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Quandt E, Ribeiro MPC, Clotet J. Atypical cyclins: the extended family portrait. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:231-242. [PMID: 31420702 PMCID: PMC6971155 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cell division is orchestrated by cyclins, which bind and activate their catalytic workmates, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Cyclins have been traditionally defined by an oscillating (cyclic) pattern of expression and by the presence of a characteristic "cyclin box" that determines binding to the CDKs. Noteworthy, the Human Genome Sequence Project unveiled the existence of several other proteins containing the "cyclin box" domain. These potential "cyclins" have been named new, orphan or atypical, creating a conundrum in cyclins nomenclature. Moreover, although many years have passed after their discovery, the scarcity of information regarding these possible members of the family has hampered the establishment of criteria for systematization. Here, we discuss the criteria that define cyclins and we propose a classification and nomenclature update based on structural features, interactors, and phylogenetic information. The application of these criteria allows to systematically define, for the first time, the subfamily of atypical cyclins and enables the use of a common nomenclature for this extended family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Quandt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta, s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta, s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Clotet
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta, s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain.
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Gopinathan L, Ratnacaram CK, Kaldis P. Established and novel Cdk/cyclin complexes regulating the cell cycle and development. Results Probl Cell Differ 2011; 53:365-89. [PMID: 21630153 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19065-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The identification of new members in the Cdk and cyclin families, functions for many of which are still emerging, has added new facets to the cell cycle regulatory network. With roles extending beyond the classical regulation of cell cycle progression, these new players are involved in diverse processes such as transcription, neuronal function, and ion transport. Members closely related to Cdks and cyclins such as the Speedy/RINGO proteins offer fresh insights and hope for filling in the missing gaps in our understanding of cell division. This chapter will present a broad outlook on the cell cycle and its key regulators with special emphasis on the less-studied members and their emerging roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Gopinathan
- Cell Division and Cancer Laboratory (PRK), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #03-09, Singapore
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Aharoni R, Brenner O, Cohen A, Arnon R. The therapeutic effect of TV-5010 in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease — Dextran induced colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1578-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rao V, Chaudhuri JD. Effect of gestational ethanol exposure on long-term memory formation in newborn chicks. Alcohol 2007; 41:433-9. [PMID: 17624712 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a condition occurring in some children of mothers who have consumed alcohol during pregnancy, is characterized by craniofacial malformations, and physical and mental retardation. It is significant that even children with history of gestational ethanol exposure but relatively unaffected overall IQ performance, often exhibit learning difficulties and behavioral problems, suggestive of impaired memory formation. Hence, the specific aim of this study was to examine memory formation in chicks exposed to ethanol during early gestation toward the understanding of neurobehavioral disturbances in FAS. Chicks were exposed to alcohol on gestational days 1-3 by injection of ethanol into the airspace of freshly fertilized eggs. The effects of prenatal ethanol on physical growth and development, and memory formation were studied. The one-trial passive avoidance learning paradigm in 1-day-old chicks was used to study memory formation in these chicks. It was observed that chick embryos exposed to 10% ethanol on gestational days 1-3 had significant reduction in all body parameters when compared with appropriate controls. Further, ethanol-exposed chick embryos had significantly impaired (P<.05) long-term memory (LTM) formation after training, though short-term or intermediate-term memory formation was unimpaired. Thus, the findings of the current study demonstrate the detrimental effects of ethanol exposure during early pregnancy on developing chick embryos in general and on memory formation in particular. Hence, it is suggested that impairment in LTM could be a fundamental mechanism for learning disorders and neurobehavioral abnormalities observed in FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Rao
- Department of Anatomy, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Tirosh S, Elkobi A, Rosenblum K, Meiri N. A role for eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) in taste memory consolidation and in thermal control establishment during the critical period for sensory development. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:728-39. [PMID: 17443820 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
