs 71.5% (P=0.010) and 62.0% vs 42.7% (P=0.001). The subgroup analyses revealed that patients didn’t have EGFR mutant who received hyperthermia had significantly higher 1 year OS and PFSfirst rates than those treated with non- hyperthermia (OS: 79.1% vs 65.2% P=0.037, PFS: 64.2% vs 36.5%, P=0.001). For patients with EGFR mutation, there was no significant difference between the two groups. The PFSfirst in first-line and PFSpost in posterior-line was no significant difference between the groups. Conclusions: This retrospective study revealed that adding hyperthermia to the treatment of NSCLC patients without EGFR mutation had better prognosis than those who did not adding hyperthermia to the regimen. Moreover, adding hyperthermia in first-line or in posterior-line treatment was no significant difference. However, these results need more prospective studies to confirm the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiulu Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongning Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Oncology, The Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Liuzhou Worker's Hospital, Liuzhou 545000, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Binglin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Menghua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yihe Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi, China
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Lerner EC, Edwards RM, Wilkinson DS, Fecci PE. Laser ablation: Heating up the anti-tumor response in the intracranial compartment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114311. [PMID: 35489652 PMCID: PMC10589123 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), have had limited success in treating intracranial malignancies. These failures are due partly to the restrictive blood-brain-barrier (BBB), the profound tumor-dependent induction of local and systemic immunosuppression, and immune evasion exhibited by these tumors. Therefore, novel approaches must be explored that aim to overcome these stringent barriers. LITT is an emerging treatment for brain tumors that utilizes thermal ablation to kill tumor cells. LITT provides an additional therapeutic benefit by synergizing with ICI and systemic chemotherapies to strengthen the anti-tumor immune response. This synergistic relationship involves transient disruption of the BBB and local augmentation of immune function, culminating in increased CNS drug penetrance and improved anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we will provide an overview of the challenges facing immunotherapy for brain tumors, and discuss how LITT may synergize with the endogenous anti-tumor response to improve the efficacy of ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Lerner
- Duke Medical School, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ryan M Edwards
- Duke Medical School, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
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27
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Thomas SC, Kim JW, Pauletti GM, Hassett DJ, Kotagiri N. Exosomes: Biological Pharmaceutical Nanovectors for Theranostics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:808614. [PMID: 35096795 PMCID: PMC8790084 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.808614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are natural cell-derived nanovesicles of endocytic origin that enable cellular crosstalk by transferring encapsulated molecular cargos across biological barriers, thereby holding significantly complex implications in the etiology and progression of diverse disease states. Consequently, the development of exosomes-based nano-theranostic strategies has received immense consideration for advancing therapeutic interventions and disease prognosis. Their favorable biopharmaceutical properties make exosomes a unique nanoparticulate carrier for pharmaceutical drug delivery. This review provides an update on the contemporary strategies utilizing exosomes for theranostic applications in nanomedicine. In addition, we provide a synopsis of exosomal features and insights into strategic modifications that control in vivo biodistribution. We further discuss their opportunities, merits and pitfalls for cell/tissue targeted drug delivery in personalized nanotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shindu C Thomas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Giovanni M Pauletti
- St. Louis College of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daniel J Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Gallbladder Cancer Cell-Derived Exosome-Mediated Transfer of Leptin Promotes Cell Invasion and Migration by Modulating STAT3-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization. Anal Cell Pathol 2022; 2022:9994906. [PMID: 35111566 PMCID: PMC8803447 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9994906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) is a major component of tumor microenvironment (TME) and plays critical role in the progression of cancer metastasis. However, TAM-mediated regulation in gallbladder cancer (GBC) has not been fully characterized. Here, we found that exosomes derived from GBC cell polarized macrophage to M2 phenotype, which then facilitated the invasion and migration of GBC cells. We discovered that leptin was enriched in GBC cell-derived exosomes. Exosomal leptin levels promoted invasion and migration of GBC-SD cells. The inhibition of leptin not only attenuated M2 macrophage of polarization but also inhibited the invasive and migratory ability of GBC cell. In addition, GBC-SD cell-derived exosomal leptin induced M2 polarization of macrophage via activation of STAT3 signal pathway. Taken together, our results suggested that GBC cells secrete exosome-enclosed leptin facilitated cell invasion and migration via polarizing TAM.
