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Hasan-Abad AM, Mohammadi M, Mirzaei H, Mehrabi M, Motedayyen H, Arefnezhad R. Impact of oligomerization on the allergenicity of allergens. Clin Mol Allergy 2022; 20:5. [PMID: 35488339 PMCID: PMC9052586 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-022-00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) is an unsuitable or overreactive immune response to an allergen due to cross-link immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies bound to its high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRIs) on effector cells. It is needless to say that at least two epitopes on allergens are required to the successful and effective cross-linking. There are some reports pointing to small proteins with only one IgE epitope could cross-link FcεRI-bound IgE through homo-oligomerization which provides two same IgE epitopes. Therefore, oligomerization of allergens plays an indisputable role in the allergenic feature and stability of allergens. In this regard, we review the signaling capacity of the B cell receptor (BCR) complex and cross-linking of FcεRI which results in the synthesis of allergen-specific IgE. This review also discusses the protein-protein interactions involved in the oligomerization of allergens and provide some explanations about the oligomerization of some well-known allergens, such as calcium-binding allergens, Alt a 1, Bet v 1, Der p 1, Per a3, and Fel d 1, along with the effects of their concentrations on dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Moradi Hasan-Abad
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrabi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Reza Arefnezhad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Cui Y, Teng F, Yu L, Zhou Y, Wang N, Zhang C, Yang L. Sequential epitopes of Dermatophagoides farinae allergens identified using peptide microarray-based immunoassay. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:792-8. [PMID: 27481284 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
House dust mites produce over 30 proteins proposed to induce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production in patients. Continued identification of IgE-binding epitopes of these allergens is critical to advancing diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease. To identify possible sequential IgE-binding epitopes of the major- and mid-potency allergens from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae by peptide microarray-based immunoassay, nucleotide sequences of D. farinae allergens (Der f) 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 were used to generate overlapping peptides covering the full protein sequences minus signal peptides. Short peptides were printed onto microarray chips. Because asthma occurs as a symptom of mite allergy more commonly among children than adults, the peptide chips were exposed to sera pooled from six serum-positive pediatric patients with D. farinae hypersensitivity and six serum-negative control children for screening sequential IgE-binding epitopes by IgE immunolabeling. Higher-than-average immunolabel signal intensity was observed for 21 short peptides in the serum-positive group (P < 0.01). Due to sequence overlap, these 21 signals represented four fragments of Der f 1 (amino acid positions 46-53, 71-78, 99-110, 179-186), three fragments of Der f 2 (15-22, 80-89, 106-113), six fragments of Der f 4 (69-82, 107-116, 225-232, 261-268, 355-365, 483-496), one fragment of Der f 5 (102-109), and three fragments of Der f 7 (32-39, 52-64, 100-107). These findings not only demonstrate the utility of a peptide microarray immunoassay in identifying epitopes for these allergens, but also provide a foundation for future exploration of specific immunotherapies. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(10):792-798, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Yancheng 224001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational & Technical College, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feixiang Teng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational & Technical College, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - LiLi Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational & Technical College, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational & Technical College, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational & Technical College, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational & Technical College, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational & Technical College, Yancheng 224006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Cui Y. Immunoglobulin E-binding epitopes of mite allergens: from characterization to immunotherapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:344-53. [PMID: 24218295 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
