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Gunn RL, Aston ER, Sokolovsky AW, White HR, Jackson KM. Complex cannabis use patterns: Associations with cannabis consequences and cannabis use disorder symptomatology. Addict Behav 2020; 105:106329. [PMID: 32044680 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, cannabis researchers have assumed a single mode and product of cannabis (e.g., smoking plant). However, patterns of use, products (e.g., concentrates, edibles), and modes (e.g. blunts, vaporizers) are diversifying. This study sought to: 1) classify cannabis users into groups based on their use of the full range of cannabis products, and 2) examine user group differences on demographics, cannabis consequences and cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptomatology. METHODS In a sample of college students (data collected in Fall 2017), who used cannabis in the past year (N = 1390), latent class analysis (LCA) was used to characterize cannabis users. We then added demographic characteristics, cannabis consequences, and CUD symptomatology scores separately to LCA models to examine class differences. RESULTS Five unique classes emerged: high-frequency all-product users, high-frequency plant/moderate-frequency edible and concentrate users, low-frequency plant users, moderate-frequency plant and edible users, and low-frequency edible users. Demographic characteristics, cannabis consequences, and CUD symptomatology differed across classes characterized by frequency as well as product. CONCLUSIONS Results reflect the increasing variety of cannabis products, modes, and use patterns among college students. In this sample, frequency of use remains a strong predictor of cannabis-related consequences, in addition to type of product. As variation in cannabis use patterns continue to evolve, it is essential for researchers to conduct comprehensive assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Alexander W Sokolovsky
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Helene R White
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, the State University of NJ, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States
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Abstract
Failed drug tests commonly lead to technical violations and revocation hearings for probationers. The current study extends these observations by examining whether multisubstance-using probationers also have increased odds of arrest in the community. This is important as multisubstance-using probationers may present unique public safety challenges to community corrections agencies and require intensive treatment resources and additional monitoring. Using data from a county-level probation cohort (N = 2,257) from 2009 to 2010, a series of logistic regression analyses estimated the effects of multisubstance use on the odds of being arrested for a new offense while in the community. The findings revealed that multisubstance use and the frequency of multisubstance use increased the odds of arrest while on probation when compared with single-substance users. We discuss how agencies may best supervise multisubstance-using probationers and suggest directions for further examination.
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Bananej A, Völkl-Kernstock S, Lesch O, Walter H, Skala K. No evidence of subgroups found in amphetamine consumers in Iran. Neuropsychiatr 2018; 32:69-74. [PMID: 29516360 PMCID: PMC5993840 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-018-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine type substances are the second most commonly consumed illicit drug type and their use is an important contributor to the global burden of disease. This investigation set out to determine whether, similar to alcohol or nicotine addiction, subgroups of consumers can also be found in amphetamine addicts. 204 consumers of methamphetamine only (n = 50) or both methamphetamine and heroin (n = 154) have been investigated in Mashhad, Iran by means of "Lesch Alcoholism Typology". No significant differences in consumption pattern or age of onset have been found between the different types. Many subjects, however, reported symptoms of anxiety (n=78) or depression (n = 129) prior to drug use. These findings highlight the need for high quality epidemiological studies further addressing this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atireza Bananej
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Völkl-Kernstock
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henriette Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Skala
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Wang R, Ding Y, Bai H, Duan S, Ye R, Yang Y, Wang J, Tang R, Gao M, He N. Illicit Heroin and Methamphetamine Use among Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients in Dehong Prefecture of Yunnan Province, China. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196394 PMCID: PMC4510060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was introduced to China in 2004 to reduce the harm of injecting drug users (IDUs). However, little is known about continued drug use, especially methamphetamine (MAMP), among MMT patients. Methods A survey was conducted among patients attending five major MMT clinics in Dehong Prefecture in 2014 to investigate the heroin and MAMP use and their associated risk factors. Participants were administered with face-to-face interviews, and urine tests for morphine and MAMP. Results A total of 2,121 were eligible and participated in the study. Among them, 220 (10.4%) were only positive for morphine, 12.9% were only positive for MAMP, and 196 (9.2%) were positive for both morphine and MAMP. Compared with neither use of heroin nor MAMP during MMT, heroin use (not using MAMP) was associated with ethnicity, shorter duration of MMT, lower dose of methadone, and having had no more than two sex partners in the past year; MAMP use (not using heroin) was associated with ethnicity, longer duration of MMT, higher dose of methadone and being aged <30 years (vs. ≥50 years); use of both heroin and MAMP was associated with being Dai minority (vs. Han), a marital status of divorced or widowed, having used drugs for ≥10 years and shorter duration of MMT. Conclusion These findings indicate the complexity in the treatment of heroin users and underscore the importance in prescribing appropriate methadone dosages in order to reduce both heroin and MAMP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongling Bai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Duan
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Runhua Ye
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yuecheng Yang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jibao Wang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Renhai Tang