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Yang Y, Xia J, Yang Z, Wu G, Yang J. The abnormal level of HSP70 is related to Treg/Th17 imbalance in PCOS patients. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:155. [PMID: 34781996 PMCID: PMC8591891 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease with chronic nonspecific low-grade inflammation. The imbalance of immune cells exists in PCOS. Several studies have found that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) may be involved in the immunological pathogenesis of PCOS, but the relationship between HSP70 and Regulatory T cell (Treg)/T helper cell 17(Th17) ratio remains unclear. This study aims to explore the correlation between HSP70 and Treg/Th17 ratio and to provide evidence for the role of HSP70 in the immunological etiology of PCOS. RESULTS There was no significant difference in age and body mass index (BMI) between the two groups. The concentrations of basal estradiol (E2), basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) did not show a significant difference between the two groups. The concentrations of basal luteinizing hormone (LH) (P < 0.01), testosterone (T) (P < 0.01), glucose (P < 0.001) and insulin (P < 0.001) in PCOS patients were significantly higher than those in the control group. The protein levels of HSP70 were significantly higher in serum in the PCOS group (P < 0.001). The percentage of Treg cells was significantly lower (P < 0.01), while the percentage of the Th17 cells of the PCOS group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of Treg/Th17 in the PCOS group was significantly lower (P < 0.001). The concentrations of Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and IL-23 were significantly higher, while the levels of IL-10 and Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were significantly lower in the PCOS group (P < 0.001). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed a strong negative correlation of serum HSP70 levels with Treg/Th17 ratio, IL-10, and TGF-β levels. In contrast, HSP70 levels were significantly positively correlated with IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, LH, insulin, and glucose levels. CONCLUSION The abnormal level of HSP70 is correlated with Treg/Th17 imbalance and corresponding cytokines, which indicates that HSP70 may play an important role in PCOS immunologic pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Centre, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xia
- Reproductive Medical Centre, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Reproductive Medical Centre, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengxiang Wu
- Reproductive Medical Centre, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Centre, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Clinical Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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Hsp70-containing extracellular vesicles are capable of activating of adaptive immunity in models of mouse melanoma and colon carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21314. [PMID: 34716378 PMCID: PMC8556270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of Hsp70 chaperone from tumor cells is found to trigger the full-scale anti-cancer immune response. Such release and the proper immune reaction can be induced by the delivery of recombinant Hsp70 to a tumor and we sought to explore how the endogenous Hsp70 can be transported to extracellular space leading to the burst of anti-cancer activity. Hsp70 transport mechanisms were studied by analyzing its intracellular tracks with Rab proteins as well as by using specific inhibitors of membrane domains. To study Hsp70 forms released from cells we employed the assay consisting of two affinity chromatography methods. Hsp70 content in culture medium and extracellular vesicles (EVs) was measured with the aid of ELISA. The properties and composition of EVs were assessed using nanoparticle tracking analysis and immunoblotting. The activity of immune cells was studied using an assay of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and for in vivo studies we employed methods of affinity separation of lymphocyte fractions. Analyzing B16 melanoma cells treated with recombinant Hsp70 we found that the chaperone triggered extracellular transport of its endogenous analog in soluble and enclosed in EVs forms; both species efficiently penetrated adjacent cells and this secondary transport was corroborated with the strong increase of Natural Killer (NK) cell toxicity towards melanoma. When B16 and CT-26 colon cancer cells before their injection in animals were treated with Hsp70-enriched EVs, a powerful anti-cancer effect was observed as shown by a two-fold reduction in tumor growth rate and elevation of life span. We found that the immunomodulatory effect was due to the enhancement of the CD8-positive response and anti-tumor cytokine accumulation; supporting this there was no delay in CT-26 tumor growth when Hsp70-enriched EVs were grafted in nude mice. Importantly, pre-treatment of B16 cells with Hsp70-bearing EVs resulted in a decline of arginase-1-positive macrophages, showing no generation of tumor-associated macrophages. In conclusion, Hsp70-containing EVs generated by specifically treated cancer cells give a full-scale and effective pattern of anti-tumor immune responses.
