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Page RA, Dechmann DKN. Roost making in bats. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1252-R1259. [PMID: 36413964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Structures created by animals can serve many purposes. Spiders weave intricate webs to trap prey; beavers engineer complex networks of dams to alter waterways; male bower birds construct and decorate elaborate bowers to attract mates. Animal architecture ranges widely in function, but by far the most common use is shelter. Animals can spend a large amount of time in their shelters, and this is often where they both sleep and rear young, two of the most vulnerable states in animal lives. To optimize the safety and suitability of refuges available to them, many animals have become architects and create their own shelters, ranging from simple holes in the ground to the large complex nests of some social insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá.
| | - Dina K N Dechmann
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá; Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell 78315, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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Guo Y, Chang J, Han L, Liu T, Li G, Garber PA, Xiao N, Zhou J. The Genetic Status of the Critically Endangered Hainan Gibbon ( Nomascus hainanus): A Species Moving Toward Extinction. Front Genet 2020; 11:608633. [PMID: 33343642 PMCID: PMC7746834 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.608633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus), once widespread across Hainan, China, is now found only in the Bawangling National Nature Reserve. With a remaining population size of 33 individuals, it is the world's rarest primate. Habitat loss and fragmentation are the primary drivers of Hainan gibbon population decline. In this study, we integrated data based on field investigations and genotype analyses of 10 microsatellite loci (from fecal samples) to assess genetic diversity in this Critically Endangered primate species. We found that the genetic diversity of the Hainan gibbon is extremely low, with 7 of 8 microsatellite loci exhibiting decreased diversity. Additional molecular analyses are consistent with field observations indicating that individuals in groups A, B, and C are closely related, the female-male sex ratios of the offspring deviates significantly from 1:1, and the world's remaining Hainan gibbon population is expected to experience continued high levels of inbreeding in the future. Given extensive habitat loss (99.9% of its natural range has been deforested) and fragmentation, this rarest ape species faces impending extinction unless corrective measures are implemented immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Guo
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Han
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Paul A. Garber
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ning Xiao
- Guiyang Nursing Vacational College, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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4
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Carella M, Agell G, Uriz MJ. Asexual reproduction and heterozygote selection in an Antarctic demosponge (Stylocordyla chupachus, Suberitida). Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Garg KM, Chattopadhyay B, Ramakrishnan U. Social structure of the harem-forming promiscuous fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx, is the harem truly important? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172024. [PMID: 29515899 PMCID: PMC5830788 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Bats are social animals and display a diverse variety of mating and social systems, with most species exhibiting some form of polygyny. Their social organization is fluid and individuals frequently switch partners and roosting sites. While harem-like social organization is observed in multiple tropical species, its importance is contested in many of them. In this study, we investigated the role of harems in the social organization of the old world fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx. Based on regular behavioural observations over a period of 20 months and genetic data from microsatellite markers, we observed that the social organization is flexible, individuals regularly shift between roosts and the social organization resembles a fission-fusion society. Behavioural and genetic analyses suggest that the harems are not strict units of social structure, and the colony does not show signatures of subdivision with harems as behavioural units. We also observed that there was no correlation between individuals with high association index and pairwise relatedness. Our findings indicate that similar to the mating system, the social organization of C. sphinx can also be categorized as a fission-fusion society, and hence the term 'harem' is a misnomer. We conclude that the social system of C. sphinx is flexible, with multi-male multi-female organization, and individuals tend to be loyal to a given area rather than a roost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika M Garg
- Ecology and Evolution, National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Balaji Chattopadhyay
- Ecology and Evolution, National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- Ecology and Evolution, National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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Paramanantha Swami DD, Nagarajan-Radha V. Male Resource Defence Behaviour Strengthens Harem Size in Promiscuously Mating Fruit Bats. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.2.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doss D. Paramanantha Swami
- School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Zoology, St. John's College, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Desvars-Larrive A, Pascal M, Gasqui P, Cosson JF, Benoît E, Lattard V, Crespin L, Lorvelec O, Pisanu B, Teynié A, Vayssier-Taussat M, Bonnet S, Marianneau P, Lacôte S, Bourhy P, Berny P, Pavio N, Le Poder S, Gilot-Fromont E, Jourdain E, Hammed A, Fourel I, Chikh F, Vourc’h G. Population genetics, community of parasites, and resistance to rodenticides in an urban brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184015. [PMID: 28886097 PMCID: PMC5590879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown rats are one of the most widespread urban species worldwide. Despite the nuisances they induce and their potential role as a zoonotic reservoir, knowledge on urban rat populations remains scarce. The main purpose of this study was to characterize an urban brown rat population from Chanteraines park (Hauts-de-Seine, France), with regards to haematology, population genetics, immunogenic diversity, resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides, and community of parasites. Haematological parameters were measured. Population genetics was investigated using 13 unlinked microsatellite loci. Immunogenic diversity was assessed for Mhc-Drb. Frequency of the Y139F mutation (conferring resistance to rodenticides) and two linked microsatellites were studied, concurrently with the presence of anticoagulant residues in the liver. Combination of microscopy and molecular methods were used to investigate the occurrence of 25 parasites. Statistical approaches were used to explore multiple parasite relationships and model parasite occurrence. Eighty-six rats were caught. The first haematological data for a wild urban R. norvegicus population was reported. Genetic results suggested high genetic diversity and connectivity between Chanteraines rats and surrounding population(s). We found a high prevalence (55.8%) of the mutation Y139F and presence of rodenticide residues in 47.7% of the sampled individuals. The parasite species richness was high (16). Seven potential zoonotic pathogens were identified, together with a surprisingly high diversity of Leptospira species (4). Chanteraines rat population is not closed, allowing gene flow and making eradication programs challenging, particularly because rodenticide resistance is highly prevalent. Parasitological results showed that co-infection is more a rule than an exception. Furthermore, the presence of several potential zoonotic pathogens, of which four Leptospira species, in this urban rat population raised its role in the maintenance and spread of these pathogens. Our findings should stimulate future discussions about the development of a long-term rat-control management program in Chanteraines urban park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- Conservation Medicine, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michel Pascal
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Écologie et Santé des Écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Patrick Gasqui
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Epidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques (EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Jean-François Cosson
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaire (BIPAR), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort, France
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), SupAgro Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Benoît
- Contract-based Research Unit (CBRU) Rongeurs Sauvages–Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations (RS2GP), VetAgro Sup, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Lyon University, Marcy-L’Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- Contract-based Research Unit (CBRU) Rongeurs Sauvages–Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations (RS2GP), VetAgro Sup, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Lyon University, Marcy-L’Etoile, France
| | - Laurent Crespin
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Epidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques (EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Olivier Lorvelec