House dust mites and storage mites produce a number of allergens that can induce hypersensitivity reactions in humans and result in allergic diseases like asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis. Recent advances in identifying and characterizing these allergens--and, in particular, their immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding epitopes--have produced a wealth of knowledge. Here, methods for identifying IgE-binding epitopes, from immunoassays to in silico approaches, are summarized and placed in context with the identification of epitopes of mite allergens, particularly from the Dermatophagoides spp. major allergen groups 1 and 2. Finally, the transfer of this information to the clinical development and application of new diagnostic and immunotherapeutic approaches is discussed. While progress in recent years has built on the specific immunotherapies established decades ago, much work remains to be done to mitigate mite allergic disease. Future studies should seek to identify epitopes for mite species beyond Dermatophagoides and for minor allergens. Efforts in translational medicine should use the current epitope data to develop modified allergens for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yancheng Health Vocational and Technical College, Jiefangnan Road 263, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China,
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Menna T, Cassese G, Modugno F, Chersi A, Buono C, Ruffilli A. Characterization of a dodecapeptide containing a dominant epitope of Par j 1 and Par o 1, the major allergens of P. judaica and P. officinalis pollen. Allergy 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1999.tb05151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dai YC, Chuang WJ, Chua KY, Shieh CC, Wang JY. Epitope mapping and structural analysis of the anti-Der p 1 monoclonal antibody: insight into therapeutic potential. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:701-12. [PMID: 21567139 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 allergen from Dermatophagoid pteronyssinus (Der p 1) belongs to the papain-like cysteine protease family and is a major cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma. An anti-Der p 1 monoclonal antibody, mAb W108, was selected and isolated from Der p-specific IgG2b-producing hybridoma clones. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that mAb W108 reacted with four components of Der p extracts with a molecular mass of 35 kDa and pI values varying from 4 to 6; it also reacted with IgE antibodies in the sera of Der p-sensitive patients. In the competitive assay and using azocasein as a substrate, we found that mAb W108 inhibited not only the binding of Der p 1, but also its cysteine protease activity in a dose-dependent manner. The two peptide segments of Der p 1 identified by mAb W108 (aa 151-197 and 286-320) were parts of inter-connecting loops located in the substrate-binding cleft and on the surface of the domain comprising mainly β-sheets. From the predicted interaction between the amino acid sequence in the CDR3 of mAb W108 and Der p 1-binding epitopes, the possible binding sites for mAb W108 to Der p 1 may sterically hinder the IgE epitope and the active site of cysteine protease activity. Administration of mAb W108 in the Der p-sensitized murine model of asthma alleviated allergen-induced airway inflammation and the Th2 cytokine immune response, suggesting its therapeutic potential. These findings can provide new insights into understanding IgE-mediated disease and the design of modified allergen vaccines for future allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chou Dai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Pomés A. Relevant B cell epitopes in allergic disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 152:1-11. [PMID: 19940500 DOI: 10.1159/000260078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-dimensional structure of an allergen defines the accessible parts on the surface of the molecule or epitopes that interact with antibodies. Mapping the antigenic determinants for IgE antibody binding has been pursued through strategies based on the use of overlapping synthetic peptides, recombinant allergenic fragments or unfolded allergens. These approaches led to the identification of mostly linear epitopes and are useful for food allergens that undergo digestion or food processing. For inhaled allergens, conformational epitopes appear to be the primary targets of IgE responses. Knowledge of the molecular structure of allergens alone and in complex with antibodies that interfere with IgE antibody binding is important to understand the immune recognition of B cell-antigenic determinants on allergens and the design of recombinant allergens for immunotherapy. Starting with the molecular cloning and expression of allergens, and with the advent of X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, we have been able to visualize conformational epitopes on allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, Va., USA.
