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Cummings BE, Lakey PSJ, Morrison GC, Shiraiwa M, Waring MS. Composition of indoor organic surface films in residences: simulating the influence of sources, partitioning, particle deposition, and air exchange. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:305-322. [PMID: 38108243 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Indoor surfaces are coated with organic films that modulate thermodynamic interactions between the surfaces and room air. Recently published models can simulate film formation and growth via gas-surface partitioning, but none have statistically investigated film composition. The Indoor Model of Aerosols, Gases, Emissions, and Surfaces (IMAGES) was used here to simulate ten years of nonreactive film growth upon impervious indoor surfaces within a Monte Carlo procedure representing a sub-set of North American residential buildings. Film composition was resolved into categories reflecting indoor aerosol (gas + particle phases) factors from three sources: outdoor-originating, indoor-emitted, and indoor-generated secondary organic material. In addition to gas-to-film partitioning, particle deposition was modeled as a vector for organics to enter films, and it was responsible for a majority of the film mass after ∼1000 days of growth for the median simulation and is likely the main source of LVOCs within films. Therefore, the organic aerosol factor possessing the most SVOCs contributes most strongly to the composition of early films, but as the film ages, films become more dominated by the factor with the highest particle concentration. Indoor-emitted organics (e.g. from cooking) often constituted at least a plurality of the simulated mass in developed films, but indoor environments are diverse enough that any major organic material source could be the majority contributor to film mass, depending on building characteristics and indoor activities. A sensitivity analysis suggests that rapid film growth is most likely in both newer, more air-tight homes and older homes near primary pollution sources.
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2
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Chen Z, Gao Y, Xia F, Bi C, Mo J. Formation kinetics of SVOC organic films and their impact on child exposure in indoor environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168970. [PMID: 38043806 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an SVOC mass transfer and child-exposure modeling analysis considering the combined sorption of multiple SVOCs containing DnBP, BBP, DEHP, DINP and DINCH in indoor environments. A mechanistic model was applied to describe the organic film formation, and a partition-coefficient-prediction model was originally developed for the realistic organic films. The characteristics of film formation on impermeable surfaces were examined based on three different assumptions: the widely-used constant Kns,im assumption, Koa assumption, and the proposed Kom assumption (predicted specifically for the realistic organic films in this study). After long-term SVOC sorption, the organic film reached increasing equilibrium gradually under constant Kns,im assumption. While under Koa and Kom assumption, organic films exhibited nearly linear increases on surfaces, the trends of which agreed well with field studies. However, the film thicknesses calculated under Kom assumption with larger film partition coefficients were approximately twice larger than those under Koa assumption. Meanwhile, Horizontal surfaces with higher deposition rates of particle-phase SVOCs exhibited larger velocities of film growth compared to vertical surfaces. Under the Kom assumption, exposures of hazardous SVOCs for a 3-year-old child increased by 87.5 %-198.7 % even with the weekly cleaning of indoor impermeable surfaces, carpet and cloth. This study is anticipated to provide valuable insights into the film-forming characteristics of multiple SVOCs and the accompanying significant health risks to human beings in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yilun Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fanxuan Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, 01821, USA
| | - Jinhan Mo
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Urban Resilient Infrastructures (Shenzhen University), Ministry of Education, Shenzhen 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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3
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Deeleepojananan C, Grassian VH. Gas-Phase and Surface-Initiated Reactions of Household Bleach and Terpene-Containing Cleaning Products Yield Chlorination and Oxidation Products Adsorbed onto Indoor Relevant Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20699-20707. [PMID: 38010858 PMCID: PMC10720375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of household bleach cleaning products results in emissions of highly oxidative gaseous species, such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chlorine (Cl2). These species readily react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as limonene, one of the most abundant compounds found in indoor enviroments. In this study, reactions of HOCl/Cl2 with limonene in the gas phase and on indoor relevant surfaces were investigated. Using an environmental Teflon chamber, we show that silica (SiO2), a proxy for window glass, and rutile (TiO2), a component of paint and self-cleaning surfaces, act as a reservoir for adsorption of gas-phase products formed between HOCl/Cl2 and limonene. Furthermore, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) shows that the gas-phase reaction products of HOCl/Cl2 and limonene readily adsorb on both SiO2 and TiO2. Surface-mediated reactions can also occur, leading to the formation of new chlorine- and oxygen-containing products. Transmission Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of adsorption and desorption of bleach and terpene oxidation products indicates that these chlorine- and oxygen-containing products strongly adsorb on both SiO2 and TiO2 surfaces for days, providing potential sources of human exposure and sinks for additional heterogeneous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholaphan Deeleepojananan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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4
