The role of cytokines in T-cell memory in health and disease

T cell aging and exhaustion: Mechanisms and clinical implications

T cell senescence and exhaustion represent critical aspects of adaptive immune system dysfunction, with profound implications for health and the development of disease prevention and therapeutic strategies. These processes, though distinct, are interconnected at the molecular level, leading to impaired effector functions and reduced proliferative capacity of T cells. Such impairments increase susceptibility to diseases and diminish the efficacy of vaccines and treatments. Importantly, T cell senescence and exhaustion can dynamically influence each other, particularly in the context of chronic diseases. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying T cell senescence and exhaustion, as well as their interplay, is essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of related diseases and restoring dysfunctional immune responses. This knowledge will pave the way for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions and strategies to enhance immune competence. This review aims to summarize the characteristics, mechanisms, and disease associations of T cell senescence and exhaustion, while also delineating the distinctions and intersections between these two states to enhance our comprehension.

T-bet overexpression enhances CAR T cell effector functions and antigen sensitivity

BACKGROUND

T cells modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are successful against B-lineage malignancies but fail to induce durable remissions in up to half of patients and have shown limited efficacy against other types of cancer. Strategies to improve CAR T cell potency and responses to low antigen densities without inducing CAR T cell dysfunction or limiting persistence are necessary to expand durability of remissions.

METHODS

We overexpressed T-bet in human and mouse CAR T cells to mimic exposure to signal 3 cytokines during T cell priming to promote T helper cell 1 (Th1) polarization of CD4+CAR T cells with the goal of enhancing antitumor activity. Using human CAR T cells and xenograft models we interrogated the impact of T-bet overexpression on CAR T cell antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. We also used a syngeneic murine CAR T cell model to study the impact of T-bet overexpression on long-term persistence and secondary responses to tumor rechallenge.

RESULTS

T-bet overexpression reduced expression of the Th2 cytokine interleukin 4 and promoted polyfunctional production of Th1-associated cytokines in response to CAR stimulation. T-bet overexpression enhanced some effector functions in vitro but did not improve CAR T cell-mediated control of leukemia expressing high levels of antigen in vivo. T-bet overexpression also improved effector function of murine CD19 CAR T cells with no impairment to the persistence or ability of persistent CAR T cells to re-expand and clear a secondary leukemia challenge. Finally, T-bet overexpression promoted enhanced in vitro function against leukemia expressing low levels of CD19, which translated to improved control of CD19lo leukemia in vivo by human C19 CAR T cells containing a 4-1BB costimulatory domain.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, our data demonstrate that T-bet overexpression induces a reduction in Th2 cytokine production, an increase in polyfunctional Th1 cytokine production and enhances 4-1BB CAR T cell activity against cancers expressing low levels of target antigen without promoting a loss in functional CAR T cell persistence.

Immunocyte phenotypes and childhood disease susceptibility: insights from bidirectional Mendelian randomization and implications for immunomodulatory therapies

Immune cells are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis during childhood and influence both growth and disease susceptibility. However, the causal relationships between immunocyte phenotypes and childhood diseases remain unclear. This study employed a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to assess causal associations between 731 immunocyte phenotypes and four major childhood diseases: childhood obesity, childhood absence epilepsy, childhood asthma, and childhood allergies. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were used, and stringent instrumental variable (IV) selection and multiple sensitivity analyses, including MR-Egger, weighted median, and leave-one-out tests, were applied to validate the robustness of the results. Significant associations were identified between specific T cell, monocyte, and B cell phenotypes and childhood diseases. Notably, CD8bright T cells and CD19 + B cells were positively correlated with childhood obesity, while monocyte subtypes were strongly associated with asthma pathophysiology. Reverse MR analysis indicated no significant causal effects of childhood diseases on immune phenotypes, except for negative associations between childhood asthma and TCRgd AC, and childhood allergy and CD28 + CD45RA + CD4 + cells. These findings highlight the critical role of immune dysregulation in childhood disease etiology and suggest potential targets for immunomodulatory therapies. Understanding these immune-disease interactions may inform novel pharmacological interventions, particularly in immune-mediated disorders such as asthma and obesity. Further research into immune-targeted therapies could enhance treatment strategies for pediatric conditions associated with chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction.

Membrane-targeted immunogenic compositions using exosome mimetic approach for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the urgent need for a vaccine strategy that is safe, effective, rapid, cost-efficient, and scalable for large-scale deployment during widespread infectious outbreaks. Here, we present a new vaccination strategy that meets these critical requirements. The SARS-CoV-2 S protein consists of the S1 and S2 subunits. The S2 subunit acts as the viral cell membrane fusion protein, and mutations in its C-terminal region facilitate the transport of the entire S protein to the cell membrane. When we expressed the SARS-CoV-2 S protein with a deletion of 21 amino acids from its C-terminal region in various cell types, we observed a dense presence of the protein in the cell membrane, as determined by IHC, dot blot, and ELISA. In the cell membrane-SARS-CoV-2 S protein complex, the cell membrane functions as an exosome mimic, carrying protein antigens (S protein) in their most natural form, as no further protocols are used to attach antigens to the membrane. We demonstrate that using the membrane-S protein component as a vaccine yields a more robust and protective immune response, with enhanced safety compared to mRNA-based or inactivated virus-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, we show that fusing the transmembrane domain of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) G protein with the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein effectively transports the S1 protein to the cell membrane, similar to SARS-CoV-2 S Δ21. We propose that designing the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, or its analogues such as the VSV-G protein, as carriers for fusing bacterial, viral, or tumor proteins with antigenic properties-and transporting them to the cell membrane-could result in a comprehensive vaccination protocol applicable to all bacteria, viruses, and even tumors.

The Role and Potential Application of IL-12 in the Immune Regulation of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a significant global health challenge, affecting millions annually and leading to substantial mortality, particularly in developing countries. The pathogen's ability to persist latently and evade host immunity, combined with the emergence of drug-resistant strains, underscores the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the crucial role of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in coordinating immune responses against TB, focusing on its potential as an immunotherapy target. IL-12, a key Th1 cytokine, enhances cellular immunity by promoting Th1 cell differentiation and IFN-γ production, vital for Mtb clearance. By stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes and establishing immune memory, IL-12 supports robust host defense mechanisms. However, the complexity of IL-12 biology, including its roles in pro-inflammatory and regulatory pathways, necessitates a nuanced understanding for effective therapeutic use. Recent studies have shown how IL-12 impacts T cell synapse formation, exosome-mediated bystander activation, and interactions with other cytokines in shaping T cell memory. Genetic defects in the IL-12/IFN-γ axis link to susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases, highlighting its importance in TB immunity. The review also addresses challenges like cytokine imbalances seen in TNF-α/IFN-γ synergy, which exacerbate inflammation, and the implications for IL-12-based interventions. Research into modulating IL-12, including its use as an adjuvant and in recombinant vaccines, promises improved TB treatment outcomes and vaccine efficacy. The review concludes by stressing the need for continued investigation into IL-12's molecular mechanisms towards precision immunotherapies to combat TB and its complications.