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Asturias JA, Ibarrola I, Arilla MC, Vidal C, Ferrer A, Gamboa PM, Viñuela JE, Sanz ML, Andreu C, Martínez A. Engineering of major house dust mite allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1088-98. [PMID: 19400901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specifically designed recombinant allergens with reduced IgE reactivity are promising candidates for a more defined, effective, and safer specific immunotherapy (SIT). OBJECTIVE We sought to obtain hypoallergenic hybrid molecules which could potentially be applied to house dust mite (HDM) allergy treatment. METHODS Two hybrid molecules (QM1 and QM2) derived from the two major Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens, Der p 1 and Der p 2, were engineered by PCR, produced in Escherichia coli, and purified. The overall IgE-binding capacity of the hybrids was compared with their single components by Western blot, specific IgE, skin prick test (SPT), and IgE-inhibition assays. T cell proliferation assay were performed to confirm their retention of T cell reactivity. Immune responses to the hybrid molecules were studied in BALB/c mice. RESULTS The IgE reactivity of both hybrid proteins was strongly reduced as evaluated by in vitro methods. Furthermore, in vivo SPTs performed on 106 HDM-allergic patients showed that the hybrid proteins had a significantly lower potency to induce cutaneous reactions than the individual components. Hybrid molecules induced higher T cell proliferation responses than those produced by an equimolecular mixture of Der p 1 and Der p 2. Immunization of mice with the hybrid proteins induced Der p 1- and Der p 2-specific IgG, which inhibited the binding of allergic patients' IgE to these natural allergens. CONCLUSION QM1 and QM2 hybrids exhibited less IgE-binding activity but preserved immunogenicity and fulfilled the basic requirements for hypoallergenic molecules suitable for a future SIT of HDM allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Asturias
- Bial-Arístegui, Research & Development Department, Bilbao, Spain.
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DUCHATEAU J, MICHILS A, MICHEL O, BARAS L. Mite allergy is associated with a specific profile of IgG epitopes recognized on antigen p1 of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Halleux S, Stura E, VanderElst L, Carlier V, Jacquemin M, Saint-Remy JM. Three-dimensional structure and IgE-binding properties of mature fully active Der p 1, a clinically relevant major allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:571-6. [PMID: 16522455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Der p 1 is a 25-kd allergen with cysteine protease activity. Sensitization to Der p 1 affects a large proportion of individuals with allergy, resulting in rhinitis, asthma, and/or atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE We determined the Der p 1 crystallographic structure to understand the relationships among structure, function, and allergenicity. METHODS Recombinant pro-Der p 1 was produced in Pichia pastoris and allowed to mature spontaneously before purification by a 2-step procedure. Protease activity was checked by using a fluorogenic peptide substrate. Allergenicity was analysed by IgE binding assays and basophil activation test. The determination of the 3-dimensional structure was obtained by X-ray crystallography at 1.9 A resolution. RESULTS The recombinant protein is fully active and expresses an allergenicity equivalent to its natural counterpart. Der p 1 exhibits a cysteine protease fold typical of the papain family, has a magnesium binding site, and forms dimers with a large interface. The crystal lattice shows that the dimers are tightly packed in a compact double layer of proteins. Such an assembly likely exists in dry fecal pellets, the natural form of allergen exposure, and appears ideal to interact with cell surface and trigger allergic inflammation. CONCLUSION We present here the 3-dimensional structural features of mature fully active Der p 1, one of the main allergens involved in human allergic diseases. This opens the possibility to evaluate the importance of enzymatic activity in pathology and possible new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Halleux
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Takai T, Kato T, Yasueda H, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Analysis of the structure and allergenicity of recombinant pro- and mature Der p 1 and Der f 1: major conformational IgE epitopes blocked by prodomains. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:555-63. [PMID: 15753904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major house dust mite group 1 allergens Der p 1 and Der f 1, which belong to the papain-like cysteine protease family, are the most potent of indoor allergens. However, little information is available on the location of IgE epitopes. OBJECTIVE We investigated the allergenicities of recombinant proforms and mature forms of Der p 1 and Der f 1 to compare them with natural Der p 1 and Der f 1 and to obtain information on the conformational IgE-binding epitopes. METHODS Secreted pro-Der p 1 and pro-Der f 1 and their mutants without hyperglycosylation expressed in yeast were converted to mature forms. We purified the proforms and mature forms and analyzed their apparent molecular sizes and secondary structures by means of gel-filtration and circular dichroism analysis and their allergenicities by means of assays for IgE binding, IgE-binding inhibition, and basophil histamine release. The tertiary structure of pro-Der f 1 was predicted by molecular modeling. RESULTS The recombinant mature forms exhibited similar molecular sizes, secondary structures, and allergenicities as their natural types. On the other hand, their proforms exhibited different secondary structures and less allergenicities than the mature forms in all sera and volunteers tested. Molecular modeling revealed that the prosegment is anchored at the prosegment-binding loop and the substrate-binding cleft on the surface of the mature portion. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate that the prodomains of Der p 1 and Der f 1 reduce allergenicity and that the major conformational IgE epitopes commonly found in a broad population of patients exist within the 2 regions blocked by the prosegments. Recombinant Der p 1 and Der f 1 and the findings in the present study will be the basis for allergen standardization and the design of safer and more effective allergen vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Takai
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Chew JL, Wolfowicz CB, Mao HQ, Leong KW, Chua KY. Chitosan nanoparticles containing plasmid DNA encoding house dust mite allergen, Der p 1 for oral vaccination in mice. Vaccine 2003; 21:2720-9. [PMID: 12798609 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that intramuscular (i.m.) immunisation with full length Der p 1 cDNA induced significant humoral response to the left domain (approximately corresponding to amino acids 1-116) but not to the right domain (approximately corresponding to amino acids 117-222) of Der p 1 allergen. This study explored the use of chitosan-DNA nanoparticles for oral immunisation to induce immune responses specific to both the left and right domains of Der p 1. DNA constructs pDer p 1 (1-222) and pDer p 1 (114-222) were complexed with chitosan and delivered orally followed by an i.m. injection of pDer p 1 (1-222) 13 weeks later. Such approach has successfully primed Th1-skewed immune responses against both domains of Der p 1. This strategy could be further optimised for more efficacious gene vaccination for full length Der p 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Lin Chew
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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Tsai WJ, Liu CH, Chen ST, Yang CY. Identification of the antigenic determinants of the American cockroach allergen Per a 1 by error-prone PCR. J Immunol Methods 2003; 276:163-74. [PMID: 12738370 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The group I allergen of cockroach is found in both American and German cockroaches, designated as Per a 1 and Bla g 1, respectively. Members of these allergens so far identified are composed of tandem repeats that may cause the high allergenicity of Per a 1 allergen. In this study, we used monoclonal antibodies HW-8 and HW-19, which can inhibit the binding of patient IgE to Per a 1 allergen, to define the structure of the antigenic determinants in Per a 1.0103 (designated C3), an isoallergen of Per a 1 allergen. Two recognition sites are present, one in the N-terminus (aa 1-208) and the other in the C-terminus (aa 208-395). The N-terminal epitope is not accessible to antibody molecules on the pET-expressed C3 protein. The C-terminal epitope was further localized to the aa 267-354 region (C3E) by colony immunoscreening of the cDNA epitope library. By negative screening of the mutated C3E expression library generated by error-prone PCR (ER-PCR), an approach which has rarely been applied in epitope mapping, the functional epitope was identified to lie in aa 318-337 with aa 323-331 being the core motif. The minimal region of the functional epitope was further delineated, by sequence alignment, to be D-x-[I, L]-A-[I, L]-L-P-V-D-E-[L, I]-x-A-[L, I], where x represents any amino acids. This motif is found in all Per a 1 allergens and may serve as a basis for designing a peptide vaccine for allergen-specific immunotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report for (1) detailed mapping of the cockroach allergens and (2) use of error-prone PCR random mutagenesis and negative selection in molecular allergology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Takai T, Mineki R, Nakazawa T, Takaoka M, Yasueda H, Murayama K, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Maturation of the activities of recombinant mite allergens Der p 1 and Der f 1, and its implication in the blockade of proteolytic activity. FEBS Lett 2002; 531:265-72. [PMID: 12417324 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant pro-Der p 1 expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris was convertible into the prosequence-removed mature Der p 1 with full activities of cysteine protease and IgE-binding with or without N-glycosylation of the mature sequence as well as pro-Der f 1. The active recombinant variants will be the basis for various future studies. The major N-terminus of pro-Der p 1 with low proteolytic activity was the putative signal-cleavage site, while that of pro-Der f 1 contained not only the equivalent site but also 21 residues downstream, and pro-Der f 1 retained significant activity. Contribution of the N-terminal region of the Der p 1 prosequence including an N-glycosylation motif on effective inhibition of proteolytic activity of pro-Der p 1 was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Takai