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Écologie et Santé des Écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Benoît Pisanu
- Unité Mixte de Services (UMS) 2006 Patrimoine Naturel, Agence Française pour la Biodiversité (AFB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Teynié
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Epidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques (EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaire (BIPAR), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sarah Bonnet
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaire (BIPAR), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Philippe Marianneau
- Virology Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Lacôte
- Virology Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Berny
- Contract-based Research Unit (CBRU) Rongeurs Sauvages–Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations (RS2GP), VetAgro Sup, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Lyon University, Marcy-L’Etoile, France
| | - Nicole Pavio
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Virology, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Virology, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-L’Etoile, France
| | - Elsa Jourdain
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Epidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques (EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Abdessalem Hammed
- Contract-based Research Unit (CBRU) Rongeurs Sauvages–Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations (RS2GP), VetAgro Sup, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Lyon University, Marcy-L’Etoile, France
| | - Isabelle Fourel
- Contract-based Research Unit (CBRU) Rongeurs Sauvages–Risques Sanitaires et Gestion des Populations (RS2GP), VetAgro Sup, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Lyon University, Marcy-L’Etoile, France
| | - Farid Chikh
- Conseil Départemental Hauts-de-Seine, Parc de Chanteraines, Villeneuve-la-Garenne, Paris, France
| | - Gwenaël Vourc’h
- Joint Research Unit (JRU) Epidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques (EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
- * E-mail:
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Mahandran V, Murugan CM, Nathan PT. Effect of female group size on harem male roosting behavior of the Indian short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx. Acta Ethol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-017-0276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Goodman SM, Rajemison FI, Lalarivoniaina OSN. Morphometric Patterns of Secondary Sexual Dimorphism and Seasonal Differences in Rousettus madagascariensis from Northern Madagascar. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Goodman
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
- Association Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Faneva I. Rajemison
- Association Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Département de Biologie Animale, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
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Peel AJ, Wood JLN, Baker KS, Breed AC, Carvalho AD, Fernández-Loras A, Gabrieli HS, Gembu GC, Kakengi VA, Kaliba PM, Kityo RM, Lembo T, Mba FE, Ramos D, Rodriguez-Prieto I, Suu-Ire R, Cunningham AA, Hayman DTS. How Does Africa's Most Hunted Bat Vary Across the Continent? Population Traits of the Straw-Coloured Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum) and Its Interactions with Humans. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.1.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Peel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Kate S. Baker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Breed
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Arlindo De Carvalho
- Direção Geral de Ambiente, Avenida Kwame Krhuma-Caixa Postal 1023, São Tomé, São Tomé e Príncipe
| | - Andrés Fernández-Loras
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Harrison Sadiki Gabrieli
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries (MLDF), P.O. Box 1026, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Guy-Crispin Gembu
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, République Démocratique du Congo
| | | | | | - Robert M. Kityo
- College of Natural Sciences, School of BioSciences, Department of Biological Sciences. Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Fidel Esono Mba
- Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Forestal y Manejo del Sistema de Áreas Protegidas (INDEFOR-AP), Calle Jesús Bakale S/N, Bata, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Parque Natural do Príncipe, Avenida Amilcar Cabral, Cidade de Santo António, Ilha do Príncipe, São Tomé e Príncipe
| | - Iñaki Rodriguez-Prieto
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
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11
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Dussex N, Robertson BC. Contemporary effective population size and predicted maintenance of genetic diversity in the endangered kea (Nestor notabilis). NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2017.1325381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Dussex
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B. C. Robertson
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Hu AQ, Gale SW, Kumar P, Saunders RMK, Sun M, Fischer GA. Preponderance of clonality triggers loss of sex in Bulbophyllum bicolor, an obligately outcrossing epiphytic orchid. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3358-3372. [PMID: 28390097 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Vegetative propagation (clonal growth) conveys several evolutionary advantages that positively affect life history fitness and is a widespread phenomenon among angiosperms that also reproduce sexually. However, a bias towards clonality can interfere with sexual reproduction and lead to sexual extinction, although a dearth of effective genetic tools and mathematical models for clonal plants has hampered assessment of these impacts. Using the endangered tropical epiphytic or lithophytic orchid Bulbophyllum bicolor as a model, we integrated an examination of breeding system with 12 microsatellite loci and models valid for clonal species to test for the "loss of sex" and infer likely consequences for long-term reproductive dynamics. Bagging experiments and field observations revealed B. bicolor to be self-incompatible and pollinator-dependent, with an absence of fruit-set over 4 years. Challenging the assumptions that clonal populations can be as genotypically diverse as sexually reproducing ones and that clonality does not greatly influence genetic structure, just 22 multilocus genotypes were confirmed among all 15 extant natural populations, 12 of the populations were found to be monoclonal, and all three multiclonal ones exhibited a distinct phalanx clonal architecture. Our results suggest that all B. bicolor populations depend overwhelmingly on clonal growth for persistence, with a concomitant loss of sex due to an absence of pollinators and a lack of mating opportunities at virtually all sites, both of which are further entrenched by habitat fragmentation. Such cryptic life history impacts, potentially contributing to extinction debt, could be widespread among similarly fragmented, outcrossing tropical epiphytes, demanding urgent conservation attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qun Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar
- Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Mei Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Rathinakumar A, Cantor M, Senthilkumar K, Vimal P, Kaliraj P, Marimuthu G. Social grooming among Indian short-nosed fruit bats. BEHAVIOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Social grooming is conspicuous in group-living mammals. Bats are gregarious and may groom each other, but the motivation for such social behaviour remains unclear. Here, we describe patterns and infer function of social grooming in tent-making Indian short-nosed fruit bats. Combining field and captivity observations, we found that males and their harem of females mutually groom and apply bodily secretions to one another in tight clusters. Mutual grooming is more commonly initiated by females, before emergence flight at dusk, and during the non-mating season. The within-harem association pattern suggests males may recognize female reproductive status via social grooming. Chemical analysis of the secretions applied during grooming revealed volatile organic compounds that may be involved in chemosensory-mediated communication and/or mate choice. These fruit bat harems were previously seen as simple aggregations, with limited interactions among individuals. Our findings suggest social grooming is multi-functional, with potential implications for the bats’ social lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rathinakumar
- Department of Animal Behaviour & Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India
| | - Mauricio Cantor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4J1
| | - K. Senthilkumar
- Department of Animal Behaviour & Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India
| | - P. Vimal
- Department of Animal Behaviour & Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India
| | - P. Kaliraj
- Department of Animal Behaviour & Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India
| | - G. Marimuthu
- Department of Animal Behaviour & Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India
