1
|
Chong SC, Teo WZ, Shorey S. Exploring the perception of parents on children's screentime: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:915-925. [PMID: 36966270 PMCID: PMC10039437 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screentime (ST) has been increasingly pervasive in young children. Evidence suggests positive and negative effects of ST on children's development. Parents play a crucial role in influencing their children's ST. There is limited research consolidating the parental perceptions related to children's ST. This review consolidates the evidence on the perception of parents on their children's ST. METHODS Six electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ProQuest) were searched from their inception to September 2022. Critical appraisal was conducted using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) checklist. Data synthesis was performed using Sandelowski and Barroso's approach. RESULTS Twenty studies were included in this review, encapsulating the experiences of 1,311 parents. Three main themes with corresponding subthemes were identified: (1) Varied reasons behind ST; (2) Attitudes toward ST; and (3) Strategies and approaches to managing ST. CONCLUSION The findings highlighted the varied reasons parents promote ST. Parents reported their concerns and confusion about ST and shared some strategies and approaches for better ST. Future research is needed to develop and evaluate educational programs to ensure that parents understand the risks and benefits of ST and in turn, ensure the appropriate adoption of ST for their children. IMPACT In the digital era, parents' attitudes towards screentime (ST) for their children are mixed. This review presents the dilemma parents face and their struggles with using optimal screen time for their children. This review provides up-to-date evidence on the parents' confusion and concerns about ST as well as strategies and approaches used by the parents for better ST. There is an urgent need for evidence-based educational programs to enhance parental knowledge about ST so that they can ensure appropriate ST among children. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO Registration No. CRD42022356083.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Chee Chong
- Child Development Unit, Khoo Teck Puat, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhou Teo
- Alice Lee Center for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shefaly Shorey
- Alice Lee Center for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Visier-Alfonso ME, Sánchez-López M, Rodríguez-Martín B, Ruiz-Hermosa A, Bartolomé-Gutiérrez R, Sequí-Domínguez I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Parents' Perceptions of Children's and Adolescents' Use of Electronic Devices to Promote Physical Activity: Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2023; 11:e44753. [PMID: 37471127 PMCID: PMC10401398 DOI: 10.2196/44753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of physical activity (PA) electronic devices offers a unique opportunity to engage children and adolescents in PA. For this age group (2-17 years), parents play a key role in promoting healthy lifestyles and regulating the use of electronic devices. Therefore, parents' perceptions of the use of electronic devices for PA in children and adolescents are critical for efficient intervention. OBJECTIVE The aim of this qualitative systematic review was to improve the understanding of parents' perceptions of the use of electronic devices for PA in children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases (Medline/PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, OpenGrey, and Deep Blue) was conducted. Studies from inception (2010) to May 2022 were identified. Qualitative studies on the perceptions of healthy children's and adolescents' (aged 2-17 years) parents regarding PA interventions performed on electronic devices were included according to the Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group Guidance Series and the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) statement. The Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument was used for methodological validity. RESULTS In total, 18 studies with 410 parents, mostly mothers, were included. Parents' perceptions were grouped into 4 categories: usefulness, advantages, general perceptions (electronic devices for health promotion, preferences for real-life PA, and concerns), and acceptability (barriers and facilitators) of electronic devices for PA. Parents perceived electronic devices as useful for increasing PA, learning new skills, and increasing motivation for PA and valued those devices that promoted socialization and family and peer bonding. In terms of general perceptions, parents had positive attitudes toward PA electronic devices; however, they preferred outdoor and real-life PA, especially for preschoolers and children. Concerns, such as physical and psychological harm, addiction, conflicts, and compliance difficulties, were found. Facilitators were identified as ease of use, appropriate feedback, promotion of socialization, and motivational strategies, such as rewards, challenges, and attractiveness. Barriers, such as discomfort, price, and difficulties in using or understanding electronic devices, were also identified. For older children and adolescents, parents were more concerned about high levels of screen time and setting limits on electronic devices and therefore preferred PA electronic devices rather than traditional ones. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the participants had positive attitudes toward electronic devices for PA and perceived them as an effective way to promote PA in children and adolescents. They also perceived several benefits of using electronic devices, such as health promotion, increased awareness and motivation, and socialization, as well as barriers, facilitators, and age differences. The results of this study could provide researchers with insights into designing more effective, age-appropriate PA electronic devices for children and adolescents and improving adherence to their use. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42021292340; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=292340.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatriz Rodríguez-Martín