A Multiple-Model-Informed Drug-Development Approach for Optimal Regimen Selection of an Oncolytic Virus in Combination With Pembrolizumab

The antitumor efficacy of an intratumoral injection of a genetically engineered oncolytic vaccinia virus carrying human IL-7 and murine IL-12 genes (hIL-7/mIL-12-VV) was demonstrated in CT26.WT-bearing mice. In the CT26.WT-bearing mouse model, the efficacy of the combination of hIL-7/mIL-12-VV plus the anti-programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 antibody was determined to be correlated with the timing of administration: greater efficacy was observed when hIL-7/mIL-12-VV was administered before the anti-PD-1 agent instead of simultaneous administration. To identify an optimal dosing regimen for first-in-human clinical trials, a multiple model-informed drug-development (MIDD) approach was used through development of a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model and an agent-based model (ABM). All models were built and verified using available literature and preclinical study data. Multiple dosing scenarios were explored using virtual populations by altering the interval between hIL-7/hIL-12-VV and pembrolizumab administration. In contrast with observations from preclinical studies, both the QSP and the ABM models demonstrated no antagonistic effect on the dose-dependent antitumor efficacy of hIL-7/hIL-12-VV by pembrolizumab in simulations of clinical therapy. Based on the MIDD strategy, it was recommended that the highest dose of hIL-7/hIL-12-VV and pembrolizumab should be administered on the same day, but with pembrolizumab administration following hIL-7/hIL-12-VV administration. Multiple different modeling approaches uniquely supported and informed the first-in-human clinical trial design by guiding the optimal dose and regimen selection.

Tissue-resident memory T-cell expressions and their prognostic role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

CD8 + tissue-resident memory T lymphocytes (TRM) are a subset of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) that mediate innate immunity. Clinically, they can prevent tumor development, growth and metastasis and play a potential role in immunosurveillance and long-term immunity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prognostic significance of CD8 + TRM cells, identified by key immunophenotypic markers CD103, CD69, and CD49a linked to patient outcomes such as overall survival (OS) in HNSCC and its specified subcategory, OSCC.

METHODS

PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched systematically to include original research articles comprising cross-sectional, observational, experimental studies, and clinical trials. The characteristics of the studies were recorded for years of publication, research design, cancer types, HPV status, staging, diagnostic assays, immunophenotypic markers, and immune response regulators. Hazard ratios (HR) with confidence intervals (CI) and p-values were extracted for observing the association between CD103, CD69, and/or CD49a exhibiting CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes with tissue-resident memory potential. The proportion of CD8 + TRM cells co-expressing CD103, CD69, and/or CD49a was estimated by extracting the actual percentage of expression in TME from graphical presentation of data in included studies.

RESULTS

Among the 276 studies, 11 studies were included by reviewing the abstract or title and full-text articles. The findings of these studies demonstrated a strong association between CD8 + TRM cells, characterized by the expression of CD103, CD69, or CD49a and improved OS in patients with HNSCC, and its subtype, OSCC. Notably, similar trends were observed within the included studies relative to oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC), another recognized subtype of HNSCC. The pooled HR was 0.49 (95% CI: 0.23-1.02, p < 0.001), indicating a potential prognostic benefit of CD8 + TRM cell infiltration in HNSCC and related subtypes of OSCC and OPSCC. However, the overall pooled findings at aggregate cancer incidences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Increased infiltration of CD8 + TRM cells expressing CD103, CD69, and/or CD49a is associated with better prognosis and OS in HNSCC and its subtype, OSCC.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This systematic review and meta-analysis were registered in the international database of systematic review protocols at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ under protocol identifier: CRD42024570177.

Immune memory in hepatitis E virus: a comparative study of natural infection and vaccination in a nursing home population

Immune memory is crucial for preventing hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. Our study aims to investigate immunological memory characteristics and differences between vaccination and natural HEV infection, taking into account that both can induce immune memory. We recruited 60 HEV-infected patients, 58 contingency HEV-vaccinated individuals and 4 controls from an outbreak of hepatitis E in a nursing home between June and August 2023. Multicolor flow cytometry, ELISA, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were employed to detect memory T-cell expression profiles, HEV-specific antibodies and cytokine expression. We observed that the level of HEV-specific IgM in acute jaundiced hepatitis E patients was greater than that in non-jaundiced patients (8.37 ± 1.27 vs. 4.27 ± 0.81, P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the HEV-specific IgG and memory T cell expression profiles among the different severities of hepatitis E. The percentage of CD8+ TEM at 6 months after recovery was significantly greater than that in acute jaundice patients (1.60% ± 0.30% vs. 1.15% ± 0.35%, P < 0.05). Compared with natural infection, three-dose vaccination increased the level of HEV-specific IgG (14.97 ± 0.21 vs. 12.75 ± 0.37, P < 0.05), IL-7 and IL-15 (28.50 ± 3.82 vs. 23.32 ± 6.37, 608.60 ± 143.30 vs. 257.50 ± 69.87, P < 0.05). Natural infection could effectively establish immune memory. During convalescence, infection severity impacted only HEV-specific IgM, while HEV-specific IgG and memory T-cell expression profiles were not affected. Compared with natural infection, three-dose vaccination results in equal effective humoral immune memory and weaker cellular immune memory with minimal side effects.

Potentiating CAR-T cell function in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by inverting the TGF-β signal

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment represents a key challenge for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in solid tumors and includes the production of the inhibitory cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which limits CAR-T cell persistence and function. Current strategies involving the blockade of TGF-β signaling have little benefit for solid tumor treatment. Here, we demonstrate a novel inverted cytokine receptor (ICR)-modified CAR-T cell strategy not only TGF-β signal blockade but also antitumor efficacy enhancement. The newly designed T cells carry an ICR construct that fuses the TGF-β receptor II extracellular domain to the interleukin-15 (IL-15) receptor α cytoplasmic domain (named TB15) and is directed to the tumor antigen epidermal growth factor receptor by a CAR construct. In mice with high TGF-β solid tumors, our signal-inverted CAR/TB15 T cells effectively treat tumors by blocking TGF-β and repurposing IL-15 stimulative signaling, resulting in enhanced CAR-T cell persistence and function. As a proof of concept, our study results extend synthetic receptor signaling beyond CAR-directed killing, which could endow adoptively transferred T cells with new functions that overcome major barriers in the treatment of solid tumors by using a chimeric ICR.

Bioinformatics combining machine learning and single-cell sequencing analysis to identify common mechanisms and biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis and ischemic heart failure

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of ischemic heart failure (IHF), but the shared mechanisms are unclear. This study analyzed RNA sequencing data from five RA and IHF datasets to identify common biological mechanisms and significant biomarkers. One hundred and seventy-seven common differentially expressed genes (CDEGs) were identified, with enrichment analysis highlighting pathways related to sarcomere organization, ventricular myocardial tissue morphogenesis, chondrocyte differentiation, prolactin signaling, hematopoietic cell lineage, and protein methyltransferases. Five hub genes (CD2, CD3D, CCL5, IL7R, and SPATA18) were identified through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and machine learning. Co-expression and immune cell infiltration analyses underscored the importance of the inflammatory immune response, with hub genes showing significant correlations with plasma cells, activated CD4+ T memory cells, monocytes, and T regulatory cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) confirmed hub gene expression primarily in T cells, activated T cells, monocytes, and NK cells. The findings underscore the critical roles of sarcomere organization, prolactin signaling, protein methyltransferase activity, and immune responses in the progression of IHF in RA patients. These insights not only identify valuable biomarkers and therapeutic targets but also offer promising directions for early diagnosis, personalized treatments, and preventive strategies for IHF in the context of RA. Moreover, the results highlight opportunities for repurposing existing drugs and developing new therapeutic interventions, which could reduce the risk of IHF in RA patients and improve their overall prognosis.

