1
|
Li L, Huang L, Lei R, Zhang P, Yang Y, Liu H, Zhang Y. DEHP and DBP, common phthalates, induce glucose metabolism disorders in rats via oxidative damage of PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling. Environ Pollut 2024; 341:122948. [PMID: 37977363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are environmental endocrine disruptors thought to interfere with glucose metabolism in humans. Most of the related research has focused on population epidemiological studies, with the underlying mechanisms remaining unresolved. Using an in vivo animal model, we examined the effects of oral administration of two commonly used PAEs [di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP)] on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. DEHP (750 mg/kg, 1/40 LD50), DBP (500 mg/kg, 1/40 LD50), and DEHP (750 mg/kg) + DBP (500 mg/kg) exert an influence on glucose metabolism and elicit a reduction in insulin sensitivity in rats. Furthermore, these substances induce detrimental effects on the structure and functionality of pancreatic β-cells. DEHP and/or DBP triggered an increase in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; a reduction in the phosphorylation of phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and phospho-protein kinase B (p-Akt473) proteins; an increase in the relative expression of Bax, Caspase-8, cleaved-Caspase-9, and cleaved-Caspase-3; and a reduction in the relative expression of Bcl-2-related Bax in pancreatic tissue and of gastrocnemius glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in the gastrocnemius muscle. Based on these findings, these PAEs can disrupt glucose metabolism, possibly via oxidative damage of the PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 pathway; this damage induces pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, affects pancreatic β-cell function, and affects glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in rats. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to show that the combined effect of the two PAEs affects glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in rats that is significantly higher than the effects of each PAE. Thus, safety standards and studies do not consider this effect as a significant oversight when blending PAEs. We assert that this must be addressed and corrected for establishing more impactful and safer standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China; School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Lingyan Huang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Ruichen Lei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China; School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Pengju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China; School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China; School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Herong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China; School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China; School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang F, Chen H, Liu Y, Wang M. Phthalate acid ester release from microplastics in water environment and their comparison between single and competitive adsorption. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:118964-118975. [PMID: 37922078 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of microplastics (MPs) to adsorb environmental pollutants has been extensively studied. However, little is known about the ability of MPs to release inherent additives and the interaction between them. This paper explored the effects of environmental factors on the release of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) from three different types of microplastics (polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs), polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs), and polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs)) by simulating water environments, as well as the differences in the adsorption of one or more PAEs by MPs. The results showed that the types of MPs, single environmental factors, and combined environmental factors had a great influence on the release of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In the influence of a single environmental factor, the releasing amount of DEHP increased significantly. When the pH value increased from 5 to 9, the release of three PAEs from all MPs decreased. Moreover, under the combined influence of three environmental factors, the DEHP release from PP-MPs was most affected by environmental factors, and the order of influence of the three environmental factors was ionic strength > organic matter > pH. The DEHP release of PS-MPs was the highest (0.058 ± 0.023 μg/L), followed by PP-MPs (0.038 ± 0.010 μg/L) and PE-MPs (0.035 ± 0.008 μg/L). Adsorption kinetics and isotherm fitting showed that the adsorption process of the three MPs was suitable for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm had a higher fitting degree. Compared with single adsorption, the competitive adsorption of three PAEs increased the adsorption capacity of DEHP and decreased the adsorption capacity of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP). These findings help predict the potential of MPs to release toxic additives under different environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 21, Gehu Middle Road, Wujin District, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 21, Gehu Middle Road, Wujin District, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 21, Gehu Middle Road, Wujin District, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Mingxin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, No. 21, Gehu Middle Road, Wujin District, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Conde-Díaz A, Santana-Mayor Á, Herrera-Herrera AV, Socas-Rodríguez B, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Assessment of endocrine disruptor pollutants and their metabolites in environmental water samples using a sustainable natural deep eutectic solvent-based analytical methodology. Chemosphere 2023; 338:139480. [PMID: 37453517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an evaluation of the occurrence of fifteen phthalates, four metabolites and one adipate in different groundwater, seawater and wastewater samples has been carried out due to their relevance on human health as they act as endocrine disruptors. For this purpose, a sustainable, fast and easy-handling vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method using a natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent based on menthol and carvacrol as extraction agent, combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, has been developed and applied for the first time. An optimization was performed to evaluate four important factors affecting the extraction performance, and an analytical validation was carried out in terms of matrix effect, linearity, extraction efficiency, and sensitivity. Recovery values were obtained in the range 72-119% for all analytes (except for monoethyl phthalate: 61.1-72.3%) with relative standard deviation values lower than 17%. Limits of quantification were found between 0.91 and 8.09 μg L-1. As a result of the assessment of 31 different environmental water samples, monoethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were detected and quantified at different concentrations in the range 2.59-21.17 μg L-1 in 6 samples, and diallyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate and bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate were detected in 20 more, showing the exposition of the population to these hazardous substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Conde-Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Álvaro Santana-Mayor
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Antonio V Herrera-Herrera
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 2, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu K, Li N, Ding J, Chen N, Wang S, Wang Q, Yao X, Li X, Wang J, Yin H. One-step synthesis of Bi 2O 2CO 3/Bi 2S 3 S-scheme heterostructure with enhanced photoactivity towards dibutyl phthalate degradation under visible light. Chemosphere 2023; 324:138357. [PMID: 36898443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bi2O2CO3/Bi2S3 heterojunction was prepared by one-step hydrothermal method, where Bi(NO3)3 was employed as Bi source, Na2S was used as a sulfur source, and CO(NH2)2 was adopted as C source. The load of Bi2S3 was adjusted by changing the content of Na2S. The prepared Bi2O2CO3/Bi2S3 illustrated strong photocatalytic activity towards dibutyl phthalate (DBP) degradation. The degradation rate was 73.6% under the irradiation of visible light for 3 h, which were 3.5 and 1.87 times for Bi2O2CO3 and Bi2S3, respectively. In addition, the mechanism for the enhanced photoactivity was investigated. After combined with Bi2S3, the formed heterojunction structure inhibited the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pair, improved the visible light adsorption, and accelerated the migration rate of the photogenerated electron. As a result, analysis of the radical formation and the energy band structure revealed that Bi2O2CO3/Bi2S3 was consistent with the S-scheme heterojunction model. The S-scheme heterojunction allowed the Bi2O2CO3/Bi2S3 to possess high photocatalytic activity. The prepared photocatalyst presented acceptable cycle application stability. This work not only develops a facile one-step synthesis technique for Bi2O2CO3/Bi2S3, and also provides a good platform for the degradation of DBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexue Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Na Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Jia Ding
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Na Chen
- Ningyang Environmental Monitoring Centre, 271400, Ningyang, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Suo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangfeng Yao
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Xianxu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China.
| | - Huanshun Yin
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santana-Mayor Á, Rodríguez-Ramos R, Herrera-Herrera AV, Socas-Rodríguez B, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Monitoring of the presence of plasticizers and effect of temperature and storage time in bottled water using a green liquid-liquid microextraction method. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112424. [PMID: 36737999 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a natural deep eutectic solvent was used for the liquid-liquid microextraction of fourteen phthalates and one adipate from bottled waters. The methodology was validated in terms of matrix effect, linearity, recovery, and limits of quantification (LOQs). Optimum extraction conditions (10 mL of water at pH 8.0 with 100 μL of thymol: menthol 2:1 (n/n) as solvent) provided satisfactory determination coefficients (≥ 0.9977), recovery values (82-127%), and LOQs (0.018-0.523 μg/L). The effects of temperature and storage time on plasticizer presence were studied for 36 different brands stored at 4 °C, room temperature, and 45 °C, and analyzed at 0, 24, 48, 72 h, and 1 week. Only diethyl-, dibutyl-, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates, and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate were detected. The results showed that there is no relationship between the storage conditions, the bottle material or water carbonation, and the occurrence of these plasticizers, suggesting that residues are introduced during production or by the water supply. The estimated daily intake was lower than the total daily intake set by the European Food Safety Authority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Santana-Mayor