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Role of Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy in the Management of Primary and Metastatic Brain Tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2021; 22:108. [PMID: 34687357 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive treatment option for brain tumors including glioblastoma, other primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms, metastases, and radiation necrosis. LITT employs a fiber optic coupled laser delivery probe stabilized via stereotaxis to deliver thermal energy that induces coagulative necrosis in tumors to achieve effective cytoreduction. LITT complements surgical resection, radiation treatment, tumor treating fields, and systemic therapy, especially in patients who are high risk for surgical resection due to tumor location in eloquent regions or poor functional status. These factors must be balanced with the increased rate of cerebral edema post LITT compared to surgical resection. LITT has also been shown to induce transient disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), especially in the peritumoral region, which allows for enhanced CNS delivery of anti-neoplastic agents, thus greatly expanding the armamentarium against brain tumors to include highly effective anti-neoplastic agents that have poor BBB penetration. In addition, hyperthermia-induced immunogenic cell death is another secondary side effect of LITT that opens up immunotherapy as an attractive adjuvant treatment for brain tumors. Numerous large studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of LITT against various CNS tumors and as the literature continues to grow on this novel technique so will its indications.
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32
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Ma F, Vayalil J, Lee G, Wang Y, Peng G. Emerging role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in T cell suppression and dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003217. [PMID: 34642246 PMCID: PMC8513270 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic drugs including immune checkpoint blockade antibodies have been approved to treat patients in many types of cancers. However, some patients have little or no reaction to the immunotherapy drugs. The mechanisms underlying resistance to tumor immunotherapy are complicated and involve multiple aspects, including tumor-intrinsic factors, formation of immunosuppressive microenvironment, and alteration of tumor and stromal cell metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. T cell is critical and participates in every aspect of antitumor response, and T cell dysfunction is a severe barrier for effective immunotherapy for cancer. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by tumor is one of the major factors that can induce T cell dysfunction. Tumor-derived EVs are widely distributed in serum, tissues, and the tumor microenvironment of patients with cancer, which serve as important communication vehicles for cancer cells. In addition, tumor-derived EVs can carry a variety of immune suppressive signals driving T cell dysfunction for tumor immunity. In this review, we explore the potential mechanisms employed by tumor-derived EVs to control T cell development and effector function within the tumor microenvironment. Especially, we focus on current understanding of how tumor-derived EVs molecularly and metabolically reprogram T cell fates and functions for tumor immunity. In addition, we discuss potential translations of targeting tumor-derived EVs to reconstitute suppressive tumor microenvironment or to develop antigen-based vaccines and drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Ma
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jensen Vayalil
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Grace Lee
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Cen Y, Lou Y, Wang J, Wang S, Peng P, Zhang A, Liu P. Supplementation with Serum-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reinforces Antitumor Immunity Induced by Cryo-Thermal Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011021. [PMID: 34681680 PMCID: PMC8539038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective cancer therapies should reshape immunosuppression and trigger antitumor immunity. Previously, we developed a novel cryo-thermal therapy through applying local rapid cooling followed by rapid heating of tumor tissue. It could not only ablate local tumors, but also, subsequently, induce systemic long-term antitumor immunity. Hyperthermia can induce the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to stimulate antitumor immunity. We examine whether EVs are released after cryo-thermal therapy and whether they could improve the efficacy of cryo-thermal therapy in the 4T1 model. In this study, serum extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are isolated and characterized 3 h after cryo-thermal therapy of subcutaneous tumors. sEV phagocytosis is observed in vitro and in vivo by using laser confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. After cryo-thermal therapy, sEVs are administered to mice via the tail vein, and changes in immune cells are investigated by using flow cytometry. After cryo-thermal therapy, a large number of sEVs are released to the periphery carrying danger signals and tumor antigens, and these sEVs could be phagocytosed by peripheral blood monocytes and differentiated macrophages. After cryo-thermal therapy, supplementation with sEVs released after treatment promotes the differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), monocytes into macrophages and CD4+ T cells into the Th1 subtype, as well as prolonging the long-term survival of the 4T1 subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice. sEVs released after cryo-thermal tumor treatment could clinically serve as an adjuvant in subsequent cryo-thermal therapy to improve the therapeutic effects on malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Cen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (P.P.); (A.Z.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yue Lou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (P.P.); (A.Z.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (P.P.); (A.Z.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shicheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (P.P.); (A.Z.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Peng Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (P.P.); (A.Z.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Aili Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (P.P.); (A.Z.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (P.P.); (A.Z.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(21)-6293-2304