NKp46 enhances type 1 innate lymphoid cell proliferation and function and anti-acute myeloid leukemia activity

NKp46 is a critical regulator of natural killer (NK) cell immunity, but its function in non-NK innate immune cells remains unclear. Here, we show that NKp46 is indispensable for expressing IL-2 receptor-α (IL-2Rα) by non-NK liver-resident type-1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s). Deletion of NKp46 reduces IL-2Rα on ILC1s by downregulating NF-κB signaling, thus impairing ILC1 proliferation and cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. The binding of anti-NKp46 antibody to NKp46 triggers the activation of NF-κB, the expression of IL-2Rα, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), proliferation, and cytotoxicity. Functionally, NKp46 expressed on mouse ILC1s interacts with tumor cells through cell-cell contact, increasing ILC1 production of IFN-γ and TNF, and enhancing cytotoxicity. In a mouse model of acute myeloid leukemia, deletion of NKp46 impairs the ability of ILC1s to control tumor growth and reduces survival. This can be reversed by injecting NKp46+ ILC1s into NKp46 knock-out mice. Human NKp46+ ILC1s exhibit stronger cytokine production and cytotoxicity than their NKp46- counterparts, suggesting that NKp46 plays a similar role in humans. These findings identify an NKp46-NF-κB-IL-2Rα axis and suggest that activating NKp46 with an anti-NKp46 antibody may provide a potential strategy for anti-tumor innate immunity.

Application of adoptive cell therapy in malignant melanoma

Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers originating from skin pigment cells. Patients with advanced melanoma suffer a poor prognosis and generally cannot benefit well from surgical resection and chemo/target therapy due to metastasis and drug resistance. Thus, adoptive cell therapy (ACT), employing immune cells with specific tumor-recognizing receptors, has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to display on-tumor toxicity. This review discusses the application, efficacy, limitations, as well as future prospects of four commonly utilized approaches -including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell, engineered T-cell receptor T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor NK cells- in the context of malignant melanoma.

Soluble and insoluble expression of recombinant human interleukin-2 protein using pET expression vector in Escherichia coli

Interleukin-2 has emerged as a potent protein-based drug to treat various cancers, AIDS, and autoimmune diseases. Despite its immense requirement, the production procedures are inefficient to meet the demand. Therefore, efficient production procedures must be adopted to improve protein yield and decrease procedural loss. This study analyzed cytoplasmic and periplasmic IL-2 expression for increased protein yield and significant biological activity. The study is focused on cloning IL-2 into a pET-SUMO and pET-28a vector that expresses IL-2 in soluble form and inclusion bodies, respectively. Both constructs were expressed into different E. coli expression strains, but the periplasmic and cytoplasmic expression of IL-2 was highest in overnight culture in Rosetta 2 (DE3). Therefore, E. coli Rosetta 2 (DE3) was selected for large-scale production and purification. Purified IL-2 was characterized by SDS-PAGE and western blotting, while its biological activity was determined using MTT bioassay. The results depict that the periplasmic and cytoplasmic IL-2 achieved adequate purification, yielding 0.86 and 0.51 mg/mL, respectively, with significant cytotoxic activity of periplasmic and cytoplasmic IL-2. Periplasmic IL-2 has shown better yield and significant biological activity in vitro which describes its attainment of native protein structure and function.

IL-18 primes T cells with an antigen-inexperienced memory phenotype for proliferation and differentiation into effector cells through Notch signaling

Recent studies have revealed that a subset of CD8+ T cells exhibit innate features and can be activated by cytokines. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the proliferation and differentiation of these cells remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that CD44highCD8+ T cells in the mouse spleen express functional interleukin-18 (IL-18) receptors, whereas CD44lowCD8+ T cells do not. In response to IL-18 stimulation, these cells activated various metabolic pathways, upregulated the expression of surface molecules, such as c-Kit (CD117), CD25, and PD-1, and induced progression through the G1/S phase in the cell cycle. IL-18-primed cells, expressing a high-affinity receptor for IL-2, exhibited robust proliferation in response to IL-2 and underwent differentiation into effector cells. The splenic CD44highCD8+ T cells exhibited high expression levels of CD122, CD62L, CCR7, and CXCR3, along with CD5, indicating their potential for migration to the lymph nodes, where they could undergo expansion and terminal differentiation into effector cells. Additionally, in a tumor model, administration of IL-18 increased the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in both the lymph nodes and tumors. It is noteworthy that stimulation of CD44highCD8+ T cells with IL-18 upregulated the Notch-1 receptor and c-Myc. Moreover, inclusion of γ-secretase inhibitors attenuated the effect of IL-18 on both proliferation and interferon-γ production in the cells. These results demonstrate that IL-18 primes CD44highCD122highCXCR3highCD62LhighCD8+ T cells for expansion and differentiation into effector cells in a Notch signaling-dependent manner.

Single-Cell Sequencing and Machine Learning Integration to Identify Candidate Biomarkers in Psoriasis: INSIG1

Background

Psoriasis represents a persistent, immune-driven inflammatory condition affecting the skin, characterized by a lack of well-established biologic treatments without adverse events. Consequently, the identification of novel targets and therapeutic agents remains a pressing priority in the field of psoriasis research.

Methods

We collected single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets and inferred T cell differentiation trajectories through pseudotime analysis. Bulk transcriptome and scRNA-seq data were integrated to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Machine learning was employed to screen candidate genes. Correlation analysis was used to predict the interactions between cells expressing insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) and other immune cells. Finally, drug docking was performed on INSIG1, and the expression levels of INSIG1 in psoriasis were verified through clinical and in vivo experiments, and further in vivo experiments established the efficacy of tetrandrine in the treatment of psoriasis.

Results

T cells were initially categorized into seven states, with differentially expressed genes in T cells (TDEGs) identified and their functions and signaling pathways. INSIG1 emerged as a characteristic gene for psoriasis and was found to be downregulated in psoriasis and potentially negatively associated with T cells, influencing psoriasis fatty acid metabolism, as inferred from enrichment and immunoinfiltration analyses. In the cellular communication network, cells expressing INSIG1 exhibited close interactions with other immune cells through multiple signaling channels. Furthermore, drug sensitivity showed that tetrandrine stably binds to INSIG1, could be a potential therapeutic agent for psoriasis.

Conclusion

INSIG1 emerges as a specific candidate gene potentially regulating the fatty acid metabolism of patients with psoriasis. In addition, tetrandrine shows promise as a potential treatment for the condition.

Regulation of memory CD4+ T-cell generation by intrinsic and extrinsic IL-27 signaling during malaria infection

The generation and maintenance of memory T cells are regulated by various factors, including cytokines. Previous studies have shown that IL-27 is produced during the early acute phase of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (Pcc) infection and inhibits the development of Th1-type memory CD4+ T cells. However, whether IL-27 acts directly on its receptor on Plasmodium-specific CD4+ T cells or indirectly via its receptor on other immune cells remains unclear. We aimed to determine the role of IL-27 receptor signaling in different immune cell types in regulating the generation and phenotype of memory CD4+ T cells during Plasmodium infection. We utilized Plasmodium-specific T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, PbT-II, and Il27rα-/- mice to assess the direct and indirect effects of IL-27 signaling on memory CD4+ T-cell generation. Mice were transferred with PbT-II or Il27rα-/- PbT-II cells and infected with Pcc. Conditional knockout mice lacking the IL-27 receptor in T cells or dendritic cells were employed to discern the specific immune cell types involved in IL-27 receptor signaling. High levels of memory in PbT-II cells with Th1-shift occurred only when both PbT-II and host cells lacked the IL-27 receptor, suggesting the predominant inhibitory role of IL-27 signaling in both cell types. Furthermore, IL-27 receptor signaling in T cells limited the number of memory CD4+ T cells, while signaling in both T and dendritic cells contributed to the Th1 dominance of memory CD4+ T cells. These findings underscore the complex cytokine signaling network regulating memory CD4+ T cells during Plasmodium infection.