All species exhibit critical periods for sensory development, yet very little is known about the molecules involved in the changes in the network wiring that underlies this process. Here the role of transcription regulation of the translation machinery was determined by evaluating the expression of eIF2Bepsilon, an essential component of translation initiation, in both taste-preference development and thermal control establishment in chicks. Analysis of the expression pattern of this gene after passive-avoidance training revealed clear induction of eIF2Bepsilon in both the mesopallium intermediomediale (IMM) and in the striatum mediale (StM). In addition, a correlation was found between the concentration of methylanthranilate (MeA), which was the malaise substrate in the passive-avoidance training procedure, the duration of memory, and the expression level of eIF2Bepsilon. Training chicks on a low concentration of MeA induced short-term memory and low expression level of eIF2Bepsilon, whereas a high concentration of MeA induced long-term memory and a high expression level of eIF2Bepsilon in both the IMM and StM. Furthermore, eIF2Bepsilon-antisense "knock-down" not only reduced the amount of eIF2Bepsilon but also attenuated taste memory formation. In order to determine whether induction of eIF2Bepsilon is a general feature of neuronal plasticity, we checked whether it was induced in other forms of neuronal plasticity, with particular attention to its role in temperature control establishment, which represents hypothalamic-related plasticity. It was established that eIF2Bepsilon-mRNA was induced in the preopotic anterior hypothalamus during heat conditioning. Taken together, these results correlate eIF2Bepsilon with sensory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tirosh
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization,The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Aharoni R, Kayhan B, Brenner O, Domev H, Labunskay G, Arnon R. Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Several Murine Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:68-78. [PMID: 16624971 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.103192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by detrimental immune reactivity in the gut and imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactivity. In an attempt to down-regulate colitis, we investigated the effect of the immunomodulator glatiramer acetate (GA, Copaxone, copolymer 1) on two murine models of IBD, chemically induced and spontaneous. Acute experimental colitis of different levels of severity was induced in C57BL/6 mice by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administered orally at different concentrations and frequencies. It was manifested in weight loss, intestinal bleeding, and diarrhea, as well as by macroscopic and microscopic colon damage. GA treatment led to amelioration of all of these pathological manifestations, resulting in improved long-term survival. Moreover, even when colitis was induced by three cycles of DSS in this highly susceptible mouse strain, as well as in BALB/c mice that exhibit a chronic disease pattern, a substantial reduction in disease activity and mortality was obtained. GA treatment induced a beneficial effect also in a spontaneous model of colitis developed in the C3H/HeJBir IL-10-deficient mice. The detrimental proinflammatory response manifested by proliferation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma expression was modulated by GA, whereas the regulatory anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor-beta and IL-10 cytokines response was elevated. This was demonstrated on the level of protein secretion in splenocytes and local mesenteric lymphocytes in response to syngeneic colon extract and in the overall response to anti-CD3, as well as on the level of mRNA expression in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
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Malumbres M, Barbacid M. Mammalian cyclin-dependent kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 2005; 30:630-41. [PMID: 16236519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 858] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are the catalytic subunits of a family of mammalian heterodimeric serine/threonine kinases that have been implicated in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription and neuronal function. Recent genetic evidence obtained with gene-targeted mice has shown that Cdk4 and Cdk6 are not needed for entry into the cell cycle after mitogenic stimuli and organogenesis; however, they are essential for the proliferation of some endocrine and hematopoietic cells. Cdk2 is also dispensable for the mitotic cell cycle. Indeed, mice without Cdk2 are normal except for their complete sterility: unexpectedly, Cdk2 is crucial for the first meiotic division of male and female germ cells. These findings have important implications both for our current understanding of the role of Cdks in regulating the mammalian cell cycle and for their potential use as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Malumbres
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Jin M, Wang XM, Tu Y, Zhang XH, Gao X, Guo N, Xie Z, Zhao G, Jing N, Li BM, Yu L. The negative cell cycle regulator, Tob (transducer of ErbB-2), is a multifunctional protein involved in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Neuroscience 2005; 131:647-59. [PMID: 15730870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tob (transducer of ErbB2) is a negative cell cycle regulator with anti-proliferative activity in the periphery. Using a behavioral screening paradigm to look for novel gene functions in the brain, we identified Tob as a brain-expressed protein involved in learning and memory. Behavioral training of fear-conditioning triggered a transient elevation of Tob protein, which preceded the formation of long-term memory. Functional perturbation of Tob by intra-CA1 infusion of antisense oligonucleotides in rats impaired spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze and long-term memory for contextual fear conditioning, two behavioral paradigms that require the hippocampus. Furthermore, long-term potentiation was suppressed by Tob antisense infusion into the CA1 region. Together, these results indicate that the negative cell cycle regulator Tob is a multifunctional protein involved in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Avoidance Learning/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Blotting, Northern/methods
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/radiation effects
- Fear
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Gene Library
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects
- Long-Term Potentiation/physiology
- Long-Term Potentiation/radiation effects
- Male
- Maze Learning
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Oligonucleotides/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Reaction Time/physiology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jin
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Cao-Bao Road, Shanghai 200233, China
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