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Micalizzi L, Aston ER, Nesi J, Price D, Gunn RL. A Descriptive Analysis of a Popular Pregnancy Forum: Comments on the Developmental Consequences of Cannabis Use on Offspring. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024; 85:210-217. [PMID: 38095172 PMCID: PMC10941825 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.23-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnant and postpartum people want more and higher quality information about the effects of perinatal cannabis use (PCU) on child health, and they turn to anonymous sources of information, such as online pregnancy forums, to make decisions about its use. This study characterized perceptions of the developmental impact of PCU on children via a narrative evaluation of a public forum on which people discuss a range of issues around cannabis use. METHOD A random sample of 10 threads per month from June 2020 to May 2021 were scraped from the "Ganja Mamas" forum on Whattoexpect.com. Posts were analyzed if they discussed use of cannabis during pregnancy or lactation and children. A qualitative coding structure was developed from a literature review on PCU and was refined for inclusion of emergent topics. Posts were evaluated by two coders using applied thematic analysis and were assessed using an open coding process to identify key topics. Associated codes were grouped into themes. RESULTS Posters (a) discussed the negative and positive impact of PCU on child physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development; (b) garnered information about PCU from sources other than medical providers; and (c) discussed harm-reduction approaches to reduce impacts of PCU on child health. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for stigma-free support around PCU decision-making for people who select into discussion forums designed for communication and support around parental cannabis use. This forum presents a fruitful opportunity for intervention to encourage health-promoting behaviors through the provision of evidence-based information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Micalizzi
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jacqueline Nesi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Dayna Price
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Smith JE, Aston ER, Farris SG. A preliminary characterization of cannabis oil use and vaporization among individuals who use for medical purposes: A pilot study. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2024; 32:35-44. [PMID: 37523300 PMCID: PMC10828108 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the naturalistic use of cannabis oil vaporization, a high-potency product with the ability to be administered discreetly. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of utilizing a "smart" vaporizer and application to assess the timing, frequency, socioenvironmental factors, and substance use involved in cannabis oil vaporization. Adults with a medical cannabis registration card were recruited from a dispensary in Rhode Island and completed a 2-week study monitoring period using the Gram1 vaporizer, followed by a poststudy qualitative interview. The sample included nine adults who were predominantly male (89%), 100% White, and 100% non-Hispanic. The Gram1 collected topographical vaping data, and the cellphone application utilized ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to assess socioenvironmental factors and other substance use. Qualitative interview data were coded, and illustrative quotations were selected to support quantitative findings. A total of 224 vaping sessions were recorded reflecting 76.4% of the study monitoring period. There was an average of 1.79 vaping sessions per day across all days. Participants took 8.76 puffs on average (SD = 8.23) per vaping session, and the session lasted 2.59 min on average (SD = 4.19). Regular vaporization was exhibited across days of the week and hours of the day. EMA reports indicated that smoking cannabis flower was the most common additional mode of cannabis administration. This study utilized a naturalistic design with novel topographical data and EMA to characterize cannabis oil vaporization. These findings establish the feasibility of collecting objective, momentary data to better understand use behaviors which are critical to informing safe consumption. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E. Smith
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI USA
| | - Samantha G. Farris
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ USA
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3
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Miller BP, Aston ER, Davis W, Berey BL, Dowd AN, Amlung M. Examining the effect of cannabis cues on cannabis demand in sleep, driving, and typical drug-use contexts. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 254:111057. [PMID: 38101283 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given the expanding legal cannabis market in the U.S., it is vital to understand how context impacts cannabis use. Therefore, we explored the effect of cannabis cues and cannabis-use context on cannabis demand in 79 adults who reported smoking cannabis at least weekly. METHODS Participants completed a single laboratory session consisting of four hypothetical marijuana purchase tasks (MPTs) involving either a typical use situation or a driving or sleep context. The MPTs were alternated with exposure to cannabis or neutral picture cues based on block randomization by gender. RESULTS Cannabis cues increased self-reported craving for cannabis (p =.044) but did not significantly alter demand (ps =0.093-0.845). In the driving context, participants demonstrated a significant reduction in cannabis demand, indicated by lower intensity (p <0.001), Omax (p <0.001), and Pmax (p <0.001), breakpoint (p =.003), and higher α (p <0.001). The sleep context was associated with significantly greater α (p <0.006) but nonsignificant effects for other indices (ps =0.123-0.707). Finally, cannabis cues increased Omax (p =.013) and breakpoint (p =.035) in the sleep context but not in the typical-use context. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cannabis-use behavior is sensitive to contingencies surrounding driving after cannabis use and may also be sensitive to sleep contexts in the presence of cannabis cues. Since this is the first study to examine driving and sleep contexts, we caution against drawing broad conclusions until future research is conducted to replicate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Miller
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, USA
| | - William Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Benjamin L Berey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, USA; Providence VA Medical Center, USA
| | - Ashley N Dowd
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, USA; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, USA
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4
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis demand (i.e., relative value), assessed cross-sectionally via a hypothetical marijuana purchase task (MPT), has been associated with use, problems, and dependence symptoms, among others. However, limited work exists on the prospective stability of the MPT. Furthermore, cannabis demand among veterans endorsing cannabis use, and the prospective cyclical relationship between demand and use over time, have yet to be investigated. METHOD Two waves of data from a veteran sample (N = 133) reporting current (past 6-month) cannabis use were analyzed to assess stability in cannabis demand over 6 months. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) assessed the longitudinal associations between demand indices (i.e., intensity, Omax, Pmax, breakpoint) and cannabis use. RESULTS Baseline cannabis use predicted greater intensity (β = .32, p < .001), Omax (β = .37, p < .001), breakpoint (β = .28, p < .001), and Pmax (β = .21, p = .017) at 6 months. Conversely, baseline intensity (β = .14, p = .028), breakpoint (β = .12, p = .038), and Pmax (β = .12, p = .043), but not Omax, predicted greater use at 6 months. Only intensity demonstrated acceptable prospective reliability. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis demand demonstrated stability over 6 months in CLPM models, varying along with natural changes in cannabis use. Importantly, intensity, Pmax, and breakpoint displayed bidirectional predictive associations with cannabis use, and the prospective pathway from use to demand was consistently stronger. Test-retest reliability ranged from good to poor across indices. Findings highlight the value of assessing cannabis demand longitudinally, particularly among clinical samples, to determine how demand fluctuates in response to experimental manipulation, intervention, and treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Lidia Z. Meshesha
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
| | - Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908
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Rubenstein D, McClernon FJ, Powers JM, Aston ER, Keefe FJ, Sweitzer MM. Pain is associated with exclusive use and co-use of tobacco and cannabis: Findings from Wave 5 (2018-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Addict Behav 2023; 146:107814. [PMID: 37499280 PMCID: PMC10460575 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rates of tobacco and cannabis use are disproportionately high among individuals with pain, and evidence suggests that pain may engender greater likelihood of substance co-use, yielding additive risk. This study examined national associations of pain with past-month tobacco use, cannabis use, and co-use of tobacco and cannabis. METHODS Data came from a nationally representative US sample of adults in Wave 5 (2018-2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (N = 32,014). The sample included civilian, non-institutionalized people who use tobacco and people who do not use tobacco. Past-week pain intensity (0-10) was dichotomized (0-4 no/low pain; 5-10 moderate/severe pain). Multinomial models adjusted for demographics examined substance use category membership (no tobacco or cannabis use, exclusive cannabis use, exclusive tobacco use, co-use) as a function of pain status. RESULTS Moderate/severe pain was associated with increased relative risk of exclusive tobacco use (RRR [CI] 2.26 [2.05, 2.49], p <.001), exclusive cannabis use (1.49 [1.22, 1.82], p <.001), and co-use of tobacco and cannabis (2.79 [2.51, 3.10], p <.001), in comparison to no tobacco or cannabis use. Additionally, moderate/severe pain was associated with increased risk of co-use compared to exclusive tobacco use (1.23 [1.11, 1.37], p <.001) and exclusive cannabis use (1.88 [1.54, 2.29], p <.001). DISCUSSION Findings suggest that not only is pain independently associated with greater risk of exclusively using tobacco or cannabis, but pain is also associated with heightened risk of co-using both products. Future work should examine the dynamic and potentially bidirectional relationships between pain and use of cannabis and tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, United States; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, United States; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, United States
| | - Jessica M Powers
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Francis J Keefe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, United States
| | - Maggie M Sweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, United States
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Coelho SG, Hendershot CS, Aston ER, Ruocco AC, Quilty LC, Tyndale RF, Wardell JD. Executive functions and behavioral economic demand for cannabis among young adults: Indirect associations with cannabis consumption and cannabis use disorder. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023:2024-10185-001. [PMID: 37732960 PMCID: PMC10954585 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral economic demand for cannabis is robustly associated with cannabis consumption and cannabis use disorder (CUD). However, few studies have examined the processes underlying individual differences in the relative valuation of cannabis (i.e., demand). This study examined associations between executive functions and cannabis demand among young adults who use cannabis. We also examined indirect associations of executive functions with cannabis consumption and CUD symptoms through cannabis demand. Young adults (N = 113; 58.4% female; mean age 22 years) completed a Marijuana Purchase Task. Participants also completed cognitive tasks assessing executive functions (set shifting, inhibitory control, working memory) and semistructured interviews assessing past 90-day cannabis consumption (number of grams used) and number of CUD symptoms. Poorer inhibitory control was significantly associated with greater Omax (peak expenditure on cannabis) and greater intensity (cannabis consumption at zero cost). Poorer working memory was significantly associated with lower elasticity (sensitivity of consumption to escalating cost). Lower inhibitory control was indirectly associated with greater cannabis consumption and CUD symptoms through greater Omax and intensity, and poorer working memory was indirectly associated with greater cannabis consumption and CUD symptoms through reduced elasticity. This study provides novel evidence that executive functions are associated with individual differences in cannabis demand. Moreover, these results suggest that cannabis demand could be a mechanism linking poorer executive functioning with heavier cannabis use and CUD, which should be confirmed in future longitudinal studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian S. Hendershot
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Anthony C. Ruocco
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
| | - Lena C. Quilty
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto
| | - Jeffrey D. Wardell
- Department of Psychology, York University