Tumor cell-intrinsic Piezo2 drives radioresistance by impairing CD8+ T cell stemness maintenance

Changes in mechanosensitive ion channels following radiation have seldom been linked to therapeutic sensitivity or specific factors involved in antitumor immunity. Here, in this study, we found that the mechanical force sensor, Piezo2, was significantly upregulated in tumor cells after radiation, and Piezo2 knockout in tumor cells enhanced tumor growth suppression by radiotherapy. Specifically, loss of Piezo2 in tumor cells induced their IL-15 expression via unleashing JAK2/STAT1/IRF-1 axis after radiation. This increase in IL-15 activates IL-15Rα on tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, thereby leading to their augmented effector and stem cell-like properties, along with reduced terminal exhausted feature. Importantly, Piezo2 expression was negatively correlated with CD8 infiltration, as well as with radiosensitivity of patients with rectum adenocarcinoma receiving radiotherapy treatment. Together, our findings reveal that tumor cell-intrinsic Piezo2 induces radioresistance by dampening the IRF-1/IL-15 axis, thus leading to impaired CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor responses, providing insights into the further development of combination strategies to treat radioresistant cancers.

Interleukin-2 immunotherapy reveals human regulatory T cell subsets with distinct functional and tissue-homing characteristics

Due to its stimulatory potential for immunomodulatory CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) immunotherapy has gained considerable attention for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this investigator-initiated single-arm non-placebo-controlled phase-2 clinical trial of low-dose IL-2 immunotherapy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, we generated a comprehensive atlas of in vivo human immune responses to low-dose IL-2. We performed an in-depth study of circulating and cutaneous immune cells by imaging mass cytometry, high-parameter flow cytometry, transcriptomics, and targeted serum proteomics. Low-dose IL-2 stimulated various circulating immune cells, including Treg cells with a skin-homing phenotype that appeared in the skin of SLE patients in close interaction with endothelial cells. Analysis of surface proteins and transcriptomes revealed different IL-2-driven Treg cell activation programs, including gut-homing CD38+, skin-homing HLA-DR+, and highly proliferative inflammation-homing CD38+ HLA-DR+ Treg cells. Collectively, these data define the distinct human Treg cell subsets that are responsive to IL-2 immunotherapy.

Reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment to improve CAR-T cell-based cancer immunotherapy

In many hematologic malignancies, the adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has demonstrated notable success; nevertheless, further improvements are necessary to optimize treatment efficacy. Current CAR-T therapies are particularly discouraging for solid tumor treatment. The immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors affects CAR-T cells, limiting the treatment's effectiveness and safety. Therefore, enhancing CAR-T cell infiltration capacity and resolving the immunosuppressive responses within the tumor microenvironment could boost the anti-tumor effect. Specific strategies include structurally altering CAR-T cells combined with targeted therapy, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Overall, monitoring the tumor microenvironment and the status of CAR-T cells is beneficial in further investigating the viability of such strategies and advancing CAR-T cell therapy.

Autocrine VEGF-B signaling maintains lipid synthesis and mitochondrial fitness to support T cell immune responses

T cells rewire their metabolic activities to meet the demand of immune responses, but how to coordinate the immune response by metabolic regulators in activated T cells is unknown. Here, we identified autocrine VEGF-B as a metabolic regulator to control lipid synthesis and maintain the integrity of the mitochondrial inner membrane for the survival of activated T cells. Disruption of autocrine VEGF-B signaling in T cells reduced cardiolipin mass, resulting in mitochondrial damage, with increased apoptosis and reduced memory development. The addition of cardiolipin or modulating VEGF-B signaling improved T cell mitochondrial fitness and survival. Autocrine VEGF-B signaling through GA-binding protein α (GABPα) induced sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 2 (SENP2) expression, which further de-SUMOylated PPARγ and enhanced phospholipid synthesis, leading to a cardiolipin increase in activated T cells. These data suggest that autocrine VEGF-B mediates a signal to coordinate lipid synthesis and mitochondrial fitness with T cell activation for survival and immune response. Moreover, autocrine VEGF-B signaling in T cells provides a therapeutic target against infection and tumors as well as an avenue for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Update on the pathophysiology and treatment of primary Sjögren syndrome

Sjögren syndrome or Sjögren disease is a chronic form of autoimmune epithelitis characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands, particularly the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to progressive glandular dysfunction and subsequent xerostomia and xerophthalmia. Other common manifestations include pain and fatigue, various systemic manifestations and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sjögren syndrome is therefore a complex and disabling disease associated with a reduced quality of life and with considerable long-term damage. Most of the available treatments are merely symptomatic with limited efficacy in both preventing glandular damage and suppressing systemic disease activity. In the past 10 years, great progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of Sjögren syndrome, opening new avenues towards a more targeted and individualized therapeutic approach to the disease. Indeed, several randomized controlled trials have just been completed or are poised to commence evaluating the effectiveness of novel drugs targeting both innate and adaptive immune pathways, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, the type I interferon system, B cell activation, B cell and T cell co-stimulation pathway, and ectopic germinal centre formation. Novel clinical trials are also ongoing exploring various targeted approaches (that is, IgG recycling inhibition, nuclease therapy and CAR-T cell therapy) for Sjögren syndrome.

The role of IL-2 cytokine family in asthma

BACKGROUND

The interleukin-2 (IL-2) family of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, are pivotal regulators of the immune response, impacting both innate and adaptive immunity. Understanding their molecular characteristics, receptor interactions, and signalling pathways is essential for elucidating their roles in health and disease.

OBJECTIVES

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the IL-2 family of cytokines, highlighting their molecular biology, receptor interactions, and signalling mechanisms. Furthermore, it explores the involvement of IL-2 family cytokines in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases, with a specific focus on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.

METHODS

A thorough literature review was conducted to gather insights into the molecular biology, receptor interactions, and signalling pathways of IL-2 family cytokines. Additionally, studies investigating the roles of these cytokines in chronic respiratory diseases, particularly COPD and asthma, were analysed to discern their implications in wider pathophysiology of disease.

RESULTS

IL-2 family cytokines exert pleiotropic effects on immune cells, modulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Dysregulation of IL-2 family cytokines has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory illnesses, including COPD and asthma. Elevated levels of IL-2 and IL-9 have been associated with disease severity in COPD, while IL-4 and IL-9 play crucial roles in asthma pathogenesis by promoting airway inflammation and remodelling.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the intricate roles of IL-2 family cytokines in chronic respiratory diseases provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for these conditions. Targeting specific cytokines or their receptors may offer novel treatment modalities to attenuate disease progression and improve clinical outcomes in patients with COPD and asthma.

Generation of CAR-TSCM: CAR-T with super clutch

CAR-T therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in hematological malignancies and is now striding into solid tumor areas. One of the main roadblocks of CAR-T therapy is T cell exhaustion normally aroused by T cell terminal differentiation due to persistent contact with antigen in vivo or in vitro manufacturing process. TSCM positions as the first, and pivotal step of naïve T cell differentiation to downstream memory and effector stages. Researchers highly seek to restrain CAR-T cells at the TSCM stage during manufacture as TSCM percentage in CAR-T products is strongly associated with better treatment response. We reviewed the recent strategies regarding CAR-TSCM generation from aspects of starting source, manufacturing process, CAR assembly, transcription factor and metabolism regulation, etc.

Tissue-resident memory T cells in immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events by immune checkpoint inhibitor

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a specialized subset of T cells that reside in tissues and provide long-term protective immunity against pathogens that enter the body through that specific tissue. TRM cells have specific phenotype and reside preferentially in barrier tissues. Recent studies have revealed that TRM cells are the main target of immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy since their role in cancer immunosurveillance. Furthermore, TRM cells also play a crucial part in pathogenesis of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Here, we provide a concise review of biological characteristics of TRM cells, and the major advances and recent findings regarding their involvement in immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy and the corresponding irAEs.