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ruth Rodríguez-Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio V Herrera-Herrera
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 2, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang T, Ma B, Wang L. Phthalic acid esters in grains, vegetables, and fruits: concentration, distribution, composition, bio-accessibility, and dietary exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:2787-2799. [PMID: 35939188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grain, vegetable, and fruit samples were collected from Xi'an City in Northwest China and analyzed for the characteristics, bio-accessibility, and dietary exposure of 22 phthalic acid esters (PAEs). All the studied PAEs were ubiquitously detected, except for diethyl phthalate in vegetables and fruits. In grains, the sum of detectable PAEs (∑22PAEs) varied between 0.0840 and 40.0 µg/g, with a mean of 4.19 µg/g, presenting rice > > beans > flour, and the major PAEs were di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In vegetables, the ∑21PAEs ranged from 0.190 to 56.8 µg/g, with a mean of 8.07 µg/g, exhibiting leafy vegetables > root vegetables > fruits-vegetables > fungus > cauliflower > beans, and the main PAEs were di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), DnBP, DEHP, di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), and di-iso-decyl phthalate (DiDP). In fruits, the ∑21PAEs varied between 0.300 and 12.6 µg/g, with a mean of 3.97 µg/g, presenting spring-winter season fruits > summer-autumn season fruits and shell-less fruits > shelled fruits, and the predominant PAEs were DiBP, DnBP, DEHP, DiNP, and DiDP. The bio-accessibility of PAEs in the gastrointestinal fluid simulant was higher than that in the single gastric or intestinal fluid simulant. The bio-accessibility of PAEs was correlated with the physiochemical properties of PAEs. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of human dietary exposure to PAEs were lower than the reference doses of United States Environmental Protection Agency and the tolerable dairy intakes (TDIs) of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), except for the EDI of DnBP in the grains and DiBP in the vegetables higher than or close to the TDI of the EFSA. The research suggested that special attention should be paid to human dietary exposure to DnBP and DiBP, especially for children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianbian Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Z, Wu Q, Xu Y, Mo J. Partitioning of airborne PAEs on indoor impermeable surfaces: A microscopic view of the sorption process. J Hazard Mater 2022; 424:127326. [PMID: 34597933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic films were widely found on indoor impermeable surfaces exposed to gaseous organic compounds, but few studies have addressed the film growth details on different indoor substrates. In this study, we observed the topography evolution of phthalic acid ester (PAE) organic films on three impermeable substrates: polished glass (G-P), mirror-polished stainless steel (SS-M) and drawn stainless steel (SS-D). PAE organic films were preferentially formed upon the flat surface with sparse inherent nano-peaks of substrate G-P and in valleys of substrate SS-M and SS-D. Surface uniformity of substrates and viscosity of PAE molecules were inferred as critical parameters determining the surface average adhesion forces. We obtained the partition coefficients of DEP, DnBP, BBP and DEHP on substrate G-P, SS-M and SS-D by fitting the initial monolayer adsorption process. Organic films continuously grew instead of reaching adsorption equilibrium after long-term PAE exposure, indicating that multilayer adsorption may occur. The organic film growth rates in saturated gas-phase PAE concentrations were quantified as about one-tenth of the results in previous studies where substrates were simultaneously exposed to multiple pollutants. To sum up, the results outline PAE adsorption details on impermeable materials and provide a reference for better estimation on PAE exposure assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qianying Wu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mesaik MA, Jabeen A, Saeed M, Zaheer Ul-Haq, Ahmed IE, Ibrahim Y, Mirghani HO, Khalid A. Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Samples from Tabuk Saudi Arabia on Nitric Oxide Production: A Potential Risk for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2021; 18:110-119. [PMID: 34792014 DOI: 10.2174/1573409917666211118094840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is traditionally used in Middle East countries. The several toxic constituents with potential carcinogenicity make it a serious human health risk. Literature regarding their effects on cardiac and cancer disease is lacking in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the adverse effect of 11 different samples of widely used SLT varieties from the Tabuk region - Saudi Arabia, on nitric oxide (NO) level and their potential risk on cardiovascular health, etiology and/or progression of cancers. METHODS Samples were collected from Tabuk, KSA and analyzed by the GC-MS technique. Nitric oxide inhibition was performed using J774.2 macrophages by the Griess method. The retrieved crystallized structure