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Cummings BE, Pothier MA, Katz EF, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Waring MS. Model Framework for Predicting Semivolatile Organic Material Emissions Indoors from Organic Aerosol Measurements: Applications to HOMEChem Stir-Frying. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17374-17383. [PMID: 37930106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cooking activities emit myriad low-volatility, semivolatile, and highly volatile organic compounds that together form particles that can accumulate to large indoor concentrations. Absorptive partitioning thermodynamics governs the particle-phase organic aerosol concentration mainly via temperature and sorbing mass impacts. Cooking activities can increase the organic sorbing mass by 1-2 orders of magnitude, increasing particle-phase concentrations and affecting emission rate calculations. Although recent studies have begun to probe the volatility characteristics of indoor cooking particles, parametrizations of cooking particle mass emissions have largely neglected these thermodynamic considerations. Here, we present an improved thermodynamics-based model framework for estimating condensable organic material emission rates from a time series of observed concentrations, given that adequate measurements or assumptions can be made about the volatility of the emitted species. We demonstrate the performance of this methodology by applying data from stir-frying experiments performed during the House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign to a two-zone box model representing the UTest House. Preliminary estimates of organic mass emitted on a per-stir-fry basis for three types of organic aerosol factors are presented. Our analysis highlights that using traditional nonvolatile particle models and emission characterizations for some organic aerosol emitting activities can incorrectly attribute concentration changes to emissions rather than thermodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Cummings
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matson A Pothier
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Michael S Waring
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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5
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Bai L, Lv K, Li J, Gao W, Liao C, Wang Y, Jiang G. Evaluating the dynamic distribution process and potential exposure risk of chlorinated paraffins in indoor environments of Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129907. [PMID: 36099735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are typical semi-volatile chemicals (SVOCs) that have been used in copious quantities in indoor material additives. SVOCs distribute dynamically between the gas phase and various condensate phases, especially organic films. Investigating the dynamic behaviors of existing CPs in indoor environments is necessary for understanding their potential risk to humans from indoor exposure. We investigate the distribution profiles of CPs in both gas phase and organic films in indoor environments of residential buildings in Beijing, China. The concentrations of CPs were in the range of 32.21-1447 ng/m3 in indoor air and in the range of 42.30-431.1 μg/m2 and in organic films. Cooking frequency was identified as a key factor that affected the distribution profiles of CPs. Furthermore, a film/gas partitioning model was constructed to explore the transportation and fate of CPs. Interestingly, a re-emission phenomenon from organic films was observed for chemical groups with lower log Koa components, and, importantly, their residue levels in indoor air were well predicted. The estimated exposure risk of CPs in indoor environment was obtained. For the first time, these results produced convincing evidence that the co-exposure risk of short-chain CPs (SCCPs), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs) in indoor air could be further increased by film/gas distribution properties, which is relevant for performing risk assessments of exposure to these SVOCs in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Morrison GC, Eftekhari A, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Cummings BE, Waring MS, Williams B. Partitioning of reactive oxygen species from indoor surfaces to indoor aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2310-2323. [PMID: 36314460 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are among the species thought to be responsible for the adverse health effects of particulate matter (PM) inhalation. Field studies suggest that indoor sources of ROS contribute to measured ROS on PM in indoor air. We hypothesize that ozone reacts on indoor surfaces to form semi-volatile ROS, in particular organic peroxides (OPX), which partition to airborne particles. To test this hypothesis, we modeled ozone-induced formation of OPX, its decay and its partitioning to PM in a residential building and compared the results to field measurements. Simulations indicate that, while ROS of outdoor origin is the primary contributor to indoor ROS (in PM), a substantial fraction of ROS present in indoor PM is from ozone-surface chemistry. At an air change rate equal to 1/h, and an outdoor ozone mixing ratio of 35 ppb, 25% of the ROS concentration in air is due to indoor formation and partitioning of OPX to PM. For the same conditions, but with a modest indoor source of PM (1.5 mg h-1), 44% of indoor ROS on PM is of indoor origin. An indoor source of ozone, such as an electrostatic air cleaner, also increases OPX present in indoor PM. The results of the simulations support the hypothesis that ozone-induced formation of OPX on indoor surfaces, and subsequent partitioning to aerosols, is sufficient to explain field observations. Therefore, indoor sourced ROS could contribute meaningfully to total inhaled PM-ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Morrison
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, USA
| | | | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bryan E Cummings
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brent Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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7