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Bryant JV, Gottelli D, Zeng X, Hong X, Chan BPL, Fellowes JR, Zhang Y, Luo J, Durrant C, Geissmann T, Chatterjee HJ, Turvey ST. Assessing current genetic status of the Hainan gibbon using historical and demographic baselines: implications for conservation management of species of extreme rarity. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3540-56. [PMID: 27273107 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based conservation planning is crucial for informing management decisions for species of extreme rarity, but collection of robust data on genetic status or other parameters can be extremely challenging for such species. The Hainan gibbon, possibly the world's rarest mammal, consists of a single population of ~25 individuals restricted to one protected area on Hainan Island, China, and has persisted for over 30 years at exceptionally low population size. Analysis of genotypes at 11 microsatellite loci from faecal samples for 36% of the current global population and tissue samples from 62% of existing historical museum specimens demonstrates limited current genetic diversity (Na = 2.27, Ar = 2.24, He = 0.43); diversity has declined since the 19th century and even further within the last 30 years, representing declines of ~30% from historical levels (Na = 3.36, Ar = 3.29, He = 0.63). Significant differentiation is seen between current and historical samples (FST = 0.156, P = 0.0315), and the current population exhibits extremely small Ne (current Ne = 2.16). There is evidence for both a recent population bottleneck and an earlier bottleneck, with population size already reasonably low by the late 19th century (historical Ne = 1162.96). Individuals in the current population are related at the level of half- to full-siblings between social groups, and full-siblings or parent-offspring within a social group, suggesting that inbreeding is likely to increase in the future. The species' current reduced genetic diversity must be considered during conservation planning, particularly for expectations of likely population recovery, indicating that intensive, carefully planned management is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Bryant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - D Gottelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - X Zeng
- Bawangling National Nature Reserve Management Office, Changjiang Lizu Autonomous County, Hainan, 572722, China
| | - X Hong
- Bawangling National Nature Reserve Management Office, Changjiang Lizu Autonomous County, Hainan, 572722, China
| | - B P L Chan
- Kadoorie Conservation China, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - J R Fellowes
- The Kadoorie Institute, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Y Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - J Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - C Durrant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - T Geissmann
- Anthropological Institute, University Zurich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - H J Chatterjee
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - S T Turvey
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
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15
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Chowdhury S, Pines M, Saunders J, Swedell L. The adaptive value of secondary males in the polygynous multi-level society of hamadryas baboons. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:501-13. [PMID: 26174200 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One-male social systems are usually characterized by polygyny and reproductive exclusion by a single resident male. Sometimes, however, secondary males join these groups, and this may carry fitness costs and/or benefits to the resident male. In hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas), which live in one-male units (OMUs) with female defense polygyny within a multi-level social system, secondary "follower" males often reside in OMUs. Our aim here is to examine possible benefits of these secondary males to hamadryas resident males. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using 6 years of data from 65 OMUs in a band of wild hamadryas baboons in Ethiopia, we compared demographic and reproductive parameters of OMUs with and without secondary "follower" males to assess whether their presence conferred any reproductive benefits to resident "leader" males. RESULTS Leaders with followers had tenure lengths almost twice as long, acquired more than twice as many females, retained females longer, and had three times as many infants during their tenure compared to leaders without followers. DISCUSSION Hamadryas follower males enabled leaders to retain females for longer periods of time-likely through unit defense, social relationships with OMU members, and/or infant protection. Hamadryas leaders appear to be able to monopolize access to females despite the presence of followers, and as such any enhanced reproduction derived from the presence of followers likely increases the fitness of the leader rather than the follower. Thus the relationship between leaders and followers in hamadryas society appears to be a mutually beneficial one and tolerance of secondary males may be an adaptive reproductive strategy characterizing hamadryas leader males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrina Chowdhury
- Anthropology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016.,Department of Anthropology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY.,Filoha Hamadryas Project, Metahara, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Larissa Swedell
- Anthropology Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016.,Department of Anthropology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY.,Filoha Hamadryas Project, Metahara, Ethiopia.,Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Parreira BR, Chikhi L. On some genetic consequences of social structure, mating systems, dispersal, and sampling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3318-26. [PMID: 26080393 PMCID: PMC4491764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414463112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species are spatially and socially organized, with complex social organizations and dispersal patterns that are increasingly documented. Social species typically consist of small age-structured units, where a limited number of individuals monopolize reproduction and exhibit complex mating strategies. Here, we model social groups as age-structured units and investigate the genetic consequences of social structure under distinct mating strategies commonly found in mammals. Our results show that sociality maximizes genotypic diversity, which contradicts the belief that social groups are necessarily subject to strong genetic drift and at high risk of inbreeding depression. Social structure generates an excess of genotypic diversity. This is commonly observed in ecological studies but rarely reported in population genetic studies that ignore social structure. This heterozygosity excess, when detected, is often interpreted as a consequence of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, but we show that it can occur even in the absence of such mechanisms. Many seemly contradictory results from ecology and population genetics can be reconciled by genetic models that include the complexities of social species. We find that such discrepancies can be explained by the intrinsic properties of social groups and by the sampling strategies of real populations. In particular, the number of social groups and the nature of the individuals that compose samples (e.g., nonreproductive and reproductive individuals) are key factors in generating outbreeding signatures. Sociality is an important component of population structure that needs to be revisited by ecologists and population geneticists alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara R Parreira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Lounès Chikhi
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Ecole Nationale de Formation Agronomique, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), F-31062 Toulouse, France
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17
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Males and females gain differentially from sociality in a promiscuous fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122180. [PMID: 25794185 PMCID: PMC4368723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sociality emerges when the benefits of group living outweigh its costs. While both males and females are capable of strong social ties, the evolutionary drivers for sociality and the benefits accrued maybe different for each sex. In this study, we investigate the differential reproductive success benefits of group membership that males and females might obtain in the promiscuous fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx. Individuals of this species live in flexible social groups called colonies. These colonies are labile and there is high turnover of individuals. However, colony males sire more offspring within the colony suggesting that being part of a colony may result in reproductive benefits for males. This also raises the possibility that long-term loyalty towards the colony may confer additional advantage in terms of higher reproductive success. We used ten seasons of genetic parentage data to estimate reproductive success and relatedness of individuals in the colony. We used recapture data to identify long and short-term residents in the colony as well as to obtain rates of recapture for males and females. Our results reveal that males have a significantly higher chance of becoming long-term residents (than females), and these long-term resident males gain twice the reproductive success compared to short-term resident males. We also observed that long-term resident females are related to each other and also achieve higher reproductive success than short-term resident females. In contrast, long-term resident males do not differ from short-term resident males in their levels of relatedness. Our results re-iterate the benefits of sociality even in species that are promiscuous and socially labile and possible benefits of maintaining a colony.