of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from Brookhaven Protein Data Bank Repository PDB I.D: 3E7G with 2.20Å resolution was further prepared by structure using the MOE.2019 tool. The compounds abstracted from 11 different Shammah varieties were sketched by the MOE-Builder tool. Minimization for both receptor and compounds was performed via AMBER99 and MMFF99X force field implemented in MOE. RESULTS Nine samples (4 - 11) showed a potent suppressive effect on NO production with IC50 values ranging between (16.9-20.4 µg/mL), respectively. The samples (1 & 2) exhibited a moderate level of inhibition with IC50 ranging between 33.2 and 57.4 µg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, sample 4 consisting of compounds (13-15, 19-26, 28) that mostly belongs to the group fatty acid ester and phthalic acid ester showed the most potent suppressive effect. Molecular docking results revealed that the current local SLT constituents presented noticeable potency in different extract samples. CONCLUSION Variable suppressive effects on NO were detected in the current SLT samples, where sample 4 was the most potent among all. The extract of the latter exhibited molecular interaction with the first shell amino acid residues of Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which may anchor the plasticity and selectivity of the compounds present in it. The samples (4 -11) showed a potent inhibitory effect on the NO, where compound 26 (Phthalic acid ester) is common, and its adequate concentration may account for augmented biological activity. These results may effectively highlight their adverse effects on cardiovascular health and etiology and/or progression of cancer and may help in strengthening the social and governmental efforts in minimizing the use of these substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Ahmed Mesaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk; Postal Code: 71491; P.O. Box: 741. Saudi Arabia
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270. Pakistan
| | - Maria Saeed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270. Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270. Pakistan
| | - Izzaddinn Elawad Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk; Postal Code: 71491; P.O. Box: 741 . Saudi Arabia
| | - Yassin Ibrahim
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk; Postal Code: 71491; P.O. Box: 741. Saudi Arabia
| | - Hyder Osman Mirghani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk; Postal Code: 71491; P.O. Box: 741 . Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code 45142, Jazan. Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shariati S, Ebenau-Jehle C, Pourbabaee AA, Alikhani HA, Rodriguez-Franco M, Agne M, Jacoby M, Geiger R, Shariati F, Boll M. Degradation of dibutyl phthalate by Paenarthrobacter sp. Shss isolated from Saravan landfill, Hyrcanian Forests, Iran. Biodegradation 2021; 33:59-70. [PMID: 34751871 PMCID: PMC8803807 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-021-09966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters are predominantly used as plasticizers and are industrially produced on the million ton scale per year. They exhibit endocrine-disrupting, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on wildlife and humans. For this reason, biodegradation, the major process of phthalic acid ester elimination from the environment, is of global importance. Here, we studied bacterial phthalic acid ester degradation at Saravan landfill in Hyrcanian Forests, Iran, an active disposal site with 800 tons of solid waste input per day. A di-n-butyl phthalate degrading enrichment culture was established from which Paenarthrobacter sp. strain Shss was isolated. This strain efficiently degraded 1 g L-1 di-n-butyl phthalate within 15 h with a doubling time of 5 h. In addition, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, mono butyl phthalate, and phthalic acid where degraded to CO2, whereas diethyl hexyl phthalate did not serve as a substrate. During the biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate was identified in culture supernatants by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In vitro assays identified two cellular esterase activities that converted di-n-butyl phthalate to mono-n-butyl phthalate, and the latter to phthalic acid, respectively. Our findings identified Paenarthrobacter sp. Shss amongst the most efficient phthalic acid esters degrading bacteria known, that possibly plays an important role in di-n-butyl phthalate elimination at a highly phthalic acid esters contaminated landfill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Shariati
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Ebenau-Jehle
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A A Pourbabaee
- Department of Soil Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - H A Alikhani
- Department of Soil Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Rodriguez-Franco
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Agne
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Jacoby
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - R Geiger
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - F Shariati
- Department of Environmental Science, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
| | - M Boll