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Liu H, Mei Y, Zhao Q, Zhang A, Tang L, Gao H, Wang W. Black Phosphorus, an Emerging Versatile Nanoplatform for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1344. [PMID: 34575419 PMCID: PMC8466662 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) is one of the emerging versatile nanomaterials with outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability, exhibiting great potential as a promising inorganic nanomaterial in the biomedical field. BP nanomaterials possess excellent ability for valid bio-conjugation and molecular loading in anticancer therapy. Generally, BP nanomaterials can be classified into BP nanosheets (BPNSs) and BP quantum dots (BPQDs), both of which can be synthesized through various preparation routes. In addition, BP nanomaterials can be applied as photothermal agents (PTA) for the photothermal therapy (PTT) due to their high photothermal conversion efficiency and larger extinction coefficients. The generated local hyperpyrexia leads to thermal elimination of tumor. Besides, BP nanomaterials are capable of producing singlet oxygen, which enable its application as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, BP nanomaterials can be oxidized and degraded to nontoxic phosphonates and phosphate under physiological conditions, improving their safety as a nano drug carrier in cancer therapy. Recently, it has been reported that BP-based PTT is capable of activating immune responses and alleviating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by detection of T lymphocytes and various immunocytokines, indicating that BP-based nanocomposites not only serve as effective PTAs to ablate large solid tumors but also function as an immunomodulation agent to eliminate discrete tumorlets. Therefore, BP-mediated immunotherapy would provide more possibilities for synergistic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, China;
| | - Yijun Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Aining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongbin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Baoshan Branch, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (Y.M.); (Q.Z.); (A.Z.); (L.T.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Li Q, Cai S, Li M, Salma KI, Zhou X, Han F, Chen J, Huyan T. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Their Role in Immune Cells and Immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5395-5409. [PMID: 34408415 PMCID: PMC8364351 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s313912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, tumor has been the serious threat to human health and life. To further explore the mechanism of tumor genesis and development is necessarily for developing the effective treatment strategy. Extracellular vesicles are the vesicles secreted by almost all types of cells, and they play an important part in intercellular communication by transporting their cargoes. Immune cells are the vital components of the human defense system, which defense against infection and tumor through cytotoxicity, immune surveillance, and clearance. However, via release tumor-derived extracellular vesicles, tumor could induce immune cells dysfunction to facilitate its proliferation and metastasis. Studies have shown that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles play dual role on immune cells by their specific cargoes. Here, we reviewed the effects of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles on immune cells in recent years and also summarized their research progress in the tumor immunotherapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Suna Cai
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Kab Ibrahim Salma
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyu Han
- Shanxi Weiqidaguangming Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, The First Medical Park, Economic & Technology Development Zone, Datong, 037000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhao Chen
- Shanxi Weiqidaguangming Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, The First Medical Park, Economic & Technology Development Zone, Datong, 037000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Huyan
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
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Day NB, Wixson WC, Shields CW. Magnetic systems for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2172-2196. [PMID: 34522583 PMCID: PMC8424374 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly developing area of cancer treatment due to its higher specificity and potential for greater efficacy than traditional therapies. Immune cell modulation through the administration of drugs, proteins, and cells can enhance antitumoral responses through pathways that may be otherwise inhibited in the presence of immunosuppressive tumors. Magnetic systems offer several advantages for improving the performance of immunotherapies, including increased spatiotemporal control over transport, release, and dosing of immunomodulatory drugs within the body, resulting in reduced off-target effects and improved efficacy. Compared to alternative methods for stimulating drug release such as light and pH, magnetic systems enable several distinct methods for programming immune responses. First, we discuss how magnetic hyperthermia can stimulate immune cells and trigger thermoresponsive drug release. Second, we summarize how magnetically targeted delivery of drug carriers can increase the accumulation of drugs in target sites. Third, we review how biomaterials can undergo magnetically driven structural changes to enable remote release of encapsulated drugs. Fourth, we describe the use of magnetic particles for targeted interactions with cellular receptors for promoting antitumor activity. Finally, we discuss translational considerations of these systems, such as toxicity, clinical compatibility, and future opportunities for improving cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- BW, body weight
- Biomaterials
- CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanine
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- Drug delivery
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FFR, field free region
- HS-TEX, heat-stressed tumor cell exosomes
- HSP, heat shock protein
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IVIS, in vivo imaging system
- Immunotherapy
- MICA, MHC class I-related chain A
- MPI, magnetic particle imaging
- Magnetic hyperthermia
- Magnetic nanoparticles
- Microrobotics
- ODNs, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PARP, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PNIPAM, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- SDF, stromal cell derived-factor