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18
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McCulloch ES, Tello JS, Whitehead A, Rolón-Mendoza CMJ, Maldonado-Rodríguez MCD, Stevens RD. Fragmentation of Atlantic forest has not affected gene flow of a widespread seed-dispersing bat. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4619-33. [PMID: 23909879 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss and resultant fragmentation are major threats to biodiversity, particularly in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. It is increasingly urgent to understand fragmentation effects, which are often complex and vary across taxa, time and space. We determined whether recent fragmentation of Atlantic forest is causing population subdivision in a widespread and important Neotropical seed disperser: Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Genetic structure within highly fragmented forest in Paraguay was compared to that in mostly contiguous forest in neighbouring Misiones, Argentina. Further, observed genetic structure across the fragmented landscape was compared with expected levels of structure for similar time spans in realistic simulated landscapes under different degrees of reduction in gene flow. If fragmentation significantly reduced successful dispersal, greater population differentiation and stronger isolation by distance would be expected in the fragmented than in the continuous landscape, and genetic structure in the fragmented landscape should be similar to structure for simulated landscapes where dispersal had been substantially reduced. Instead, little genetic differentiation was observed, and no significant correlation was found between genetic and geographic distance in fragmented or continuous landscapes. Furthermore, comparison of empirical and simulated landscapes indicated empirical results were consistent with regular long-distance dispersal and high migration rates. Our results suggest maintenance of high gene flow for this relatively mobile and generalist species, which could be preventing or significantly delaying reduction in population connectivity in fragmented habitat. Our conclusions apply to A. lituratus in Interior Atlantic Forest, and do not contradict broad evidence that habitat fragmentation is contributing to extinction of populations and species, and poses a threat to biodiversity worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve S McCulloch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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19
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Hayman DTS, Bowen RA, Cryan PM, McCracken GF, O'Shea TJ, Peel AJ, Gilbert A, Webb CT, Wood JLN. Ecology of zoonotic infectious diseases in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 60:2-21. [PMID: 22958281 PMCID: PMC3600532 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bats are hosts to a range of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic pathogens. Human activities that increase exposure to bats will likely increase the opportunity for infections to spill over in the future. Ecological drivers of pathogen spillover and emergence in novel hosts, including humans, involve a complex mixture of processes, and understanding these complexities may aid in predicting spillover. In particular, only once the pathogen and host ecologies are known can the impacts of anthropogenic changes be fully appreciated. Cross-disciplinary approaches are required to understand how host and pathogen ecology interact. Bats differ from other sylvatic disease reservoirs because of their unique and diverse lifestyles, including their ability to fly, often highly gregarious social structures, long lifespans and low fecundity rates. We highlight how these traits may affect infection dynamics and how both host and pathogen traits may interact to affect infection dynamics. We identify key questions relating to the ecology of infectious diseases in bats and propose that a combination of field and laboratory studies are needed to create data-driven mechanistic models to elucidate those aspects of bat ecology that are most critical to the dynamics of emerging bat viruses. If commonalities can be found, then predicting the dynamics of newly emerging diseases may be possible. This modelling approach will be particularly important in scenarios when population surveillance data are unavailable and when it is unclear which aspects of host ecology are driving infection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T S Hayman
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Hua P, Zhang L, Guo T, Flanders J, Zhang S. Dispersal, mating events and fine-scale genetic structure in the lesser flat-headed bats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54428. [PMID: 23349888 PMCID: PMC3548791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic structure has important consequences in evolutionary processes and conservation genetics in animals. Fine-scale population genetic structure depends on the pattern of landscape, the permanent movement of individuals, and the dispersal of their genes during temporary mating events. The lesser flat-headed bat (Tylonycteris pachypus) is a nonmigratory Asian bat species that roosts in small groups within the internodes of bamboo stems and the habitats are fragmented. Our previous parentage analyses revealed considerable extra-group mating in this species. To assess the spatial limits and sex-biased nature of gene flow in the same population, we used 20 microsatellite loci and mtDNA sequencing of the ND2 gene to quantify genetic structure among 54 groups of adult flat-headed bats, at nine localities in South China. AMOVA and F(ST) estimates revealed significant genetic differentiation among localities. Alternatively, the pairwise F(ST) values among roosting groups appeared to be related to the incidence of associated extra-group breeding, suggesting the impact of mating events on fine-scale genetic structure. Global spatial autocorrelation analyses showed positive genetic correlation for up to 3 km, indicating the role of fragmented habitat and the specialized social organization as a barrier in the movement of individuals among bamboo forests. The male-biased dispersal pattern resulted in weaker spatial genetic structure between localities among males than among females, and fine-scale analyses supported that relatedness levels within internodes were higher among females than among males. Finally, only females were more related to their same sex roost mates than to individuals from neighbouring roosts, suggestive of natal philopatry in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyu Hua
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libiao Zhang
- Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jon Flanders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Hoehn M, Gruber B, Sarre SD, Lange R, Henle K. Can genetic estimators provide robust estimates of the effective number of breeders in small populations? PLoS One 2012; 7:e48464. [PMID: 23139784 PMCID: PMC3491051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective population size (N(e)) is proportional to the loss of genetic diversity and the rate of inbreeding, and its accurate estimation is crucial for the monitoring of small populations. Here, we integrate temporal studies of the gecko Oedura reticulata, to compare genetic and demographic estimators of N(e). Because geckos have overlapping generations, our goal was to demographically estimate N(bI), the inbreeding effective number of breeders and to calculate the N(bI)/N(a) ratio (N(a) =number of adults) for four populations. Demographically estimated N(bI) ranged from 1 to 65 individuals. The mean reduction in the effective number of breeders relative to census size (N(bI)/N(a)) was 0.1 to 1.1. We identified the variance in reproductive success as the most important variable contributing to reduction of this ratio. We used four methods to estimate the genetic based inbreeding effective number of breeders N(bI(gen)) and the variance effective populations size N(eV(gen)) estimates from the genotype data. Two of these methods - a temporal moment-based (MBT) and a likelihood-based approach (TM3) require at least two samples in time, while the other two were single-sample estimators - the linkage disequilibrium method with bias correction LDNe and the program ONeSAMP. The genetic based estimates were fairly similar across methods and also similar to the demographic estimates excluding those estimates, in which upper confidence interval boundaries were uninformative. For example, LDNe and ONeSAMP estimates ranged from 14-55 and 24-48 individuals, respectively. However, temporal methods suffered from a large variation in confidence intervals and concerns about the prior information. We conclude that the single-sample estimators are an acceptable short-cut to estimate N(bI) for species such as geckos and will be of great importance for the monitoring of species in fragmented landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Hoehn