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Zhang A, Luo Y, Jia A, Park M, Daniels KD, Nie X, Wu S, Snyder SA. Adsorption kinetics of 20 glucocorticoids at environmentally relevant concentrations in wastewater by powdered activated carbons and development of surrogate models. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2022; 50:103279. [PMID: 36349294 PMCID: PMC9634149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the treatment of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the toxicity of GCs to aquatic organisms has aroused widespread concern. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) has proven effective in removing various trace organic pollutants. In this study, the adsorption behaviors of 20 typical GCs onto PACs were investigated at environmentally relevant concentrations (ng/L) in real wastewater, using four commercially available PACs (HDB, WPH, 20BF, PWA). The results showed that PAC adsorption was feasible for GC removal at ng/L concentrations. After adsorption for 60 min, the GC removal efficiencies obtained by HDB, WPH, 20BF, and PWA were 90-98 %, 89-97 %, 84-96 %, and 71-90 %, respectively. The adsorption processes of 20 GCs on PACs were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model (with R 2 >0.98). Among the four PACs, HDB achieved the highest rates because of the electrostatic attraction between HDB (positively charged) and the complex of GCs and natural organic matter (GC-NOM, negatively charged). Among the 20 GCs, compounds with substitutions of halogen atoms or five-membered rings at C-17 achieved higher adsorption rates because of the enhanced formation of hydrogen bonds and a resulting increase in electron density. In addition, surrogate models with total fluorescence (TF) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) were developed to monitor the attenuation trend of GCs during adsorption processes. Compared with the UV254 model, the TF model showed better sensitivity to GC monitoring, which could greatly simplify the water quality monitoring process and facilitate online monitoring of GCs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuxin Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ai Jia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, CA 91750, USA
| | - Minkyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Kevin D Daniels
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
- Stantec Inc., 3133 W Frye Rd Suite 300, Chandler, AZ 85226, USA
| | - Xuhao Nie
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Shimin Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
- Jiangsu Shuangliang Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214444, China
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
- Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore
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8
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DeYoung JL, Shaw SK. Host surface orientation impacts environmental film accumulations. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135823. [PMID: 35973506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two environmental films were passively collected in different orientations (vertical or horizontal) at the same location over two months. We characterized these films using bright field microscopy, total dissolved species analysis, pH analysis, vibrational interfacial spectroscopy, and contact angle goniometry. Results show that horizontal films have significantly higher surface coverage than the vertical samples (+50%). The vertical and horizontal films also show different particle morphologies but the particle size distributions are not statistically different. Vertical surfaces have smaller, less compact particulate suggesting particle adsorption depends on the surface area in contact with the parent substrate. Horizontal surfaces also generate more total dissolved solid material per unit area when washed with water (+61%). The dissolved solids from the vertical substrate are more acidic per unit mass, suggesting increased pH active species like nitrate, sulfate, or organic acids. Vibrational spectroscopy provides evidence of nitrates and sulfates in both films, but spectroscopic profiles show these ions are present in different forms. Contact angle goniometry measurements show horizontal films are more hydrophilic than vertical films, despite being deposited on the same substrate material. We also report significantly different hydrogen bonding environments for condensed water between the two films. Our results suggest that environmental films deposited on vertical vs horizontal surfaces will have significantly different characteristics, informing models for deposition and impacts to human and environmental health.
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9
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Cummings BE, Shiraiwa M, Waring MS. Phase state of organic aerosols may limit temperature-driven thermodynamic repartitioning following outdoor-to-indoor transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1678-1696. [PMID: 35920302 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00093h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambient aerosols often experience temperature and humidity gradients following outdoor-to-indoor transport, causing organic aerosols (OA) to either gain or lose mass via gas-particle repartitioning. Recent models have sought to quantify these effects using equilibrium partitioning thermodynamics. However, evidence suggests some indoor OA may possess glassy or semisolid phase states with higher viscosities than liquid OA. Characteristic partitioning timescales of higher-viscosity particles are significantly longer than for liquid particles, which may either fully or partially inhibit repartitioning. For outdoor OA experiencing a temperature change during transport indoors, the ultimate repartitioning state depends on the relationship between the gas-particle partitioning rate coefficient (kgp) of semivolatile organics and the indoor particle loss rate coefficient (lp). That is, thermodynamic equilibrium partitioning may occur when semivolatile kgp ≫ lp, no repartitioning when semivolatile kgp ≪ lp, and partial repartitioning when their magnitudes are similar. Longer indoor particle lifetimes, higher particle number, and larger particle sizes all raise kgp (driving repartitioning towards equilibrium). For simulated U.S. residences, equilibrium condensation was likely reached in humid climate zones during warm meteorological conditions. In colder regions, the degree of evaporative repartitioning depended on whether organics could repartition before the particle phase state adjusts to indoor conditions, which is uncertain. When an appreciable temperature gradient exists, this study not only confirmed that all outdoor-originating OA that is liquid indoors will reach thermodynamic equilibrium, but also concluded that a plurality (46% for this domain) of such OA that is semisolid may also achieve thermodynamic equilibrium during its indoor lifetime.