- Faculty of Occupational Therapy, Logopedia and Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | - Abel Ruiz-Hermosa
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sports and Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Health and Social Research Center, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zilka GC, Dolev T, Ben-David T, Zilcha-Mano S. From Risk to Advantage: The Role of Active Mediation in the Viewing of Big Brother by Children and Pre-adolescents. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-021-00596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
4
|
Chiu YC, Li YF, Wu WC, Chiang TL. The amount of television that infants and their parents watched influenced children's viewing habits when they got older. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:984-990. [PMID: 28150460 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Excessive television (TV) exposure has negative impacts on a child's development, health and behaviour. This study examined the under-researched area of what impact infant and parental TV viewing during a child's infancy had on the child's later viewing habits. METHODS Data on 18 577 babies born in 2005 were collected from the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study, a prospective longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort. Group-based trajectory analysis was conducted to identify childhood TV viewing trajectories at 18, 36 and 66 months of age. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the influence of parents' TV behaviour on their children's TV viewing trajectories. RESULTS The percentage of children falling into the TV viewing trajectories that were identified were low (20%), increasing (46.5%) and high (33.5%). The child's TV viewing trajectory was significantly associated with the child's sex, parent's monthly household income, child's day care arrangements, maternal and paternal education, maternal and paternal TV viewing time and whether the child's TV viewing time was restricted. CONCLUSION The amount of TV that children watched when they were older was associated with a range of factors, and the results particularly highlight the need to restrict child and parental viewing time in infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Chang Jung Christian University; Tainan Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Lepeleere S, Verloigne M, Brown HE, Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Using the Intervention Mapping Protocol to develop an online video intervention for parents to prevent childhood obesity: Movie Models. Glob Health Promot 2016; 25:56-66. [PMID: 27503911 DOI: 10.1177/1757975916658603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity caused by an unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity (PA) and high levels of sedentary behaviour (SB) is a prominent public health concern. Parenting practices may contribute to healthy behaviour change in children, but well-researched examples are limited. The aim of this study is to describe the systematic development of an intervention for parents to prevent childhood overweight/obesity through the improvement of parenting practices. METHODS The six steps of the Intervention Mapping Protocol (IMP), a theory- and evidence-based tool to develop health-related interventions, were used as a framework to develop the 'Movie Models' programme. RESULTS In Step 1, a needs assessment was performed to better understand the health problem of overweight/obesity in children and its association with diet, PA and SB. In Step 2, the programme goal (increasing the adoption of effective parenting practices) was sub-divided into performance objectives. Change objectives, which specify explicit actions required to accomplish the performance objectives, were also identified. Step 3 included the selection of theoretical methods (e.g. 'modelling' and 'images'), which were then translated into the practical strategy of online parenting videos. Step 4 comprised the development of a final intervention framework, and Step 5 included the planning of programme adoption and implementation. The final phase, Step 6, included the development of an effect- and process-evaluation plan. DISCUSSION The IMP was used to structure the development of 'Movie Models', an intervention targeting specific parenting practices related to children's healthy diet, PA, SB, and parental self-efficacy. A clear framework for process analyses is offered, which aims to increase the potential effectiveness of an intervention and can be useful for those developing health promotion programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maïté Verloigne
- 1. Ghent University - Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helen Elizabeth Brown
- 2. University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine - Department of MRC Epidemiology Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greet Cardon
