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Miller BP, Reed DD, Amlung M. Reliability and validity of behavioral-economic measures: A review and synthesis of discounting and demand. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 120:263-280. [PMID: 37248719 PMCID: PMC10524652 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review sought to synthesize the literature on the reliability and validity of behavioral-economic measures of demand and discounting in human research, introduce behavioral-economic research methodologies for studying addictive behaviors, discuss gaps in the current literature, and review areas for future research. A total of 34 studies was included in this review. The discounting literature showed similar responding regardless of whether hypothetical or actual outcomes were used, though people tended to discount the outcome presented first more steeply, suggesting order effects. Although delay-discounting measures seem to show temporal stability, exceptions were found for probability- and experiential-discounting tasks. The demand literature also demonstrated similar responding regardless of outcome type; however, some demand indices showed exceptions. Randomized price sequences tended to show modest increases in Omax and α and modestly higher rates of inconsistent or nonsystematic responses compared with sequential price sequences. Demand indices generally showed temporal stability, although the stability was weaker the larger the time interval between test sessions. Future studies would benefit by examining addictive commodities beyond alcohol, nicotine, and money; examining temporal stability over longer time intervals; using larger delays in discounting tasks; and using larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Miller
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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2
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Yip SW, Barch DM, Chase HW, Flagel S, Huys QJ, Konova AB, Montague R, Paulus M. From Computation to Clinic. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:319-328. [PMID: 37519475 PMCID: PMC10382698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory-driven and data-driven computational approaches to psychiatry have enormous potential for elucidating mechanism of disease and providing translational linkages between basic science findings and the clinic. These approaches have already demonstrated utility in providing clinically relevant understanding, primarily via back translation from clinic to computation, revealing how specific disorders or symptoms map onto specific computational processes. Nonetheless, forward translation, from computation to clinic, remains rare. In addition, consensus regarding specific barriers to forward translation-and on the best strategies to overcome these barriers-is limited. This perspective review brings together expert basic and computationally trained researchers and clinicians to 1) identify challenges specific to preclinical model systems and clinical translation of computational models of cognition and affect, and 2) discuss practical approaches to overcoming these challenges. In doing so, we highlight recent evidence for the ability of computational approaches to predict treatment responses in psychiatric disorders and discuss considerations for maximizing the clinical relevance of such models (e.g., via longitudinal testing) and the likelihood of stakeholder adoption (e.g., via cost-effectiveness analyses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W. Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Departments of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Henry W. Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shelly Flagel
- Department of Psychiatry and Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Quentin J.M. Huys
- Division of Psychiatry and Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B. Konova
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Read Montague
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Martin Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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3
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Vuchinich RE, Tucker JA, Acuff SF, Reed DD, Buscemi J, Murphy JG. Matching, behavioral economics, and teleological behaviorism: Final cause analysis of substance use and health behavior. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 119:240-258. [PMID: 36541360 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Howard Rachlin and his contemporaries pioneered basic behavioral science innovations that have been usefully applied to advance understanding of human substance use disorder and related health behaviors. We briefly summarize the innovations of molar behaviorism (the matching law), behavioral economics, and teleological behaviorism. Behavioral economics and teleological behaviorism's focus on final causes are especially illuminating for these applied fields. Translational and applied research are summarized for laboratory studies of temporal discounting and economic demand, cohort studies of alcohol and other drug use in the natural environment, and experimental behavioral economic modeling of health behavior-related public health policies. We argue that the teleological behavioral perspective on health behavior is conducive to and merges seamlessly with the contemporary socioecological model of health behavior, which broadens the contextual influences (e.g., community, economic, infrastructure, health care access and policy) of individuals' substance use and other health risk behaviors. Basic-to-applied translations to date have been successful and bode well for continued applications of basic science areas pioneered by Howard Rachlin and his contemporaries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jalie A Tucker
- University of Florida and Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Derek D Reed
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, KS
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4
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Cohn AM, Cassidy R, Denlinger-Apte R, Donny E, Villanti AC, Hatsukami D, Dunn D, Wyatt R, Niznik T, Cohen-Davidyan T, Smith M, Ehlke SJ. Impact of a reduced nicotine standard on young adult appeal for menthol and non-menthol cigarettes. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e067694. [PMID: 36410805 PMCID: PMC9680144 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its intention to reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes as a strategy to promote cessation and reduce smoking-related harm. A low nicotine product standard will apply to all cigarettes on the market, including menthol cigarettes. In December 2021, the FDA approved a modified risk tobacco product application for menthol and non-menthol flavoured very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNC) from the 22nd Century Group. Notably, experimentation with menthol cigarettes is linked to smoking progression, as well as greater nicotine dependence relative to non-menthol cigarette use. If menthol VLNCs are perceived as more appealing than non-menthol VLNCs, this would indicate that some aspect of menthol may maintain smoking even in the absence of nicotine and FDA's regulatory authority to ban or restrict the sale of menthol cigarettes should apply to reduced nicotine content of cigarettes. In April 2022, the FDA announced proposed rulemaking to prohibit menthol cigarettes, however it is unclear if a menthol prohibition would apply to VLNCs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will recruit 172 young adult menthol smokers (with a specific subsample of n=40 sexual and gender minority young adults) and measure appeal for smoking experimental menthol and non-menthol VLNCs, and the impact of proposed product standards on tobacco product purchasing behaviour using an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Appeal across product standards will be assessed in a controlled laboratory and using ecological momentary assessment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol was approved by the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Institutional Review Board (#11865). Findings will examine the effects of a reduced nicotine standard and a menthol ban on young adult smoking and will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles and presentations at scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04340947.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Cohn
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Rachel Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Rachel Denlinger-Apte
- Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Health Behavior, Society & Policy, Deparment of Health Behavior, Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Delaney Dunn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Riley Wyatt
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Taylor Niznik
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tamar Cohen-Davidyan
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael Smith
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sarah J Ehlke
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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5
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Sholler DJ, Moran MB, Dolan SB, Borodovsky JT, Alonso F, Vandrey R, Spindle TR. Use patterns, beliefs, experiences, and behavioral economic demand of indica and sativa cannabis: A cross-sectional survey of cannabis users. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:575-583. [PMID: 33856822 PMCID: PMC8517044 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis products available for retail purchase are often marketed based on purported plant species (e.g., "indica" or "sativa"). The cannabis industry frequently claims that indica versus sativa cannabis elicits unique effects and/or is useful for different therapeutic indications. Few studies have evaluated use patterns, beliefs, subjective experiences, and situations in which individuals use indica versus sativa. A convenience sample of cannabis users (n = 179) was surveyed via Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk). Participants were asked about their prior use of, subjective experiences with, and opinions on indica versus sativa cannabis and completed hypothetical purchasing tasks for both cannabis subtypes. Participants reported a greater preference to use indica in the evening and sativa in the morning and afternoon. Participants were more likely to perceive feeling "sleepy/tired" or "relaxed" after using indica and "alert," "energized," and "motivated" after using sativa. Respondents were more likely to endorse wanting to use indica if they were going to sleep soon but more likely to use sativa at a party. Hypothetical purchasing patterns (i.e., grams of cannabis purchased as a function of escalating price) did not differ between indica and sativa, suggesting that demand was similar. Taken together, cannabis users retrospectively report feeling different effects from indica and sativa; however, demand generally did not differ between cannabis subtypes, suggesting situational factors could influence whether someone uses indica or sativa. Placebo-controlled, blinded studies are needed to characterize the pharmacodynamics and chemical composition of indica and sativa cannabis and to determine whether user expectancies contribute to differences in perceived indica/sativa effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Sholler
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Meghan B. Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Sean B. Dolan
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Fernanda Alonso
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Tory R. Spindle
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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6
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Acuff SF, Pilatti A, Collins M, Hides L, Thingujam NS, Chai WJ, Yap WM, Shuai R, Hogarth L, Bravo AJ, Murphy JG. Reinforcer pathology of internet-related behaviors among college students: Data from six countries. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:725-739. [PMID: 33914568 PMCID: PMC8553798 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that repeated engagement in low-effort behaviors that are associated with immediate reward, such as Internet use, can result in a pathological reinforcement process in which the behavior is increasingly selected over other activities due, in part, to a low availability of alternative activities and to a strong preference for immediate rather than delayed rewards (delay discounting). However, this reinforcer pathology model has not been generalized to other Internet-related behaviors, such as online gaming or smartphone use. Given the widespread availability of these technologies, it is also important to examine whether reinforcer pathology of Internet-related behaviors is culturally universal or culture-specific. The current study examines relations between behavioral economic constructs (Internet demand, delay discounting, and alternative reinforcement) and Internet-related addictive behaviors (harmful Internet use, smartphone use, online gaming, and Internet sexual behavior) in a cross-sectional sample of college students (N = 1,406) from six different countries (Argentina, Australia, India, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Using structural equation modeling, Internet demand was associated with harmful Internet use, smartphone use, and online gaming; delay discounting was associated with harmful smartphone use; and alternative reinforcement was associated with harmful Internet and smartphone use. The models were partially invariant across countries. However, mean levels of behavioral economic variables differed across countries, country-level gross domestic product, person-level income, and sex at birth. Results support behavioral economic theory and highlight the importance of considering both individual and country-level sociocultural contextual factors in models for understanding harmful engagement with Internet-related behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelina Pilatti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
| | | | - Leanne Hides
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland
| | | | - Wen Jia Chai
- Department of Neurosciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
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Examination of Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Food Addiction using Alcohol and Addiction Research Domain Criteria (AARDoC): Recent Findings and Directions for the Future. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Alcohol and Addiction Research Domain Criteria (AARDoC) is a transdiagnostic, circuits-based framework for studying addictive behaviors. We examined parallels in individual differences that might increase susceptibility to FA and other addictive disorders using the following units of analysis in AARDoC domains: craving, relative reinforcing value of food and attention bias in the incentive salience domain; decisional impulsivity (delay discounting) and inhibitory control (Go-No-Go, Conner’s Continuous Performance Test, and the flanker task) in the executive function domain; and emotion dysregulation and negative urgency in the negative emotionality domain.