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Z, Tian E, Mo J. Removal of gaseous DiBP and DnBP by ionizer-assisted filtration with an external electrostatic field. Environ Pollut 2020; 267:115591. [PMID: 33254646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have been widely used in indoor applications and cause severe sicknesses. In this study, we developed an ionizer-assisted filtration method with an external electrostatic field to efficiently remove gaseous DiBP (Diisobutyl phthalate) and DnBP (Dibutyl phthalate). We used low-pressure drop polyurethane (PU) foams as substrate filters, and loaded fine activated carbon powder into PU foams as PU-C foams. The pressure drop of new filters ranged from 5.28 Pa to 14.3 Pa at the face velocity of 1 m/s. We investigated the influence of filter materials and electrostatic charging on the single-pass filtration efficiency of PAEs and net ozone production. The filtration efficiency of 30 ppi (pores per inch) filter increased from 15.4% (PU) to 29.3% (PU-C) for DiBP. Only pollutant pre-charging cannot enhance the filtration efficiency of PAEs. It may be because negative ions accumulate on the filter surface and cause electrostatic repulsive forces between the charged gaseous PAEs and filters, which lowers the electrostatic filtration efficiency. When charging the pollutants at -8.0 kV and the filter at +10.0 kV simultaneously, the filtration efficiency of 30 ppi PU-C filter increased from 29.3% to 45.5% for DiBP. However, the simultaneous charging on pollutants and filters did not improve the efficiency of 40 ppi PU-C filter. The reason may be that the specific resistance of 40 ppi PU-C filter was 6 times larger than that of 30 ppi PU-C filter, which leads to more negative ions accumulating on the filter surface. The tendency for the removal of DnBP is similar. The net ozone productions of all experiments were less than 0.38 mg/h. Overall, this study developed an ionizer-assisted filtration method with an external electrostatic field, which is based on inexpensive, low pressure drop coarse filters, and is efficient for the active control of gaseous PAEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Enze Tian
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiu FR, Lu Y, Qi Y. DEHP degradation and dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride waste in subcritical water with alkali and ethanol: A comparative study. Chemosphere 2020; 249:126138. [PMID: 32045755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, subcritical water-NaOH (CW-NaOH) and subcritical water-C2H5OH (CW-C2H5OH) processes were developed for diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) degradation and dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste. The introduction of NaOH or C2H5OH in subcritical water had a noticeable influence on the mechanism of DEHP degradation and dechlorination. For both CW-NaOH and CW-C2H5OH treatments, the increase in temperature could increase dechlorination efficiency (DE) of PVC. The DE of CW-NaOH is much higher than that of CW-C2H5OH under the same conditions. The DE of CW-NaOH could exceed 95% at 300 °C. Hydroxyl nucleophilic substitution was the main dechlorination mechanism in CW-NaOH, while nucleophilic substitution and direct dehydrochlorination were equally important in CW-C2H5OH. In CW-NaOH treatment, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, benzaldehyde, and toluene were obtained by hydrolysis and reduction reactions of DEHP. Acetophenone was produced by the further cyclization, dehydrogenation and rearrangement reactions of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. Transesterification was the main degradation pathway of DEHP in CW-C2H5OH at 300 °C. The cyclization and dehydration of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol resulted in producing a high level of ethyl-cyclohexane and 1-ethyl-cyclohexene in CW-C2H5OH at 350 °C. Furthermore, high concentration of ethyl palmitate and ethyl stearate could be prepared in CW-C2H5OH system by the strong reactivity of C2H5OH with the lubricants in PVC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Xiu
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Yongwei Lu
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Qi
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation, Xi'an, 710054, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao J, Ji Y, Zhu Z, Zhang W, Zhang L, Zhao J. PAEs occurrence and sources in road dust and soil in/around parks in May in Tianjin, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 147:238-244. [PMID: 28846928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study reporting the presence of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in 45 composite soil and road dust samples collected in the urban zone of Tianjin, China. Three sample types (one soil and two road dust) were collected from the city parks. Soil samples (SI) were obtained from inside the park, road dust samples (RDI) were gathered from inside the park roads and the others (RDA) from roads surrounding parks. The range of concentrations of ∑6PAEs in SI, RDI and RDA were 0.07-0.92μgg-1, 0.42-6.32μgg-1 and 0.40-7.54μgg-1, respectively. The highest SI ∑6PAEs concentration (0.92μgg-1 in The People's Park) was 13 times higher than that of the lowest content (0.07μgg-1 in XiLiu Park). Furthermore, the spatial distribution of PAEs in RDI showed higher contents in the Nankai and Hexi districts. PAEs concentrations in different types of roads displayed significant differences (P < 0.05). The RDA PAEs distribution expressed decreasing order for different types of roads such as arterial road > sub-arterial road > branch road. The results of nonparametric tests on ∑6PAEs revealed significant differences between every two different sample types (P < 0.05). The analysis of the six PAEs types indicated DnBP and DEHP were the primary contaminating compounds in all sample types. The PCA results showed cosmetics and personal care products were important sources of PAEs in SI, and plasticizers were the key sources of PAEs in RDI and RDA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China.