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10
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Wei W, Little JC, Nicolas M, Ramalho O, Mandin C. Modeling Primary Emissions of Chemicals from Liquid Products Applied on Indoor Surfaces. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10122. [PMID: 36011756 PMCID: PMC9407831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid products applied on material surfaces and human skin, including many household cleaning products and personal care products, can lead to intermittent emissions of chemicals and peak concentrations in indoor air. The existing case-based models do not allow inter-comparison of different use scenarios and emission mechanisms. In this context, the present work developed a mechanistic model based on mass transfer theories, which allowed emissions into the air from the liquid product to be characterized. It also allowed for diffusion into the applied surface during product use and re-emission from the applied surface after the depletion of the liquid product. The model was validated using literature data on chemical emissions following floor cleaning and personal care product use. A sensitivity analysis of the model was then conducted. The percentage of the chemical mass emitted from the liquid to the air varied from 45% (applied on porous material) to 99% (applied on human skin), and the rest was absorbed into the applied material/skin. The peak gas-phase concentration, the time to reach the peak concentration, and the percentage of the liquid-to-air emission depended significantly on the chemical's octanol/gas and material/gas partition coefficients and the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in the applied material/skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - John C. Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Mélanie Nicolas
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), University of Paris-Est, CEDEX 2, 77447 Marne la Vallée, France
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11
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Chen Z, Wu Q, Xu Y, Mo J. Partitioning of airborne PAEs on indoor impermeable surfaces: A microscopic view of the sorption process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127326. [PMID: 34597933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic films were widely found on indoor impermeable surfaces exposed to gaseous organic compounds, but few studies have addressed the film growth details on different indoor substrates. In this study, we observed the topography evolution of phthalic acid ester (PAE) organic films on three impermeable substrates: polished glass (G-P), mirror-polished stainless steel (SS-M) and drawn stainless steel (SS-D). PAE organic films were preferentially formed upon the flat surface with sparse inherent nano-peaks of substrate G-P and in valleys of substrate SS-M and SS-D. Surface uniformity of substrates and viscosity of PAE molecules were inferred as critical parameters determining the surface average adhesion forces. We obtained the partition coefficients of DEP, DnBP, BBP and DEHP on substrate G-P, SS-M and SS-D by fitting the initial monolayer adsorption process. Organic films continuously grew instead of reaching adsorption equilibrium after long-term PAE exposure, indicating that multilayer adsorption may occur. The organic film growth rates in saturated gas-phase PAE concentrations were quantified as about one-tenth of the results in previous studies where substrates were simultaneously exposed to multiple pollutants. To sum up, the results outline PAE adsorption details on impermeable materials and provide a reference for better estimation on PAE exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qianying Wu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
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12
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Or VW, Alves MR, Wade M, Schwab S, Corsi RL, Grassian VH. Nanoscopic Study of Water Uptake on Glass Surfaces with Organic Thin Films and Particles from Exposure to Indoor Cooking Activities: Comparison to Model Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1594-1604. [PMID: 35061386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake by thin organic films and organic particles on glass substrates at 80% relative humidity was investigated using atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy. Glass surfaces exposed to kitchen cooking activities show a wide variability of coverages from organic particles and organic thin films. Water uptake, as measured by changes in the volume of the films and particles, was also quite variable. A comparison of glass surfaces exposed to kitchen activities to model systems shows that they can be largely represented by oxidized oleic acid and carboxylate groups on long and medium hydrocarbon chains (i.e., fatty acids). Overall, we demonstrate that organic particles and thin films that cover glass surfaces can take up water under indoor-relevant conditions but that the water content is not uniform. The spatial heterogeneity of the changes in these aged glass surfaces under dry (5%) and wet (80%) conditions is quite marked, highlighting the need for studies at the nano- and microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael Wade
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarah Schwab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Richard L Corsi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- College of Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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13