Recent Findings
There are a number of parallels between FA and other addictions in the incentive salience and negative emotionality domains, but somewhat divergent findings in the executive function domain. Trauma appears to be an important environmental stressor in maintenance of FA.
Summary
AARDoC may be a useful organizing framework for studying addictions, including FA. Future studies should incorporate other units of analysis to better characterize FA.
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8
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Schwartz LP, Hursh SR. Time Cost and Demand: Implications for Public Policy. Perspect Behav Sci 2022; 46:51-66. [PMID: 35812525 PMCID: PMC9256361 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-022-00349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of policy involves not only good design but a good understanding of how the public will respond behaviorally to the benefits or detriments of that policy. Behavioral science has greatly contributed to how we understand the impact of monetary costs on behavior and has therefore contributed to policy design. Consumption taxes are a direct result of this; for example, cigarette taxes that aim to reduce cigarette consumption. In addition to monetary costs, time may also be conceptualized as a constraint on consumption. Time costs may therefore have policy implications, for example, long waiting times could deter people from accessing certain benefits. Recent data show that behavioral economic demand curve methods used to understand monetary cost may also be used to understand time costs. In this article we discuss how the impact of time cost can be conceptualized as a constraint on demand for public benefits utilization and public health when there are delays to receiving the benefits. Policy examples in which time costs may be relevant and demand curve methods may be useful are discussed in the areas of government benefits, public health, and transportation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay P. Schwartz
- Applied Behavioral Research, Institutes for Behavior Resources, 2104 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA
| | - Steven R. Hursh
- Applied Behavioral Research, Institutes for Behavior Resources, 2104 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA ,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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9
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Choi K, Kreuger K, McNeel TS, Osgood N. Point-of-sale cigarette pricing strategies and young adult smokers' intention to purchase cigarettes: an online experiment. Tob Control 2022; 31:473-478. [PMID: 33632805 PMCID: PMC8385012 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-sale tobacco marketing has been shown to be related to tobacco use behaviours; however, specific influences of cigarette price discounts, price tiers and pack/carton availability on cigarette purchasing intention are less understood by the tobacco control community. METHODS We conducted discrete choice experiments among an online sample of US young adult smokers (aged 18-30 years; n=1823). Participants were presented scenarios depicting their presence at a tobacco retail outlet with varying availability of cigarette price discounts, price tiers and pack/carton. At each scenario, participants were asked whether they would purchase cigarettes. Generalised linear regression models were used to examine the associations between of cigarette price discounts, price tiers and pack/carton with intention to purchase cigarettes overall and stratified by educational attainment. RESULTS Participants chose to purchase cigarettes in 70.9% of the scenarios. Offering price discounts were associated with higher odds of choosing to purchase cigarettes. Reducing the number of cigarette price tiers available in the store was associated with lower odds of choosing to purchase cigarettes. Stratified analysis showed that offering discounts on high-tier cigarette packs increased odds of choosing to purchase cigarettes among young adult smokers with at least some college education, while offering discounts on medium-tier cigarette packs increased odds of choosing to purchase cigarettes among those with some college education or less (eg, with a 10% discount, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]some college=1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21 to 2.16; AOR≤high school=1.44, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.93). CONCLUSIONS Availability of cigarette price discounts, price tiers and pack/carton could potentially influence cigarette purchasing behaviours among young adult smokers. Regulating these marketing strategies may, therefore, reduce education-related smoking disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Kreuger
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Osgood
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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10
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Reed DD, Strickland JC, Gelino BW, Hursh SR, Jarmolowicz DP, Kaplan BA, Amlung M. Applied Behavioral Economics and Public Health Policies: Historical Precedence and Translational Promise. Behav Processes 2022; 198:104640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dolan SB, Spindle TR, Vandrey R, Johnson MW. Behavioral economic interactions between cannabis and alcohol purchasing: Associations with disordered use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:159-171. [PMID: 33001691 PMCID: PMC8209692 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As cannabis policy changes, there is an urgent need to understand interactions between cannabis and alcohol couse. An online sample of 711 adult past-month cannabis and alcohol users completed both single-item hypothetical purchasing tasks for cannabis and alcohol and cross-commodity purchasing tasks assessing adjusting-price cannabis with concurrently available, fixed-price alcohol, and vice versa. Participants provided information about cannabis and alcohol use patterns, and completed the Alcohol and Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Tests (AUDIT and CUDIT, respectively). Group data showed that cannabis and alcohol served as complements (as the price of the adjusting-price commodity increased, consumption of both commodities decreased). However, individual data showed substantial variability with nontrivial proportions showing patterns of complementarity, substitution, and independence. More negative slopes (greater complementarity) for fixed-price cannabis and alcohol were both associated with greater self-reported drug consumption and CUDIT and AUDIT scores. The negative relation between cross-price slope and CUDIT/AUDIT score indicates that individuals who treat cannabis and alcohol more as complements are more likely to experience disordered use. Based on these cross-commodity purchasing data, when both cannabis and alcohol are concurrently available at low prices, both may be used at high levels, whereas limiting consumption of one commodity (e.g., through increased price) may reduce consumption of the other. These data show the importance of examining individual participant analyses of behavioral economic drug interactions and suggest that manipulation of cost (e.g., through taxes) or cosale restrictions are potential public health regulatory mechanisms for reducing alcohol and cannabis use and couse behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B Dolan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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12
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Zhang S, Chu H, Bickel WK, Le CT, Smith TT, Thomas JL, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK, Luo X. A Bayesian hierarchical model for individual participant data meta-analysis of demand curves. Stat Med 2022; 41:2276-2290. [PMID: 35194829 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Individual participant data meta-analysis is a frequently used method to combine and contrast data from multiple independent studies. Bayesian hierarchical models are increasingly used to appropriately take into account potential heterogeneity between studies. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for individual participant data generated from the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT). Data from the CPT details how demand for cigarettes varies as a function of price, which is usually described as an exponential demand curve. As opposed to the conventional random-effects meta-analysis methods, Bayesian hierarchical models are able to estimate both the study-specific and population-level parameters simultaneously without relying on the normality assumptions. We applied the proposed model to a meta-analysis with baseline CPT data from six studies and compared the results from the proposed model and a two-step conventional random-effects meta-analysis approach. We conducted extensive simulation studies to investigate the performance of the proposed approach and discussed the benefits of using the Bayesian hierarchical model for individual participant data meta-analysis of demand curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Haitao Chu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Chap T Le
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Janet L Thomas
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Gilroy SP, Waits JA, Kaplan BA. Applications of operant demand to treatment selection I: Characterizing demand for evidence-based practices. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:20-35. [PMID: 35043980 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Various treatment approaches have been determined efficacious for improving child behavior outcomes. Despite a variety of evidence-based options, consumers often disregard empirically supported treatments to pursue alternatives that lack empirical support, such as 'fad' therapies. The choice to pursue therapies lacking empirical support has been considered a 'gamble' on therapeutic outcomes and this form of risky choice has historically been explained using various cognitive heuristics and biases. This report translates quantitative analyses from the Operant Demand Framework to characterize how caregivers of children with behavioral issues consume treatment services. The Operant Demand Framework is presented, its utility for characterizing patterns of treatment consumption is discussed, and a preliminary application of cross-price analyses of demand is performed to illustrate how various factors jointly influence treatment-related choice. Results indicated that caregivers endorsing interest in receiving behavioral parent training regularly pursued pseudoscientific alternatives as a functional substitute for an established therapy, despite explicit language stating a lack of evidence. These findings question the presumption of rationality in models of treatment choice and degree to which scientific evidence influences the consumption of therapies. This report concludes with a discussion of Consumer Behavior Analysis and how quantitative analyses of behavior can be used to better understand factors that enhance or detract from the dissemination of evidence-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodie A Waits
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University
| | - Brent A Kaplan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
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14
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Strickland JC, Reed DD, Hursh SR, Schwartz LP, Foster RNS, Gelino BW, LeComte RS, Oda FS, Salzer AR, Schneider TD, Dayton L, Latkin C, Johnson MW. Behavioral economic methods to inform infectious disease response: Prevention, testing, and vaccination in the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0258828. [PMID: 35045071 PMCID: PMC8769299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of human behavior to thwart transmission of infectious diseases like COVID-19 is evident. Psychological and behavioral science are key areas to understand decision-making processes underlying engagement in preventive health behaviors. Here we adapt well validated methods from behavioral economic discounting and demand frameworks to evaluate variables (e.g., delay, cost, probability) known to impact health behavior engagement. We examine the contribution of these mechanisms within a broader response class of behaviors reflecting adherence to public health recommendations made during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four crowdsourced samples (total N = 1,366) completed individual experiments probing a response class including social (physical) distancing, facemask wearing, COVID-19 testing, and COVID-19 vaccination. We also measure the extent to which choice architecture manipulations (e.g., framing, opt-in/opt-out) may promote (or discourage) behavior engagement. We find that people are more likely to socially distance when specified activities are framed as high risk, that facemask use during social interaction decreases systematically with greater social relationship, that describing delay until testing (rather than delay until results) increases testing likelihood, and that framing vaccine safety in a positive valence improves vaccine acceptance. These findings collectively emphasize the flexibility of methods from diverse areas of behavioral science for informing public health crisis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Hursh
- Applied Behavioral Biology Unit, Institutes for Behavior Resources, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Lindsay P. Schwartz
- Applied Behavioral Biology Unit, Institutes for Behavior Resources, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Rachel N. S. Foster
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Brett W. Gelino
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Robert S. LeComte
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Fernanda S. Oda
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Allyson R. Salzer
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Tadd D. Schneider
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Lauren Dayton