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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Gebru NM, Aston ER, Berey BL, Snell LM, Leeman RF, Metrik J. "That's Pot Culture Right There": Purchasing Behaviors of People Who Use Cannabis Without a Medical Cannabis Card. Cannabis 2023; 6:30-46. [PMID: 37484054 PMCID: PMC10361802 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2023/000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The legal landscape surrounding purchasing cannabis without a medical cannabis card (i.e., without MCC) is changing rapidly, affecting consumer access and purchasing behaviors. Cannabis purchasing behaviors are related to subsequent use and experiencing greater cannabis-related negative consequences. However, purchasing behaviors of individuals who use cannabis without MCC are understudied. Methods The current study analyzed qualitative data from focus groups with adults who use cannabis without MCC (n = 5 groups; 6-7 participants/group; n = 31 total participants). Focus groups followed a semi-structured agenda, and were audio recorded and transcribed. Two coders applied thematic analysis to summarize topics pertaining to cannabis purchasing attitudes and behaviors. Focus groups occurred in 2015 and 2016 in Rhode Island, when purchasing and use of cannabis without MCC was decriminalized but still considered illegal. Results On average, participants (72% male) were 26 years old (SD = 7.2) and reported using cannabis 5 days per week (SD = 2.1). Thematic analysis revealed three key themes related to cannabis purchasing behaviors: (1) regular purchasing routines (i.e., frequency, schedule, amount of purchases), (2) economic factors (i.e., financial circumstances), and (3) contextual factors (i.e., quality of cannabis, convenience/availability) were perceived to influence purchasing decisions. Dealers' recommendations affected participants' purchases, who also reported minimal legal concerns. Participants reported saving money and using more cannabis when buying in bulk. Discussion Purchasing behaviors were found to vary and were perceived to be affected by individual-level (e.g., routines) and contextual factors (e.g., availability) that, in turn, may impact use patterns. Future research should consider how factors (e.g., availability) that differ across contexts (e.g., location) and demographic groups interact to affect purchasing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nioud Mulugeta Gebru
- Department of Health Education & Behavior; Southern HIV and Alcohol Research Consortium (SHARC); Center for Addiction Research and Education (CARE); University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Benjamin L Berey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - L Morgan Snell
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Robert F Leeman
- Department of Health Education & Behavior; Southern HIV and Alcohol Research Consortium (SHARC); Center for Addiction Research and Education (CARE); University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
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8
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Suriaga A, Tappen RM, Aston ER, Chiang-Hanisko L, Newman D. Cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids as a cause of death: Trends and their healthcare implications. J Nurs Scholarsh 2023; 55:623-636. [PMID: 36250599 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis remains one of the most widely used illicit substances globally, with 188 million users in 2017. In the United States, nearly 50 million people are reported to have used cannabis in 2020. More research is needed because of the dramatic increase in cannabis use and the perception that its use has minimal risk. DESIGN The researchers used a retrospective design for this study. METHODS We used the Florida Department of Law Enforcement data from 2014 to 2020 for this study. We used descriptive statistics to report the characteristics of decedents whose cause of death (COD) was associated with cannabinoid (CB) and synthetic cannabinoid (SC) use. We used a general linear model with repeated measures to examine CB and SC death rate trends. RESULTS A total of 386 decedents' COD in Florida was associated with CB and SC use. Nearly 28% of decedents were 45-54 years, male (87.8%), and non-Hispanic whites (65.3%). One hundred percent of CB-related decedents died in urban counties. In rural counties, SC decedents accounted for 28.3% of deaths. Of decedents in rural counties, 39.9% were African American. Most decedents (with CB and SC use) died from accidents (98.7%), with 12.6% of cases involving cardiovascular-related illnesses. CONCLUSION CBs and SCs as a COD pose a legitimate health problem to society. More people ages 45-54 died from CBs and SCs. Drug intoxications (from CBs and SCs) and motor vehicle collisions accounted for most of the accidents reported while under the influence of CBs and SCs. While most decedents from both CBs and SCs were non-Hispanic whites, a substantial proportion of African Americans died from SCs as a COD in rural counties. It is important that the public become aware of the risks for adverse effects of CB and SC. The public needs to be aware that CB and SC use can exacerbate cardiac-related conditions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study has clinical relevance to patient safety. CB and SC use contributes to motor vehicle accidents and can cause adverse effects including death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armiel Suriaga
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Ruth M Tappen
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lenny Chiang-Hanisko
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - David Newman
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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9
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Rubenstein D, McClernon FJ, Powers JM, Aston ER, Keefe FJ, Sweitzer MM. Pain Is Associated With Exclusive Use And Co-Use Of Tobacco And Cannabis: Findings From Wave 5 (2018-2019) Of The Population Assessment Of Tobacco And Health Study. The Journal of Pain 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.02.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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10
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Yurasek AM, Berey BL, Pritschman RK, Murphy CM, Aston ER. Initial development and validation of a brief assessment of marijuana demand among young adult college students. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:318-323. [PMID: 36074625 PMCID: PMC9992447 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hypothetical purchase tasks assess substance demand, but the length of purchase tasks makes repeated assessment of state-dependent changes in demand difficult, often limiting clinical utility. Although brief assessments of alcohol and cigarette demand exist, brief measures of cannabis demand do not. College students (N = 209, Mage = 19.92, SD = 1.45; 63% female; 56.9% non-Hispanic Caucasian) who reported using cannabis at least 3 days in the past month, completed an online survey including the full-length marijuana purchase task (MPT), a three-item brief assessment of marijuana demand (BAMD) assessing intensity, Omax and breakpoint, and cannabis use outcomes. Convergent and divergent validity were examined. Independent samples t tests compared demand on the BAMD and MPT based on presence or absence of cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptoms, and one-way between-subject analyses of variance compared effects of CUD severity (mild/moderate/severe) on BAMD indices. All indices were significantly correlated across both assessment measures (ps < .01). Similarly, all indices on both demand measures were significantly correlated with craving, CUD severity, and cannabis-related consequences (ps < .01); whereas only intensity and Omax were significantly correlated with cannabis use frequency (ps < .01). Individuals with (vs. without) CUD symptoms reported significantly greater intensity and Omax (ps < .01) and significant differences in CUD severity on BAMD indices were found as well (ps < .05). The BAMD demonstrated convergent and divergent validity with the MPT. Findings suggest that brief cannabis demand can be easily assessed as an indicator for high-risk cannabis use. Thus, the BAMD may be a useful and clinically relevant tool to assess cannabis demand in real-world settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Yurasek
- Department of Health Education & Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Berey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Ricarda K. Pritschman
- Department of Health Education & Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, United States
| | - Cara M. Murphy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
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11
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González-Roz A, Martínez-Loredo V, Aston ER, Metrik J, Murphy J, Balodis I, Secades-Villa R, Belisario K, MacKillop J. Concurrent validity of the marijuana purchase task: a meta-analysis of trait-level cannabis demand and cannabis involvement. Addiction 2023; 118:620-633. [PMID: 36305652 PMCID: PMC10020890 DOI: 10.1111/add.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT) is increasingly used to measure cannabis reinforcing value and has potential use for cannabis etiological and regulatory research. This meta-analysis sought to evaluate for the first time the MPT's concurrent validity in relation to cannabis involvement. METHODS Electronic databases and pre-print repositories were searched for MPT studies that examined the cross-sectional relationship between frequency and quantity of cannabis use, problems, dependence, and five MPT indicators: intensity (i.e. unrestricted consumption), Omax (i.e. maximum consumption), Pmax (i.e. price at which demand becomes elastic), breakpoint (i.e. first price at which consumption ceases), and elasticity (i.e. sensitivity to rising costs). Random effects meta-analyses of cross-sectional effect sizes were conducted, with Q tests for examining differences by cannabis variables, meta-regression to test quantitative moderators, and publication bias assessment. Moderators included sex, number of MPT prices, variable transformations, and year of publication. Populations included community and clinical samples. RESULTS The searches yielded 14 studies (n = 4077, median % females: 44.8%: weighted average age = 29.08 [SD = 6.82]), published between 2015 and 2022. Intensity, Omax , and elasticity showed the most robust concurrent validity (|r's| = 0.147-325, ps < 0.014) with the largest significant effect sizes for quantity (|r| intensity = 0.325) and cannabis dependence (|r| Omax = 0.320, |r| intensity = 0.305, |r| elasticity = 0.303). Higher proportion of males was associated with increased estimates for elasticity-quantity and Pmax -problems. Higher number of MPT prices significantly altered magnitude of effects sizes for Pmax and problems, suggesting biased estimations if excessively low prices are considered. Methodological quality was generally good, and minimal evidence of publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS The marijuana purchase task presents adequate concurrent validity to measure cannabis demand, most robustly for intensity, Omax , and elasticity. Moderating effects by sex suggest potentially meaningful sex differences in the reinforcing value of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba González-Roz
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Addictive Behaviors Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - James Murphy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Iris Balodis
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Secades-Villa
- Addictive Behaviors Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Kyla Belisario
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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Aston ER, Merrill JE. Alcohol demand assessed daily as a predictor of same day drinking. Psychol Addict Behav 2023; 37:114-120. [PMID: 36455005 PMCID: PMC9852008 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this investigation, baseline (trait) and daily (brief) alcohol purchase task (APT) indices (intensity: consumption at zero cost; Omax: maximum expenditure; breakpoint: cost suppressing consumption to zero) were used to investigate the influence of morning demand on subsequent alcohol consumption. METHOD Heavy drinking college students (n = 92, age 18-20, 50% female) completed 28 daily morning reports including demand and prior day drinking. Hierarchical linear modeling, with days (Level 1) nested within-person (Level 2) were used to test the effect of morning demand on number of drinks consumed on planned drinking days, with Level 1 (study day, survey time, weekend/weekday) and Level 2 (spending money, typical drinks) covariates. Subsequently, the relative impact on daily drinking of (a) the average of each daily demand index on planned drinking days versus (b) the matched trait demand index was assessed. RESULTS Higher morning intensity was related to increased alcohol consumption later that night. This finding held in sensitivity analyses wherein demand was assumed to be zero on unplanned drinking days. When tested individually, both aggregate daily and baseline trait intensity were significantly associated with average drinks measured daily. However, in the same model, only aggregate daily intensity was significant. Neither daily aggregate nor trait breakpoint or Omax were significant. CONCLUSIONS Findings replicate previous work suggesting that brief demand (intensity) can predict same day drinking. Elevation in intensity in particular may denote greater risk for elevated alcohol consumption at subsequent episodes, thus intervention among at-risk drinkers may be possible prior to drinking initiation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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13