SARS-CoV-2 inflammation durably imprints memory CD4 T cells

Memory CD4 T cells are critical to human immunity, yet it is unclear whether viral inflammation during memory formation has long-term consequences. Here, we compared transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes of Spike (S)-specific memory CD4 T cells in 24 individuals whose first exposure to S was via SARS-CoV-2 infection or mRNA vaccination. Nearly 2 years after memory formation, S-specific CD4 T cells established by infection remained enriched for transcripts related to cytotoxicity and for interferon-stimulated genes, likely because of a chromatin accessibility landscape altered by inflammation. Moreover, S-specific CD4 T cells primed by infection had reduced proliferative capacity in vitro relative to vaccine-primed cells. Furthermore, the transcriptional state of S-specific memory CD4 T cells was minimally altered by booster immunization and/or breakthrough infection. Thus, infection-associated inflammation durably imprints CD4 T cell memory, which affects the function of these cells and may have consequences for long-term immunity.

A novel LAG3 neutralizing antibody improves cancer immunotherapy by dual inhibition of MHC-II and FGL1 ligand binding

LAG3 is an inhibitory immune checkpoint expressed on activated T and NK cells. Blocking the interaction of LAG3 with its ligands MHC-II and FGL1 renders T cells improved cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Current study generated a panel of LAG3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) through immunization of mice followed by phage display. Some of them bound to the D1-D2 domain of LAG3, which is known for the engagement of its ligands FGL1 and MHC-II. Three outperformers, M208, M226, and M234, showed stronger blocking activity than Relatlimab in the FGL1 binding. Furthermore, M234 showed dual inhibition of FGL1 (IC50 of 20.6 nM) and MHC-II binding (IC50 of 6.2 nM) to LAG3. In vitro functional tests showed that M234 significantly stimulated IFN-γ secretion from activated PBMC cells. In vivo studies in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts demonstrated that combining M234 IgG with GPC3-targeted bispecific antibodies significantly improved efficacy. In addition, GPC3-targeted CAR-T cells secreting IL-21-M234 scFv fusion protein exhibited enhanced activity in inhibiting tumor growth and greatly increased the survival rate of mice. Taken together, M234 has potential in cancer immunotherapy and warrants further clinical trial.

IFN-α/β/IFN-γ/IL-15 pathways identify GBP1-expressing tumors with an immune-responsive phenotype

Immunotherapy is widely used in cancer treatment; however, only a subset of patients responds well to it. Significant efforts have been made to identify patients who will benefit from immunotherapy. Successful anti-tumor immunity depends on an intact cancer-immunity cycle, especially long-lasting CD8+ T-cell responses. Interferon (IFN)-α/β/IFN-γ/interleukin (IL)-15 pathways have been reported to be involved in the development of CD8+ T cells. And these pathways may predict responses to immunotherapy. Herein, we aimed to analyze multiple public databases to investigate whether IFN-α/β/IFN-γ/IL-15 pathways could be used to predict the response to immunotherapy. Results showed that IFN-α/β/IFN-γ/IL-15 pathways could efficiently predict immunotherapy response, and guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP1) could represent the IFN-α/β/IFN-γ/IL-15 pathways. In public and private cohorts, we further demonstrated that GBP1 could efficiently predict the response to immunotherapy. Functionally, GBP1 was mainly expressed in macrophages and strongly correlated with chemokines involved in T-cell migration. Therefore, our study comprehensively investigated the potential role of GBP1 in immunotherapy, which could serve as a novel biomarker for immunotherapy and a target for drug development.

Integrated network pharmacological analysis revealed that Smilax glabra Roxb. alleviates IMQ-induced psoriatic skin inflammation through regulating T cell immune response

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease characterized by dysfunctional T cells and dysregulated immune responses. Smilax glabra Roxb. (SGR) is a formulation used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders, including psoriasis. This study explores the scientific basis for its use by examining the effects of SGR on T cell differentiation and insulin receptor signaling, relevant pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of SGR (a Chinese medicine) in psoriasis and its impact on T cell differentiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An integrated network pharmacology and bioinformatics approach was employed to elucidate the mechanisms of SGR in regulating T cell differentiation. A psoriasis mouse model was utilized to evaluate the effects of SGR on T cell subsets. Immunohistochemistry and gene expression analyses were conducted to investigate the modulation of insulin receptor signaling pathways by SGR.

RESULTS

SGR treatment effectively reset the expression of various T cell subsets in the psoriasis mouse model, suggesting its ability to regulate T cell differentiation and immune function. Furthermore, SGR treatment inhibited insulin receptor signaling and downstream pathways, including PI3K/AKT and ERK, in psoriatic skin lesions. This indicates that SGR may exert its therapeutic effects through modulation of the insulin receptor signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides novel insights into the therapeutic potential of SGR in psoriasis. By modulating T cell differentiation and targeting the insulin receptor signaling pathway, SGR holds promise as a potential treatment option for psoriasis.

IL-2RG as a possible immunotherapeutic target in CRC predicting poor prognosis and regulated by miR-7-5p and miR-26b-5p

Despite advances in treatment strategies, colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality, with mounting evidence a close link between immune system dysfunctions issued. Interleukin-2 receptor gamma (IL-2RG) plays a pivotal role as a common subunit receptor in the IL-2 family cytokines and activates the JAK-STAT pathway. This study delves into the role of Interleukin-2 receptor gamma (IL-2RG) within the tumor microenvironment and investigates potential microRNAs (miRNAs) that directly inhibit IL-2RG, aiming to discern their impact on CRC clinical outcomes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a significant upregulation of IL-2RG mRNA in TCGA-COAD samples and showed strong correlations with the infiltration of various lymphocytes. Single-cell analysis corroborated these findings, highlighting IL-2RG expression in critical immune cell subsets. To explore miRNA involvement in IL-2RG dysregulation, mRNA was isolated from the tumor tissues and lymphocytes of 258 CRC patients and 30 healthy controls, and IL-2RG was cloned into the pcDNA3.1/CT-GFP-TOPO vector. Human embryonic kidney cell lines (HEK-293T) were transfected with this construct. Our research involved a comprehensive analysis of miRPathDB, miRWalk, and Targetscan databases to identify the miRNAs associated with the 3' UTR of human IL-2RG. The human microRNA (miRNA) molecules, hsa-miR-7-5p and hsa-miR-26b-5p, have been identified as potent suppressors of IL-2RG expression in CRC patients. Specifically, the downregulation of hsa-miR-7-5p and hsa-miR-26b-5p has been shown to result in the upregulation of IL-2RG mRNA expression in these patients. Prognostic evaluation of IL-2RG, hsa-miR-7-5p, and hsa-miR-26b-5p, using TCGA-COAD data and patient samples, established that higher IL-2RG expression and lower expression of both miRNAs were associated with poorer outcomes. Additionally, this study identified several long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), such as ZFAS1, SOX21-AS1, SNHG11, SNHG16, SNHG1, DLX6-AS1, GAS5, SNHG6, and MALAT1, which may act as competing endogenous RNA molecules for IL2RG by sequestering shared hsa-miR-7-5p and hsa-miR-26b-5p. In summary, this investigation underscores the potential utility of IL-2RG, hsa-miR-7-5p, and hsa-miR-26b-5p as serum and tissue biomarkers for predicting CRC patient prognosis while also offering promise as targets for immunotherapy in CRC management.