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Carl Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Salzer AR, Strickland JC, Stoops WW, Reed DD. An evaluation of fixed and randomized price sequence on the alcohol purchase task. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:295-301. [PMID: 32673049 PMCID: PMC8447474 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Factors influencing drug consumption can be effectively evaluated in the context of behavioral economic demand. Specifically, hypothetical purchase tasks (HPTs) allow for estimated drug consumption at a range of prices in which drug administration is not ethically or feasibly possible. With the marked increase of HPTs in behavioral research, understanding methodological influences on responding is paramount. One such methodological consideration is the price sequence, which can be presented in a fixed, ascending order or a randomized sequence. This study compared fixed and fully randomized sequence order with college student drinkers using a within-subjects design. Self-reported consumption revealed that despite some small differences between the fixed and random sequences, consumption preferences were highly similar, regardless of presentation order. These results suggest participants are likely not anchoring their responses to the prior price on a fixed-order sequence. We conclude with a discussion on how these findings provide implications for HPTs and future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The construct of food addiction has received increased attention and has been proposed as a mental disorder. There is some evidence that supports the inclusion of food addiction in the psychiatric nosology; however, the construct has not been sufficiently validated for inclusion. This study used the addiction syndrome model as a guiding theoretical framework to understand food addiction. The addiction syndrome model emphasizes the shared antecedents and consequences of addictions even though specific manifestations may differ. METHODS Participants were adult community members with food addiction (n = 26) or healthy controls (n = 26) as classified by the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Participants completed a battery of self-report questionnaires assessing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains often associated with addiction. RESULTS Results revealed that individuals with food addiction demonstrated significantly higher scores than healthy controls on depressive symptoms, emotion dysregulation, emotional eating, demand characteristics, motives, impulsivity, and family history of mental health problems and addiction, providing support for the clinical significance of food addiction. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study replicates and extends previous findings, particularly in regard to behavioral economics and demand for food, providing further support for the consideration of food addiction in the psychiatric nosology.
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Strickland JC, Vsevolozhskaya OA, Stoops WW. E-Cigarette Demand: Impact of Commodity Definitions and Test-Retest Reliability. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:557-565. [PMID: 32770216 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral economic demand provides a multidimensional understanding of reinforcement. Commodity purchase tasks are an efficient method for measuring demand in human participants. One challenge in translating these procedures to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS or e-cigarettes) is defining commodity units given the lack of standardization in the e-cigarette marketplace. AIMS AND METHODS The purpose of this study was to directly compare methods of operationalizinge-cigarette purchases, puffs, cartridges, and mLs liquid, using a within-subject design. Participants (N = 132) reporting past week e-cigarette use were recruited using crowdsourcing. Purchase tasks were completed operationalizing e-cigarette units as puffs or cartridges at baseline and puffs or mLs liquid at a 3-month follow-up. RESULTS Bivariate associations supported convergent and discriminant validity with the largest effect size correlations for intensity and elasticity observed for the puff version. Interaction models suggested that product preferences moderated the relationship between time-to-first use and cartridge demand with larger effect size correlations among persons reporting a preference for JUULs, but weaker relationships among persons reporting other device preferences. Puff intensity (rxx = .61) and elasticity (rxx = .62) showed good test-retest reliability for participants reporting stable consumption, but poor test-retest reliability for individuals with changed consumption levels (intensity rxx = -.08; elasticity rxx = -.10). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the relevance of commodity definitions in the e-cigarette purchase task. Puffs as an experimental commodity may provide flexibility for studying e-cigarette demand in heterogenous or unknown populations, whereas more tailored or personalized approaches like cartridge or mL-based tasks will likely be helpful when studying known subgroups. IMPLICATIONS The commodity purchase task procedure is widely used for understanding cigarette and e-cigarette demand in nicotine dependence research. This study evaluates the importance of operational definitions of e-cigarette commodities in the purchase task (ie, puffs, cartridges, or mLs liquid). Puffs may provide a more flexible commodity unit when evaluating e-cigarette demand in general or heterogenous populations, whereas device-specific units may prove more valuable when studying populations with consistent and known product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Olga A Vsevolozhskaya
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
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18
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Strickland JC, Reed DD, Hursh SR, Schwartz LP, Foster RN, Gelino BW, LeComte RS, Oda FS, Salzer AR, Schneider TD, Dayton L, Latkin C, Johnson MW. Integrating Operant and Cognitive Behavioral Economics to Inform Infectious Disease Response: Prevention, Testing, and Vaccination in the COVID-19 Pandemic. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.01.20.21250195. [PMID: 33532802 PMCID: PMC7852253 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.20.21250195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of human behavior to thwart transmission of infectious diseases like COVID-19 is evident. Yet, many areas of psychological and behavioral science are limited in the ability to mobilize to address exponential spread or provide easily translatable findings for policymakers. Here we describe how integrating methods from operant and cognitive approaches to behavioral economics can provide robust policy relevant data. Adapting well validated methods from behavioral economic discounting and demand frameworks, we evaluate in four crowdsourced samples (total N = 1,366) behavioral mechanisms underlying engagement in preventive health behaviors. We find that people are more likely to social distance when specified activities are framed as high risk, that describing delay until testing (rather than delay until results) increases testing likelihood, and that framing vaccine safety in a positive valence improves vaccine acceptance. These findings collectively emphasize the flexibility of methods from diverse areas of behavioral science for informing public health crisis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Derek D. Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Steven R. Hursh
- Applied Behavioral Biology Unit, Institutes for Behavior Resources, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Lindsay P. Schwartz
- Applied Behavioral Biology Unit, Institutes for Behavior Resources, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Rachel N.S. Foster
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Brett W. Gelino
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Robert S. LeComte
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Fernanda S. Oda
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Allyson R. Salzer
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Tadd D. Schneider
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Lauren Dayton
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Carl Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Matthew W. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, US
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Borodovsky JT, Sofis MJ, Grucza RA, Budney AJ. The importance of psychology for shaping legal cannabis regulation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:99-115. [PMID: 32437193 PMCID: PMC7679279 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Different patterns of cannabis use can be traced directly back to different interactions between 2 types of variables: pharmacological and environmental. As legal cannabis expands in the U.S. and around the world, state and national regulatory agencies are gaining control over these variables. Specifically, regulatory agencies are increasingly capable of altering (a) the pharmacological properties of cannabis products and (b) the way these products are distributed to the population. Consequently, cannabis regulatory agencies are in a unique position to use evidence from psychological science to alter cannabis consumption patterns in ways that mitigate potential harm to public health. However, most state-level legal cannabis regulatory systems in the U.S. are not yet evidence-based or public health-oriented. This applied review and commentary draws on evidence from the psychological science literature to help regulators better understand the types of behaviors they must address and guide empirically supported regulation of THC-laden cannabis, whether used putatively for medical or recreational reasons. This review is organized into 3 parts that correspond to the 3 primary agents within the cannabis regulation ecosystem: (a) the cannabis consumer, (b) the cannabis industry, and (c) the cannabis regulatory agency. Within this structure, the review addresses critical psychological variables that drive cannabis consumer and industry behaviors and discusses how regulatory agencies can use this information to protect public health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Borodovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Michael J Sofis
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine
| | - Richard A Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Alan J Budney
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine
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20
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Reed DD, Naudé GP, Salzer AR, Peper M, Monroe-Gulick AL, Gelino BW, Harsin JD, Foster RNS, Nighbor TD, Kaplan BA, Koffarnus MN, Higgins ST. Behavioral economic measurement of cigarette demand: A descriptive review of published approaches to the cigarette purchase task. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:688-705. [PMID: 31961164 PMCID: PMC8428680 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cigarette purchase task (CPT) is a behavioral economic method for assessing demand for cigarettes. Growing interest in behavioral correlates of tobacco use in clinical and general populations as well as empirical efforts to inform policy has seen an increase in published articles employing the CPT. Accordingly, an examination of the published methods and procedures for obtaining these behavioral economic metrics is timely. The purpose of this investigation was to provide a review of published approaches to using the CPT. We searched specific Boolean operators (["behavioral economic" AND "purchase task"] OR ["demand" AND "cigarette"]) and identified 49 empirical articles published through the year 2018 that reported administering a CPT. Articles were coded for participant characteristics (e.g., sample size, population type, age), CPT task structure (e.g., price framing, number and sequence of prices; vignettes, contextual factors), and data analytic approach (e.g., method of generating indices of cigarette demand). Results of this review indicate no standard approach to administering the CPT and underscore the need for replicability of these behavioral economic measures for the purpose of guiding clinical and policy decisions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D. Reed
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Gideon P. Naudé
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Allyson R. Salzer
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | | | | | - Brett W. Gelino
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Joshua D. Harsin
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Rachel N. S. Foster
- University of Kansas and Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Tyler D. Nighbor
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, Vermont, and University of Vermont
| | | | | | - Stephen T. Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, Vermont, and University of Vermont
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21
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Jin HJ, Cho SM. Effects of cigarette price increase on fresh food expenditures of low-income South Korean households that spend relatively more on cigarettes. Health Policy 2020; 125:75-82. [PMID: 32859407 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
On January 1, 2015, the cigarette tax in South Korea increased sharply. In this study, we analyzed how the fresh food expenditures of low-income smoking households that spend relatively more on cigarettes changed between 2014 and 2015 compared to their demographically comparable non-smoking counterparts. We conducted the analysis using a difference-in-differences analysis from which we derived expenditure differences between smoking households and non-smoking households and then examined whether the differences increased from 2014 to 2015. In deriving the differences, we utilized the nearest-matching method to ensure that, besides smoking status, the socio-demographics of the two groups were matched. We used data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of South Korea. The analysis showed that smoking households spent less on fruits and vegetables than non-smoking households and that this difference increased after the tax increase. The change was more remarkable in the poorest households that spent relatively more on cigarettes. This suggests that cigarette expenditures have a crowding out effect on fresh food expenditures for smoking households, with a significantly larger effect for households in the poorest group that spend more on cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joung Jin
- Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Chung-Ang University, 456-756, South Korea.