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Smith JE, Brinkman HR, Aston ER, Zvolensky MJ, Leyro TM, Farris SG. Difficulties in emotion regulation and ad libitum smoking topography: A secondary analysis. Addict Behav 2023; 137:107498. [PMID: 36240535 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the well-known linkages between poor emotion regulation and subjective smoking motives, little is known about the role of emotion regulation in predicting smoking reinforcement behavior. This study examined the relation between difficulties in emotion regulation and puff velocity data, a behavioral index of smoking reinforcement, in adult daily cigarette smokers. METHOD The current study was a secondary analysis of data collected from non-treatment seeking daily smokers (N = 124). Participants completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) followed by an ad libitum smoking period during which puff topography data was collected via a handheld puffing device. Puff velocity served as our puff topography index and was examined at the average and puff-to-puff level using regression and multi-level models, respectively. RESULTS Regression analyses showed no significant association between DERS scores and average puff velocity. In contrast, multi-level modeling found a significant quadratic time × DERS effect at the puff-to-puff level, such that those with greater emotion regulation difficulties inhaled more quickly at the initiation of the cigarette, whereas those with lower emotion regulation difficulties evidenced consistent puffing over the course of the cigarette. DISCUSSION Smokers with greater difficulties in emotion regulation appear to smoke in a way that maximizes delivery of nicotine, perhaps to self-regulate distress. One's style of puffing may reflect a possible behavioral marker of negative reinforcement smoking, especially in the context of emotional distress. IMPLICATIONS This study was the first to explore the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and a behavioral measure of smoking reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Smith
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hannah R Brinkman
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Teresa M Leyro
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Samantha G Farris
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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14
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Acuff SF, Strickland JC, Aston ER, Gex KS, Murphy JG. The effects of social context and opportunity cost on the behavioral economic value of cannabis. Psychol Addict Behav 2023; 37:156-165. [PMID: 36480398 PMCID: PMC9851964 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral economics suggest that cannabis reinforcing value (cannabis demand) may be influenced by external, contextual factors such as the social reward that might accompany cannabis use and the presence of opportunity costs (e.g., a next-day responsibility that cannabis use might adversely impact). The present study examined the effect of social context and opportunity cost on cannabis demand and explored whether relations were moderated by cannabis use severity. METHOD Adults with past-week cannabis use recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 310; 53.5% female, 79.4% White) completed four purchase tasks, in which participants reported how much cannabis they would purchase across escalating prices, to index cannabis demand under varying contexts: (a) solitary, typical responsibilities; (b) social, typical responsibilities; (c) solitary, substantial responsibilities; and (d) social, substantial responsibilities. RESULTS The presence of peers significantly increased demand intensity (consumption at zero price) and Omax (maximum expenditure) relative to the solitary conditions. Substantial responsibilities significantly decreased intensity, breakpoint (price at which consumption is fully suppressed), and Pmax (price at which maximum expenditure occurs) and increased elasticity (greater price sensitivity). Demand was most inelastic in the social, typical responsibilities condition relative to other conditions. Cannabis use severity was associated with less elastic demand in the solitary, typical responsibilities condition. Those with higher cannabis use severity reported larger differences in demand intensity and Omax between solitary and social conditions, and in demand elasticity between typical and substantial responsibility conditions. CONCLUSIONS Results are consistent with previous research illustrating social and opportunity costs as determinants of cannabis use behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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15
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Berey BL, Aston ER, Gebru NM, Merrill JE. Differences in cannabis use characteristics, routines, and reasons for use among individuals with and without a medical cannabis card. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:14-22. [PMID: 35025588 PMCID: PMC9276841 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As recreational and medical cannabis use increases in the U.S., the proliferation of novel cannabis products is expected to continue. Understanding cannabis product preferences and use patterns may inform public health and policy decisions. This study investigated similarities and differences in cannabis use patterns, product preferences, and beliefs about cannabis' subjective effects and therapeutic benefits among individuals with and without a medical cannabis card (MCC). Participants with an MCC completed individual interviews (N = 25; 40% male). Participants without an MCC completed focus groups (N = 31; 6-7 participants/group; 72% male). All sessions followed a semistructured agenda. Participants were queried about their use routines, reasons for using cannabis, and perceptions and experiences of subjective cannabis effects. Thematic analysis of coded transcripts revealed that MCC participants had structured, daily cannabis use routines whereas non-MCC participants' use routines were less structured. Product information including strain and cannabinoid composition were important to MCC participants whereas non-MCC participants primarily evaluated quality based on perceptual (e.g., olfactory) cues. Regardless of MCC status, participants reported misconceptions about cannabis' therapeutic benefits and agreed that the two primary cannabis strains-Indica and Sativa-produced primarily sedative and stimulant effects, respectively. Results have clinical, public health, and policy implications surrounding cannabis recommendation guidelines and ways providers can relay accurate information to patients seeking medical cannabis. Future research assessing demographic and geographic differences in cannabis product preferences and beliefs about medical cannabis use is warranted. Further, quantitative research is needed to evaluate whether cannabis' therapeutic value differs across products. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Berey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
| | | | - Jennifer E. Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
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16
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Schultz NR, Aston ER, Metrik J, Ramirez JJ. Can I see some ID? Examining validity of the marijuana purchase task among late adolescent cannabis users. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:238-247. [PMID: 35587422 PMCID: PMC9674799 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis demand (i.e., reinforcing value) can be assessed using a marijuana purchase task (MPT; assesses hypothetical purchasing of cannabis at escalating prices) and has been related to use frequency, problems, and cannabis use disorder symptoms in adults. Cannabis demand has yet to be studied in adolescents, which can inform prevention and intervention efforts to reduce cannabis-related risks. The present study sought to validate the MPT with a sample of late adolescent lifetime cannabis users. Participants aged 15-18 years old (n = 115, Mage = 16.9, SD = 0.9) residing in a state with legalized cannabis use completed online assessments at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Convergent and divergent validity was examined, while principal component analysis was conducted to determine the factor structure and assess predictive validity. Three indices, Omax (i.e., maximum expenditure on cannabis), breakpoint (i.e., price suppressing consumption to zero), and alpha (i.e., degree to which consumption decreases with increasing price) were all significantly associated with cannabis use, consequences, craving, and expenditures and significantly differentiated low-risk users and high-risk users as measured by the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R). A two-factor solution reflecting amplitude (intensity, alpha, Omax) and persistence (breakpoint, Pmax) was observed. Both factors were associated with cannabis use and consequences in baseline regression models. At follow-up, persistence was associated with consequences; amplitude was not associated with either outcome. These findings provide initial evidence that the MPT is a valid measure for assessing cannabis demand among adolescents and can be used to understand mechanisms of adolescent cannabis use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Schultz
- Center for the Study of Health & Risk Behaviors (CSHRB), School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Jason J. Ramirez
- Center for the Study of Health & Risk Behaviors (CSHRB), School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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17
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Monnig MA, Clark SE, Avila JC, Sokolovsky AW, Treloar Padovano H, Goodyear K, Aston ER, Haass-Koffler CL, Tidey JW, Ahluwalia JS, Monti PM. COVID-19-Related Stressors and Clinical Mental Health Symptoms in a Northeast US Sample. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1367. [PMID: 36674123 PMCID: PMC9858791 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Research has linked specific COVID-19-related stressors to the mental health burden, yet most previous studies have examined only a limited number of stressors and have paid little attention to their clinical significance. This study tested the hypothesis that individuals who reported greater COVID-19-related stressors would be more likely to have elevated levels of anxiety, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and serious psychological distress. METHODS An online survey was administered to a convenience sample from 18 June to 19 July 2020, in US states that were most affected by COVID-19 infections and deaths at the time. Individuals who were 18 or older and residents of five Northeast US states were eligible to participate (N = 1079). In preregistered analyses, we used logistic regression models to test the associations of COVID-19 stressors with symptoms on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and K6, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS COVID-19-related stressors (i.e., essential worker status, worry about COVID-19 infection, knowing someone hospitalized by COVID-19, having children under 14 at home, loneliness, barriers to environmental rewards, food insecurity, loss of employment) were associated with meeting thresholds (i.e., positive screening) for anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and/or serious psychological distress. Loneliness and barriers to environmental rewards were associated with all mental health outcomes. LIMITATIONS We used a non-probability sample and cannot assume temporal precedence of stressors with regard to development of mental health symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings link specific stressors to the mental health burden of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A. Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Samantha E. Clark
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jaqueline C. Avila
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Alexander W. Sokolovsky
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Hayley Treloar Padovano
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Kimberly Goodyear
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Carolina L. Haass-Koffler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jennifer W. Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jasjit S. Ahluwalia
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Peter M. Monti
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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18
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Berey BL, Aston ER, Kearns NT, McGeary JE, Borsari B, Metrik J. Prospective associations between sleep disturbances and cannabis use among Veterans: A behavioral economic approach. Addict Behav 2022; 134:107424. [PMID: 35863267 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterans often use cannabis for sleep despite limited evidence of its efficacy. Moreover, how sleep disturbances impact cannabis use longitudinally is unclear. We applied a behavioral economic framework to examine whether sleep disturbances and cannabis demand (i.e., relative value) were related risk-factors for future cannabis use and problems. METHODS Veterans deployed post-9/11/2001 who reported past 6-month cannabis use at baseline (n = 126) completed surveys on their sleep disturbances, demand via the Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT), and cannabis use. Mediation analyses using Hayes' PROCESS Macro and zero-inflated negative binomial models tested indirect effects of baseline sleep disturbances on 12-month cannabis use frequency, quantity, and problems via 6-month cannabis demand (i.e., intensity, Omax, Pmax, and breakpoint). RESULTS Only Omax (i.e., maximum expenditure for cannabis) was a significant mediator for 12-month cannabis use quantity and problems when examined concurrently with other demand indices after controlling for covariates. Intensity (i.e., purchase at zero cost) was a significant mediator for 12-month cannabis use frequency when examined concurrently with other demand indices in models controlling for lifetime cannabis use, but not past 30-day use at baseline. CONCLUSION Cannabis demand, specifically intensity and Omax, may help to identify Veterans with sleep disturbances who are at increased risk for escalating their cannabis use. Subsequent research should assess the extent that sleep disturbances impact cannabis demand in the context of withdrawal, which will inform novel prevention and intervention strategies geared toward reducing negative cannabis-related outcomes among Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Berey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, United States
| | - Nathan T Kearns
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, United States
| | - John E McGeary
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, United States; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Brian Borsari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, United States; Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, United States
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, United States; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States.