Inducible IL-2 production and IL-2+ cell expansion are landmark events for T-cell activation of teleost

As a multipotent cytokine, interleukin (IL)-2 plays important roles in activation, differentiation and survival of the lymphocytes. Although biological characteristics and function of IL-2 have been clarified in several teleost species, evidence regarding IL-2 production at the cellular and protein levels is still scarce in fish due to the lack of reliable antibody. In this study, we developed a mouse anti-Nile tilapia IL-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), which could specifically recognize IL-2 protein and identify IL-2-producing lymphocytes of tilapia. Using this mAb, we found that CD3+ T cells, but not CD3- lymphocytes, are the main cellular source of IL-2 in tilapia. Under resting condition, both CD3+CD4-1+ T cells and CD3+CD4-1- T cells of tilapia produce IL-2. Moreover, the IL-2 protein level and the frequency of IL-2+ T cells significantly increased once T cells were activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or CD3 plus CD28 mAbs in vitro. In addition, Edwardsiella piscicida infection also induces the IL-2 production and the expansion of IL-2+ T cells in the spleen lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that IL-2 takes part in the T-cell activation and anti-bacterial adaptive immune response of tilapia, and can serve as an important marker for T-cell activation of teleost fish. Our study has enriched the knowledge regarding T-cell response in fish species, and also provide novel perspective for understanding the evolution of adaptive immune system.

Peripheral blood transcriptomic analysis identifies potential inflammation and immune signatures for central retinal artery occlusion

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an acute retinal ischaemic disease, but early diagnosis is challenging due to a lack of biomarkers. Blood samples were collected from CRAO patients and cataract patients. Gene expression profiles were distinct between arterial/venous CRAO blood (A-V group) and venous CRAO/control blood (V-C group) samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Hub genes were identified by Cytoscape and used to predict gene interactions via GeneMANIA. Immune cell infiltration was analysed by CIBERSORT. More than 1400 DEGs were identified in the A-V group and 112 DEGs in the V-C group compared to controls. The DEGs in both groups were enriched in the ribosome pathway, and those in the V-C group were also enriched in antigen processing/MHC pathways. Network analysis identified ribosomal proteins (RPS2 and RPS5) as the core genes of the A-V group and MHC genes (HLA-F) as the core genes of the V-C group. Coexpression networks showed ribosomal involvement in both groups, with additional immune responses in the V-C group. Immune cell analysis indicated increased numbers of neutrophils and T cells. Ribosomal and MHC-related genes were identified as potential CRAO biomarkers, providing research directions for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications

NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with extensive and in-depth investigations, researchers have discovered that its role can be expanded to a variety of signaling mechanisms, biological processes, human diseases, and treatment options. In this review, we first scrutinize the research process of NF-κB signaling, and summarize the composition, activation, and regulatory mechanism of NF-κB signaling. We investigate the interaction of NF-κB signaling with other important pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TLR signaling. The physiological and pathological states of NF-κB signaling, as well as its intricate involvement in inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment, are also explicated. Additionally, we illustrate how NF-κB signaling is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases, and COVID-19. Further, we discuss the therapeutic approaches targeting NF-κB signaling, including IKK inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, nuclear translocation inhibitors, DNA binding inhibitors, TKIs, non-coding RNAs, immunotherapy, and CAR-T. Finally, we provide an outlook for research in the field of NF-κB signaling. We hope to present a stereoscopic, comprehensive NF-κB signaling that will inform future research and clinical practice.

Characterizing CD8+ TEMRA Cells in CP/CPPS Patients: Insights from Targeted Single-Cell Transcriptomic and Functional Investigations

Background

The specific involvement of the CD8+ T effector memory RA (TEMRA) subset in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has largely not been explored in the literature.

Methods

Targeted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiles were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from two CP/CPPS patients and two healthy controls (HCs) in our recent study. Pseudotime series algorithms were used to reveal the differentiation trajectory, CellChat analysis was used to explore the communication between individual cells, and the SCENIC program was used to identify potential transcription factors (TFs). Based on the cosine similarity, clusters of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were considered to be further enriched in different pathways. To confirm the functional role of the critical clusters, flow cytometry was employed.

Results

The results revealed the molecular landscape of these clusters, with TEMRA cells exhibiting pronounced cytokine-mediated signaling pathway enrichment. Pseudotime trajectory analysis further mapped the evolution from naïve T cells to that of TEMRA cells, elucidating the developmental pathways involved in the immune context. A significant finding from CellChat analysis was the differential expression of ligands and receptors, with CD8+ TEMRA cells showing enhanced signaling, particularly in the CP/CPPS context, compared to HCs. Flow cytometry confirmed these results, revealing a heightened proinflammatory cytokine profile in patients with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms (CP-LS), suggesting that TEMRA cells play a significant role in disease pathogenesis. TF profiling across the T-cell clusters identified key regulators of cellular identity, identifying novel therapeutic targets. Elevated TNF signaling activity in CD8+ TEMRA cells underscored the involvement of these cells in disease mechanisms.

Conclusion

This study elucidates the pivotal role of the CD8+ TEMRA cell subset in CP/CPPS, which is characterized by increased TNF signaling and proinflammatory factor expression, highlighting potential biomarkers and opening new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

A battle between two biological singularities: Immune response vs. cancer

In a post-growth multicellular organism, the phenomenon in which a small number of rare cells can be the starting point for inducing a dramatic change in the entire system is considered a "biological singularity." The immune response and cancer can be regarded as singularity phenomena in mammals, but their nature is fundamentally different. The immune response is considered a "programmed" singularity, whereas cancer is an "unprogrammed" singularity. These two systems perpetually engage in a cycle of attack and defense within the organism. The outcome is depending on the wining system, which determines whether the individual experiences a state resembling light or darkness. However, the overall mechanism of the competition remains unclear and is expected to be elucidated with future innovations in bioimaging technologies. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy is a means by which the two singularity balances can be artificially manipulated; therefore, mechanistic insight is necessary for cancer treatment strategies. Altogether, these findings provide a different perspective crucial for understanding the behavior of dynamic cell populations in multicellular organisms.

Optimising IL-2 for Cancer Immunotherapy

The key role of T cells in cancer immunotherapy is well established and is highlighted by the remarkable capacity of Ab-mediated checkpoint blockade to overcome T-cell exhaustion and amplify anti-tumor responses. However, total or partial tumor remission following checkpoint blockade is still limited to only a few types of tumors. Hence, concerted attempts are being made to devise new methods for improving tumor immunity. Currently, much attention is being focused on therapy with IL-2. This cytokine is a powerful growth factor for T cells and optimises their effector functions. When used at therapeutic doses for cancer treatment, however, IL-2 is highly toxic. Nevertheless, recent work has shown that modifying the structure or presentation of IL-2 can reduce toxicity and lead to effective anti-tumor responses in synergy with checkpoint blockade. Here, we review the complex interaction of IL-2 with T cells: first during normal homeostasis, then during responses to pathogens, and finally in anti-tumor responses.

Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites in Sheep-A Review

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) can be a major constraint and global challenge to the sheep industry. These nematodes infect the small intestine and abomasum of grazing sheep, causing symptoms such as weight loss, diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, and anemia, which can lead to death. The use of anthelmintics to treat infected animals has led to GIN resistance, and excessive use of these drugs has resulted in residue traced in food and the environment. Resistance to GINs can be measured using multiple traits, including fecal egg count (FEC), Faffa Malan Chart scores, hematocrit, packed cell volume, eosinophilia, immunoglobulin (Ig), and dagginess scores. Genetic variation among animals exists, and understanding these differences can help identify genomic regions associated with resistance to GINs in sheep. Genes playing important roles in the immune system were identified in several studies in this review, such as the CFI and MUC15 genes. Results from several studies showed overlapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with multiple traits measuring resistance to GINs, mainly FEC. The discovery of genomic regions, positional candidate genes, and QTLs associated with resistance to GINs can help increase and accelerate genetic gains in sheep breeding programs and reveal the genetic basis and biological mechanisms underlying this trait.