| | - Sung Min Cho
- Korea Institute for Industrial Economics & Trade, Sejong National Research Complex, 370, Sicheong-daero, Sejong, 30147, South Korea.
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Athamneh LN, Stein JS, Bickel WK. Narrative theory III: Evolutionary narratives addressing mating motives change discounting and tobacco valuation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:276-290. [PMID: 31424235 PMCID: PMC7028457 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between discounting and addictive behaviors have both state- and trait-based components. Evolutionarily driven motives may trigger risk-taking behaviors, and narratives might be used to alter the temporal window of reward valuation. The current investigation-in 2 separate studies-sought to understand the basic effects of narratives on smoking behavior by examining the effect of mating narratives on the discounting rates of cigarette smokers. Using data collected online, Study 1 (N = 132) assessed the within-individual effect of a mating narrative describing a long-term romantic relationship on rates of discounting after being randomly assigned to 1 of 2 narratives (romance or control) and Study 2 (N = 273) assessed the between-individual effect of 2 mating narratives (1 describing a long-term romantic relationship and 1 describing a short-term sexual encounter) on rates of discounting, craving, and cigarette valuation after being randomly assigned to 1 of 3 motivational narratives (romance, sex, or control). Reading the romance narrative decreased rates of discounting (i.e., increased preference for larger delayed rewards), compared to a control narrative (Studies 1 and 2). In contrast, reading the sexual narrative increased discounting (i.e., decreased preference for larger delayed rewards). Moreover, the romance narrative significantly decreased craving of cigarettes while the sexual narrative increased cigarette valuation (Study 2). These findings suggest that mating narratives may be useful in manipulating the temporal window of reward valuation, relevant for altering demand and craving, and may show potential as a component of future behavioral addiction interventions. Given the small effect sizes, replicating the study in future research will be beneficial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqa N. Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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23
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The drug purity discounting task: Ecstasy use likelihood is reduced by probabilistic impurity according to harmfulness of adulterants. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107772. [PMID: 31974022 PMCID: PMC7156028 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecstasy typically contains adulterants in addition to, or in lieu of, MDMA which may pose a greater risk to users than MDMA itself. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of adulterant-related informational prompts in reducing Ecstasy use using a novel probability discounting task. METHODS An online sample of past-month Ecstasy users (N = 278) were randomized to one of four different framing prompt conditions: no prompt; a prompt describing MDMA's effects; a prompt describing adulterants as inert "filler"; or a prompt describing adulterants as pharmacologically-active, potentially-harmful compounds. Each prompt contained general, potential public-health information that was not specifically related to subsequent behavioral tasks. All participants then completed an identical Drug Purity Discounting Task, in which they indicated the likelihood of using a sample of Ecstasy across different probabilities of the sample being impure, and then completed a hypothetical Ecstasy purchasing task. RESULTS Likelihood of Ecstasy use decreased as impurity probability increased across conditions. Ecstasy use likelihood was highest in the "inert" prompt condition, whereas pharmacologically-active adulterant or adulterant-nonspecific prompts resulted in comparably low likelihood of use. Ecstasy-use likelihood did not differ among conditions when the likelihood of sample impurity was 0. Ecstasy purchasing did not differ among groups. Inelastic purchasing was associated with greater likelihood of using potentially-impure Ecstasy. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data highlight the necessity of education regarding pharmacologically-active, rather than inert, adulterants in Ecstasy, and suggest that increased access to drug checking kits and services may mitigate some of the harms associated with Ecstasy use.
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Strickland JC, Marks KR, Bolin BL. The condom purchase task: A hypothetical demand method for evaluating sexual health decision-making. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 113:435-448. [PMID: 32056222 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral economic theory has proved useful for understanding the influence of delay and probability on sexual health decision-making. Demand is another principle at the intersection of microeconomics and psychology that has helped advance research relevant to health behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to develop and test a demand measure related to sexual health decision-making and the influence of sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk. Participants (N = 438) recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk completed a commodity purchase task assessing hypothetical condom demand. Condom demand was evaluated at varied prices for use with hypothetical sexual partners that varied in STI risk. Demand was characterized by prototypic decreases in consumption with increases in cost. Higher partner STI risk was associated with greater intentions for condom-protected sex at no cost and smaller decreases in condom demand with increases in cost. Price sensitivity was also related to individual difference factors relevant to sexual health (e.g., alcohol use severity, lower STI knowledge). This study supports the utility of a condom purchase task for indexing condom valuation and capturing individual difference and contextual risk factors relevant to STI transmission. Future studies may leverage this methodology as a means to study sexual health decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Katherine R Marks
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - B Levi Bolin
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
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25
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Menthol cigarette smoking is associated with greater subjective reward, satisfaction, and "throat hit", but not greater behavioral economic demand. Addict Behav 2020; 101:106108. [PMID: 31648140 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The cooling and minty flavor of menthol in cigarettes has been hypothesized to mask the harshness of inhaled cigarette smoke, contributing to menthol's appeal and subjective reinforcement and linking menthol use to smoking initiation, progression, nicotine dependence, and difficulty quitting. This study examined differences between menthol and non-menthol smokers on behavioral economic indices of reinforcing efficacy (i.e., demand) and subjective response to smoking (i.e., satisfaction, reward, "throat hit," aversion) and the association between measurements of reinforcement and subjective response. DESIGN 600 current adult smokers were recruited from an online smoking cessation program. Following website enrollment, individuals completed a self-report measurement of subjective response to smoking (reward, satisfaction, aversion, "throat hit"), and a modified cigarette purchase task (CPT) to assess behavioral economic cigarette demand. FINDINGS In bivariate and adjusted ANOVA models, menthol smokers reported greater subjective reward, satisfaction, and positive sensations in the throat ("throat hit") from smoking compared to non-menthol smokers; and those outcomes were also correlated with greater nicotine dependence and lower likelihood of a past-year quit attempt. Although cigarette demand was associated with smoking level, subjective smoking reward, and nicotine dependence, there were no differences in smoking demand between menthol vs. non-menthol smokers. CONCLUSIONS The pleasurable aspects of menthol vs non-menthol smoking may be a mechanism linking it to greater nicotine dependence and difficulty quitting. A menthol ban could decrease population-level cigarette consumption by restricting smokers' access to a highly rewarding cigarette flavoring.