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19
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Borissova A, Soni S, Aston ER, Lees R, Petrilli K, Wall MB, Bloomfield MAP, Mertzani E, Paksina A, Freeman TP, Mokrysz C, Lawn W, Curran HV. Age differences in the behavioural economics of cannabis use: Do adolescents and adults differ on demand for cannabis and discounting of future reward? Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 238:109531. [PMID: 35809475 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a period of psychological and neural development in which harms associated with cannabis use may be heightened. We hypothesised that adolescent who use cannabis (adolescentsWUC) would have steeper delay discounting (preference for immediate over future rewards) and greater demand (relative valuation) for cannabis than adults who use cannabis (adultsWUC). METHODS This cross-sectional study, part of the 'CannTeen' project, compared adultsWUC (n = 71, 26-29 years old) and adolescentsWUC (n = 76, 16-17 years old), and gender- and age-matched adolescent (n = 63) and adult (n = 64) controls. AdolescentsWUC and adultsWUC used cannabis 1-7 days/week and were matched on cannabis use frequency (4 days/week). The Monetary Choice Questionnaire assessed delay discounting. A modified Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT) assessed cannabis demand in adolescentsWUC and adultsWUC. The MPT yielded five indices: intensity (amount of cannabis used at zero cost), Omax (total peak expenditure), Pmax (price at peak expenditure), breakpoint (cost at which cannabis demand is suppressed to zero) and elasticity (degree to which cannabis use decreases with increasing price). Analyses were adjusted for covariates of gender, socioeconomic status, other illicit drug use. RESULTS Both adolescentsWUC and adultsWUC had steeper delay discounting than controls (F, (1,254)= 9.13, p = 0.003, ηp2= 0.04), with no significant age effect or interaction. AdolescentsWUC showed higher intensity (F, (1,138)= 9.76, p = 0.002, ηp2= 0.07) and lower elasticity (F, (1,138)= 15.25, p < 0.001, ηp2= 0.10) than adultsWUC. There were no significant differences in Pmax, Omax or breakpoint. CONCLUSION Individuals who use cannabis prefer immediate rewards more than controls. AdolescentsWUC, compared to adultsWUC, may be in a high-risk category with diminished sensitivity to cannabis price increases and a greater consumption of cannabis when it is free.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borissova
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - S Soni
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - R Lees
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - K Petrilli
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - M B Wall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Invicro London, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - M A P Bloomfield
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Mertzani
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Paksina
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - T P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - C Mokrysz
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - W Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - H V Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Purpose of Review To explore relations between behavioral economic demand for cannabis and cannabis use disorder (CUD). Prior reviews have focused on drug demand in relation to use outcomes more generally. Complementing and enhancing prior work synthesizing research on cannabis demand, the present review endeavors to determine whether specific demand indices derived from the marijuana purchase task are most reliably related to CUD. Additionally, sociodemographic characteristics of participants in these studies were reviewed to identify whether certain populations were underrepresented in behavioral economic cannabis research. Recent Findings Behavioral economic demand is related to CUD; intensity and elasticity of cannabis demand were consistently associated with CUD diagnosis and severity. However, frequently, only select demand indices were assessed or reported, precluding the ability to confirm which indices are superior for denoting CUD risk. Further, most studies enrolled samples that were predominately young adults, Caucasian, and male. Summary As CUD becomes more prevalent in the wake of cannabis legalization, identification of robust predictors of CUD risk is paramount. Cannabis demand is consistently associated with CUD; however, individual indices of import in this relationship remain ambiguous. Subsequent research is needed to confirm index-specific markers of disordered cannabis use, and whether links between demand and CUD generalize across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box GS121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Berey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Box GS121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to discuss the literature regarding the concurrent use (co-use) of alcohol and cannabis and competing hypotheses as to whether cannabis acts as a substitute for (i.e., replacing the effects of alcohol, resulting in decreased use) or a complement to (i.e., used to enhance the effects of alcohol, resulting in increased use) alcohol. The impact of cannabis use on alcohol-related outcomes has received increased attention in the wake of ongoing legalization of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes. Evidence for both hypotheses exists in the literature across a broad range of data collection methods and samples and is carefully reviewed here. In addition, various mechanisms by which cannabis may act as an alcohol substitute or complement are explored in depth with the goal of better understanding equivocal findings. SEARCH METHODS This review includes articles that were identified from a search for studies on alcohol and cannabis co-use, with a specific focus on studies exploring complementary versus substitution aspects of co-use. Search terms were included in Google Scholar, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. Eligible studies were those that measured alcohol and cannabis co-use in human samples in laboratory, survey, or ecological momentary assessment studies, or that directly referenced substitution or complementary patterns of use. SEARCH RESULTS Search results returned 650 articles, with 95 meeting inclusion criteria. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Results of this review reveal compelling evidence for both substitution and complementary effects, suggesting nuanced yet significant distinctions across different populations examined in these studies. Several mechanisms for the impact of cannabis use on alcohol-related outcomes are identified, including patterns and context of co-use, timing and order of use, cannabinoid formulation, pharmacokinetic interactions, and user characteristics (including diagnostic status), all of which may influence substitution versus complementary effects. This review will inform future research studies examining this topic in both clinical and community samples and aid in the development of treatment and prevention efforts targeting those populations most vulnerable to negative consequences of co-use. Finally, this review highlights the need for additional research in more diverse samples and the use of mixed-methods designs to examine both pharmacological and contextual influences on co-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island,Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
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22
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Aston ER, Berey BL, Boyle HK, Riordan B, Merrill JE. Associations between alcohol demand and both the experience and subjective evaluation of positive and negative alcohol-related consequences. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2357-2369. [PMID: 34843115 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable variation exists in the extent to which alcohol-related consequences are evaluated as positive or negative. These evaluations, in turn, predict subsequent drinking behavior. Understanding the etiological pathways to positive and negative alcohol-related consequences is essential to the design of interventions aimed at reducing drinking consequences. Behavioral economic models posit that excessive alcohol valuation contributes to problematic use. Elevated alcohol demand (i.e., relative alcohol value) is associated with negative alcohol-related consequences; however, it is unclear whether demand is related to positive consequences or subjective consequence evaluations. METHODS College student drinkers (n = 114; 74.6% female) completed an online survey. Participants indicated whether they had ever experienced any of 24 negative and 14 positive consequences and subjectively evaluated their most recent experience of each consequence endorsed. An alcohol purchase task assessed hypothetical alcohol consumption across 14 prices and three observed demand indices were calculated: intensity (i.e., consumption at zero cost), Omax (i.e., maximum expenditure), and Pmax (i.e., price associated with maximum expenditure). Bivariate correlations and hierarchical regressions were used to test associations between observed demand indices and the number and subjective evaluations of positive and negative (researcher- and participant-defined) consequences. RESULTS Intensity and Omax , but not Pmax , were bivariately associated with researcher- and participant-defined negative and positive consequences. However, in hierarchical regression models that controlled for the maximum number of drinks consumed in a single day over the past month, only intensity was significantly associated with more negative and positive consequences. Intensity was associated with positive consequence evaluations in bivariate but not regression models. CONCLUSION Students with higher intensity reported more prior alcohol consequences (positive and negative), independent of drinking level. However, subjective evaluations of recent consequences did not vary as a function of demand. Results support using behavioral economic models to facilitate identifying etiologic pathways to alcohol consequences and suggest that novel interventions incorporating demand manipulation may reduce drinking consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Aston
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin L Berey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Holly K Boyle
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin Riordan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Monnig MA, Treloar Padovano H, Sokolovsky AW, DeCost G, Aston ER, Haass-Koffler CL, Szapary C, Moyo P, Avila JC, Tidey JW, Monti PM, Ahluwalia JS. Association of Substance Use With Behavioral Adherence to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for COVID-19 Mitigation: Cross-sectional Web-Based Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e29319. [PMID: 34591780 PMCID: PMC8582757 DOI: 10.2196/29319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use is a risk factor for COVID-19 infection and adverse outcomes. However, reasons for elevated risk for COVID-19 in substance users are not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether alcohol or other drug use is associated with adherence to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for COVID-19 mitigation. Preregistered analyses tested the hypothesis that greater use of alcohol and other drugs would be associated with lower CDC guideline adherence. A secondary objective was to determine whether substance use was associated with the likelihood of COVID-19 testing or outcome. METHODS A cross-sectional web-based survey was administered to a convenience sample recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform from June 18 to July 19, 2020. Individuals aged 18 years or older and residing in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, or Rhode Island were eligible to participate. The exposure of interest was past 7-day use of alcohol, cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, cannabis, stimulants, and nonmedical opioids. The primary outcome was CDC guideline adherence measured using a scale developed from behaviors advised to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Secondary outcomes were likelihood of COVID-19 testing and a positive COVID-19 test result. All analyses accounted for the sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS The sample consisted of 1084 individuals (mean age 40.9 [SD 13.4] years): 529 (48.8%) men, 543 (50.1%) women, 12 (1.1%) other gender identity, 742 (68.5%) White individuals, 267 (24.6%) Black individuals, and 276 (25.5%) Hispanic individuals. Daily opioid users reported lower CDC guideline adherence than nondaily users (B=-0.24, 95% CI -0.44 to -0.05) and nonusers (B=-0.57, 95% CI -0.76 to -0.38). Daily alcohol drinkers reported lower adherence than nondaily drinkers (B=-0.16, 95% CI -0.30 to -0.02). Nondaily alcohol drinkers reported higher adherence than nondrinkers (B=0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.17). Daily opioid use was related to greater odds of COVID-19 testing, and daily stimulant use was related to greater odds of a positive COVID-19 test. CONCLUSIONS In a regionally-specific, racially, and ethnically diverse convenience sample, adults who engaged in daily alcohol or opioid use reported lower CDC guideline adherence for COVID-19 mitigation. Any opioid use was associated with greater odds of COVID-19 testing, and daily stimulant use was associated with greater odds of COVID-19 infection. Cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, cannabis, or stimulant use were not statistically associated with CDC guideline adherence, after accounting for sociodemographic covariates and other substance use variables. Findings support further investigation into whether COVID-19 testing and vaccination should be expanded among individuals with substance-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A Monnig
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Hayley Treloar Padovano
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alexander W Sokolovsky
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Grace DeCost
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Claire Szapary
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Patience Moyo
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jaqueline C Avila
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Peter M Monti
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Rubenstein D, Sokolovsky AW, Aston ER, Nollen NL, Schmid CH, Rice M, Pulvers K, Ahluwalia JS. Predictors of smoking reduction among African American and Latinx smokers in a randomized controlled trial of JUUL e-cigarettes. Addict Behav 2021; 122:107037. [PMID: 34284312 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarette (e-cig) use is widespread and may play an important role in facilitating smoking reduction. Racial/ethnic minorities are less likely than Whites to use e-cigs and suffer disproportionate tobacco-related disease, making them a priority for harm reduction. This paper explores factors associated with smoking reduction among African American (AA) and Latinx smokers enrolled in a trial assessing toxicant exposure in those assigned to e-cigs or smoking as usual. METHODS Participants were randomized to receive 6 weeks of JUUL e-cigs or continue smoking cigarettes as usual (N = 187). This analysis focuses on 109 participants randomized to e-cigs. We modeled cigarettes smoked in the past week at baseline and week 6 as a function of a priori selected predictors (number of JUUL pods used throughout the study, baseline cigarette dependence, and baseline cotinine) using a Poisson model fit with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Over the six-week study, cigarette smoking decreased from an average of 82.4 to 15.5 cigarettes per week. Greater numbers of JUUL pods used predicted a greater smoking reduction by week 6 (IRR = 0.94 [0.91, 0.96], p < 0.001). Higher baseline cigarette dependence (IRR = 1.03 [1.01, 1.05], p = 0.004), and baseline cotinine (IRR = 1.18 [1.03, 1.37], p = 0.020) predicted a lesser smoking reduction. CONCLUSIONS AA and Latinx smokers reduced their cigarette consumption while using JUUL e-cigs. Higher e-cig use during an intervention to switch to e-cigs to reduce harm may facilitate a transition to smoking fewer cigarettes, offering an opportunity to narrow smoking-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rubenstein
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences and the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Alexander W Sokolovsky
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences and the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences and the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Nicole L Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Christopher H Schmid