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Wu T, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Stevens PS, Boor BE. Influence of Mechanical Ventilation Systems and Human Occupancy on Time-Resolved Source Rates of Volatile Skin Oil Ozonolysis Products in a LEED-Certified Office Building. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16477-16488. [PMID: 34851619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Building mechanical ventilation systems are a major driver of indoor air chemistry as their design and operation influences indoor ozone (O3) concentrations, the dilution and transport of indoor-generated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and indoor environmental conditions. Real-time VOC and O3 measurements were integrated with a building sensing platform to evaluate the influence of mechanical ventilation modes and human occupancy on the dynamics of skin oil ozonolysis products (SOOPs) in an office in a LEED-certified building during the winter. The ventilation system operated under variable recirculation ratios (RRs) from RR = 0 (100% outdoor air) to RR = 1 (100% recirculation air). Time-resolved source rates for 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA), and decanal were highly dynamic and changed throughout the day with RR and occupancy. Total SOOP source rates during high-occupancy periods (10:00-18:00) varied from 2500-3000 μg h-1 when RR = 0.1 to 6300-6700 μg h-1 when RR = 1. Source rates for gas-phase reactions, outdoor air, and occupant-associated emissions generally decreased with increasing RR. The recirculation air source rate increased with RR and typically became the dominant source for RR > 0.5. SOOP emissions from surface reservoirs were also a prominent source, contributing 10-50% to total source rates. Elevated per person SOOP emission factors were observed, potentially due to multiple layers of soiled clothing worn during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Wu
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Antonios Tasoglou
- RJ Lee Group Incorporated, Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Heinz Huber
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions, Limited Liability Company, Novelty, Ohio 44072, United States
| | - Philip S Stevens
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Lakey PSJ, Eichler CMA, Wang C, Little JC, Shiraiwa M. Kinetic multi-layer model of film formation, growth, and chemistry (KM-FILM): Boundary layer processes, multi-layer adsorption, bulk diffusion, and heterogeneous reactions. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2070-2083. [PMID: 33991124 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large surface area-to-volume ratios indoors cause heterogeneous interactions to be especially important. Semi-volatile organic compounds can deposit on impermeable indoor surfaces forming thin organic films. We developed a new model to simulate the initial film formation by treating gas-phase diffusion and turbulence through a surface boundary layer and multi-layer reversible adsorption on rough surfaces, as well as subsequent film growth by resolving bulk diffusion and chemical reactions in a film. The model was applied with consistent parameters to reproduce twenty-one sets of film formation measurements due to multi-layer adsorption of multiple phthalates onto different indoor-relevant surfaces, showing that the films should initially be patchy with the formation of pyramid-like structures on the surface. Sensitivity tests showed that highly turbulent conditions can lead to the film growing by more than a factor of two compared to low turbulence conditions. If surface films adopt an ultra-viscous state with bulk diffusion coefficients of less than 10-18 cm2 s-1 , a significant decrease in film growth is expected. The presence of chemical reactions in the film has the potential to increase the rate of film growth by nearly a factor of two.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chunyi Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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15
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Jones KC, Ma J, Wang P, Yang R, Li Y, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Modeling of Flame Retardants in Typical Urban Indoor Environments in China during 2010-2030: Influence of Policy and Decoration and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11745-11755. [PMID: 34410710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel flame retardants (FRs) are of increasing concern, given growing evidence of health effects and use to replace polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This study modeled combined effects of use policies and decoration on indoor FRs and human exposure for 18 widely used PBDEs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), and novel brominated flame retardants in typical urban indoor environments in China. The current estimated indoor emission rates and average concentrations in air and dust of the 18 FRs were 102-103 ng/h, 561 ng/m3, and 1.5 × 104 ng/g, respectively, with seven OPEs dominant (>69%). Different use patterns exist between China and the US and Europe. Scenarios modeled over 2010-2030 suggested that decoration would affect indoor concentrations of FRs more than use policies, and use policies were mainly responsible for shifts of FR composition. Additional use of hexabromobenzene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene and removal of BDE-209 would make the total human exposure to the modeled FR mixture increase after the restriction of penta- and octa-BDE but decrease after deca-BDE was banned. Better knowledge of the toxicity of substitutes is needed for a complete understanding of the health implications of such changes. Toddlers may be more affected by use changes than adults. Such studies are supportive to the management of FR use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dou Wang
- Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Sheu R, Fortenberry CF, Walker MJ, Eftekhari A, Stönner C, Bakker A, Peccia J, Williams J, Morrison GC, Williams BJ, Gentner DR. Evaluating Indoor Air Chemical Diversity, Indoor-to-Outdoor Emissions, and Surface Reservoirs Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10255-10267. [PMID: 34270218 PMCID: PMC8461992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Detailed offline speciation of gas- and particle-phase organic compounds was conducted using gas/liquid chromatography with traditional and high-resolution mass spectrometers in a hybrid targeted/nontargeted analysis. Observations were focused on an unoccupied home and were compared to two other indoor sites. Observed gas-phase organic compounds span the volatile to semivolatile range, while functionalized organic aerosols extend from intermediate volatility to ultra-low volatility, including a mix of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur-containing species. Total gas-phase abundances of hydrocarbon and oxygenated gas-phase complex mixtures were elevated indoors and strongly correlated in the unoccupied home. While gas-phase concentrations of individual compounds generally decreased slightly with greater ventilation, their elevated ratios relative to controlled emissions of tracer species suggest that the dilution of gas-phase concentrations increases off-gassing from surfaces and other indoor reservoirs, with volatility-dependent responses to dynamically changing environmental factors. Indoor-outdoor emissions of gas-phase intermediate-volatility/semivolatile organic hydrocarbons from the unoccupied home averaged 6-11 mg h-1, doubling with ventilation. While the largest single-compound emissions observed were furfural (61-275 mg h-1) and acetic acid, observations spanned a wide range of individual volatile chemical products (e.g., terpenoids, glycol ethers, phthalates, other oxygenates), highlighting the abundance of long-lived reservoirs resulting from prior indoor use or materials, and their gradual transport outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sheu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Claire F Fortenberry
- Department of Energy, Environmental, & Chemical Engineering and Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Michael J Walker
- Department of Energy, Environmental, & Chemical Engineering and Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27515, United States
| | - Christof Stönner
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Alexa Bakker
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27515, United States
| | - Brent J Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental, & Chemical Engineering and Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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17
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Eichler CMA, Hubal EAC, Xu Y, Cao J, Bi C, Weschler CJ, Salthammer T, Morrison GC, Koivisto AJ, Zhang Y, Mandin C, Wei W, Blondeau P, Poppendieck D, Liu X, Delmaar CJE, Fantke P, Jolliet O, Shin HM, Diamond ML, Shiraiwa M, Zuend A, Hopke PK, von Goetz N, Kulmala M, Little JC. Assessing Human Exposure to SVOCs in Materials, Products, and Articles: A Modular Mechanistic Framework. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:25-43. [PMID: 33319994 PMCID: PMC7877794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the current state of knowledge of chemical emissions from indoor sources, partitioning among indoor compartments, and the ensuing indoor exposure leads to a proposal for a modular mechanistic framework for predicting human exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Mechanistically consistent source emission categories include solid, soft, frequent contact, applied, sprayed, and high temperature sources. Environmental compartments are the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, indoor surfaces, and clothing. Identified research needs are the development of dynamic emission models for several of the source emission categories and of estimation strategies for critical model parameters. The modular structure of the framework facilitates subsequent inclusion of new knowledge, other chemical classes of indoor pollutants, and additional mechanistic processes relevant to human exposure indoors. The framework may serve as the foundation for developing an open-source community model to better support collaborative research and improve access for application by stakeholders. Combining exposure estimates derived using this framework with toxicity data for different end points and toxicokinetic mechanisms will accelerate chemical risk prioritization, advance effective chemical management decisions, and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Patrice Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle 77447, France
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- Engineering Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A0B9, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5708, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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18
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Lim CY, Abbatt JP. Chemical Composition, Spatial Homogeneity, and Growth of Indoor Surface Films. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14372-14379. [PMID: 33156609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic films on indoor surfaces are ubiquitous, but details about their composition and growth over timescales less than a month are not fully understood. To address these gaps in understanding, organic film samples in an apartment unit were collected over the course of 17 days using passive samplers and analyzed in a non-targeted manner using direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Overall, the chemical composition observed across various locations within the apartment are very similar. Mass spectra also show clear evidence for the growth of semi-volatile compounds from natural sources and consumer products, such as carboxylic acids and plasticizers. Certain compounds show evidence for equilibration, mostly consistent with surface partitioning models based on octanol-air partition coefficients (Koa). Compounds which have higher molecular weight or larger Koa values tend to equilibrate later, leading to an overall shift in the composition of the film as a function of collection time. Growth rates of film thickness are at least 0.05 nm/day based on a limited number of individually calibrated ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Y Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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19