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González-Roz A, Jackson J, Murphy C, Rohsenow DJ, MacKillop J. Behavioral economic tobacco demand in relation to cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional relationships. Addiction 2019; 114:1926-1940. [PMID: 31313403 PMCID: PMC7837316 DOI: 10.1111/add.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A cigarette purchase task (CPT) aims to characterize individual variation in the reinforcing value of tobacco. This meta-analysis estimated the associations between cigarette demand, tobacco consumption and nicotine dependence using this task. DESIGN A meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies identified by PubMed and PsycINFO databases was conducted. Fixed- and random-effects models were used. The study also examined the model used to derive elasticity of demand (exponential or exponentiated) as a potential moderator. Publication bias was assessed using 'fail-safe N', Begg-Mazumdar test, Egger's test, Tweedie's trim-and-fill approach and meta-regression of publication year with effect size. SETTING Studies from any setting that reported coefficient correlations on the tested associations. PARTICIPANTS Daily cigarette users (i.e. 5 to 38 cigarettes per day; n = 7649). MEASUREMENTS Cigarette consumption, nicotine dependence and five tobacco demand indicators: intensity (i.e. consumption at no cost), elasticity (i.e. sensitivity to rises in costs), Omax (maximum expenditure), Pmax (i.e. price at which consumption becomes elastic) and breakpoint (i.e. price at which consumption ceases). FINDINGS Twenty-three studies met inclusion criteria. All the CPT indices were significantly correlated with smoking behavior (rs = 0.044-0.572, Ps = 0.012-10-8 ). Medium-to-large effect size associations were present for intensity, Omax, and elasticity, whereas small effects were obtained for breakpoint and Pmax . Evidence of a moderating effect of the different elasticity modeling approaches was not present. There was limited evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS All five demand indices derived from the cigarette purchase task by (CPT) were robustly associated with cigarette consumption and tobacco dependence. Of the demand indices, maximum expenditure, intensity and elasticity exhibited the largest magnitude associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba González-Roz
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton
| | - Jacob Jackson
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton
| | - Cara Murphy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | | | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
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Heckman BW, Fong GT, Borland R, Hitchman S, O’Connor RJ, Bickel WK, Stein JS, Yong HH, Nahhas GJ, Pope DA, Shang C, Cheng KW, Levy DT, Cummings KM. The impact of vaping and regulatory environment on cigarette demand: behavioral economic perspective across four countries. Addiction 2019; 114 Suppl 1:123-133. [PMID: 30575186 PMCID: PMC7029808 DOI: 10.1111/add.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Government regulations of nicotine vaping products (NVP) have evolved rapidly during the past decade. The impact of NVP regulatory environment and vaping on cigarette demand is unknown. The current study aims to investigate whether or not respondents' reported cigarette demand, as measured by a hypothetical cigarette purchase task, varies with (1) smoking status, (2) vaping status or (3) NVP regulatory environment (country used as proxy). DESIGN Cross-sectional survey data from wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping (4CV) Survey (2016). SETTING Australia, Canada, England and the United States. PARTICIPANTS A total of 10 316 adult smokers. MEASUREMENTS A hypothetical purchase task asked smokers to estimate how many cigarettes they would purchase for consumption in a single day across multiple cigarette prices. Responses were used to derive measures of cigarette demand. Overall sensitivity of cigarette consumption to price increases was quantified to index cigarette demand elasticity, whereas estimated consumption when cigarettes are free was used to index cigarette demand intensity. FINDINGS A majority of the non-daily smokers had previously smoked daily (72.3%); daily vapers were more likely to be former daily smokers (89.9%) compared to non-daily vapers (70.1%) and non-vapers (69.2%) (P < 0.001). The smoking status × vaping status interaction was significant for cigarette demand intensity (F = 4.93; P = 0.007) and elasticity (F = 7.30; P = 0.001): among non-daily smokers, vapers reported greater intensity but lower elasticity (i.e. greater demand) relative to non-vapers (Ps < 0.05). Among daily smokers, daily vapers reported greater intensity relative to non-vapers (P = 0.005), but vaping status did not impact elasticity (Ps > 0.38). Intensity was higher in Australia compared with all other countries (Ps < 0.001), but elasticity did not vary by country (F = 2.15; P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS In a hypothetical purchase task, non-daily smokers showed lower price elasticity if they used e-cigarettes than if they did not, while there was no clear difference in elasticity between e-cigarette users and non-users among daily smokers or according to regulatory environment of their country with regard to e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ron Borland
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Hitchman
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, King’s College London, Strand, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. O’Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Hua-Hie Yong
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georges J. Nahhas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Derek A. Pope
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Ce Shang
- Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kai-Wen Cheng
- Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David T. Levy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Murphy CM, Cassidy RN, Martin RA, Tidey JW, Mackillop J, Rohsenow DJ. Brief Assessment of Cigarette Demand (BACD): Initial development and correlational results in adults and adolescents. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:496-501. [PMID: 30896238 PMCID: PMC6800201 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing briefer behavioral economic measures is an important priority to ensure that these measures can be used in a variety of different contexts and to reduce participant burden. We developed and sought to validate a Brief Assessment of Cigarette Demand (BACD). A 17-item Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) and a 3-item BACD were completed concurrently in 2 community samples of smokers (Study 1, adult smokers [n = 80] with substance use disorders; Study 2, adolescent smokers [n = 81]). Responses on the CPT and BACD were compared on the following demand indices: (a) intensity (the number of cigarettes requested at no cost), (b) Omax (the maximum expenditure on cigarettes in a 24-hr period), and (c) breakpoint (the point at which consumption is totally suppressed/no cigarettes are purchased). Correlations of demand indices with cigarettes per day and nicotine dependence were calculated. Measures of cigarette demand on the CPT and BACD were significantly correlated, albeit at very different magnitudes, for all 3 indices in the adult sample (intensity, r = .86; breakpoint, r = .23; and Omax, r = .43) and for 2 of the indices in the adolescent sample (intensity, r = .97; breakpoint, r = .33). The CPT and BACD relationships with smoking and nicotine dependence were similar for breakpoint and intensity but not for Omax. As initial findings were mixed, additional validation work is recommended to improve psychometric properties before adoption. Valid brief measures of demand could have utility for research and treatment of addictive disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M. Murphy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Rachel N. Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Rosemarie A. Martin
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Jennifer W. Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - James Mackillop
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Damaris J. Rohsenow
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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Tucker MR, Laugesen M, Grace RC. Estimating Demand and Cross-Price Elasticity for Very Low Nicotine Content (VLNC) Cigarettes Using a Simulated Demand Task. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:843-850. [PMID: 28340034 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Very Low Nicotine Content (VLNC) cigarettes might be useful as part of a tobacco control strategy, but relatively little is known about their acceptability as substitutes for regular cigarettes. We compared subjective effects and demand for regular cigarettes and VLNC cigarettes, and estimated cross-price elasticity for VLNC cigarettes, using simulated demand tasks. Method Forty New Zealand smokers sampled a VLNC cigarette and completed Cigarette Purchase Tasks to indicate their demand for regular cigarettes and VLNC cigarettes at a range of prices, and a cross-price task indicating how many regular cigarettes and VLNC cigarettes they would purchase at 0.5x, 1x, and 2x the current market price for regular cigarettes, assuming the price of VLNC cigarettes remained constant. They also rated the subjective effects of the VLNC cigarette and their usual-brand regular cigarettes. Results Cross-price elasticity for VLNC cigarettes was estimated as 0.32 and was significantly positive, indicating that VLNC cigarettes are partially substitutable for regular cigarettes. VLNC cigarettes were rated as less satisfying and psychologically rewarding than regular cigarettes, but this was unrelated to demand or substitutability. Conclusion VLNC cigarettes are potentially substitutable for regular cigarettes. Their availability may reduce tobacco consumption, nicotine intake and addiction; making it easier for smokers to quit. Implications VLNC cigarettes share the behavioral and sensory components of smoking while delivering negligible levels of nicotine. Although smokers rated VLNCs as less satisfying than regular cigarettes, smokers said they would increase their consumption of VLNCs as the price of regular cigarettes increased, if VLNCs were available at a lower price. This suggests that VLNCs are partially substitutable for regular cigarettes. VLNCs can be part of an effective tobacco control strategy, by reducing nicotine dependence and improving health and financial outcomes for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Tucker
- University of Canterbury, Department of Psychology, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Murray Laugesen
- University of Canterbury, Department of Psychology, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Health New Zealand Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Randolph C Grace
- University of Canterbury, Department of Psychology, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Salzer AR, Gelino BW, Reed DD. Left-digit pricing effects in a high-resolution examination of hypothetical operant demand for alcohol. Behav Processes 2019; 165:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Heckman BW, Cummings KM, Nahas GJ, Willemsen MC, O’Connor RJ, Borland R, Hirsch AA, Bickel WK, Carpenter MJ. Behavioral Economic Purchase Tasks to Estimate Demand for Novel Nicotine/tobacco Products and Prospectively Predict Future Use: Evidence From The Netherlands. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:784-791. [PMID: 29547973 PMCID: PMC6528146 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The demand for alternative nicotine/tobacco products is not well established. This paper uses a behavioral economic approach to test whether smokers have differential demand for conventional factory-made, electronic, and very low nicotine content cigarettes (FMCs/ECs/VLNCs) and uses the prospective cohort design to test the predictive validity of demand indices on subsequent use of commercially available FMCs and ECs. METHODS Daily smokers (≥16 years) from the Netherlands completed an online survey in April 2014 (N = 1215). Purchase tasks were completed for FMCs, ECs, and VLNCs. Participants indicated the number of cigarettes they would consume in 24 h, across a range of prices (0-30 euro). The relationship between consumption and price was quantified into four indices of demand (intensity, Pmax, breakpoint, and essential value). A follow-up survey in July 2015 measured FMC and EC use. RESULTS At baseline, greater demand was observed for FMCs relative to ECs and VLNCs across all demand indices, with no difference between ECs and VLNCs. At follow-up, greater baseline FMC demand (intensity, essential value) was associated with lower quit rates and higher relapse. EC demand (Pmax, breakpoint, essential value) was positively associated with any EC use between survey waves, past 30 day EC use, and EC purchase between waves. CONCLUSIONS Smokers valued FMCs more than ECs or VLNCs, and FMCs were less sensitive to price increases. Demand indices predicted use of commercially available products over a 15 month period. To serve as viable substitutes for FMCs, ECs and VLNCs will need to be priced lower than FMCs. IMPLICATIONS Purchase tasks can be adapted for novel nicotine/tobacco products as a means to efficiently quantify demand and predict use. Among current daily smokers, the demand for ECs and VLNCs is lower than FMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Cancer Control, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Cancer Control, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Georges J Nahas
- Cancer Control, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Marc C Willemsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University (CAPHRI), Maastricht, Netherlands
- Dutch Alliance for a Smokefree Society, The Hague, NL
| | - Richard J O’Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Ron Borland
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander A Hirsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
| | - Matthew J Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Cancer Control, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Abstract
The overarching goal of the present study was to determine whether a behavioral economic framework of demand analysis is applicable to texting while driving. To this end, we developed a novel hypothetical task designed to quantify the intensity and elasticity of the demand for social interaction from texting while driving. This task involved a scenario in which participants receive a text message while driving, and they rated the likelihood of replying to a text message immediately versus waiting to reply until arriving at a destination when the amounts of a fine for texting while driving ranged from $1 to $300. To assess the construct validity of the task, the scenario presented two delays to a destination (15 min and 60 min). The demand for social interaction from texting was more intense (greater at the lowest amount of the fine) and less elastic (less sensitive to the increase in the amounts of the fine) for drivers who self-reported a higher frequency of texting while driving than for those who self-reported a lower frequency of texting while driving. Demand was also more intense and less elastic under the 60-min delay condition than under the 15-min condition. The results of this proof-of-concept study suggest that behavioral economic demand analyses are potentially useful for understanding and predicting texting while driving.