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Myra Rice
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Kim Pulvers
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences and the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Benz MB, Aston ER, Mercurio AN, Metrik J. The Potential Impact of Legalization of Recreational Cannabis among Current Users: A Qualitative Inquiry. J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 54:233-240. [PMID: 34396923 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1959966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Given legislative initiatives in Rhode Island pertaining to consideration of cannabis legalization for recreational purpose, a qualitative inquiry was conducted regarding anticipated changes in use among recreational cannabis users in Rhode Island. Five focus groups were conducted with recreational cannabis users (N = 31; 6-7 per group). Participants were queried about anticipated impact of legalization on their use patterns. Themes were identified using applied thematic analysis. Participants discussed (1) a desire to maintain the status quo due to satisfaction with local cannabis regulations and their current use behaviors, (2) how and why cannabis use may change, including pros and cons of legalization, and (3) anticipated changes in purchasing behavior given display and legitimacy of legal dispensaries. While participants anticipate use levels and prevalence may remain relatively stable following legislation changes, findings suggest possible changes related to mode of administration and location of use. Public health concerns exist related to high-risk potencies and use of cannabis in edible form; therefore, trialing of new cannabis products has important clinical implications should legalization occur in Rhode Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline B Benz
- Psychology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alana N Mercurio
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, USA.,Collaborative Addiction & Recovery Services, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
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Kearns NT, Blumenthal H, Contractor AA, Aston ER, Metrik J. Effect of trauma-related stress after alcohol consumption on perceived likelihood of negative consequences and willingness to drive. Addict Behav 2021; 117:106836. [PMID: 33529850 PMCID: PMC7956021 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes are a major preventable cause of death in the United States. One potential factor that may modulate the influence of alcohol on driving-related cognitions and decision-making is trauma-related stress. Indeed, in addition to compelling research indicating that both acute trauma-related stress and acute alcohol consumption may independently affect driving-related risky decision-making, there is reason to believe that the combination of these antecedents may have an exacerbating effect. METHODS The current study evaluated the influence of induction of acute trauma-related stress (via script-driven imagery) after alcohol consumption (0.06% Breath Alcohol Concentration [BrAC]) on driving-related cognitions - perceived likelihood of negative consequences and willingness to drive - among 25 trauma-exposed (currently symptomatic) adult drinkers from the community (M = 24.08; 36.0% female). RESULTS Participants who were acutely exposed to trauma-related stress after alcohol consumption evidenced lower perceived likelihood of being pulled over by a police officer (ηp2 = 0.38, large effect size) and lower perceived likelihood of getting in an accident (ηp2 = 0.17, medium-to-large effect size) relative to participants exposed to a neutral cue; conversely, participants exposed to trauma-related stress after alcohol consumption evidenced greater willingness to drive (d = 1.16, large effect size) than participants exposed to a neutral cue. CONCLUSIONS Generally, findings suggest that individuals with a trauma history that are acutely exposed to trauma-related stressors (e.g., reminders of their traumatic experience) may be particularly vulnerable to poorer driving-related decision-making after alcohol consumption. Results provide a meaningful target for the development of intoxicated driving prevention and intervention efforts geared specifically for individuals with trauma history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Kearns
- Brown University, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, 121 S. Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Heidemarie Blumenthal
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
| | - Ateka A Contractor
- University of North Texas, Department of Psychology, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, 121 S. Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Jane Metrik
- Brown University, School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, 121 S. Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Minhas M, Balodis I, Aston ER, Murphy JG, MacKillop J. Using an Optimized Marijuana Purchase Task to Examine Cannabis Demand in Relation to Cannabis Misuse in Heavy Drinking Emerging Adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021. [DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Minhas
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iris Balodis
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James G. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette demand, or relative value, can be assessed via analysis of performance on a hypothetical behavioral economic cigarette purchase task (CPT). Substance purchase tasks are highly amenable to manipulation, namely, external stimuli, instructional changes, or acute stressors. In this regard, the current secondary analysis evaluates the role a novel, computerized stress induction paradigm, the Contextual-Frustration Intolerance Typing Task (C-FiTT), plays in eliciting varying levels of stress and resulting demand. METHOD Daily smokers (n = 484) completed the C-FiTT wherein they were randomly assigned to one of five distress conditions: combination of task difficulty (low or high difficulty) with neutral or withdrawal cues, and a neutral control group. Tobacco demand was assessed immediately following the distress task using the hypothetical CPT. RESULTS The C-FiTT distress-induction task significantly increased key cigarette demand indices, including price at maximum expenditure (Pmax) and first price where consumption was suppressed to zero (breakpoint). Moreover, demand increased with severity of C-FiTT condition, with the high-difficulty condition resulting in significantly higher breakpoint and Pmax, compared to other conditions. C-FiTT condition was not related to a significant increase in Omax, intensity, or elasticity. DISCUSSION The novel C-FiTT paradigm produced comparable effects on tobacco demand relative to in vivo withdrawal induction, indicating that the C-FiTT is a viable procedure by which to influence demand. Reduction of internal and external stressors may be effective in lowering motivation for tobacco. These results highlight the importance of state distress in tobacco demand, and offer a potential avenue for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI USA.
| | - Jacqueline E Smith
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI USA
| | - Angelo M DiBello
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Providence, RI USA; City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY USA
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Aston ER, Metrik J, Rosen RK, Swift R, MacKillop J. Refining the marijuana purchase task: Using qualitative methods to inform measure development. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:23-35. [PMID: 32105138 PMCID: PMC7483201 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral economic demand for cannabis (i.e., relative reinforcing value) can be measured via marijuana purchase tasks (MPTs). However, commodity ambiguities pose challenges and design concerns exist regarding current MPTs. The aim of this 2-phase study was to modify and improve a MPT using qualitative methods. Phase I: Focus groups were conducted with regular (i.e., average use ≥ once/week) cannabis users (n = 31; 6-7 per group M[SD] age = 26 [7]; 28% female). Focus groups followed a semistructured agenda, and executive summaries were made concerning key MPT themes. Feedback was used to refine the MPT. Phase II: Cognitive interviews using the refined MPT were conducted with regular cannabis users (n = 20; M[SD] age = 28 [8]; 50% female). Phase I: Focus group analyses highlighted 4 critical areas for MPT improvement: (a) unit of purchase, (b) cannabis quality, (c) time duration specified for use episode, and (d) price. Participants suggested using grams as the unit of purchase, tailoring cannabis quality to the individual, and clarifying intended episode length. Phase II: Cognitive interviewing indicated additional areas for task refinement, resulting in a second iteration of the MPT based on the 2 phases. Qualitative research in both phases suggested a number of substantive modifications to the MPT format. MPT modifications are expected to improve comprehension, ecological validity, and general construct validity. Findings highlight the importance of careful instructional set development for drug purchase tasks for heterogeneous products that do not have standard units of consumption. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908
| | - Rochelle K. Rosen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Robert Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - James MacKillop
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7 Canada,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, N1E 6K9 Canada
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Haass-Koffler CL, Souza RD, Wilmott JP, Aston ER, Song JH. A Combined Alcohol and Smoking Cue-Reactivity Paradigm in People Who Drink Heavily and Smoke Cigarettes: Preliminary Findings. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:47-56. [PMID: 32984874 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have shown that there may be an underlying mechanism that is common for co-use of alcohol and tobacco and it has been shown that treatment for alcohol use disorder can increase rates of smoking cessation. The primary aim of this study was to assess a novel methodological approach to test a simultaneous behavioral alcohol-smoking cue reactivity (CR) paradigm in people who drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes. METHODS This was a human laboratory study that utilized a novel laboratory procedure with individuals who drink heavily (≥15 drinks/week for men; ≥8 drinks/week for women) and smoke (>5 cigarettes/day). Participants completed a CR in a bar laboratory and an eye-tracking (ET) session using their preferred alcohol beverage, cigarettes brand and water. RESULTS In both the CR and ET session, there was a difference in time spent interacting with alcohol and cigarettes as compared to water (P's < 0.001), but no difference in time spent interacting between alcohol and cigarettes (P > 0.05). In the CR sessions, craving for cigarettes was significantly greater than craving for alcohol (P < 0.001), however, only time spent with alcohol, but not with cigarettes, was correlated with craving for both alcohol and cigarettes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that it is feasible to use simultaneous cues during a CR procedure in a bar laboratory paradigm. The attention bias measured in the integrated alcohol-cigarettes ET procedure predicted participants' decision making in the CR. This novel methodological approach revealed that in people who drink heavily and smoke, alcohol cues may affect craving for both alcohol and cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Haass-Koffler
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rachel D Souza
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - James P Wilmott
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences; Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Joo-Hyun Song
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences; Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Stevens AK, Aston ER, Gunn RL, Sokolovsky AW, Padovano HT, White HR, Jackson KM. Does the Combination Matter? Examining the Influence of Alcohol and Cannabis Product Combinations on Simultaneous Use and Consequences in Daily Life. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:181-193. [PMID: 33242220 PMCID: PMC8142286 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and marijuana/cannabis are frequently used simultaneously (i.e., SAM use). SAM use is complex, and the ways in which alcohol and cannabis are simultaneously used may reveal differential effects. The purpose of this study was to examine day-level effects of distinct alcohol and cannabis product combinations on simultaneous use and consequences on that day. METHODS College student SAM users (N = 274; 50% women; Mage = 19.82 years) were recruited to complete 54 days of data collection, including 5 repeated daily surveys each day. We identified 12 distinct product combinations reported during SAM-use days. We tested 4 reference groups, with one reflecting the most common use pattern and 3 potentially risky use patterns. We considered 3 outcomes (negative consequences, number of drinks, and number of cannabis uses) and used generalized linear mixed-effects models disentangling within- from between-person effects in all analyses. RESULTS Using multiple products (≥2) of alcohol was consistently linked to higher odds of experiencing a negative consequence. Combining beer with only one cannabis product (leaf or concentrate) was consistently associated with lower odds of a consequence. Combining cannabis with multiple alcohol products was associated with heavier alcohol consumption. Using dual cannabis products also was associated with heavier cannabis consumption, but this pattern was not significantly different than using concentrate only on a given day. CONCLUSION This is the first study to examine day-level influences of distinct alcohol and cannabis product combinations on consumption and consequences among young adult SAM users. Findings suggest that mixing alcohol products confers greater risk for negative consequences and heavier consumption, whereas there is little difference in cannabis consumption when using concentrate only vs. 2 cannabis products on a given day, except for concentrate + beer. Our findings support existing protective strategies of not mixing alcohol products and avoiding use of cannabis concentrate for SAM use as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Alexander W. Sokolovsky
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Hayley Treloar Padovano
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Helene R. White
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Meshesha LZ, Aston ER, Teeters JB, Blevins CE, Battle CL, Marsh E, Feltus S, Stein MD, Abrantes AM. Evaluating alcohol demand, craving, and depressive symptoms among women in alcohol treatment. Addict Behav 2020; 109:106475. [PMID: 32480282 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and alcohol craving predict drinking and relapse rates among alcohol treatment seekers. Alcohol demand, or one's valuation of alcohol may be another determinant of drinking. There is little known about alcohol demand and its association with depression, craving, and drinking among treatment-seeking adults. METHOD Participants were 71 women with elevated depressive symptoms seeking outpatient treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). At baseline, participants self-reported daily drinking amount, alcohol craving, depressive symptoms, and alcohol demand assessed with the alcohol purchase task (APT; a task requesting participants to make hypothetical purchases of drinks at escalating prices). Baseline associations among alcohol demand, depressive symptoms, alcohol craving, and drinking severity were assessed. RESULTS Participants averaged 40.68 (SD = 11.78) years of age, consumed 8.84 (SD = 5.14) drinks per drinking day and reported 15.45 (SD = 7.51) heavy drinking days in the past 30 days, and had an average PHQ-9 depression score of 13.00 (SD = 4.28). Results suggest that the alcohol demand metrics of intensity (consumption level when drinks are free) and Omax (maximum expenditure on alcohol) were associated with drinks per drinking day, whereas craving and depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with drinking. The number of heavy drinking days were not significantly associated with demand, craving, or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that demand may reflect unique risk for drinking relative to craving or depressive symptoms. These findings provide support for the utility of the APT within a clinical setting to assess individualized valuation of alcohol.