- 1. Ghent University - Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ismael NT, Lawson LAM, Cox JA. The relationship between children's sensory processing patterns and their leisure preferences and participation patterns. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2015; 82:316-24. [PMID: 26590231 DOI: 10.1177/0008417415577421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory processing patterns may be associated with children's preferences for different activities; however, knowledge about how different sensory processing patterns may relate to children's participation in leisure activities is scarce. PURPOSE This study investigated in what leisure activities children with extreme sensory processing patterns participate and if relationships exist between children's sensory processing patterns and their leisure preferences and participation patterns. METHOD This correlational study analyzed data from children's Sensory Profiles and reported play and leisure preferences. All 91 children in the sample completed the Children's Assessment for Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and the Preferences for Activities of Children (PAC). Parents of children ages 6 to 10 years completed the Sensory Profile, and children ages 11 to 14 years completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile. FINDINGS Children with different sensory processing patterns preferred both similar and distinct leisure activities. Low-registration quadrant summary z scores negatively correlated with CAPE overall diversity scores (rs=-.23, p=.03), sensitivity quadrant summary z scores negatively correlated with preferences for social activities (rs=-.23, p=.03) and preferences for skill-based activities (rs=-.22, p=.04), and avoiding quadrant summary z scores negatively correlated with preferences for social activities (rs=-.26, p=.01). IMPLICATIONS Children's sensory preferences are related to leisure preferences and participation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Thompson DA, Polk S, Cheah CS, Vandewater EA, Johnson SL, Chrismer MC, Tschann JM. Maternal Beliefs and Parenting Practices Regarding Their Preschool Child's Television Viewing: An Exploration in a Sample of Low-Income Mexican-Origin Mothers. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2015; 54:862-70. [PMID: 25724994 PMCID: PMC4503490 DOI: 10.1177/0009922815574074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore maternal beliefs about television (TV) viewing and related parenting practices in low-income Mexican-origin mothers of preschoolers. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with 21 low-income Mexican-origin mothers of preschoolers. Interviews were audio recorded and analyzed using a theoretically based thematic analytic approach. RESULTS Mothers described strong beliefs about the positive and negative impact of TV content. Mothers emphasized the educational value of specific programming. Content restrictions were common. Time restrictions were not clearly defined; however, many mothers preferred short versus long episodes of viewing. Mothers spoke positively about family viewing and the role of TV viewing in enabling mothers to accomplish household tasks. DISCUSSION These findings have implications for intervening in this population. Interventionists should consider the value mothers place on the educational role of TV viewing, the direct benefit to mothers of viewing time, the lack of clear time limits, and the common practice of family co-viewing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Polk
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Vandewater
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas School of Public Health-Austin Regional Campus
| | - Susan L. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Minges KE, Owen N, Salmon J, Chao A, Dunstan DW, Whittemore R. Reducing youth screen time: qualitative metasynthesis of findings on barriers and facilitators. Health Psychol 2015; 34:381-97. [PMID: 25822054 PMCID: PMC4456186 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An integrated perspective on the relevant qualitative findings on the experience of screen time in youth can inform the development of hypotheses to be tested in future research and can guide the development of interventions to decrease sedentary behavior. The purpose of this qualitative metasynthesis was to explore parent, youth, and educational professionals' perceptions of barriers to, and facilitators of, reducing youth screen time. METHOD Qualitative metasynthesis techniques were used to analyze and synthesize 15 qualitative studies of screen time among youth (11-18 years) meeting inclusion criteria. The phrases, quotes, and/or author interpretations (i.e., theme or subtheme) were recorded in a data display matrix to facilitate article comparisons. Codes were collapsed into 23 categories of similar conceptual meaning and 3 overarching themes were derived using thematic analysis procedures. RESULTS Study sample sizes ranged from 6 to 270 participants from 6 countries. Data collection methods included focus groups (n = 6), interviews (n = 4), focus group and interviews (n = 4), and naturalistic observation (n = 1) with youth and/or parents. Data analysis techniques included thematic analysis (n = 9), content analysis (n = 3), grounded theory (n = 1), observation (n = 1), and interpretive phenomenological analysis (n = 1). Three thematic categories were identified: (a) youth's norms-screen time is an integral part of daily life, and facilitates opportunities for entertainment, social interaction, and escapism; (b) family dynamics and parental roles-parents are conflicted and send mixed messages about the appropriate uses and amounts of screen time; and, (c) resources and environment-engagement in screen time is dependent on school, community, neighborhood, and home environmental contexts. CONCLUSIONS Screen time is an established norm in many youth cultures, presenting barriers to behavior change. Parents recognize the importance of reducing youth screen time, but model and promote engagement themselves. For youth and parents, mutually agreed rules, limits, and parental monitoring of screen time were perceived as likely to be effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neville Owen