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Kaplan BA, Gilroy SP, Reed DD, Koffarnus MN, Hursh SR. The R package beezdemand: Behavioral Economic Easy Demand. Perspect Behav Sci 2019; 42:163-180. [PMID: 31976427 PMCID: PMC6701494 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-018-00187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
beezdemand: Behavioral Economic Easy Demand, a novel package for performing behavioral economic analyses, is introduced and evaluated. beezdemand extends the statistical program to facilitate many of the analyses performed in studies of behavioral economic demand. The package supports commonly used options for modeling operant demand and performs data screening, fits models of demand, and calculates numerous measures relevant to applied behavioral economists. The free and open source beezdemand package is compared to commercially available software (i.e., GraphPad Prism™) using peer-reviewed and simulated data. The results of this study indicated that beezdemand provides results consistent with commonly used commercial software but provides a wider range of methods and functionality desirable to behavioral economic researchers. A brief overview of the package is presented, its functionality is demonstrated, and considerations for its use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A. Kaplan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016 USA
| | - Shawn P. Gilroy
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Derek D. Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Mikhail N. Koffarnus
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016 USA
| | - Steven R. Hursh
- Institutes for Behavior Resources, Inc., Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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MacKillop J, Goldenson NI, Kirkpatrick MG, Leventhal AM. Validation of a behavioral economic purchase task for assessing drug abuse liability. Addict Biol 2019; 24:303-314. [PMID: 29314376 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral economic purchase tasks quantify drug demand (i.e. reinforcing value of a drug) and have been used extensively to assess the value of various drugs among current users. However, purchase tasks have been rarely used with unfamiliar drugs to address a compound's abuse liability, and the current study sought to validate the paradigm in this capacity. Using a double-blind placebo-controlled within-subjects drug challenge design, the study evaluated differential drug demand on an experimental drug purchase task for a 20 mg dose of oral D-amphetamine (versus placebo), a prototypic psychostimulant, in 98 stimulant-naïve participants. Compared with placebo, amphetamine significantly increased intensity, breakpoint and Omax , and significantly decreased elasticity. Mechanistic analyses revealed that Omax and breakpoint mediated the relationship between subjective drug effects and 'willingness to take again', a putative indicator of liability via motivation for future drug-seeking behavior. These findings validate the purchase task paradigm for quantifying the reinforcing value and, in turn, abuse liability of unfamiliar compounds, providing a foundation for a variety of future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research; McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton; Hamilton Canada
| | - Nicholas I. Goldenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Matthew G. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Adam M. Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine; University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine; Los Angeles CA USA
- Department of Psychology; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
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Athamneh LN, Stein JS, Amlung M, Bickel WK. Validation of a brief behavioral economic assessment of demand among cigarette smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:96-102. [PMID: 30265063 PMCID: PMC6355365 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Basic and clinical addiction research use demand measures and analysis extensively to characterize drug use motivations. Hence, obtaining an accurate and brief measurement of demand that can be easily utilized in different settings is highly valued. In the current study, 2 versions of a breakpoint measure, designed to capture cigarette demand, were investigated in 119 smokers who were recruited from an online crowdsourcing platform. The first version determines the maximum price a smoker is willing to pay for one cigarette received right now when paid out of pocket, and the second determines the maximum price when paid using a hypothetical $100 gift card received for free. The breakpoint measures were administered along with the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT), Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD), and The Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-brief). Both single-item breakpoint versions were significantly correlated with CPT-derived demand measures loaded on the persistence factor (i.e., elasticity of demand, breakpoint, Pmax, and Omax), but not with those loaded on the amplitude factor (i.e., intensity of demand). In addition, both single-item measures were associated with metrics of tobacco dependence (e.g., FTCD, QSU) with effect sizes that are similar to the ones found between CPT-derived breakpoint and those same metrics. These findings suggest that the single-item breakpoint measure is a viable method for measuring demand that may provide a useful and efficient tool to capture crucial and distinct aspects of smoking. In addition, the breakpoint measures may help increase the utility of behavioral demand measures in novel research and clinical settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqa N. Athamneh
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Faculty of Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Abstract
Background: Understanding the relations between e-cigarette prices and e-cigarette/cigarette use may shed light on the possible impact of e-cigarette regulations on public health. Objectives: This study aimed to assess potential impacts of e-cigarette price changes on vaping and smoking behaviors by smoking status (current, former, and never smokers) and e-cigarette type (pre-filled only vs. refillable). Methods: A total of 918 US-based adult e-cigarette users completed an online survey, designed to assess behavioral intention of e-cigarette/cigarette use in hypothetical situations with varying prices of e-cigarettes, in 2017. Results: With reduction in e-cigarette prices, more than 50% of current smokers reported they would reduce or quit smoking, but with greater increases in price, the rates of not only those who would quit (12.5-19.4%), but also those who would increase smoking rose (15.1-25.1%). Current smokers (vs. former/never) were more likely to increase e-cigarette use at reduced e-cigarette prices. Among current smokers, pre-filled users were less likely to quit smoking with reduced prices. At higher prices, pre-filled users were more likely to quit e-cigarettes (former smokers), but also more likely to start smoking (never smokers). Among former smokers, recent quitters were more likely to restart smoking with any e-cigarette price changes, and less likely to reduce or quit e-cigarettes with increased prices. Conclusions: Both smoking and e-cigarette use seem to be sensitive to e-cigarette price changes. Increases in e-cigarette price may have both positive and negative effects on smoking behavior, and e-cigarette price changes may disproportionately affect pre-filled users and recent quitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Minami
- a Department of Psychology , Fordham University , Bronx , New York , USA
| | - Terence K Teo
- b Department of Political Science , Seton Hall University , South Orange , New Jersey , USA
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Gilroy SP, Kaplan BA, Reed DD, Koffarnus MN, Hantula DA. The Demand Curve Analyzer: Behavioral economic software for applied research. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 110:553-568. [PMID: 30328109 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Free and open-source software for applying models of operant demand called the Demand Curve Analyzer (DCA) was developed and systematically evaluated for use in research. The software was constructed to streamline the use of recommended screening measures, prepare suitable scaling parameters, fit one of several models of operant demand, and provide publication-quality figures. The DCA allows users to easily import price and consumption data into spreadsheet-based controls and to perform statistical modeling with the aid of a graphical user interface. The results from computer simulations and reanalyses of published study data indicated that the DCA provides results consistent with commercially available software that has been traditionally used to apply these analyses (i.e., GraphPadTM Prism). Further, the DCA provides additional functionality that other statistical packages do not include. Practical issues and future directions related to the determination of scaling parameter k, screening for nonsystematic data, and the incorporation of more advanced behavioral economic methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent A Kaplan
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Carilion Research Institute
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas
| | - Mikhail N Koffarnus
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Carilion Research Institute
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Kaplan BA, Foster RNS, Reed DD, Amlung M, Murphy JG, MacKillop J. Understanding alcohol motivation using the alcohol purchase task: A methodological systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:117-140. [PMID: 30099174 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Alcohol Purchase Task (APT) is a behavioral economic assessment of alcohol demand (i.e., motivation for consumption during escalating levels of response cost) using simulated marketplace survey techniques. While the APT is often used and widely cited, to date, there has yet to be a systematic review elucidating the variability in administering and analyzing the APT. The purpose of the current paper is to address this knowledge gap in the literature by cataloging the various purchase task methodologies and providing recommendations and future areas of inquiry. METHODS The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology was utilized (Prospero: No. CRD42017072159). Searches through Google Scholar, PsychINFO, PubMed, and SpringerLink databases identified 47 empirical articles referencing the use of an APT and published through the year 2016. Articles were coded for demographic and procedural characteristics, structural characteristics of the APT itself, and characteristics of data analysis. RESULTS Results indicate substantial variation within categories and suggest that there is no standard approach to administering the APT or analyzing the responses generated from it. The results underscore the need for researchers to report as much information as possible related to administration, instructions, price structuring, and analytical approach, as we found that many articles did not provide these details. CONCLUSION Enhancing the transparency of APT methods and analyses in published reports will aid in reproducibility as well as future meta-analytic studies of alcohol demand that could lead to the development of best-practice recommendations for this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Kaplan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA USA; Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA.