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Gunn RL, Aston ER, Sokolovsky AW, White HR, Jackson KM. Complex cannabis use patterns: Associations with cannabis consequences and cannabis use disorder symptomatology. Addict Behav 2020; 105:106329. [PMID: 32044680 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, cannabis researchers have assumed a single mode and product of cannabis (e.g., smoking plant). However, patterns of use, products (e.g., concentrates, edibles), and modes (e.g. blunts, vaporizers) are diversifying. This study sought to: 1) classify cannabis users into groups based on their use of the full range of cannabis products, and 2) examine user group differences on demographics, cannabis consequences and cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptomatology. METHODS In a sample of college students (data collected in Fall 2017), who used cannabis in the past year (N = 1390), latent class analysis (LCA) was used to characterize cannabis users. We then added demographic characteristics, cannabis consequences, and CUD symptomatology scores separately to LCA models to examine class differences. RESULTS Five unique classes emerged: high-frequency all-product users, high-frequency plant/moderate-frequency edible and concentrate users, low-frequency plant users, moderate-frequency plant and edible users, and low-frequency edible users. Demographic characteristics, cannabis consequences, and CUD symptomatology differed across classes characterized by frequency as well as product. CONCLUSIONS Results reflect the increasing variety of cannabis products, modes, and use patterns among college students. In this sample, frequency of use remains a strong predictor of cannabis-related consequences, in addition to type of product. As variation in cannabis use patterns continue to evolve, it is essential for researchers to conduct comprehensive assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Alexander W Sokolovsky
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Helene R White
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, the State University of NJ, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States
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Cassidy RN, Aston ER, Tidey JW, Colby SM. Behavioral economic demand and delay discounting are differentially associated with cigarette dependence and use in adolescents. Addict Behav 2020; 103:106225. [PMID: 31838441 PMCID: PMC6938733 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Reinforcer Pathology Model describes how two behavioral economic processes, increased sensitivity to immediate rewards (delay discounting) and excessive reward derived from a substance (demand), both contribute to problematic patterns of substance use. In a novel application of this model, the current cross-sectional study examined how these distinct processes relate to different facets of cigarette use in adolescents. METHODS Adolescent daily cigarette smokers ages 15 to 19 (Mean age 17.7, N = 50) completed a laboratory assessment of demand using a Cigarette Purchase Task for their usual brand cigarettes and an adjusting-amount delay discounting task. Demand was conceptualized as two factors (Amplitude and Persistence) and delay discounting was calculated as Area Under the Curve (log AUC). The two factors of demand and discounting AUC were included as statistical predictors of level of cigarette dependence and average number of cigarettes smoked per day in linear regression models. RESULTS Amplitude of demand was marginally significant predictor (p = .06) of cigarettes smoked per day whereas neither Persistence of demand nor delay discounting significantly predicted this outcome. Both Amplitude of demand and delay discounting, but not Persistence, were associated with level of cigarette dependence. The effects of amplitude of demand and delay discounting on cigarette dependence or use did not significantly interact. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that amplitude of cigarette demand may be a risk factor for both cigarette consumption and dependence, while discounting - a known risk factor for cigarette initiation - may relate specifically to level of dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, United States.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, United States
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, United States
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, United States
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaporization of marijuana products, or "vaping," has become a prevalent mode of administration and is typically perceived to hold unique benefits compared to combustible administration methods. Such positive beliefs regarding marijuana vaporization may contribute to its abuse liability. This qualitative study examined cognitions pertaining to vaping among recreational marijuana users. METHOD Focus groups were conducted with frequent marijuana users (N = 31; five groups; six to seven per group; M = 5.0 days/week marijuana use). Three topic areas were queried during discussions with the goal of revealing factors that may contribute to the abuse liability of vaporization. These comprised differences between smoking and vaporizing marijuana products, perceived advantages of vaporization, and perceived disadvantages of vaporization. Focus groups lasted approximately 60 minutes and followed a semistructured agenda; the sessions were audio recorded and transcribed for an applied thematic analysis. An executive summary of each group was made and key themes pertaining to vaporization were summarized. RESULTS Several themes emerged, including differences between smoking and vaporizing marijuana, convenience, discretion, and efficiency of vaping, perceived health benefits, the absence of traditional smoking rituals, and the high cost of vaporization devices. CONCLUSIONS Several factors appear to promote marijuana vaporization, including device aspects (e.g., discreet, convenient), the subjective high, economical efficiency, and perceived harm-reducing and health-promoting effects. These qualitative data highlight unique cognitions about marijuana vaping that may substantially increase its abuse liability. Quantitative research is needed to examine the extent to which cognitions about marijuana vaporization contribute to actual use patterns and problematic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Samantha G Farris
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, Rhode Island.,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Rochelle K Rosen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, Rhode Island
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Farris SG, Aston ER, Leyro TM, Brown LA, Zvolensky MJ. Distress Intolerance and Smoking Topography in the Context of a Biological Challenge. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:568-575. [PMID: 30137455 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distress intolerance (DI), one's perceived or behavioral incapacity to withstand distress, is implicated in psychopathology and smoking. This study evaluated the effect of DI on smoking reinforcement in the context of a carbon dioxide (CO2) biological challenge. METHODS Adult daily smokers (n = 90; 48.9% female) were randomized to receive a single inhalation/breath of 35% CO2-enriched air (n = 45) or compressed room air (n = 45). Perceived DI was assessed before the challenge. Smoking reinforcement was examined via average post-challenge puff volume across puffs and at the puff-to-puff level. RESULTS Higher DI was associated with an increased average puff volume (b = -4.7, p = .031). CO2 produced decreased average puff volume compared with room air (b = -7.7, p = .018). There was a DI* condition interaction (ƒ2 = 0.02), such that CO2 decreased average puff volume compared with room air in smokers with higher DI (b = -13.9, t = -3.06, p = .003), but not lower DI. At the puff-to-puff level, there was a significant interaction between DI, condition, and cubic time (b = 0.0003, p =. 037). Specifically, room air produced large initial puff volumes that decreased from puff to puff over the cigarette for high- and low-DI smokers. CO2 produced persistent flat volumes from puff to puff over the cigarette for higher DI smokers, whereas CO2 produced puff volumes like that of room air in lower DI smokers. DISCUSSION Findings suggest DI heightens smoking reinforcement generally, and in the context of intense cardiorespiratory distress, is associated with stable and persistent smoking. DI is a promising therapeutic target that, if addressed through psychological intervention, may improve cessation outcomes by decreasing smoking reinforcement. IMPLICATIONS This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between DI and smoking reinforcement, via examining these processes in response to acute cardiorespiratory distress. Specifically, we found that smokers who are less tolerant of distress, as opposed to those who are more tolerant, evince a decrease in average puff volume, and consistently low puff-to-puff volume, in response to a biological stressor. These findings suggest that smokers high in DI alter smoking behavior following acute cardiorespiratory distress, perhaps to reduce overstimulation, yet also persist in smoking in a manner that suggests an inability to achieve satiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Farris
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.,Centers for Behavioral and Prevention Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Teresa M Leyro
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Lily A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX.,Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Merrill JE, Aston ER. Alcohol demand assessed daily: Validity, variability, and the influence of drinking-related consequences. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107838. [PMID: 31954948 PMCID: PMC7050944 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol demand, typically assessed at the trait-level, via single administration, reflects individualized alcohol value. We examined correspondence between baseline trait-level and daily brief measures of alcohol demand, and whether demand changes day-to-day in response to recent drinking-related consequences. Understanding whether consequences influence demand fluctuations may provide insight into when demand can be reduced in the context of intervention. METHODS Heavy drinking college students (n = 95, age 18-20, 52% female) completed a baseline 14-item alcohol purchase task (APT). Observed demand indices were: intensity (consumption at zero cost), Omax (maximum expenditure), and breakpoint (cost whereby consumption is suppressed to zero). Participants subsequently completed 28 daily reports including a 3-item APT (one item corresponding to each baseline index) and prior day drinking and consequences. RESULTS Intraclass correlations revealed within-person variability (i.e., day-to-day change) across daily demand indices. In hierarchical linear models (HLM), each daily demand index was significantly predicted by its corresponding baseline full APT index, when all three baseline indices were entered, suggesting convergent validity of the daily measure. Lower day-level intensity was predicted by more prior day negative consequences, controlling for several day- and person-level variables in HLM. Recent positive consequences did not impact intensity, and daily Omax and breakpoint were not predicted by any tested day- or person-level variables. CONCLUSIONS APT indices collected daily map on well to traditional single-administration APT metrics and change in response to recent consequences. Intensity demonstrated the greatest within-person variability, the strongest association with its corresponding full APT index, and theoretically-consistent prediction by negative consequences of drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence RI 02912, United States.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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Abstract
The marijuana purchase task (MPT) is a behavioral economic measure of individualized cannabis value (i.e., demand). The MPT follows purchase tasks for other substances (e.g., alcohol, tobacco), though presents with unique caveats due to its mixed illicit status, non-uniform units of purchase and use, and substantial within substance variability in strain, potency, and quality. As the regulatory climate surrounding purchase and use of cannabis continues to evolve in the USA and globally, rigorous assessment of cannabis use and value are of the utmost importance. This study represents the first comprehensive review of investigations utilizing the MPT. Searches through PubMed and Web of Science databases by two independent coders identified 15 empirical articles referencing the use of an MPT and were published through the year 2019. Articles were coded for demographic and procedural characteristics, structural characteristics of the MPT itself, data analytic characteristics, and relationships with cannabis-related outcomes. Rigorous assessment of demand for cannabis is essential with respect to the broad public health issues surrounding cannabis legalization. We have synthesized the research presented herein and comment on vital considerations for subsequent MPT work, including recommendations for a unified approach to using the MPT in subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Lidia Z Meshesha
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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Abstract
Behavioral economics in the addictions is the application of both economics and psychology to study multifaceted components of substance use decision-making behavior. One such component is demand: the relative value of a substance for a user (i.e., the association between drug use and cost). The degree to which a user values a substance can be measured via performance on hypothetical purchase tasks which replicate drug purchase and consumption. Demand has been evaluated across substances, including alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and alternative tobacco products. Recent advances in the study of demand have greatly improved the assessment of drug value, including application to novel products, selection of optimal task unit, assessment of demand in naïve or potential future users, and the importance of instructional set specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912, United States.