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tongyan Road 38#, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin CN 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu Q, Lam JCW, Kwok KY, Tsui MMP, Lam PKS. Occurrence and fate of endogenous steroid hormones, alkylphenol ethoxylates, bisphenol A and phthalates in municipal sewage treatment systems. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:49-58. [PMID: 29191315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones, alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can interfere with the endocrine function in organisms at low concentrations. The occurrence, distribution behavior, removal rate and the fate of 31 target EDCs in sewage treatment plants, which consist of various treatment facilities and receiving water in Hong Kong, were investigated. Estrone, nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate and diethyl phthalate were found to be dominant in each group of influent samples with concentrations ranging from 11-33, 747-3945 and 445-4635ng/L, respectively. Conversely, progesterone, nonylphenol-mono-ethoxylate and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant in dewatered sludge, with concentrations ranging from 0.9-237, 75-19,743 and 4310-37,016ng/g (dry weight). The removal rates of primary sedimentation and disinfection approaches were lower than 30% for most of the chemicals, while those of activated sludge and reverse osmosis were greater than 80% for more than two-thirds of the compounds, noticeably decreasing the estrogenic risk of sewage discharged into the environment. Steroid hormones were removed via biological degradation, while some APEOs and PAEs adsorbed to the sludge. Victoria Harbor poses a low to medium estrogenic risk mainly contributed by estrone and estradiol and deserves attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Biology and Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - James C W Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Biology and Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong of Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Karen Y Kwok
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Biology and Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Mirabelle M P Tsui
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Biology and Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Biology and Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang L, Zhang W, Tao W, Wang L, Shi X, Lu X. Investigating into composition, distribution, sources and health risk of phthalic acid esters in street dust of Xi'an City, Northwest China. Environ Geochem Health 2017; 39:865-877. [PMID: 27435489 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers and in consumer products, which may enter the environment and present risks to human health. U.S. EPA classifies six PAEs as priority pollutants, which could be accumulated in street dust at the interface of atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. This study collected a total of 58 street dust samples from Xi'an City in Northwest China and analyzed for concentrations of the priority PAEs. Composition, distribution, sources and health risk of the PAEs were further examined. All the priority PAEs were detected in the street dust. The concentrations of individual PAEs varied between not detected and 183.19 mg/kg. The sum of the 6 priority PAEs (∑6PAEs) ranged from 0.87 to 250.30 mg/kg with a mean of 40.48 mg/kg. The most abundant PAEs in the street dust were di-n-butyl phthalate and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Higher concentrations of ∑6PAEs in the street dust were found in the south and west parts of Xi'an City as well as its urban center, which were possibly attributed to the prevailing northerly Asian winter monsoon. The PAEs in the street dust originated mainly from wide application of plasticizers as well as cosmetics and personal care products. The main pathways of human exposure to PAEs in the street dust were ingestion and dermal adsorption of dust particles. The non-cancer risk of human exposure to PAEs in the street dust was relatively low, while the risk to children was higher than that to adults. The cancer risk of human exposure to DEHP in the street dust was lower than the standard limit value of 10-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Wendong Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY, 13201, USA
| | - Li Wang
- College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmin Shi
- College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Lu