- Dehong Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Meiyang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Baggio S, Studer J, Mohler-Kuo M, Daeppen JB, Gmel G. Concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use among young Swiss males: use patterns and associations of number of substances used with health issues. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2014; 26:217-24. [PMID: 24030025 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2013-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous polydrug use (SPU) may represent a greater incremental risk factor for human health than concurrent polydrug use (CPU). However, few studies have examined these patterns of use in relation to health issues, particularly with regard to the number of drugs used. METHODS In the present study, we have analyzed data from a representative sample of 5734 young Swiss males from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. Exposure to drugs (i.e., alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and 15 other illicit drugs), as well as mental, social and physical factors, were studied through regression analysis. RESULTS We found that individuals engaging in CPU and SPU followed the known stages of drug use, involving initial experiences with licit drugs (e.g., alcohol and tobacco), followed by use of cannabis and then other illicit drugs. In this regard, two classes of illicit drugs were identified, including first uppers, hallucinogens and sniffed drugs; and then "harder" drugs (ketamine, heroin, and crystal meth), which were only consumed by polydrug users who were already taking numerous drugs. Moreover, we observed an association between the number of drugs used simultaneously and social issues (i.e., social consequences and aggressiveness). In fact, the more often the participants simultaneously used substances, the more likely they were to experience social problems. In contrast, we did not find any relationship between SPU and depression, anxiety, health consequences, or health. CONCLUSIONS We identified some associations with SPU that were independent of CPU. Moreover, we found that the number of concurrently used drugs can be a strong factor associated with mental and physical health, although their simultaneous use may not significantly contribute to this association. Finally, the negative effects related to the use of one substance might be counteracted by the use of an additional substance.
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Ramo DE, Grov C, Delucchi K, Kelly BC, Parsons JT. Typology of club drug use among young adults recruited using time-space sampling. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 107:119-27. [PMID: 19939585 PMCID: PMC2821995 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined patterns of recent club drug use among 400 young adults (18-29) recruited using time-space sampling in NYC. Subjects had used at least one of six club drugs (methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), ketamine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), cocaine, methamphetamine, and D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) within the prior 3 months. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to estimate latent groups based on patterns of recent club drug use and examined differences in demographic and psychological variables by class. A 3-class model fit the data best. Patterns were: Primary cocaine users (42% of sample), Mainstream users (44% of sample), and Wide-range users (14% of sample). Those most likely to be Primary cocaine users were significantly less likely to be heterosexual males and had higher educational attainment than the other two classes. Those most likely to be Wide-range users were less likely to be heterosexual females, more likely to be gay/bisexual males, dependent on club drugs, had significantly greater drug and sexual sensation seeking, and were more likely to use when experiencing physical discomfort or pleasant times with others compared to the other two groups. Findings highlight the utility of using person-centered approaches to understand patterns of substance use, as well as highlight several patterns of club drug use among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Ramo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, TRC 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA, 401 Parnassus Avenue, TRC 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christian Grov
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, NY. 11210
- The Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies and Training (CHEST), 250 West 26 Street, #300, New York, NY. 10001
| | - Kevin Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, TRC 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA, 401 Parnassus Avenue, TRC 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian C. Kelly
- The Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies and Training (CHEST), 250 West 26 Street, #300, New York, NY. 10001
- Department of Sociology and Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, 700 State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Parsons
- The Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies and Training (CHEST), 250 West 26 Street, #300, New York, NY. 10001
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA
- Social-Personality Doctoral Subprogram, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Lloyd-Smith E, Wood E, Zhang R, Tyndall MW, Montaner JS, Kerr T. Determinants of cutaneous injection-related infection care at a supervised injecting facility. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:404-9. [PMID: 19364660 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the factors associated with receiving cutaneous injection-related infection (CIRI) care among a representative cohort of supervised injecting facility (SIF) users. METHODS Data were collected biannually as part of a prospective cohort, the Scientific Evaluation of Supervised Injection study. Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression with recurrent events were used to examine incidence and factors associated with CIRI care, respectively. RESULTS One thousand eighty individuals were recruited between December 1, 2003 and January 31, 2008. The incidence density of participants receiving CIRI care was 22.0 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.6-24.6). In the adjusted Cox proportional hazard model, female sex (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]=1.87 [95% CI: 1.32-2.64]), unstable housing (AHR=1.39 [95% CI: 1.02-1.88]), and daily heroin injection (AHR=1.52 [95% CI: 1.13-2.04]) were independently associated with receiving CIRI care at the SIF. CONCLUSIONS These results describe who is more likely to receive CIRI care, which is of use to those engaged with policy and practice of treatment regimens involving this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lloyd-Smith
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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