| | - Rachel N Cassidy
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912, United States; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912, United States
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40
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Lawn W, Freeman TP, East K, Gaule A, Aston ER, Bloomfield MAP, Das RK, Morgan CJA, Curran HV. The Acute Effects of a Dopamine D3 Receptor Preferring Agonist on Motivation for Cigarettes in Dependent and Occasional Cigarette Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:800-809. [PMID: 29065193 PMCID: PMC5991206 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Dopaminergic functioning is thought to play critical roles in both motivation and addiction. There is preliminary evidence that dopamine agonists reduce the motivation for cigarettes in smokers. However, the effects of pramipexole, a dopamine D3 receptor preferring agonist, have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an acute dose of pramipexole on the motivation to earn cigarettes and nondrug rewards. Methods Twenty dependent and 20 occasional smokers received 0.5 mg pramipexole using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Motivation for cigarettes and consummatory nondrug rewards was measured using the DReaM-Choice task, in which participants earned, and later “consumed,” cigarettes, music, and chocolate. Demand for cigarettes was measured using the Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT). Self-reported craving, withdrawal, and drug effects were also recorded. Results Dependent smokers chose (p < .001) and button-pressed for (p < .001) cigarettes more, and chose chocolate less (p < .001), than occasional smokers. Pramipexole did not affect the number of choices for or amount of button-pressing for any reward including cigarettes, which was supported by a Bayesian analysis. The dependent smokers had greater demand for cigarettes than occasional smokers across all CPT outcomes (ps < .021), apart from elasticity. Pramipexole did not affect demand for cigarettes, and this was supported by Bayesian analyses. Pramipexole produced greater subjective “feel drug” and “dislike drug” effects than placebo. Conclusions Dependent and occasional cigarette smokers differed in their motivation for cigarettes but not for the nondrug rewards. Pramipexole did not acutely alter motivation for cigarettes. These findings question the role of dopamine D3 receptors in cigarette-seeking behavior in dependent and occasional smokers. Implications This study adds to the growing literature about cigarette versus nondrug reward processing in nicotine dependence and the role of dopamine in cigarette-seeking behavior. Our results suggest nicotine dependence is associated with a hypersensitivity to cigarette rewards but not a hyposensitivity to nondrug rewards. Furthermore, our results question the importance of dopamine D3 receptors in motivational processing of cigarettes in occasional and dependent smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK.,Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie East
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Annie Gaule
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Michael A P Bloomfield
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK.,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, London, UK
| | - Ravi K Das
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Celia J A Morgan
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Exeter, UK
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology unit, University College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Cannabis vaporization is a prevailing mode of administration among medical users for symptom relief. Limited research to date has considered factors that contribute to vaporization in medical users, although initial evidence suggests that vaporization may provide unique therapeutic advantages relative to other modes. This study aimed to provide an in-depth qualitative examination of vaping behavior and use preferences among medical cannabis users. Qualitative interviews were conducted with Rhode Island medical cannabis registration card holders (n = 25). Interviews followed a semistructured agenda and were audio-recorded and transcribed for applied thematic analysis. Key vaporization themes were summarized. Several themes emerged related to (a) medication dosing and administration (flexible timing of medication delivery; ease when traveling; type of device/cannabis formulation), (b) physical health advantages of vaping (general health benefits; better for medical condition; promoting tobacco cessation), (c) general advantages of vaping (portability, concealability, efficiency), and (d) disadvantages (weaker medication delivery; device cost; technology-use barriers). Various factors contribute to cannabis vaporization among medical users that are both general and medical-specific. Certain aspects of vaping may also interfere with effective delivery of cannabis, including technology aspects and device cost. These findings highlight the heterogeneity in vaporization behavior. Future work is needed to further identify factors that contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of cannabis and its modalities of use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Brie Scott
- Psychosocial Research Group, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Samantha G. Farris
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Amlung M, Reed DD, Morris V, Aston ER, Metrik J, MacKillop J. Price elasticity of illegal versus legal cannabis: a behavioral economic substitutability analysis. Addiction 2019; 114:112-118. [PMID: 30194789 DOI: 10.1111/add.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The evolving legal status of cannabis world-wide necessitates evidence-based regulatory policies to minimize risks associated with cannabis misuse. A prominent concern is the impact legalization may have on the illegal cannabis market, including whether illegal cannabis will serve as a substitute for legal cannabis. Empirical data on this issue are virtually non-existent. This study used behavioral economics to investigate substitutability of legal and illegal cannabis in legalized catchment areas in the United States. DESIGN A substitution-based marijuana purchase task assessed estimated cannabis consumption from concurrently available legal (a dispensary) and illegal (a dealer) sources. Prices of the two options were reciprocally either held constant ($10/gram) or escalated ($0-$60/gram). SETTING US states with legalized recreational cannabis. PARTICIPANTS Adult cannabis users who were at least 21 years old (n = 724; mean age = 34.13; 52% female; 74% Caucasian) were recruited using online crowdsourcing. MEASUREMENTS Mean consumption values were used in demand curve modeling to generate indices of price sensitivity and elasticity. Differences in demand indices were compared using extra sums-of-squares F-tests. FINDINGS Both legal and illegal fixed-price cannabis options had significant positive cross-price elasticities (Ps < 0.001), indicating that higher prices motivate substitution irrespective of legality. However, the presence of a legal alternative had a substantially greater effect on consumption and elasticity of illegal cannabis (∆elasticity = 0.0019; F(1,37) = 160, P < 0.0001) than the presence of an illegal alternative on demand for legal cannabis (∆elasticity = 0.0002; F(1,37) = 48, P < 0.0001), indicating asymmetric substitution. Demand for legal cannabis was significantly greater than for illegal cannabis (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis users treat legal cannabis as a superior commodity compared with illegal cannabis and exhibit asymmetric substitutability favoring legal product. Cannabis price policies that include somewhat higher consumer costs for legal cannabis relative to contraband (but not excessively higher costs) would not be expected to incentivize and expand the illegal market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Amlung
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University and St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Vanessa Morris
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University and St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University and St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada
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43
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Abstract
Background: Over the past few decades in the United States, marijuana for medical purposes has become increasingly prevalent. Initial qualitative and epidemiological research suggests that marijuana may be a promising substitute for traditional pharmacotherapies. Objectives: This qualitative study examined perceptions relating to (1) using medical marijuana in comparison to other prescription medications and (2) user perception of policy issues that limit adoption of medical marijuana use. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with Rhode Island medical marijuana card holders (N = 25). The interviews followed a semi-structured agenda designed to collect information from participants about their reasons for, and perceptions of, medical marijuana use. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and de-identified. Qualitative codes were developed from the agenda and emergent topics raised by the participants. Results: Three themes emerged related to medical marijuana use, including (1) comparison of medical marijuana to other medications (i.e., better and/or fewer side effects than prescription medications, improves quality of life), (2) substitution of marijuana for other medications (i.e., in addition to or instead of), and (3) how perception of medical marijuana policy impacts use (i.e., stigma, travel, cost, and lack of instruction regarding use). Conclusions: Several factors prevent pervasive medical marijuana use, including stigma, cost, and the inability for healthcare providers to relay instructions regarding dosing, strain, and method of use. Findings suggest that medical patients consider marijuana to be a viable alternative for opioids and other prescription medications, though certain policy barriers inhibit widespread implementation of marijuana as a treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Mercurio
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,b Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- a Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA.,c Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University School of Public Heath , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Kasey R Claborn
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School , Austin , Texas , USA
| | - Katherine Waye
- b Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Rochelle K Rosen
- c Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University School of Public Heath , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
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Claborn KR, Aston ER, Champion J, Guthrie KM. Prescribing Opioids as an Incentive to Retain Patients in Medical Care: A Qualitative Investigation into Clinician Awareness and Perceptions. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2018; 29:642-654. [PMID: 30146017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV treatment retention remains a significant public health concern. Our qualitative analysis used emergent data from a larger HIV treatment study to explore clinician perspectives on prescribing opioids to incentivize retention in HIV care. Data from individual interviews with 29 HIV and substance use clinicians were analyzed using thematic analysis. Prescribing opioids as a retention strategy emerged as a theme. Nine of 11 HIV clinicians reported prior knowledge of this practice; only one of 12 substance use clinicians indicated prior knowledge. Positive perceptions included: harm reduction approach, increased appointment attendance, and sustained engagement in HIV care. Negative perceptions included: addiction potential, increased engagement not leading to better health outcomes, and prescriptions becoming the appointment focus. Some clinicians used prescriptions as a strategy to improve treatment retention, which may be particularly problematic in light of the current opioid epidemic. Understanding motives, outcomes, and clinical decision-making processes is needed.