- College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Si Q, Li F, Gao C, Wang C, Wang Z, Zhao J. Detection of phthalate esters in seawater by stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 108:163-170. [PMID: 27157609 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We developed the stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to detect 15 kinds of PAEs in seawater. The stir bars (20mm in length and 1mm in film thickness) coated with 150μL of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were found to demonstrate the optimal extraction of PAEs. The optimal conditions were as follows: extraction time of 2h, extraction temperature of 25°C, sodium chloride of 5%, methanol of 10%, analytical time of 50min, and methanol-acetonitrile (4:1) as the solvent. SBSE-GC-MS revealed that under the set temperature, the chromatographic peaks of all 15 PAEs can appear with complete separation. The detection limit ranged from 0.07μg/L to 5.71μg/L, whereas the limit of quantification ranged from 0.023μg/L to 193μg/L, and the correlation coefficients between the chromatographic peak area and concentration of the PAEs were greater than 0.92.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Si
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fengmin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chenchen Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Public Laboratory of Bioenergy and Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Souza FL, Aquino JM, Irikura K, Miwa DW, Rodrigo MA, Motheo AJ. Electrochemical degradation of the dimethyl phthalate ester on a fluoride-doped Ti/β-PbO2 anode. Chemosphere 2014; 109:187-194. [PMID: 24613504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrooxidation of the dimethyl phthalate (DMP) ester was galvanostatically carried out in a filter-press reactor using a fluoride-doped lead dioxide (β-PbO2,F) film electrodeposited on a Ti substrate. The variables investigated were the nature of the supporting electrolyte (NaCl and Na2SO4), pH (3, 7, and 10), current density (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80mAcm(-2)), and temperature (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50°C). The removal of DMP was monitored through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. The best conditions were obtained using Na2SO4 and at low current densities, independent of the solution pH or temperature. These conditions led to the highest levels of current efficiencies and complete combustion. However, the TOC removal levels were low, due to the generation of highly oxidized intermediates, which was confirmed by the intermediates detected by HPLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda L Souza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - José M Aquino
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kallyni Irikura
- Department of Chemistry, University Federal of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas W Miwa
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Artur J Motheo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Peng X, Li X, Feng L. Behavior of stable carbon isotope of phthalate acid esters during photolysis under ultraviolet irradiation. Chemosphere 2013; 92:1557-1562. [PMID: 23694733 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The photolysis of three phthalic acid esters (PAEs) (dimethyl (DMP), di-n-butyl (DBP), and di-n-octyl (DOP) phthalates) under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 254nm in laboratory experiments was investigated by gas chromatography coupled with isotope ratio mass spectrometry through a combustion interface (GC-C-IRMS). The degradation processes of DMP, DBP and DOP were well described by a first-order kinetic, with rate constants of 0.02636, 0.1005 and 0.958h(-1) for DMP, DBP and DOP, respectively, indicating that the photolysis rate of PAEs is related to the number of carbon atoms in molecule. The results of TOC analysis indicated that PAEs could not be completely mineralized under UV irradiation. Stable carbon isotope fractionation of the three PAEs produced during photolysis was evaluated with compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). Pronounced (13)C-enrichment, with maximum δ(13)C shifts of Δδ(13)CDMP=10.04±0.13‰ (f=0.09), Δδ(13)CDBP=7.4±0.19‰ (f=0.06) and Δδ(13)CDOP=2.9±0.17‰ (f=0.25) in the residual DMP, DBP and DOP, respectively, were clearly a direct evidence for photolysis of three PAEs. The order of stable carbon isotope fractionation of the three PAEs during photolysis, DMP>DBP>DOP, is an inverse function of the number of carbon atoms in molecule. The kinetic isotope effects (KIE) values, from 1.0018 to 1.0045 for the three PAEs, were consistent with the KIE values (1.00-1.03) of the C-O bond cleavage reported in literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|