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Algrim LB, Pagonis D, de Gouw JA, Jimenez JL, Ziemann PJ. Measurements and modeling of absorptive partitioning of volatile organic compounds to painted surfaces. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:745-756. [PMID: 32077147 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning to surfaces is an important sink for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors, but the mechanisms are not well understood or quantified. Here, a mass spectrometer was coupled to a portable surface reactor and a flow tube to measure partitioning of VOCs into paint films coated onto glass or wallboard, and their subsequent diffusion. A model was developed to extract values of the effective absorbing organic mass concentration of the film, Cw , which is a measure of absorption capacity, and VOC diffusion coefficients, Df , from VOC time profiles measured during film passivation and depassivation. Values of Cw agreed well with the value estimated from the paint film mass and flow tube air volume, and Df values (also measured using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) correlated well with VOC vapor saturation concentrations, C*, estimated using a group contribution method. The value of these relationships for estimating key parameters that control VOC partitioning into paint and the fate of VOCs indoors was demonstrated using a house model, which indicated that >50% of VOCs with C* ≤108 μg/m3 (C* of octane, hexanone, and propanol) that contacted a paint film of typical thickness fully permeated the film regardless of emission duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Algrim
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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20
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Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ. Indoor acids and bases. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:559-644. [PMID: 32233033 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous acids and bases influence indoor air quality. The most abundant of these species are CO2 (acidic) and NH3 (basic), both emitted by building occupants. Other prominent inorganic acids are HNO3 , HONO, SO2 , H2 SO4 , HCl, and HOCl. Prominent organic acids include formic, acetic, and lactic; nicotine is a noteworthy organic base. Sources of N-, S-, and Cl-containing acids can include ventilation from outdoors, indoor combustion, consumer product use, and chemical reactions. Organic acids are commonly more abundant indoors than outdoors, with indoor sources including occupants, wood, and cooking. Beyond NH3 and nicotine, other noteworthy bases include inorganic and organic amines. Acids and bases partition indoors among the gas-phase, airborne particles, bulk water, and surfaces; relevant thermodynamic parameters governing the partitioning are the acid-dissociation constant (Ka ), Henry's law constant (KH ), and the octanol-air partition coefficient (Koa ). Condensed-phase water strongly influences the fate of indoor acids and bases and is also a medium for chemical interactions. Indoor surfaces can be large reservoirs of acids and bases. This extensive review of the state of knowledge establishes a foundation for future inquiry to better understand how acids and bases influence the suitability of indoor environments for occupants, cultural artifacts, and sensitive equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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21
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Eichler CMA, Little JC. A framework to model exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in indoor environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:500-511. [PMID: 32141451 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) include a wide range of halogenated chemicals, which have been used as water- and stain-resistant coatings for consumer products and industrial purposes. PFAS are persistent in the environment and several are bioaccumulative, and thus relevant for human and environmental health. Given their pervasiveness, we need to understand how we are exposed to PFAS, especially in indoor environments where many people spend most of their time. Research on indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) has progressed rapidly in recent years. Because many PFAS can be considered SVOCs, much of what has been learned about SVOCs may be used to guide research on PFAS exposure in indoor environments. Here, we briefly review what has been done to assess indoor exposure to PFAS. Then, we propose a systematic indoor exposure framework for PFAS based on methods to estimate exposure to SVOCs. We illustrate how critical parameters such as partition coefficients for different media (particles, dust, surfaces, and clothing) for different types of PFAS could be measured, how these measurements can be used in exposure models for PFAS, and how fundamental, predictive relationships might be used to estimate necessary parameters for emerging compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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22
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Abbatt JPD, Wang C. The atmospheric chemistry of indoor environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:25-48. [PMID: 31712796 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Through air inhalation, dust ingestion and dermal exposure, the indoor environment plays an important role in controlling human chemical exposure. Indoor emissions and chemistry can also have direct impacts on the quality of outdoor air. And so, it is important to have a strong fundamental knowledge of the chemical processes that occur in indoor environments. This review article summarizes our understanding of the indoor chemistry field. Using a molecular perspective, it addresses primarily the new advances that have occurred in the past decade or so and upon developments in our understanding of multiphase partitioning and reactions. A primary goal of the article is to contrast indoor chemistry to that which occurs outdoors, which