- Behavioural Epidemiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute
| | - Jo Salmon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University
| | | | - David W Dunstan
- Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Witten K, Kearns R, Carroll P. Urban inclusion as wellbeing: Exploring children's accounts of confronting diversity on inner city streets. Soc Sci Med 2015; 133:349-57. [PMID: 25618307 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of people living in a city is often most visible on inner city streets. These streets are also the neighbourhood environment of children who live in the central city. In the past, the wellbeing and sensibilities of children have been marginalised in planning practices in western cities but this is beginning to change with child-friendly and inclusive city discourses now more common. In this paper we report on children's experiences confronting diversity in inner-city Auckland. In 2012, 40 inner-city children, 9-12 years, participated in walking interviews in their local streets and school-based focus group discussions. As the children talked about their lives, moving and playing around neighbourhood streets, many described distress and discomfort as they confronted homelessness, drunkenness, and signs of the sex industry. A few older children also described strategies for coping with these encounters, an emerging acceptance of difference and pride in becoming streetwise. New Zealand (NZ) has a history of progressive social policy. In 2003, it became the first country in the world to decriminalise all forms of prostitution. Securing the health and human rights of sex workers were the primary drivers of the reforms. Similar concerns for health and rights underpin broadly inclusive local policies towards homelessness. To promote the health and wellbeing of inner city children their presence on city streets, alongside those of other marginalised groups, needs to be at the forefront of planning concerns. However we conclude that there are inherent tensions in promoting a child-friendly city in which diversity and inclusiveness are also valued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Witten
- Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation, SHORE and Whariki Research Centre, Massey University, P O Box 6137 Wellesley St, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Robin Kearns
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Carroll
- Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation, SHORE and Whariki Research Centre, Massey University, P O Box 6137 Wellesley St, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Habib-Mourad C, Ghandour LA, Moore HJ, Nabhani-Zeidan M, Adetayo K, Hwalla N, Summerbell C. Promoting healthy eating and physical activity among school children: findings from Health-E-PALS, the first pilot intervention from Lebanon. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:940. [PMID: 25208853 PMCID: PMC4167260 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Lebanon, childhood obesity doubled during the past decade. Preventive measures should start early in life and Schools are considered an important environment to promote energy balance health behaviours. School-based programmes promoting healthy lifestyles are lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a multicomponent school-based intervention to promote healthy eating and physical activity (and prevent obesity) with school children aged 9-11 years in Lebanon. METHODS The intervention was developed based on the constructs of the Social Cognitive Theory and adapted to the culture of Lebanese and Arab populations. It consisted of three components: class curriculum, family involvement and food service. Eight schools were purposively selected from two communities of different socioeconomic status (SES) in Beirut and, within each school type, were matched on SES, religious sect profile, and then randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. Anthropometric measurements and questionnaires on determinants of behavioural change, eating and physical activity habits were completed by the students in both groups at baseline and post intervention. Focus group interviews were conducted in intervention schools at the end of the study. Challenges encountered during the programme implementation were also identified, since Lebanon is considered a country with political unrest and no similar research projects were conducted in the area. RESULTS Students in the intervention group reported purchasing and consuming less chips and sweetened drinks post-intervention compared with controls (86% & 88% less respectively p < 0.001). Knowledge and self-efficacy scores increased for the intervention (+2.8 & +1.7 points respectively p < 0.001) but not for the control group. There was no difference in physical activity and screen time habits and no changes in BMI between groups at post intervention. Interview data from focus groups showed that the programme was generally well accepted. Limitations for better outcomes include the length of the programme and the school environment. CONCLUSION "Health-E-PALS" intervention is a promising innovative, theory-based, culturally sensitive intervention to promote healthy eating habits and physical activity in Lebanese school children with a potential to be scaled up, replicated and sustained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Habib-Mourad