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Conservation Biology, Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Moussy C, Hosken D, Mathews F, Smith G, Aegerter J, Bearhop S. Migration and dispersal patterns of bats and their influence on genetic structure. Mamm Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2012.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Moussy
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus, Penryn; Cornwall; TR10 9EZ; UK
| | - D.J. Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus, Penryn; Cornwall; TR10 9EZ; UK
| | - F. Mathews
- University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories; Prince of Wales Road; Exeter; EX4 4PS; UK
| | - G.C. Smith
- The Food and Environment Research Agency; Sand Hutton; York; YO41 1LZ; UK
| | - J.N. Aegerter
- The Food and Environment Research Agency; Sand Hutton; York; YO41 1LZ; UK
| | - S. Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Tremough Campus, Penryn; Cornwall; TR10 9EZ; UK
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Sun YH, Monagin C, Liu XS, Chen JP. A Test for Sex-Biased Dispersal inCynopterus sphinx: Inferences from Microsatellite Markers and Mitochondrial DNA. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.3161/150811012x654240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Genetic effects of habitat fragmentation and population isolation on Etheostoma raneyi (Percidae). CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Cain CM, Livieri TM, Swanson BJ. Genetic evaluation of a reintroduced population of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-s-104.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Chen J, Rossiter SJ, Flanders JR, Sun Y, Hua P, Miller-Butterworth C, Liu X, Rajan KE, Zhang S. Contrasting genetic structure in two co-distributed species of old world fruit bat. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13903. [PMID: 21085717 PMCID: PMC2978090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaulti) and the greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) are two abundant and widely co-distributed Old World fruit bats in Southeast and East Asia. The former species forms large colonies in caves while the latter roots in small groups in trees. To test whether these differences in social organization and roosting ecology are associated with contrasting patterns of gene flow, we used mtDNA and nuclear loci to characterize population genetic subdivision and phylogeographic histories in both species sampled from China, Vietnam and India. Our analyses from R. leschenaulti using both types of marker revealed little evidence of genetic structure across the study region. On the other hand, C. sphinx showed significant genetic mtDNA differentiation between the samples from India compared with China and Vietnam, as well as greater structuring of microsatellite genotypes within China. Demographic analyses indicated signatures of past rapid population expansion in both taxa, with more recent demographic growth in C. sphinx. Therefore, the relative genetic homogeneity in R. leschenaulti is unlikely to reflect past events. Instead we suggest that the absence of substructure in R. leschenaulti is a consequence of higher levels of gene flow among colonies, and that greater vagility in this species is an adaptation associated with cave roosting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Chen
- Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, China
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28
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You Y, Sun K, Xu L, Wang L, Jiang T, Liu S, Lu G, Berquist SW, Feng J. Pleistocene glacial cycle effects on the phylogeography of the Chinese endemic bat species, Myotis davidii. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:208. [PMID: 20618977 PMCID: PMC3055248 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global climatic oscillations, glaciation cycles and the unique geographic topology of China have profoundly influenced species population distributions. In most species, contemporary distributions of populations cannot be fully understood, except in a historical context. Complex patterns of Pleistocene glaciations, as well as other physiographic changes have influenced the distribution of bat species in China. Until this study, there had been no phylogeographical research on Myotis davidii, an endemic Chinese bat. We used a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers to investigate genetic diversity, population structure, and the demographic history of M. davidii. In particular, we compared patterns of genetic variation to glacial oscillations, topography, and environmental variation during the Pleistocene in an effort to explain current distributions in light of these historical processes. RESULTS M. davidii comprises three lineages (MEP, SWP and SH) based on the results of molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) and phylogenetic analyses. The results of a STRUCTURE analysis reveal multi-hierarchical population structure in M. davidii. Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers reveal different levels of gene flow among populations. In the case of mtDNA, populations adhere to an isolation-by-distance model, whereas the individual assignment test reveals considerable gene flow between populations. MDIV analysis indicate that the split of the MEP and SWP/SH lineages, and from the SWP and SH lineages were at 201 ka BP and 158 ka BP, respectively. The results of a mismatch distribution analysis and neutrality tests indicate a population expansion event at 79.17 ka BP and 69.12 ka BP in MEP and SWP, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The complex demographic history, discontinuous extant distribution of haplotypes, and multiple-hierarchy population structure of M. davidii appear associated with climatic oscillations, topography and eco-environmental variation of China. Additionally, the three regions are genetically differentiated from one another in the entire sample set. The degree of genetic differentiation, based on the analysis of mtDNA and nDNA, suggests a male-mediated gene flow among populations. Refuges were in the MEP, SH and the lower elevations of SWP regions. This study also provides insights for conservation management units (MEP, SWP and SH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan You
- Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration of National Environmental Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Keping Sun
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lijie Xu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tinglei Jiang
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Sen Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanjun Lu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Sean W Berquist
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jiang Feng