we know to be a strongly gas-phase, oxidant-driven system in which substantial oxidative aging of gases and aerosol particles occurs. By contrast, indoor environments are dark, gas-phase oxidant concentrations are relatively low, and due to air exchange, only short times are available for reactive processing of gaseous and particle constituents. However, important gas-surface partitioning and reactive multiphase chemistry occur in the large surface reservoirs that prevail in all indoor environments. These interactions not only play a crucial role in controlling the composition of indoor surfaces but also the surrounding gases and aerosol particles, thus affecting human chemical exposure. There are rich research opportunities available if the advanced measurement and modeling tools of the outdoor atmospheric chemistry community continue to be brought indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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23
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Corrigendum. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:874. [PMID: 31423676 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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24
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Manuja A, Ritchie J, Buch K, Wu Y, Eichler CMA, Little JC, Marr LC. Total surface area in indoor environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1384-1392. [PMID: 31246204 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Certain processes in indoor air, such as deposition, partitioning, and heterogeneous reactions, involve interactions with surfaces. We have characterized the surface area, volume, shape, and material of objects in 10 bedrooms, nine kitchens, and three offices. The resolution of the measurements was ∼1 cm. The ratio of surface area with contents to that without contents did not vary by type of room and averaged 1.5 ± 0.3 (mean ± standard deviation) across all rooms. The ratio of the volume minus contents to nominal volume averaged 0.9 ± 0.1 and was lower for kitchens compared to bedrooms and offices. Ignoring contents, the surface-area-to-volume ratio was 1.8 ± 0.3 m-1; accounting for contents, the ratio was 3.2 ± 1.2 m-1, or 78% higher. These two ratios did not vary by type of room and were similar to those measured for 33 rooms in another study. Due to substantial differences in the design and contents of kitchens, their ratios had the highest variability among the three room types. The most common shape of surfaces was flat rectangular, while each room also had many irregularly-shaped objects. Paint-covered surfaces and stained wood were the two most common materials in each room, accounting for an average of 42% and 22% of total surface area, respectively, although the distribution of materials varied by room type. These findings have important implications for understanding the chemistry of indoor environments, as the available surface area for deposition, partitioning, and reactions is higher and more complex than assumed in simple models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archit Manuja
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1145 Perry Street, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Uhde E, Varol D, Mull B, Salthammer T. Distribution of five SVOCs in a model room: effect of vacuuming and air cleaning measures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1353-1363. [PMID: 31070628 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With regard to the application of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in products for indoor use, a distinct trend towards substitutions can currently be observed. Among the possible phthalate alternatives, in particular the adipic acid esters have gained in market importance. The chemical-physical and thermodynamic properties of the phthalates and adipates allow the conclusion to be drawn that they are distributed between different compartments (gas phase, particle phase, dust, material surfaces) of the indoor space. There are, however, hardly any data in existence which were collected in a real environment over six months and longer. Diisobutyl adipate (DiBA), di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA), dipentyl phthalate (DPP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) were selected as model substances. By means of spiked latex paint and spiked house dust, these SVOCs were introduced into two identically equipped test rooms. One room was cleaned regularly, whilst the reference room was not entered for a 133 day experimental period. The concentrations of the five target substances were determined in the air and in material samples (carpet, vacuum-cleaner bags, filters). During the operation of an air purifier, the air concentration of the target substances in a room could be reduced by more than 50%. In the reference room, a correlation between the logarithmic air concentration and the reciprocal room temperature was found. The results show with great clarity the complexity of the conditions in an indoor room. Models can therefore depict the exposure as a statistical average but not, however, describe the individual case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Uhde
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Abstract
Indoor surfaces provide a plentiful and varied substrate on which multiphase reactions can occur which can be important to the chemical makeup of the indoor environment. Here, we attempt to characterise real indoor surface films via water uptake behaviour and ionic composition. We show that water uptake by indoor films is different than that observed outdoors, and can vary according to room use, building characteristics, and season. Similarly, preliminary investigation into the ionic composition of the films showed that they varied according to the room in which they were collected. This study highlights the importance of different types of soiling to multiphase chemistry, especially those reactions controlled by relative humidity or adsorbed water.
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