- SID, small implantable device
- SLP, specific loss power
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Day
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - William C Wixson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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Regimbeau M, Abrey J, Vautrot V, Causse S, Gobbo J, Garrido C. Heat shock proteins and exosomes in cancer theranostics. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:46-57. [PMID: 34343652 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a superfamily of molecular chaperones that were discovered through their ability to be induced by different stresses including heat shock. Other than their function as chaperones in proteins homeostasis, HSPs have been shown to inhibit different forms of cell death and to participate in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. Because cancer cells have to rewire their metabolism, they require a high amount of these stress-inducible chaperones for their survival. Therefore, HSPs are unusually abundant in cancer cells where they have oncogene-like functions. In cancer, HSPs have been involved in the regulation of apoptosis, immune responses, angiogenesis, metastasis and treatment resistance. Recently, HSPs have been shown to be secreted through exosomes by cancer cells. These tumor-derived exosomes can be used as circulating markers: HSP-exosomes have been reported as biomarkers of cancer dissemination, response to therapy and/or patient outcome. A new range of functions, mostly in modulation of anticancer immune responses, have been described for these extracellular HSPs. In this review, we will describe those recently reported functions of HSP-exosomes that makes them both targets for anticancer therapeutics and biomarkers for the monitoring of the disease. We will also discuss their emerging interest in cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Regimbeau
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jimena Abrey
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Valentin Vautrot
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France; Anticancer Center Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Sebastien Causse
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jessica Gobbo
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Anticancer Center Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Early Phase Unit INCa CLIP², Department of Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Centre, Dijon, France; Centre d'investigation Clinique INSERM 1432, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC. 7 blvd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000, Dijon, France; Université. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France; Anticancer Center Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France.
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Hsp70 in Liquid Biopsies-A Tumor-Specific Biomarker for Detection and Response Monitoring in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153706. [PMID: 34359606 PMCID: PMC8345117 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to normal cells, tumor cells of multiple entities overexpress the Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) not only in the cytosol, but also present it on their plasma membrane in a tumor-specific manner. Furthermore, membrane Hsp70-positive tumor cells actively release Hsp70 in small extracellular vesicles with biophysical characteristics of exosomes. Due to conformational changes of Hsp70 in a lipid environment, most commercially available antibodies fail to detect membrane-bound and vesicular Hsp70. To fill this gap and to assess the role of vesicular Hsp70 in circulation as a potential tumor biomarker, we established the novel complete (comp)Hsp70 sandwich ELISA, using two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), that is able to recognize both free and lipid-associated Hsp70 on the cell surface of viable tumor cells and on small extracellular vesicles. The epitopes of the mAbs cmHsp70.1 (aa 451-461) and cmHsp70.2 (aa 614-623) that are conserved among different species reside in the substrate-binding domain of Hsp70 with measured affinities of 0.42 nM and 0.44 nM, respectively. Validation of the compHsp70 ELISA revealed a high intra- and inter-assay precision, linearity in a concentration range of 1.56 to 25 ng/mL, high recovery rates of spiked liposomal Hsp70 (>84%), comparable values between human serum and plasma samples and no interference by food intake or age of the donors. Hsp70 concentrations in the circulation of patients with glioblastoma, squamous cell or adeno non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) at diagnosis were significantly higher than those of healthy donors. Hsp70 concentrations dropped concomitantly with a decrease in viable tumor mass upon irradiation of patients with approximately 20 Gy (range 18-22.5 Gy) and after completion of radiotherapy (60-70 Gy). In summary, the compHsp70 ELISA presented herein provides a sensitive and reliable tool for measuring free and vesicular Hsp70 in liquid biopsies of tumor patients, levels of which can be used as a tumor-specific biomarker, for risk assessment (i.e., differentiation of grade III vs. IV adeno NSCLC) and monitoring of therapeutic outcomes.
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Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Compromising Cellular Resilience to Environmental Stressors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9912281. [PMID: 34337063 PMCID: PMC8321721 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes, are nanosized membrane-enveloped vesicles containing different bioactive cargo, such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA, and other small regulatory RNAs. Cell-derived EVs, including EVs originating from stem cells, may capture components from damaged cells or cells impacted by therapeutic treatments. Interestingly, EVs derived from stem cells can be preconditioned to produce and secrete EVs with different therapeutic properties, particularly with respect to heat-shock proteins and other molecular cargo contents. This behavior is consistent with stem cells that also respond differently to various microenvironments. Heat-shock proteins play roles in cellular protection and mediate cellular resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and heat shock. This review highlights the possible roles EVs play in mediating cellular plasticity and survival when exposed to different physical and chemical stressors, with a special focus on the respiratory distress due to the air pollution.