| | - Rachel N S Foster
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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Doogan NJ, Wewers ME, Berman M. The impact of a federal cigarette minimum pack price policy on cigarette use in the USA. Tob Control 2018; 27:203-208. [PMID: 28259846 PMCID: PMC5583019 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing cigarette prices reduce cigarette use. The US Food and Drug Administration has the authority to regulate the sale and promotion-and therefore the price-of tobacco products. OBJECTIVE To examine the potential effect of federal minimum price regulation on the sales of cigarettes in the USA. METHOD We used yearly state-level data from the Tax Burden on Tobacco and other sources to model per capita cigarette sales as a function of price. We used the fitted model to compare the status quo sales with counterfactual scenarios in which a federal minimum price was set. The minimum price scenarios ranged from $0 to $12. RESULTS The estimated price effect in our model was comparable with that found in the literature. Our counterfactual analyses suggested that the impact of a minimum price requirement could range from a minimal effect at the $4 level to a reduction of 5.7 billion packs sold per year and 10 million smokers at the $10 level. CONCLUSION A federal minimum price policy has the potential to greatly benefit tobacco control and public health by uniformly increasing the price of cigarettes and by eliminating many price-reducing strategies currently available to both sellers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Doogan
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Wewers
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Micah Berman
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Farris SG, Aston ER, Abrantes AM, Zvolensky MJ. Tobacco demand, delay discounting, and smoking topography among smokers with and without psychopathology. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:247-253. [PMID: 28810196 PMCID: PMC5599347 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco demand (i.e., relative value attributed to a given reinforcer) and delay discounting (i.e., relative preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards) are two behavioral economic processes that are linked to the progression of problematic substance use. These processes have not been studied among those with psychopathology, a vulnerable group of smokers. The current study examined differences in tobacco demand and delay discounting, and their association with smoking topography among smokers with (n=43) and without (n=64) past-year psychopathology. METHOD Adult daily smokers (n=107,Mage=43.5; SD=9.7) participated in a study on "smoking behavior." Past-year psychological disorders were assessed via a clinician-administered diagnostic assessment. All subjects participated in an ad libitum smoking trial and then completed an assessment of delay discounting (Monetary Choice Questionnaire) and tobacco demand (Cigarette Purchase Task) approximately 45-60min post-smoking. RESULTS Smokers with psychopathology, compared to those without, had significantly higher demand intensity and maximum expenditure on tobacco (Omax), but did not differ on other demand indices or delay discounting. Smokers with psychopathology had shorter average inter-puff intervals and shorter time to cigarette completion than smokers without psychopathology. Tobacco demand and delay discounting measures were significantly intercorrelated among smokers with psychopathology, but not those without. Both behavioral economic measures were associated with specific aspects of smoking topography in smokers with psychopathology. DISCUSSION The association between tobacco demand and delay discounting is evident among smokers with psychopathology and both measures were most consistently related to smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Farris
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA; The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, 164 Summit St., Providence, RI 02906 USA; Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
| | - Ana M Abrantes
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA; Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA.
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Fred J. Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77230 USA.
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Abstract
Objectives To measure e-cigarettes' abuse liability compared to conventional tobacco cigarettes under flavor and message conditions amenable to regulation. Methods Two studies used 2×2 within-subjects designs with factors of e-cigarette flavor (Study 1: tobacco vs. menthol; Study 2: cherry vs. unflavored) and message (Study 1: reduced harm vs. no message; Study 2: reduced exposure to carcinogens vs. no message) with cigarette smokers (N(total) = 36). Linear mixed effects models assessed abuse liability for tobacco products. Outcomes included the price after which consumption is zero (the maximum amount participants would pay for a tobacco product) from the multiple choice procedure (MCP) and cigarette purchase task (CPT) and demand elasticity (price sensitivity) from the CPT. Results In the MCP, the price where consumption reached zero was significantly lower in all e-cigarette conditions except tobacco flavor (message or no message) compared to cigarettes (p < .05 each). Demand elasticity was significantly higher for menthol/no message and unflavored/reduced exposure message conditions relative to cigarettes (p < .05 each). Conclusions Flavors and modified risk messages included with e-cigarettes may affect e-cigarette abuse liability among smokers, suggesting regulatory pathways to influence demand for conventional and alternative tobacco products.
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Farris SG, Aston ER, Zvolensky MJ, Abrantes AM, Metrik J. Psychopathology and tobacco demand. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177:59-66. [PMID: 28575783 PMCID: PMC5534370 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral economic measurement of the relative value of tobacco (Cigarette Purchase Task; CPT) is used to examine individual differences in motivation for tobacco under certain contexts. Smokers with psychopathology, relative to those without, may demonstrate stronger demand for tobacco following a period of smoking deprivation, which could account for disparate rates of smoking and cessation among this subgroup. METHOD Participants (n=111) were community-recruited adult daily smokers who completed the CPT after a deprivation period of approximately 60min. Presence of psychopathology was assessed via clinical interview; 40.5% (n=45) of the sample met criteria for past-year psychological diagnosis. Specifically, 31.5% (n=35) had an emotional disorder (anxiety/depressive disorder), 17.1% (n=19) had a substance use disorder, and 19.1% of the sample had more than one disorder. RESULTS Smokers with any psychopathology showed significantly higher intensity (demand at unrestricted cost; $0) and Omax (peak expenditure for a drug) relative to smokers with no psychopathology. Intensity was significantly higher among smokers with an emotional disorder compared to those without. Smokers with a substance use disorder showed significantly higher intensity and Omax, and lower elasticity, reflecting greater insensitivity to price increases. Having≥2 disorders was associated with higher intensity relative to having 1 or no disorders. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that presence of psychopathology may be associated with greater and more persistent motivation to smoke. Future work is needed to explore the mechanism linking psychopathology to tobacco demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Farris
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA,The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, 164 Summit St., Providence, RI 02906 USA,Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA,Corresponding author: Samantha G. Farris, Ph.D. at Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior; 345 Blackstone Blvd, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906. ; Phone: 401-455-6219; Fax: 401-455-6685
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Fred J. Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77230 USA
| | - Ana M. Abrantes
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA,Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906, USA; Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Ave, Providence, RI 02908, USA.