Diacylglycerol kinases: A look into the future of immunotherapy

Cancer still represents the second leading cause of death right after cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer provoked around 10 million deaths in 2020, with lung and colon tumors accounting for the deadliest forms of cancer. As tumor cells become resistant to traditional therapeutic approaches, immunotherapy has emerged as a novel strategy for tumor control. T lymphocytes are key players in immune responses against tumors. Immunosurveillance allows identification, targeting and later killing of cancerous cells. Nevertheless, tumors evolve through different strategies to evade the immune response and spread in a process called metastasis. The ineffectiveness of traditional strategies to control tumor growth and expansion has led to novel approaches considering modulation of T cell activation and effector functions. Program death receptor 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) showed promising results in the early 90s and nowadays are still being exploited together with other drugs for several cancer types. Other negative regulators of T cell activation are diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) into phosphatidic acid (PA). In T cells, DGKα and DGKζ limit the PLCγ/Ras/ERK axis thus attenuating DAG mediated signaling and T cell effector functions. Upregulation of either of both isoforms results in impaired Ras activation and anergy induction, whereas germline knockdown mice showed enhanced antitumor properties and more effective immune responses against pathogens. Here we review the mechanisms used by DGKs to ameliorate T cell activation and how inhibition could be used to reinvigorate T cell functions in cancer context. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved upon T cell activation will help to improve current therapies with DAG promoting agents.

T Cell Subsets and Immune Homeostasis

T cells are a heterogeneous group of cells that can be classified into different subtypes according to different classification methods. The body's immune system has a highly complex and effective regulatory network that allows for the relative stability of immune system function. Maintaining proper T cell homeostasis is essential for promoting protective immunity and limiting autoimmunity and tumor formation. Among the T cell family members, more and more T cell subsets have gradually been characterized. In this chapter, we summarize the functions of some key T cell subsets and their impact on immune homeostasis.

Antigen exposure reshapes chromatin architecture in central memory CD8+ T cells and imprints enhanced recall capacity

CD62L+ central memory CD8+ T (TCM) cells provide enhanced protection than naive cells; however, the underlying mechanism, especially the contribution of higher-order genomic organization, remains unclear. Systematic Hi-C analyses reveal that antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells undergo extensive rewiring of chromatin interactions (ChrInt), with TCM cells harboring specific interaction hubs compared with naive CD8+ T cells, as observed at cytotoxic effector genes such as Ifng and Tbx21. TCM cells also acquire de novo CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor) binding sites, which are not only strongly associated with TCM-specific hubs but also linked to increased activities of local gene promoters and enhancers. Specific ablation of CTCF in TCM cells impairs rapid induction of genes in cytotoxic program, energy supplies, transcription, and translation by recall stimulation. Therefore, acquisition of CTCF binding and ChrInt hubs by TCM cells serves as a chromatin architectural basis for their transcriptomic dynamics in primary response and for imprinting the code of "recall readiness" against secondary challenge.

Modulatory immune responses in fungal infection associated with organ transplant - advancements, management, and challenges

Organ transplantation stands as a pivotal achievement in modern medicine, offering hope to individuals with end-stage organ diseases. Advancements in immunology led to improved organ transplant survival through the development of immunosuppressants, but this heightened susceptibility to fungal infections with nonspecific symptoms in recipients. This review aims to establish an intricate balance between immune responses and fungal infections in organ transplant recipients. It explores the fundamental immune mechanisms, recent advances in immune response dynamics, and strategies for immune modulation, encompassing responses to fungal infections, immunomodulatory approaches, diagnostics, treatment challenges, and management. Early diagnosis of fungal infections in transplant patients is emphasized with the understanding that innate immune responses could potentially reduce immunosuppression and promise efficient and safe immuno-modulating treatments. Advances in fungal research and genetic influences on immune-fungal interactions are underscored, as well as the potential of single-cell technologies integrated with machine learning for biomarker discovery. This review provides a snapshot of the complex interplay between immune responses and fungal infections in organ transplantation and underscores key research directions.

IL-27 produced during acute malaria infection regulates Plasmodium-specific memory CD4+ T cells

Malaria infection elicits both protective and pathogenic immune responses, and IL-27 is a critical cytokine that regulate effector responses during infection. Here, we identified a critical window of CD4+ T cell responses that is targeted by IL-27. Neutralization of IL-27 during acute infection with Plasmodium chabaudi expanded specific CD4+ T cells, which were maintained at high levels thereafter. In the chronic phase, Plasmodium-specific CD4+ T cells in IL-27-neutralized mice consisted mainly of CD127+ KLRG1- and CD127- KLRG1+ subpopulations that displayed distinct cytokine production, proliferative capacity, and are maintained in a manner independent of active infection. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis revealed that these CD4+ T cell subsets formed independent clusters that express unique Th1-type genes. These IL-27-neutralized mice exhibited enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses and protection. These findings demonstrate that IL-27, which is produced during the acute phase of malaria infection, inhibits the development of unique Th1 memory precursor CD4+ T cells, suggesting potential implications for the development of vaccines and other strategic interventions.

Rhythmic profile of memory T and B-cells along childhood and adolescence

Immunobiography describes the life-long effects of exogenous or endogenous stimuli on remodeling of immune cell biology, including the development of memory T and B-cells. The present study aimed at investigating the rhythms of changes in phenotypic features of memory T and B-cells along childhood and adolescence. A descriptive-observational investigation was conducted including 812 healthy volunteers, clustered into six consecutive age groups (9Mths-1Yr; 2Yrs; 3-4Yrs; 5-7Yrs; 8-10Yrs; 11-18Yrs). Immunophenotypic analysis of memory T-cell (CD4+ and CD8+) and B-cell subsets were performed by flow cytometry. The results pointed out that memory-related biomarkers of T and B-cells displayed a bimodal profile along healthy childhood and adolescence, regardless of sex. The first stage of changes occurs around 2Yrs, with predominance of naive cells, while the second and more prominent wave occurs around the age 8-10Yrs, with the prevalence of memory phenotypes. The neighborhood connectivity profile analysis demonstrated that the number of correlations reaches a peak at 11-18Yrs and lower values along the childhood. Males presented higher and conserved number of correlations when compared to females. Altogether, our results provide new insights into immunobiography and a better understanding of interactions among the cellular subsets studied here during childhood and adolescence.

The potential role of interleukins and interferons in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer poses significant challenges and remains a highly lethal disease with limited treatment options. In the context of ovarian cancer, interleukins (ILs) and interferons (IFNs), important cytokines that play crucial roles in regulating the immune system, have emerged as significant factors influencing its development. This article provides a comprehensive review of the involvement of various ILs, including those from the IL-1 family, IL-2 family, IL-6 family, IL-8 family, IL-10 family, and IL-17 family, in ovarian cancer. The focus is on their impact on tumor growth, metastasis, and their role in evading immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the article conducts an in-depth examination of the oncogenic or antitumor roles of each IL in the context of ovarian cancer pathogenesis and progression. Besides, we elucidated the enhancements in the treatment of ovarian cancer through the utilization of type-I IFN and type-II IFN. Recent research has shed light on the intricate mechanisms through which specific ILs and IFNs contribute to the advancement of the disease. By incorporating recent findings, this review also seeks to inspire further investigations into unexplored mechanisms, fostering ongoing research to develop more effective therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer. Moreover, through an in-depth analysis of IL- and IFN-associated clinical trials, we have highlighted their promising potential of in the treatment of ovarian cancer. These clinical trials serve to reinforce the significant outlook for utilizing ILs and IFNs as therapeutic agents in combating this disease.