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Extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation and tumor progression. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:560-570. [PMID: 33753940 PMCID: PMC9389600 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have emerged as prominent regulators of the immune response during tumor progression. EVs contain a diverse repertoire of molecular cargo that plays a critical role in immunomodulation. Here, we identify the role of EVs as mediators of communication between cancer and immune cells. This expanded role of EVs may shed light on the mechanisms behind tumor progression and provide translational diagnostic and prognostic tools for immunologists.
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Shi QZ, Yu HM, Chen HM, Liu M, Cheng X. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells regulate Treg/Th17 balance in aplastic anemia by transferring miR-23a-3p. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:429-437. [PMID: 33779886 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Imbalanced Th17/Treg ratio is implicated in the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia. Studies have indicated that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exo) could correct imbalanced Th17/Treg in aplastic anemia, but the mechanism remains not fully understand. This study was designed to investigate whether BMSC-Exo regulates the Th17/Treg balance in aplastic anemia by transferring miR-23a-3p. Here, miR-23a-3p inhibitor was utilized to knockdown the expression of miR-23a-3p in BMSC-Exo. A co-culture system of CD4+ T cells from aplastic anemia patients and BMSC-Exo was used to explore the effects of BMSC-Exo on the Th17/Treg balance and the underlying mechanism in aplastic anemia. The patients with aplastic anemia exhibited Th17/Treg imbalance favoring the Th17 cells. BMSC-Exo could balance the percentage of Th17 and Treg cells in aplastic anemia, but the effects of BMSC-Exo can be eliminated when miR-23a-3p expression was silenced in BMSCs. IL-6 was a direct target of miR-23a-3p. IL-6 overexpression could abrogate BMSC-Exo-induced balance in Th17/Treg ratio. Overall, BMSC-Exo could balance Th17/Treg ratio in aplastic anemia via suppressing IL-6 expression by transferring miR-23a-3p at least in part. These data indicated miR-23a-3p may be a potential target for the treatment of aplastic anemia. Our study may provide a new idea for the therapy of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhao Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hong-Mei Chen
- Department of Burn, Wuhan Third Hospital, No.241 Pengliuyang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xue Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
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Sun J, Jia H, Bao X, Wu Y, Zhu T, Li R, Zhao H. Tumor exosome promotes Th17 cell differentiation by transmitting the lncRNA CRNDE-h in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:123. [PMID: 33495437 PMCID: PMC7835218 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The T helper 17 (Th17) cells in tumor microenvironment play an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. This study investigated the mechanism of Th17 cell differentiation in CRC with a focus on the role of tumor exosome-transmitted long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). Exosomes were isolated from the CRC cells and serum of CRC patients. The role and mechanism of the lncRNA CRNDE-h transmitted by CRC exosomes in Th17 cell differentiation were assessed by using various molecular biological methods. The serum exosomal CRNDE-h level was positively correlated with the proportion of Th17 cells in the tumor-infiltrating T cells in CRC patients. CRC exosomes contained abundant CRNDE-h and transmitted them to CD4+ T cells to increase the Th17 cell proportion, RORγt expression, and IL-17 promoter activity. The underlying mechanism is that, CRNDE-h bound to the PPXY motif of RORγt and impeded the ubiquitination and degradation of RORγt by inhibiting its binding with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. The in vivo experiments confirmed that the targeted silence of CRNDE-h in CD4+ T cells attenuated the CRC tumor growth in mice. The present findings demonstrated that the tumor exosome transmitted CRNDE-h promoted Th17 cell differentiation by inhibiting the Itch-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of RORγt in CRC, expanding our understanding of Th17 cell differentiation in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Haowei Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xingqi Bao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Hongchao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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43
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Exosomes in Immune Regulation. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7010004. [PMID: 33435564 PMCID: PMC7838779 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transferring their cargo including DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids from cell to cell. Notably, in the immune system, they have protective functions. However in cancer, exosomes acquire new, immunosuppressive properties that cause the dysregulation of immune cells and immune escape of tumor cells supporting cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, current investigations focus on the regulation of exosome levels for immunotherapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomes in immunomodulation of lymphoid and myeloid cells, and their use as immune stimulatory agents to elicit specific cytotoxic responses against the tumor.