- />Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Riad El-Solh, PO Box 11–0236, Beirut, 1107-2020 Lebanon
| | - Lilian A Ghandour
- />Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Helen J Moore
- />School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | - Maya Nabhani-Zeidan
- />Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Riad El-Solh, PO Box 11–0236, Beirut, 1107-2020 Lebanon
| | - Kassim Adetayo
- />School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | - Nahla Hwalla
- />Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Riad El-Solh, PO Box 11–0236, Beirut, 1107-2020 Lebanon
| | - Carolyn Summerbell
- />School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
O'Connor TM, Chen TA, del Rio Rodriguez B, Hughes SO. Psychometric validity of the parent's outcome expectations for children's television viewing (POETV) scale. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:894. [PMID: 25175279 PMCID: PMC4167499 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TV and other screen use are common among elementary school aged children with both potential benefits and harms. It is not clear why some parents restrict their children’s screen use and others do not. Parent’s outcome expectations for allowing their child to watch TV and other screen media, i.e. the perceived ‘costs’ and ‘benefits,’ may be influential. Our objective was to develop a measure of Parent’s Outcome Expectations for Children’s TV Viewing (POETV) and test the psychometrics of the resulting instrument among parents with children 6-12 years old. Methods An ethnically diverse sample (n = 311) of parents from Harris County, Texas completed measures for POETV, demographics, and parent and child TV viewing and other screen media use via an internet survey. The sample was randomly split and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted among the first half of the sample separately for Positive and Negative POETV. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed the fit of the resulting factors with the data in the second half of the sample. Internal reliabilities and Spearman partial correlations (controlling for confounders) of children’s TV and other screen use with the resulting POETV factors were calculated for the full sample. Results EFA identified two factors for Positive POETV (Parent Centered; Child Centered) and two factors for Negative POETV (TV & Content Exposure; Prevent Other Activities). Follow up CFA confirmed moderate to good psychometric properties for both factor structures with the addition of four correlated errors in the Positive POETV model. Internal reliabilities were appropriate (Cronbach’s alpha >0.7). Parent Centered Positive POETV and Child Centered Positive POETV were correlated with children’s TV viewing on weekdays (0.14, p < 0.05) and weekends (0.17, p < 0.01) respectively. Both also correlated with other screen media use on weekends (0.20 and 0.21, p < 0.001). Prevent Other Activities Negative POETV was negatively correlated with children’s TV viewing on weekdays (-0.16, p < 0.01), weekends (-0.14, p < 0.05) and other screen media on weekends (-0.14, p < 0.05). Conclusions The Positive and Negative POETV scales offer a new tool to better define predictors of screen media parenting practices and child screen media use behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresia M O'Connor
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Carson V, Tremblay MS, Spence JC, Timmons BW, Janssen I. The Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for the Early Years (zero to four years of age) and screen time among children from Kingston, Ontario. Paediatr Child Health 2014; 18:25-8. [PMID: 24381488 DOI: 10.1093/pch/18.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the proportion of children meeting the new Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for the Early Years (zero to four years of age) and to describe parental attitudes toward and barriers to reducing screen time. METHODS Participants included 657 children zero to four years of age from the Kingston, Ontario, area. From May to September 2011, parents completed a questionnaire regarding their child's screen time and their attitudes toward and barriers to reducing their child's screen time. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Approximately 32% of children younger than two years of age engaged in no screen time and approximately 46% of children two to four years of age engaged in <1 h per day; thereby, meeting the recommendations of the new guidelines. Most parents believed that their child did not engage in excessive screen time. Physicians and other health professionals should inform parents of these new guidelines and provide strategies to help their children meet targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Carson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario; ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - John C Spence
- Sedentary Living Lab, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Brian W Timmons
- Child Health & Exercise Medicine Program, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton