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Snider SE, Cummings KM, Bickel WK. Behavioral economic substitution between conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes differs as a function of the frequency of e-cigarette use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177:14-22. [PMID: 28550711 PMCID: PMC5534369 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Models measuring the interactions between consumption of conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the marketplace are becoming vital forecast tools as the popularity of e-cigarettes increases and policy on tobacco products changes. Behavioral economics, which involves the integration of psychology and consumer demand, can be used to measure individuals' purchase behavior under different marketplace conditions. Our goal was to measure hypothetical conventional cigarette and e-cigarette purchasing among smokers with varying e-cigarette use patterns. METHODS Daily cigarette smokers were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing tool. Participants were asked about their frequency of e-cigarette use and to complete hypothetical single and cross-commodity purchase tasks. RESULTS Frequency of e-cigarette use differentially affected how individuals consumed both conventional and e- cigarettes in different hypothetical marketplace conditions. The present study demonstrates four main findings: 1) the demand for conventional cigarettes was the lowest in those with greater frequency of e-cigarette use, 2) the demand for e-cigarettes was the highest in those with greater frequency of e-cigarette use, 3) when both products were available together, daily e-cigarette users purchased more e-cigarettes, but e-cigarettes served as a substitute for cigarettes in all groups regardless of frequency of use, and 4) the demand for conventional cigarette demand was lower in frequent e-cigarette users when e-cigarettes were concurrently available. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that price and marketplace conditions will impact purchasing behavior of conventional and e-cigarettes users heterogeneously. Therefore, frequency of use patterns should be considered when implementing novel policies and/or marketplace changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Snider
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke VA 24016, USA
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston SC 29425, USA
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke VA 24016, USA
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Acuff SF, Murphy JG. Further examination of the temporal stability of alcohol demand. Behav Processes 2017; 141:33-41. [PMID: 28373056 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Demand, or the amount of a substance consumed as a function of price, is a central dependent measure in behavioral economic research and represents the relative valuation of a substance. Although demand is often utilized as an index of substance use severity and is assumed to be relatively stable, recent experimental and clinical research has identified conditions in which demand can be manipulated, such as through craving and stress inductions, and treatment. Our study examines the 1-month reliability of the alcohol purchase task in a sample of heavy drinking college students. We also analyzed reliability in subgroup of individuals whose consumption decreased, increased, or stayed the same over the 1-month period, and in individuals with moderate/severe Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) vs. those with no/mild AUD. Reliability was moderate in the full sample, high in the group with stable consumption, and did not differ appreciably between AUD groups. Observed indices and indices derived from an exponentiated equation (Koffarnus et al., 2015) were generally comparable, although Pmax observed had very low reliability. Area under the curve, Omax derived, and essential value showed the greatest reliability in the full sample (rs=0.75-0.77). These results provide evidence for the relative stability over time of demand and across AUD groups, particularly in those whose consumption remains stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Acuff
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN, 38152, United States.
| | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN, 38152, United States.
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The Neuroeconomics of Tobacco Demand: An Initial Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Cigarette Cost-Benefit Decision Making in Male Smokers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41930. [PMID: 28157228 PMCID: PMC5291221 DOI: 10.1038/srep41930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How the brain processes cigarette cost-benefit decision making remains largely unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study investigated the neural correlates of decisions for cigarettes (0–10 cigarettes) at varying levels of price during a Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) in male regular smokers (N = 35). Differential neural activity was examined between choices classified as inelastic, elastic, and suppressed demand, operationalized as consumption unaffected by cost, partially suppressed by cost, and entirely suppressed by cost, respectively. Decisions reflecting elastic demand, putatively the most effortful decisions, elicited greater activation in regions associated with inhibition and planning (e.g., middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus), craving and interoceptive processing (anterior insula), and conflict monitoring (e.g., anterior cingulate cortex). Exploratory examination in a harmonized dataset of both cigarette and alcohol demand (N = 59) suggested common neural activation patterns across commodities, particularly in the anterior insula, caudate, anterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Collectively, these findings provide initial validation of a CPT fMRI paradigm; reveal the interplay of brain regions associated with executive functioning, incentive salience, and interoceptive processing in cigarette decision making; and add to the literature implicating the insula as a key brain region in addiction.
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Roys M, Weed K, Carrigan M, MacKillop J. Associations between nicotine dependence, anhedonia, urgency and smoking motives. Addict Behav 2016; 62:145-51. [PMID: 27376882 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Models of nicotine dependence have suggested that the association between urgency, a subconstruct of impulsivity, and smoking behaviors may be mediated by motivations. Motives that are driven by expectations that smoking will relieve negative affect or increase positive affect may be especially salient in persons who have depression symptoms such as anhedonia. Support for associations between symptoms of depression, urgency, and addiction has been found for alcohol dependence, but empirical analysis is lacking for an interactive effect of urgency and depression symptoms on nicotine dependence. The current study investigated relationships among the urgency facet of impulsivity, anhedonia, smoking motives, and nicotine dependence with secondary analyses of a sample of 1084 daily smokers using simultaneous moderation and multiple mediation analyses. The moderation analysis revealed that although urgency was significantly associated with smoking at average or higher levels of anhedonia, it was unrelated to smoking when few anhedonia symptoms were endorsed. Further, multiple mediation analyses revealed that the smoking motives of craving, cue exposure, positive reinforcement, and tolerance significantly mediated the relationship between urgency and nicotine dependence. Results suggest that models of alcohol addiction that include an interactive effect of urgency and certain symptoms of depression may be applied to nicotine dependence. Examination of the multiple mediational pathways between urgency and nicotine dependence suggests directions for intervention efforts.
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Murphy CM, Owens MM, Sweet LH, MacKillop J. The substitutability of cigarettes and food: A behavioral economic comparison in normal weight and overweight or obese smokers. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 30:857-867. [PMID: 27736143 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and cigarette smoking contribute to a multitude of preventable deaths in the United States and eating and smoking behavior may influence each other. The field of behavioral economics integrates principles from psychology and economics and permits systematic examination of how commodities interrelate with one another. Using this framework, the current study evaluated the effects of rising food and cigarette prices on consumption to investigate their substitutability and their relationship to BMI and associated variables. Behavioral economics categorizes commodities as substitutable when the consumption of one increases as a function of a price increase in the other. Smokers (N = 86) completed a 2-part hypothetical task in which money was allocated to purchase cigarettes and fast-food-style reinforcers (e.g., hamburgers, ice cream) at various prices. Results indicated that food and cigarettes were not substitutes for one another (cross-price elasticity coefficients < .20). Food purchases were independent of cigarette price, whereas cigarette purchases decreased as food price rose. Cross-price elasticity coefficients were significantly associated with confidence in one's ability to control weight without smoking (rs = -.23 and .29), but not BMI (rs = .04 and .04) or postcessation weight concerns (rs = -.05 and .12). Perceived ability to manage weight without cigarettes may influence who substitutes food for cigarettes when quitting. In addition, given observed decreases in purchases of both commodities as food prices increased, these findings imply that greater taxation of fast-food-style reinforcers could potentially reduce consumption of these foods and also cigarettes among smokers. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max M Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia
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Abstract
With passage of the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the FDA has authority to regulate tobacco advertising. As bans on traditional advertising venues and promotion of tobacco products have grown, a greater emphasis has been placed on brand exposure and price promotion in displays of products at the point-of-sale (POS). POS marketing seeks to influence attitudes and behavior towards tobacco products using a variety of explicit and implicit messaging approaches. Behavioral laboratory methods have the potential to provide the FDA with a strong scientific base for regulatory actions and a model for testing future manipulations of POS advertisements. We review aspects of POS marketing that potentially influence smoking behavior, including branding, price promotions, health claims, the marketing of emerging tobacco products, and tobacco counter-advertising. We conceptualize how POS marketing potentially influence individual attention, memory, implicit attitudes, and smoking behavior. Finally, we describe specific behavioral laboratory methods that can be adapted to measure the impact of POS marketing on these domains.
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Reed DD, Kaplan BA, Becirevic A, Roma PG, Hursh SR. Toward quantifying the abuse liability of ultraviolet tanning: A behavioral economic approach to tanning addiction. J Exp Anal Behav 2016; 106:93-106. [PMID: 27400670 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many adults engage in ultraviolet indoor tanning despite evidence of its association with skin cancer. The constellation of behaviors associated with ultraviolet indoor tanning is analogous to that in other behavioral addictions. Despite a growing literature on ultraviolet indoor tanning as an addiction, there remains no consensus on how to identify ultraviolet indoor tanning addictive tendencies. The purpose of the present study was to translate a behavioral economic task more commonly used in substance abuse to quantify the "abuse liability" of ultraviolet indoor tanning, establish construct validity, and determine convergent validity with the most commonly used diagnostic tools for ultraviolet indoor tanning addiction (i.e., mCAGE and mDSM-IV-TR). We conducted a between-groups study using a novel hypothetical Tanning Purchase Task to quantify intensity and elasticity of ultraviolet indoor tanning demand and permit statistical comparisons with the mCAGE and mDSM-IV-TR. Results suggest that behavioral economic demand is related to ultraviolet indoor tanning addiction status and adequately discriminates between potential addicted individuals from nonaddicted individuals. Moreover, we provide evidence that the Tanning Purchase Task renders behavioral economic indicators that are relevant to public health research. The present findings are limited to two ultraviolet indoor tanning addiction tools and a relatively small sample of high-risk ultraviolet indoor tanning users; however, these pilot data demonstrate the potential for behavioral economic assessment tools as diagnostic and research aids in ultraviolet indoor tanning addiction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter G Roma
- Institutes for Behavior Resources and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Steven R Hursh
- Institutes for Behavior Resources and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Abstract
The maturing fields of behavioral- and neuro-economics provides conceptual understanding of the Competing Neurobehavioral Decision Systems theory (CNDS) and reinforcer pathology (i.e. high valuation of and excessive preference for drug reinforcers) allowing us to coherently categorize treatments into a theoretically comprehensive framework of addiction. In this chapter, we identify and clarify how existing and novel interventions can ameliorate reinforcer pathology in light of the CNDS and be leveraged to treat addiction.
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