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Wang Y, Jin B, Zhou N, Sun Z, Li J, Chen Q, Wu X, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Lu X, Sang X, Mao Y, Du S, Wang W, Bai C. Identification of WDFY3 Neoantigens as Prognostic Markers in Longterm Survivors of Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:875-886. [PMID: 32957886 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620999200918121456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoantigens are newly formed antigens that have not been previously recognized by the immune system. They may arise from altered tumor proteins that form as a result of mutations. Although neoantigens have recently been linked to antitumor immunity in long-term survivors of cancers, such as melanoma and colorectal cancer, their prognostic and immune-modulatory role in many cancer types remains undefined. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to identify prognostic markers for long-term extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) survival. METHODS We investigated neoantigens in EHCC, a rare, aggressive cancer with a 5-year overall survival rate lower than 10%, using a combination of whole-exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), computational biophysics, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our analysis revealed a decreased neutrophil infiltration-related trend of high-quality neoantigen load with IC50 <500 nM (r=-0.445, P=0.043). Among 24 EHCC patients examined, we identified four long-term survivors with WDFY3 neoantigens and none with WDFY3 neoantigens in the short-term survivors. The WDFY3 neoantigens are associated with a lower infiltration of neutrophils (p=0.013), lower expression of CCL5 (p=0.025), CXCL9 (p=0.036) and TIGIT (p=0.016), and less favorable prognosis (p=0.030). In contrast, the prognosis was not significantly associated with tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load, or immune cell infiltration. CONCLUSION We suggest that the WDFY3 neoantigens may affect prognosis by regulating antitumor immunity and that the WDFY3 neoantigens may be harnessed as potential targets for immunotherapy of EHCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangan Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shunda Du
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenze Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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He X, Zhong X, Hu Z, Zhao S, Wei P, Li D. An insight into small extracellular vesicles: Their roles in colorectal cancer progression and potential clinical applications. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e249. [PMID: 33377655 PMCID: PMC7733319 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nano-sized extracellular vesicles containing a variety of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Recent evidence from CRC has revealed that sEVs contribute to tumorigenesis, progression, and drug resistance, and serve as a tool for "liquid biopsy" and a drug delivery system for therapy. In this review, we summarize information about the roles of sEVs in the proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, formation of the premetastatic niche, and drug resistance to elucidate the mechanisms governing sEVs in CRC and to identify novel targets for therapy and prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng He
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyang Zhong
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zijuan Hu
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Institute of PathologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Senlin Zhao
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Institute of PathologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Ji Q, Liu J, Dong Y, Wang L, Dong K, Setiz B, Szentmáry N, Qu B, Shi L. Exosomes derived from thymic stromal lymphopoietin-treated dendritic cells regulate T helper 17/regulatory T cell differentiation via miR-21/Smad7 axis. Exp Cell Res 2020; 398:112393. [PMID: 33253708 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is associated with fungal keratitis. This work aims to investigate whether TSLP can regulate T helper (Th) 17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation. We separated dendritic cells (DCs) from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. DCs were treated with TSLP to activate DCs, and exosomes were obtained. CD+ T cells were incubated with exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs. We found that exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs notably promoted the proportions of Th17 cells and inhibited the proportions of Tregs in the CD4+ T cells. Moreover, exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs enhanced the expression of retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and interleukin 17 (IL-17), and repressed the expression of forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, miR-21 was highly expressed in exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs. Exosomes from TSLP-treated miR-21-silenced DCs promoted Treg differentiation and suppressed Th17 differentiation. Smad7 up-regulation repressed Th17 differentiation and enhanced Treg differentiation, which was abolished by miR-21 overexpression. Smad7 overexpression rescued the effect of exosomes from TSLP-treated DCs on Th17/Treg differentiation. In conclusion, our article confirms that TSLP induces DCs to deliver miR-21 by secreting exosomes, and thus miR-21 regulates Th17/Treg differentiation by inhibiting Smad7. Thus, this work further reveals the biological role of miR-21 in fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Ji
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Yiran Dong
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Lisong Wang
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Dong
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Berthold Setiz
- Department of ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100 Geb. 22, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100 Geb. 22, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100 Geb. 48, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of life sciences and medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China; Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Kirrberger Strasse 100 Geb. 22, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany.