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Turmelle AS, Olival KJ. Correlates of viral richness in bats (order Chiroptera). ECOHEALTH 2009; 6:522-39. [PMID: 20049506 PMCID: PMC7088156 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-009-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Historic and contemporary host ecology and evolutionary dynamics have profound impacts on viral diversity, virulence, and associated disease emergence. Bats have been recognized as reservoirs for several emerging viral pathogens, and are unique among mammals in their vagility, potential for long-distance dispersal, and often very large, colonial populations. We investigate the relative influences of host ecology and population genetic structure for predictions of viral richness in relevant reservoir species. We test the hypothesis that host geographic range area, distribution, population genetic structure, migratory behavior, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) threat status, body mass, and colony size, are associated with known viral richness in bats. We analyze host traits and viral richness in a generalized linear regression model framework, and include a correction for sampling effort and phylogeny. We find evidence that sampling effort, IUCN status, and population genetic structure correlate with observed viral species richness in bats, and that these associations are independent of phylogeny. This study is an important first step in understanding the mechanisms that promote viral richness in reservoir species, and may aid in predicting the emergence of viral zoonoses from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Turmelle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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30
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Gardner-Santana LC, Norris DE, Fornadel CM, Hinson ER, Klein SL, Glass GE. Commensal ecology, urban landscapes, and their influence on the genetic characteristics of city-dwelling Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). Mol Ecol 2009; 18:2766-78. [PMID: 19457177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Movement of individuals promotes colonization of new areas, gene flow among local populations, and has implications for the spread of infectious agents and the control of pest species. Wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are common in highly urbanized areas but surprisingly little is known of their population structure. We sampled individuals from 11 locations within Baltimore, Maryland, to characterize the genetic structure and extent of gene flow between areas within the city. Clustering methods and a neighbour-joining tree based on pairwise genetic distances supported an east-west division in the inner city, and a third cluster comprised of historically more recent sites. Most individuals (approximately 95%) were assigned to their area of capture, indicating strong site fidelity. Moreover, the axial dispersal distance of rats (62 m) fell within typical alley length. Several rats were assigned to areas 2-11.5 km away, indicating some, albeit infrequent, long-distance movement within the city. Although individual movement appears to be limited (30-150 m), locations up to 1.7 km are comprised of relatives. Moderate F(ST), differentiation between identified clusters, and high allelic diversity indicate that regular gene flow, either via recruitment or migration, has prevented isolation. Therefore, ecology of commensal rodents in urban areas and life-history characteristics of Norway rats likely counteract many expected effects of isolation or founder events. An understanding of levels of connectivity of rat populations inhabiting urban areas provides information about the spatial scale at which populations of rats may spread disease, invade new areas, or be eradicated from an existing area without reinvasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Gardner-Santana
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Brouat C, Loiseau A, Kane M, Bâ K, Duplantier JM. Population genetic structure of two ecologically distinct multimammate rats: the commensal Mastomys natalensis and the wild Mastomys erythroleucus in southeastern Senegal. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:2985-97. [PMID: 17614912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Using the same set of microsatellite markers, we compared the population genetic structure of two Mastomys species, one being exclusively commensal in southeastern Senegal, and the other being continuously distributed outside villages in this region. Both species were sampled in the same landscape context and at the same spatial scale. According to the expectations based on the degree of habitat patchiness (which is higher for commensal populations in this rural area), genetic diversity was lower and genetic differentiation was higher in commensal populations of Mastomys natalensis than in wild populations of Mastomys erythroleucus. Contrasting estimates of effective dispersal and current migration rates corroborates previous data on differences in social structure between the two species. Isolation-by-distance analyses showed that human-mediated dispersal is not a major factor explaining the pattern of genetic differentiation for M. natalensis, and that gene flow is high and random between M. erythroleucus populations at the spatial scale considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brouat
- UMR IRD (UR 022)-INRA-CIRAD, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier/Lez cedex, France.
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34
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Zamudio KR, Wieczorek AM. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure and dispersal among spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) breeding populations. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:257-74. [PMID: 17217343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined fine-scale genetic variation among breeding aggregations of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) to quantify dispersal, interpopulation connectivity and population genetic structure. Spotted salamanders rely on temporary ponds or wetlands for aggregate breeding. Adequate breeding sites are relatively isolated from one another and field studies suggest considerable adult site fidelity; therefore, we expected to find population structure and differentiation at small spatial scales. We used microsatellites to estimate population structure and dispersal among 29 breeding aggregations in Tompkins County, New York, USA, an area encompassing 1272 km(2). Bayesian and frequency-based analyses revealed fine-scale genetic structure with two genetically defined demes: the North deme included seven breeding ponds, and the South deme included 13 ponds. Nine ponds showed evidence of admixture between these two genetic pools. Bayesian assignment tests for detection of interpopulation dispersal indicate that immigration among ponds is common within demes, and that certain populations serve as sources of immigrants to neighbouring ponds. Likewise, spatial genetic correlation analyses showed that populations < or = 4.8 km distant from each other show significant genetic correlation that is not evident at higher scales. Within-population levels of relatedness are consistently larger than expected if mating were completely random across ponds, and in the case of a few ponds, within-population processes such as inbreeding or reproductive skew contribute significantly to differentiation from neighbouring ponds. Our data underscore the importance of these within-population processes as a source of genetic diversity across the landscape, despite considerable population connectivity. Our data further suggest that spotted salamander breeding groups behave as metapopulations, with population clusters as functional units, but sufficient migration among demes to allow for potential rescue and recolonization. Amphibian habitats are becoming increasingly fragmented and a clear understanding of dispersal and patterns of population connectivity for taxa with different ecologies and life histories is crucial for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA.