Circulating inflammatory cytokines and psoriasis risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a systemic immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease; its systemic manifestations and periodic recurrence negatively affect a patient's quality of life. Inflammatory cytokines are known to have an important role in the onset and progression of psoriasis, however, data on the association between circulating inflammatory cytokines and psoriasis risk is inconclusive. Here, we explore the relevance of circulating proinflammatory factors to the pathogenesis of psoriasis using a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between circulating levels of inflammatory factors and psoriasis to elucidate the mechanisms underlying psoriasis and improve clinical diagnosis and treatment.

METHODS

We systematically retrieved articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and the Web of Science from the establishment of each database to January 2023. The standard mean difference (SMD) in cytokine levels of individuals with psoriasis and healthy controls was used to check for correlations between circulating inflammatory factor levels and psoriasis.

RESULTS

Fifty-seven studies, with data from 2838 patients, were retrieved and included in the meta-analysis. Eleven inflammatory factors were studied (circulating interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-22, IL-23, IL-35, IL-36, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and gamma-interferon (IFN-γ)). Of these, IL-2 [SMD = 1.29 (95% CI: 0.61-1.97; P <0.001)], IL-17 [SMD = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.12-1.30; P = 0.018)], IL-18 [SMD = 1.27 (95% CI: 0.64-1.90; P <0.001)], and IFN-γ [SMD = 1.90 (95% CI: 1.27-2.52; P <0.001)] levels had significant correlations with psoriasis.

CONCLUSION

Increased serum concentrations of the circulating inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-17, IL-18 and IFN-γ were significantly correlated with psoriasis.

Perturbations in spike-specific peripheral T follicular helper cells in SARS-CoV2 breakthrough convalescent individuals immunized by BBV152 vaccine

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2) infection has caused an increase in mortality and morbidity, but with vaccination, the disease severity has significantly reduced. With the emergence of various variants of concern (VOCs), the vaccine breakthrough infection has also increased. Here we studied circulating spike-specific T follicular response (cTfh) in infection-naïve vaccinees and convalescent vaccinees (individuals who got the Delta breakthrough infection after two doses of BBV152 vaccine) to understand their response as they are the most crucial cells that are involved in vaccine-mediated protection by helping in B-cell maturation. Our results indicated that cTfh cells in both the groups recognized the wild-type and Delta spike protein but memory response to the wild-type spike was superior in infection-naïve than in the convalescent group. The cytokine response, particularly interleukin-21 (IL-21) from cTfh, was also higher in infection-naïve than in convalescent vaccinees, indicating a dampened cTfh response in convalescent vaccinees after breakthrough infection. Also, there was a positive correlation between IL-21 from cTfh cells and neutralizing antibodies of infection-naïve vaccinees. Multiple cytokine analysis also revealed higher inflammation in convalescent vaccinees. Our data indicated that the necessity of a third booster dose may be individual-specific depending on the steady-state functional phenotype of immune cells.

RasGRP1 influences imiquimod-induced psoriatic inflammation via T-cell activation in mice

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signal transduction pathway has been shown to be a potential target for the treatment of psoriasis. Ras guanyl-releasing protein 1 (RasGRP1), a downstream target gene of VEGF, regulates the development, homeostasis, and differentiation of T cells, but the contribution of RasGRP1 to psoriasis is limited. In this manuscript, we aimed to investigate the role of RasGRP1 in psoriasis. The RNA-Seq transcriptome sequencing data from the mouse model of psoriasis treated with IMQ (imiquimod) were analyzed. The effect of RasGRP1 was investigated through in vivo injection of activators or small molecular inhibitors, as well as adeno-associated virus injections. Gene knockout and NB-UVB (narrow-band ultraviolet B) treatments were utilized to interfere with the psoriatic mouse model. By transfection of lentivirus in vitro, the effect of RasGRP1 gene function on the secretion of psoriasis-related cytokines by T cells was confirmed. We showed that cutaneous VEGF and RasGRP1 were strongly activated in human psoriatic lesions and the skin of mice with IMQ-induced psoriasis. RasGRP1 deficiency and overexpression influence IMQ-induced psoriasis-like manifestations and skin inflammation in mice. VEGF, secreted mainly by epidermal cells, mediates psoriatic inflammation through the RasGRP1-AKT-NF-κB pathway. RasGRP1 is required for psoriasis development mediated by VEGF. These results confirmed the role of RasGRP1 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and provided potential targets for clinical psoriasis treatment.

SOCS3 deletion in effector T cells confers an anti-tumorigenic role of IL-6 to the pro-tumorigenic cytokine

Interleukin (IL)-6 is abundantly expressed in the tumor microenvironment and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that the deletion of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in T cells potentiates anti-tumor immune responses by conferring the anti-tumorigenic function of IL-6 in mouse and human models. In Socs3-deficient CD8+ T cells, IL-6 upregulates the expression of type I interferon (IFN)-regulated genes and enhances the anti-tumor effector function of T cells, while also modifying mitochondrial fitness to increase mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and to promote metabolic glycolysis in the energy state. Furthermore, Socs3 deficiency reduces regulatory T cells and increases T helper 1 (Th1) cells. SOCS3 knockdown in human chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells exhibits a strong anti-tumor response in humanized mice. Thus, genetic disruption of SOCS3 offers an avenue to improve the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy.

3D chromatin reprogramming primes human memory TH2 cells for rapid recall and pathogenic dysfunction

Memory T cells provide long-lasting defense responses through their ability to rapidly reactivate, but how they efficiently "recall" an inflammatory transcriptional program remains unclear. Here, we show that human CD4+ memory T helper 2 (TH2) cells carry a chromatin landscape synergistically reprogrammed at both one-dimensional (1D) and 3D levels to accommodate recall responses, which is absent in naive T cells. In memory TH2 cells, recall genes were epigenetically primed through the maintenance of transcription-permissive chromatin at distal (super)enhancers organized in long-range 3D chromatin hubs. Precise transcriptional control of key recall genes occurred inside dedicated topologically associating domains ("memory TADs"), in which activation-associated promoter-enhancer interactions were preformed and exploited by AP-1 transcription factors to promote rapid transcriptional induction. Resting memory TH2 cells from patients with asthma showed premature activation of primed recall circuits, linking aberrant transcriptional control of recall responses to chronic inflammation. Together, our results implicate stable multiscale reprogramming of chromatin organization as a key mechanism underlying immunological memory and dysfunction in T cells.

GM-CSF and IL-7 fusion cytokine engineered tumor vaccine generates long-term Th-17 memory cells and increases overall survival in aged syngeneic mouse models of glioblastoma

Age-related immune dysfunctions, such as decreased T-cell output, are closely related to pathologies like cancers and lack of vaccine efficacy among the elderly. Engineered fusokine, GIFT-7, a fusion of interleukin 7 (IL-7) and GM-CSF, can reverse aging-related lymphoid organ atrophy. We generated a GIFT-7 fusokine tumor vaccine and employed it in aged syngeneic mouse models of glioblastoma and found that peripheral vaccination with GIFT-7TVax resulted in thymic regeneration and generated durable long-term antitumor immunity specifically in aged mice. Global cytokine analysis showed increased pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β in the vaccinated group that resulted in hyperactivation of dendritic cells. In addition, GIFT-7 vaccination resulted in increased T-cell trafficking to the brain and robust Th-17 long-term effector memory T-cell formation. TCR-seq analysis showed increased productive frequency among detected rearrangements within the vaccinated group. Overall, our data demonstrate that aging immune system can be therapeutically augmented to generate lasting antitumor immunity.