| | - Ian Janssen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston; ; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Lepeleere S, DeSmet A, Verloigne M, Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I. What practices do parents perceive as effective or ineffective in promoting a healthy diet, physical activity, and less sitting in children: parent focus groups. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1067. [PMID: 24219513 PMCID: PMC3827002 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To support parents in improving the health of their young children, examples of effective parenting practices for a healthy diet, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are needed. This study explores perceived effective and ineffective parenting practices in difficult situations concerning raising healthy children and investigates their relationship with Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). The current study is formative work to inform the content of a randomized controlled trial. Methods Four focus groups were conducted between June and October 2012 at worksites during lunch break. A total of 21 unrelated parents of primary schoolchildren (6 fathers, 15 mothers) participated. A short written questionnaire introduced typical difficult situations derived from parental anecdotal reports, concerning healthy diet, PA and SB. These situations formed the backbone for the subsequent focus group discussion. In October 2012, discussions were audio-recorded and analyzed in Nvivo to identify key response items using thematic analysis. Results Parents experienced explaining why the child should behave healthily, monitoring, being consistent, offering alternatives, reacting empathetically, modeling, motivating, increasing intrinsic value and availability, and using time-out as effective practices, whereas anger was considered ineffective. Opinions were mixed about the effectiveness of giving as much freedom as possible, obliging, rewarding and punishing, and setting rules and agreements. Parenting practices were consistent with principles from both SDT and SCT. Conclusions Parents identified numerous perceived effective practices to respond to their child’s health-related behavior. Since many of them coincide with the evidence base and the success of a parenting program depends upon the degree to which parents’ concerns and motivations are integrated into the program design, important opportunities are created for future intervention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Lepeleere
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Crowder JS, Sisson SB, Ramey E, Arnold SH, Richardson S, DeGrace BW. How did the television get in the child's bedroom? Analysis of family interviews. Prev Med 2012; 55:623-8. [PMID: 23064023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although recent research has shown associations between a television in the bedroom of children (BTV) and obesity, medical and negative societal consequences, the family decision making process supporting or opposing BTV is not yet understood. A qualitative research approach elicited rich, decision making experiences of families. METHODS Structured family interviews (n=21) in spring 2011 in Oklahoma City captured direct quotations about family beliefs and practices related to BTV. Systematic constant comparative methods of grounded theory guided identification of patterns and themes across families to develop a model of family decision making for BTV. RESULTS Nine themes represented family decision making processes for BTV. Supporting themes included "I didn't even think about it" and "benefit to me." Opposing themes included: "watch a lot more TV and get less sleep," "bedroom door would probably be closed a lot," "everyone knows it rots your brain," and "what the heck are they watching." CONCLUSIONS Development of a conceptual model represented the basis for decisions opposing BTV in child concerns for development and missed opportunities while decisions supporting BTV reflected its use as a parenting tool. The emerged model could be useful in guiding strategies to modify family routines and address active and passive parenting strategies that negatively affect child health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Susong Crowder
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sebire SJ, Jago R, Gorely T, Hoyos Cillero I, Biddle SJH. "If there wasn't the technology then I would probably be out everyday": a qualitative study of children's strategies to reduce their screen viewing. Prev Med 2011; 53:303-8. [PMID: 21884723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the views of British 10-11 year old children towards reducing their screen-viewing and their screen-viewing reduction strategies. METHOD 10 focus groups were conducted with 55 10-11 year old children (30 girls, 25 boys) in Bristol (UK) in 2010. Data were transcribed and transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Three main themes were developed: Reaction to Reduction; Reduction: What, when and what else instead?; and Strategies to reduce screen-viewing. Participants reacted largely positively to reducing their screen-viewing although enjoyment, established routines and favourite TV programmes presented barriers. A range of screen-viewing modes were put forward as candidates for reduction and participants believed they would replace screen-viewing with both physically active and non-screen sedentary behaviours. Reduction strategies identified comprised the provision of alternative activities, facilities and after school clubs, peer-led educational interventions, behavioural strategies such as the use of rewards, charts and time limits which involved children's parents and parent-child collaboration. Unexpectedly, participants identified the focus group itself as a means of encouraging self-reflection and initiating change. CONCLUSION Children appeared open to screen-viewing reduction and identified the strategies that they may respond to best. This can inform the development of interventions designed to reduce screen-viewing.
Collapse
|