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35
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Dechmann DKN, Kalko EKV, Kerth G. All-offspring dispersal in a tropical mammal with resource defense polygyny. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Rodrigues fruit bats (Pteropus rodricensis, Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) retain genetic diversity despite population declines and founder events. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Stoeckel S, Grange J, Fernández-Manjarres JF, Bilger I, Frascaria-Lacoste N, Mariette S. Heterozygote excess in a self-incompatible and partially clonal forest tree species -- Prunus avium L. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:2109-18. [PMID: 16780428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.), a partially asexual self-incompatible forest tree, shows heterozygote excess, which is a poorly studied phenomenon. In three natural populations, we found significant heterozygote excess at almost all investigated loci (eight microsatellites and markers for the self-incompatibility locus). We examined four hypotheses to account for this observed heterozygote excess. First, negative F(IS) can result from a lack of selfed progeny in small populations of outcrossing species. A second explanation for negative F(IS) is selection during the life cycle of the most heterozygous individuals. A third explanation is negative assortative mating when reproduction occurs between individuals bearing phenotypes more dissimilar than by chance. The last explanation for negative F(IS) relies on asexual reproduction. Expectations for each hypothesis were tested using empirical data. Patterns of F(IS) differed among loci. Nevertheless, our experimental results did not confirm the small sample size hypothesis. Although one locus is probably under a hitch-hiking effect from the SI locus, we rejected the effect of the self-incompatibility locus for the genome as a whole. Similarly, although one locus showed a clear pattern consistent with the selection of heterozygous individuals, the heterosis effect over the whole genome was rejected. Finally, our results revealed that clonality probably explains significant negative F(IS) in wild cherry populations when considering all individuals. More theoretical effort is needed to develop expectations and hypotheses, and test them in the case of species combining self-incompatibility and partially asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenn Stoeckel
- Cemagref, Unité de Recherche 'Ecosystèmes Forestiers', Domaine des Barres, 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France.
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38
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Population structure and genetic variation in the endangered Giant Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ingens). CONSERV GENET 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-005-9005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Ramakrishnan U, Storz JF, Taylor BL, Lande R. Estimation of genetically effective breeding numbers using a rejection algorithm approach. Mol Ecol 2005; 13:3283-92. [PMID: 15487989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polygynous mating results in nonrandom sampling of the adult male gamete pool in each generation, thereby increasing the rate of genetic drift. In principle, genetic paternity analysis can be used to infer the effective number of breeding males (Nebm). However, this requires genetic data from an exhaustive sample of candidate males. Here we describe a new approach to estimate Nebm using a rejection algorithm in association with three statistics: Euclidean distance between the frequency distributions of maternally and paternally inherited alleles, average number of paternally inherited alleles and average gene diversity of paternally inherited alleles. We quantify the relationship between these statistics and Nebm using an individual-based simulation model in which the male mating system varied continuously between random mating and extreme polygyny. We evaluate this method using genetic data from a natural population of highly polygynous fruit bats (Cynopterous sphinx). Using data in the form of mother-offspring genotypes, we demonstrate that estimates of Nebm are very similar to independent estimates based on a direct paternity analysis that included data on candidate males. Our method also permits an evaluation of uncertainty in estimates of Nebm and thus facilitates inferences about the mating system from genetic data. Finally, we investigate the sensitivity of our method to sample size, model assumptions, adult population size and the mating system. These analyses demonstrate that the rejection algorithm provides accurate estimates of Nebm across a broad range of demographic scenarios, except when the true Nebm is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Ramakrishnan
- 0116, Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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40
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Lawler RR, Richard AF, Riley MA. Genetic population structure of the white sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, southwest Madagascar (1992-2001). Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2307-17. [PMID: 12919470 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene flow within and between social groups is contingent on behaviourally mediated patterns of mating and dispersal. To understand how these patterns affect the genetic structure of primate populations, long-term data are required. In this study, we analyse 10 years of demographic and genetic data from a wild lemur population (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, southwest Madagascar. Our goal is to specify how patterns of mating and dispersal determine kinship and genetic diversity among animals in the population. Specifically, we use microsatellite, parentage, and census data to obtain estimates of genetic subdivision (FST), within group homozygosity (FIS), and relatedness (r) within and among social groups in the population. We analyse different classes of individuals (i.e. adults, offspring, males, females) separately in order to discern which classes most strongly influence aspects of population structure. Microsatellite data reveal that, across years, offspring are consistently more heterozygous than expected within social groups (FIS mean = -0.068) while adults show both positive and negative deviations from expected genotypic frequencies within groups (FIS mean = 0.003). Offspring cohorts are more genetically subdivided than adults (FST mean = 0.108 vs. 0.052) and adult females are more genetically subdivided than adult males (FST mean = 0.098 vs. 0.046). As the proportion of females in social groups increases, the proportion of offspring sired by resident males decreases. Offspring are characterized by a heterozygote excess as resident males (vs. nonresident males) sire the majority of offspring within groups. We link these genetic data to patterns of female philopatry, male dispersal, exogamy, and offspring sex-ratio. Overall, these data reveal how mating and dispersal tactics influence the genetic population structure in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Lawler
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.
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41
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Ortega J, Maldonado JE, Wilkinson GS, Arita HT, Fleischer RC. Male dominance, paternity, and relatedness in the Jamaican fruit-eating bat (Artibeus jamaicensis). Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2409-15. [PMID: 12919478 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We analysed variation at 14 nuclear microsatellite loci to assess the genetic structure, relatedness, and paternity of polygynous Jamaican fruit-eating bats. A total of 84 adults captured in two caves exhibited little genetic differentiation between caves (FST = 0.008). Average relatedness among adult females in 10 harem groups was very low (R = 0.014 +/- 0.011), providing no evidence of harem structure. Dominant and subordinate males shared paternity in large groups, while dominant and satellite males shared paternity in smaller groups. However, our results suggest that male rank influences paternity. Dominant males fathered 69% of 40 offspring, followed by satellite (22%) and subordinate males (9%). Overall adult male bats are not closely related, however, in large harem groups we found that subordinate and dominant males exhibited relatedness values consistent with a father-offspring relationship. Because dominant and subordinate males also sired all the pups in large groups, we propose that their association provides inclusive fitness to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ortega
- Genetics Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 3001 Connecticut Ave., Washington, DC 20008, USA.