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45
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although increasing rates of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) are well-documented among veterans, little is known about their use of cannabis specifically for medicinal purposes. The present study characterizes such use and compares veterans reporting cannabis use for medicinal (n = 66) versus recreational (n = 77) purposes on (a) sociodemographic factors, (b) psychiatric disorders (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], major depressive disorder [MDD], and CUD), (c) other substance use, (d) reasons for cannabis use and cannabis-related problems, and (e) physical and mental health. METHODS Participants were veterans deployed post 9/11/2001 recruited from a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facility (N = 143; mean [SD] age = 30.0 [6.6]; mean [SD] deployments = 1.7 [1.1]) who reported past-year cannabis use. RESULTS The most frequently endorsed conditions for medicinal cannabis (MC) use were anxiety/stress, PTSD, pain, depression, and insomnia. In logistic regression analyses adjusted for frequency of cannabis use, MC users were significantly more likely (OR = 3.16) to meet criteria for PTSD than recreational cannabis (RC) users. Relative to RC users, MC users reported significantly greater motivation for using cannabis to cope with sleep disturbance as well as significantly poorer sleep quality and worse physical health. CONCLUSIONS Veterans who use cannabis for medicinal purposes differ significantly in sleep, physical and mental health functioning than veterans who use cannabis for recreational purposes. PTSD and sleep problems may be especially relevant issues to address in screening and providing clinical care to returning veterans who are using cannabis for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Shayna S. Bassett
- Department of Psychology, Social Sciences Research Center, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
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Farris SG, Aston ER, Abrantes AM, Zvolensky MJ. Tobacco demand, delay discounting, and smoking topography among smokers with and without psychopathology. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:247-253. [PMID: 28810196 PMCID: PMC5599347 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco demand (i.e., relative value attributed to a given reinforcer) and delay discounting (i.e., relative preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards) are two behavioral economic processes that are linked to the progression of problematic substance use. These processes have not been studied among those with psychopathology, a vulnerable group of smokers. The current study examined differences in tobacco demand and delay discounting, and their association with smoking topography among smokers with (n=43) and without (n=64) past-year psychopathology. METHOD Adult daily smokers (n=107,Mage=43.5; SD=9.7) participated in a study on "smoking behavior." Past-year psychological disorders were assessed via a clinician-administered diagnostic assessment. All subjects participated in an ad libitum smoking trial and then completed an assessment of delay discounting (Monetary Choice Questionnaire) and tobacco demand (Cigarette Purchase Task) approximately 45-60min post-smoking. RESULTS Smokers with psychopathology, compared to those without, had significantly higher demand intensity and maximum expenditure on tobacco (Omax), but did not differ on other demand indices or delay discounting. Smokers with psychopathology had shorter average inter-puff intervals and shorter time to cigarette completion than smokers without psychopathology. Tobacco demand and delay discounting measures were significantly intercorrelated among smokers with psychopathology, but not those without. Both behavioral economic measures were associated with specific aspects of smoking topography in smokers with psychopathology. DISCUSSION The association between tobacco demand and delay discounting is evident among smokers with psychopathology and both measures were most consistently related to smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Farris
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA; The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, 164 Summit St., Providence, RI 02906 USA; Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
| | - Ana M Abrantes
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA; Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA.
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Fred J. Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77230 USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral economic measurement of the relative value of tobacco (Cigarette Purchase Task; CPT) is used to examine individual differences in motivation for tobacco under certain contexts. Smokers with psychopathology, relative to those without, may demonstrate stronger demand for tobacco following a period of smoking deprivation, which could account for disparate rates of smoking and cessation among this subgroup. METHOD Participants (n=111) were community-recruited adult daily smokers who completed the CPT after a deprivation period of approximately 60min. Presence of psychopathology was assessed via clinical interview; 40.5% (n=45) of the sample met criteria for past-year psychological diagnosis. Specifically, 31.5% (n=35) had an emotional disorder (anxiety/depressive disorder), 17.1% (n=19) had a substance use disorder, and 19.1% of the sample had more than one disorder. RESULTS Smokers with any psychopathology showed significantly higher intensity (demand at unrestricted cost; $0) and Omax (peak expenditure for a drug) relative to smokers with no psychopathology. Intensity was significantly higher among smokers with an emotional disorder compared to those without. Smokers with a substance use disorder showed significantly higher intensity and Omax, and lower elasticity, reflecting greater insensitivity to price increases. Having≥2 disorders was associated with higher intensity relative to having 1 or no disorders. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that presence of psychopathology may be associated with greater and more persistent motivation to smoke. Future work is needed to explore the mechanism linking psychopathology to tobacco demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Farris
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA,The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, 164 Summit St., Providence, RI 02906 USA,Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA,Corresponding author: Samantha G. Farris, Ph.D. at Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior; 345 Blackstone Blvd, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906. ; Phone: 401-455-6219; Fax: 401-455-6685
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Fred J. Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204 USA,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77230 USA
| | - Ana M. Abrantes
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906 USA,Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906, USA; Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 830 Chalkstone Ave, Providence, RI 02908, USA.
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Aston ER, Farris SG, MacKillop J, Metrik J. Latent factor structure of a behavioral economic marijuana demand curve. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2421-2429. [PMID: 28508921 PMCID: PMC5538908 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug demand, or relative value, can be assessed via analysis of behavioral economic purchase task performance. Five demand indices are typically obtained from drug purchase tasks. OBJECTIVES The goal of this research was to determine whether metrics of marijuana reinforcement from a marijuana purchase task (MPT) exhibit a latent factor structure that efficiently characterizes marijuana demand. METHODS Participants were regular marijuana users (n = 99; 37.4% female, 71.5% marijuana use days [5 days/week], 15.2% cannabis dependent) who completed study assessments, including the MPT, during a baseline session. Principal component analysis was used to examine the latent structure underlying MPT indices. Concurrent validity was assessed via examination of relationships between latent factors and marijuana use, past quit attempts, and marijuana expectancies. RESULTS A two-factor solution was confirmed as the best fitting structure, accounting for 88.5% of the overall variance. Factor 1 (65.8% variance) reflected "Persistence," indicating sensitivity to escalating marijuana price, which comprised four MPT indices (elasticity, O max, P max, and breakpoint). Factor 2 (22.7% variance) reflected "Amplitude," indicating the amount consumed at unrestricted price (intensity). Persistence factor scores were associated with fewer past marijuana quit attempts and lower expectancies of negative use outcomes. Amplitude factor scores were associated with more frequent use, dependence symptoms, craving severity, and positive marijuana outcome expectancies. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with research on alcohol and cigarette purchase tasks, the MPT can be characterized with a latent two-factor structure. Thus, demand for marijuana appears to encompass distinct dimensions of price sensitivity and volumetric consumption, with differential relations to other aspects of marijuana motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Samantha G Farris
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, N1E 6K9, Canada
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA
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Metrik J, Farris SG, Aston ER, Kahler CW. Development and initial validation of a marijuana cessation expectancies questionnaire. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177:163-170. [PMID: 28600928 PMCID: PMC5567860 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present research examines anticipated consequences of ceasing or reducing marijuana use with initial development and psychometric validation of a measure of marijuana cessation expectancies. METHODS The 46-item Marijuana Cessation Expectancies Questionnaire (MCEQ) was initially developed from the content validity analysis of free responses about expected outcomes of stopping and decreasing marijuana use generated by 94 participants. The closed-ended MCEQ was subsequently administered to 151 non-treatment seeking regular marijuana users (used on M=64.7% of the prior 60days, SD=25.1%;Mage=21.4, SD=3.96; 38.4% female). RESULTS Exploratory factor analyses identified six MCEQ factors that accounted for 61% of variance, which were related to expected improvement in: 1) performance/motivation, 2) problems with authority, and 3) interpersonal functioning, and expected worsening of 4) mood states and 5) fun experiences, and 6) changes in appetite/weight from cessation/reduction of marijuana use. Internal consistency of full scale items was good (α=0.86) and moderate to high for all factors (α's=0.60-0.89). The MCEQ items showed good concurrent validity with key measures and incremental associations with change indices (prior history of cessation/reduction attempt, benefits of reduction, importance of change), beyond the effects of marijuana use expectancies. CONCLUSIONS These data provide initial support for the MCEQ and suggest it is closely linked to reduction/cessation decisions in marijuana users. MCEQ may be used clinically to enhance existing behavioral treatments and motivational interventions for problem marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA; The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
| | - Samantha G. Farris
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, RI 02906,The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, Providence, RI, 02906,Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, 02906
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903
| | - Christopher W. Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the existing literature on the relationship between the co-use of cannabis and alcohol including (1) epidemiology, comorbidity, and associated consequences of cannabis and alcohol use disorders; (2) preclinical and clinical laboratory studies examining behavioral pharmacology of cannabis and alcohol co-use; and (3) clinical outcomes related to co-use. RECENT FINDINGS Findings from the literature reviewed suggest that the co-use of alcohol and cannabis is associated with additive performance impairment effects, higher and more frequent consumption levels, increased social and behavioral consequences such as driving while impaired, and greater likelihood of the experiencing comorbid substance use and mental health disorders. Furthermore, co-use may be associated with worse clinical outcomes, yet there are few studies examining the development and evaluation of interventions on reducing the co-use of cannabis and alcohol. SUMMARY There is a need for more rigorous and longitudinal research studies on the co-use of cannabis and alcohol to glean a more complete understanding of the relationship between the two substances. Findings can be used to develop and refine intervention strategies to successfully reduce cannabis and alcohol co-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Yurasek
- College of Health and Human Performance, Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, FLG 14, P. O. Box 118210, Gainesville, FL 32611-8210, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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