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Mortezaee K, Najafi M. Immune system in cancer radiotherapy: Resistance mechanisms and therapy perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103180. [PMID: 33264717 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a common modality for more than half of cancer patients. Classically, radiation is known as a strategy to kill cancer cells via direct interaction with DNA or generation of free radicals. Nowadays, we know that modulation of immune system has a key role in the outcome of radiotherapy. Selecting an appropriate dose per fraction is important for stimulation of anti-tumor immunity. Unfortunately, cancer cells and other cells within tumor microenvironment (TME) promote some mechanisms implicated in the attenuation of anti-tumor immunity via exhaustion of CD8 + T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has shown to be an interesting adjuvant for induction of more effective anti-tumor immunity. Clinical trial studies are ongoing for uncovering more knowledge about the efficacy of ICI combination with radiotherapy. Some newer pre-clinical studies show more effective therapeutic window for targeting PD-1 and some other targets in combination with hypofractionated radiotherapy. In this review, we explain cellular and molecular consequences in the TME following radiotherapy and promising immune targets to enhance anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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48
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Li Z, Deng J, Sun J, Ma Y. Hyperthermia Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment Facilitates Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595207. [PMID: 33240283 PMCID: PMC7680736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have ushered in a new era of cancer therapy; however, ICIs are only effective in selective patients. The efficacy of ICIs is closely related to the tumor microenvironment. Fever for a long time was thought to directly regulate the immune response, and artificial “fever” from hyperthermia modulates the tumor immune microenvironment by providing danger signals with heat shock proteins (HSPs) as well as subsequent activation of immune systems. Encouraging results have been achieved in preclinical studies focused on potential synergetic effects by combining hyperthermia with ICIs. In this review, we summarized a cluster of immune-related factors that not only make hyperthermia a treatment capable of defending against cancer but also make hyperthermia a reliable treatment that creates a type I-like tumor microenvironment (overexpression of PD-L1 and enrichment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) in complementary for the enhancement of the ICIs. Then we reviewed recent preclinical data of the combination regimens involving hyperthermia and ICIs that demonstrated the combined efficacy and illustrated possible approaches to further boost the effectiveness of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Li
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanling Ma
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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49
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Boussadia Z, Zanetti C, Parolini I. Role of microenvironmental acidity and tumor exosomes in cancer immunomodulation. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:5775-5786. [PMID: 35117938 PMCID: PMC8798230 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.03.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex milieu in which tumor grows, develops and progresses through a complex bi-directional cross-talk with immune-, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this context, tumor-derived exosomes (TE) drive the fate of tumor cells through a stimulatory or inhibitory role on immune system. In fact, TE can induce the apoptosis of cells of the immune surveillance, and enhance the proliferation and survival of stromal cells that sustain tumor development. However, depending on the molecular cargo, TE are also able to stimulate anti-tumor immune response. TME is mainly characterized by the acidic pH that contributes to tumor development, through multiple mechanisms. Among these, the impairment of tumor immune surveillance does occur within acidic TME, and is directly mediated by acidic pH or by molecular cargo carried by TE. Little is known about the role of TE in immunomodulation in acidic conditions. The present review summarizes the studies describing the role of microenvironmental acidity and TE in immune system modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Boussadia
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Cristiana Zanetti
- Deparment of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Isabella Parolini
- Deparment of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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50
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Krawczyk MA, Pospieszynska A, Styczewska M, Bien E, Sawicki S, Marino Gammazza A, Fucarino A, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Extracellular Chaperones as Novel Biomarkers of Overall Cancer Progression and Efficacy of Anticancer Therapy. APPLIED SCIENCES 2020; 10:6009. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Exosomal heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in intercellular communication both in physiological and pathological conditions. They play a role in key processes of carcinogenesis including immune system regulation, cell differentiation, vascular homeostasis and metastasis formation. Thus, exosomal Hsps are emerging biomarkers of malignancies and possible therapeutic targets. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) are patients aged 15–39 years. This age group, placed between pediatric and adult oncology, pose a particular challenge for cancer management. New biomarkers of cancer growth and progression as well as prognostic factors are desperately needed in AYAs. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge on the role of exosomal Hsps in selected solid tumors characteristic for the AYA population and/or associated with poor prognosis in this age group. These included malignant melanoma, brain tumors, and breast, colorectal, thyroid, hepatocellular, lung and gynecological tract carcinomas. The studies on exosomal Hsps in these tumors are limited; however; some have provided promising results. Although further research is needed, there is potential for future clinical applications of exosomal Hsps in AYA cancers, both as novel biomarkers of disease presence, progression or relapse, or as therapeutic targets or tools for drug delivery.
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