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42
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Rüppell O, Strätz M, Baier B, Heinze J. Mitochondrial markers in the ant Leptothorax rugatulus reveal the population genetic consequences of female philopatry at different hierarchical levels. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:795-801. [PMID: 12675834 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptothorax rugatulus, an abundant North American ant, displays a conspicuous queen size polymorphism that is related to alternative reproductive tactics. Large queens participate mainly in mating flights and found new colonies independent of their mother colony. In contrast, small queens do not found new colonies independently, but seek readoption into their natal nest which results in multiple-queen colonies (polygyny). Populations differ strongly in the ratio of small to large queens, the prevalent reproductive tactic and colony social structure, according to ecological parameters such as nest site stability and population density. This study compares the genetic structure of two strongly differing populations within the same mountain range. Data from microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA give no evidence for alien reproductives in polygynous colonies. The incidence of alien workers in colonies (as determined by mitochondrial haplotype) was low and did not differ between monogynous and polygynous colonies. We found significant population viscosity (isolation-by-distance) at the mitochondrial level in only the predominantly polygynous population, which supports the theoretical prediction that female philopatry leads to mtDNA-specific population structure. Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic diversity was similar in both populations. The genetic differentiation between the two investigated populations was moderate at the mitochondrial level, but not significantly different from zero when measured with microsatellites, which corroborates limited dispersal of females (but not males) at a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Rüppell
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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43
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Storz JF. Contrasting patterns of divergence in quantitative traits and neutral DNA markers: analysis of clinal variation. Mol Ecol 2002; 11:2537-51. [PMID: 12453238 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinal variation in quantitative traits is often attributed to the effects of spatially varying selection. However, identical patterns can be produced by the interplay between purely stochastic processes (i.e. drift in combination with spatially restricted gene flow). One means of distinguishing between adaptive and nonadaptive causes of geographical variation is to compare relative levels of between-population divergence in quantitative traits and neutral DNA markers. Such comparisons can be used to test whether levels of trait divergence attributable to additive genetic effects (as measured by QST) exceed null expectations based on the level of divergence at neutral marker loci (as measured by FST). The purpose of this study was to use an approach based on 'QST vs. FST' contrasts to test for evidence of diversifying selection on body size of an Indian fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Specifically, relative levels of between-population divergence in body size and microsatellite DNA markers were compared to assess whether the observed pattern of clinal size variation could be explained by a neutral model of isolation by distance. QST for body size was calculated using unbiased estimators of within- and between-population variance of principal component scores. The association between body size variation and geographical/environmental distance was tested using pairwise and partial matrix correspondence tests (MCTs). Independent variables (representing causal hypotheses) were constructed as between-locality distance matrices. The effects of neutral genetic divergence were assessed by including a matrix of pairwise FST as an independent variable. Partial MCTs revealed highly significant associations between phenotypic divergence (QST) and both geographical and environmental distance, even when the effects of neutral genetic divergence (FST) were partialled out. Results of the tests confirmed that migration-drift equilibrium is not a sufficient explanation for the latitudinal pattern of clinal size variation in C. sphinx. The geographical patterning of pairwise QST is most likely attributable to spatially varying selection and/or the direct influence of latitudinally ordered environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Biosciences West, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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44
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Segelbacher G, Storch I. Capercaillie in the Alps: genetic evidence of metapopulation structure and population decline. Mol Ecol 2002; 11:1669-77. [PMID: 12207718 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the Alps, the capercaillie is distributed in a metapopulation pattern with local populations on mountain ranges separated by farmland valleys. Habitat deterioration, primarily related to human land use, resulted in population declines and range contractions became obvious. At the edge of a species' range, lower connectivity and less gene flow may render populations more susceptible to decline and extinction than in the core of the range. If this were true for the capercaillie in the Alps, edge populations should be subject to limited gene flow and should show genetic signs of a more severe population decline than core populations. To test this hypothesis, we used microsatellite DNA typing techniques. We assessed genetic variation within and among 18 local capercaillie populations across the Alps in relation to geographical distribution within the metapopulation system. All populations showed high levels of genetic variation in terms of average number of alleles, allelic richness and heterozygosity. Excess heterozygosity suggested a recent population decline, that was more pronounced in edge than core populations. We found high gene flow, but also significant differentiation among populations. Differentiation among edge populations was related to geographical distance, and appeared to be a recent process, most probably caused by reduced gene flow after population decline. In the core group, the high mountains of the central Alps seem to limit dispersal, and genetic drift was the most likely explanation for the observed differentiation among populations. We conclude that maintaining connectivity within the metapopulation system is vital for capercaillie conservation in the Alps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Segelbacher
- Wildlife Research and Management Unit, Weihenstephan Center of Life and Food Sciences, TU Munich, Am Hochanger 13, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
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45
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Storz JF, Beaumont MA. TESTING FOR GENETIC EVIDENCE OF POPULATION EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF MICROSATELLITE DNA VARIATION USING A HIERARCHICAL BAYESIAN MODEL. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0154:tfgeop]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Storz JF, Ramakrishnan U, Alberts SC. GENETIC EFFECTIVE SIZE OF A WILD PRIMATE POPULATION: INFLUENCE OF CURRENT AND HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0817:gesoaw]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Storz JF, Bhat HR, Kunz TH. Genetic consequences of polygyny and social structure in an Indian fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx. II. Variance in male mating success and effective population size. Evolution 2001; 55:1224-32. [PMID: 11475058 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Variance in reproductive success is a primary determinant of genetically effective population size (Ne), and thus has important implications for the role of genetic drift in the evolutionary dynamics of animal taxa characterized by polygynous mating systems. Here we report the results of a study designed to test the hypothesis that polygynous mating results in significantly reduced Ne in an age-structured population. This hypothesis was tested in a natural population of a harem-forming fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in western India. The influence of the mating system on the ratio of variance Ne to adult census number (N) was assessed using a mathematical model designed for age-structured populations that incorporated demographic and genetic data. Male mating success was assessed by means of direct and indirect paternity analysis using 10-locus microsatellite genotypes of adults and progeny from two consecutive breeding periods (n = 431 individually marked bats). Combined results from both analyses were used to infer the effective number of male parents in each breeding period. The relative proportion of successfully reproducing males and the size distribution of paternal sibships comprising each offspring cohort revealed an extremely high within-season variance in male mating success (up to 9.2 times higher than Poisson expectation). The resultant estimate of Ne/N for the C. sphinx study population was 0.42. As a result of polygynous mating, the predicted rate of drift (1/2Ne per generation) was 17.6% higher than expected from a Poisson distribution of male mating success. However, the estimated Ne/N was well within the 0.25-0.75 range expected for age-structured populations under normal demographic conditions. The life-history schedule of C. sphinx is characterized by a disproportionately short sexual maturation period scaled to adult life span. Consequently, the influence of polygynous mating on Ne/N is mitigated by the extensive overlap of generations. In C. sphinx, turnover of breeding males between seasons ensures a broader sampling of the adult male gamete pool than expected from the variance in mating success within a single breeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Storz
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.
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