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yasuhara T, Takai T, Yuuki T, Okudaira H, Okumura Y. Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding the complete prepro-form of an isoform of Der f 1, the major group 1 allergen from house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:563-9. [PMID: 11330669 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
cDNA clones encoding a major house dust mite allergen, Der f 1, were isolated from a Dermatophagoides farinae cDNA library by plaque immunoscreening using rabbit anti-Der f 1 serum. The sequences cover the complete open reading frame encoding the prepro-form. The sequence is different from previously reported cDNA of Der f 1 in six bases and the encoded amino acid sequence is different in two residues. Pro-forms of Der f 1 and its mutant, in which the N-glycosylation motif was disrupted, expressed in Pichia pastoris were converted to the mature forms by an in vitro activation process and they showed significant IgE-binding. The biologically active rDer f 1 molecules would be useful for diagnostic testing and allergen-specific immunotherapy. In contrast, Der f 1 directly expressed in Escherichia coli without the prosequence had very low IgE binding. The hypoallergenic Der f 1 polypeptide could be useful for safer and more effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yasuhara
- Bioscience Research and Development Laboratory, Asahi Breweries, Ltd., Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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van Kampen V, Liebers V, Sander I, Chen Z, Baur X, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Falkenberg FW. B-cell epitopes of the allergen Chi t 1.01: peptide mapping of epitopes recognized by rabbit, murine, and human antibodies. Allergy 2001; 56:118-25. [PMID: 11167371 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056002118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chi t 1.01, a hemoglobin of the midge Chironomus thummi thummi, is a widespread environmental and occupational allergen. The aim of the present investigation was to identify and compare peptides involved in B-cell epitopes of Chi t 1.01 recognized by 15 human IgE sera, six murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. METHODS Synthetic peptides 19-21 amino acids long covering the whole Chi t 1.01-sequence were covalently coupled to activated paper disks as well as adsorbed to wells of immunoplates and used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For fine epitope mapping, we used overlapping synthetic octapeptides with one amino-acid offset. RESULTS Peptides containing the amino acids 13-17, 23-29, and 40-50 were recognized by three of the mAbs, while three other mAbs reacting with none of the peptides obviously recognized conformational epitopes. Binding sites for rabbit antibodies and for human IgE antibodies were scattered over the whole molecule. The peptide 80-100 seemed to comprise at least one important IgE epitope. Depending on the method of antigen binding to the solid phase, differing results were obtained. CONCLUSIONS Several linear epitopes in Chi t 1.01 are recognized by human IgE antibodies, by mAbs, and by polyclonal rabbit antibodies. In addition, the results indicate the presence of conformational epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V van Kampen
- Research Institute for Occupational Medicine (BGFA), Institute at the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany
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Yasuhara T, Takai T, Yuuki T, Okudaira H, Okumura Y. Biologically active recombinant forms of a major house dust mite group 1 allergen Der f 1 with full activities of both cysteine protease and IgE binding. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:116-24. [PMID: 11167959 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group 1 allergens from mite faeces, Der f 1 and Der p 1, are the most significant in-door allergens. Therefore, they are the most important component in the standardization of house dust mite extract for diagnosis and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Although their cDNAs have been cloned, efforts to prepare biologically active recombinant forms in expression systems using bacteria or yeast have failed. OBJECTIVE Our purpose is to establish an efficient system to prepare recombinant Der f 1(rDer f 1), identical in quality to native Der f 1. METHODS The preproforms of Der f 1 and a mutant N53Q, whose consensus motif for N-glycosylation was disrupted, were expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris. Cysteine protease activity and IgE reactivity were analysed using synthetic substrates and by RAST-EIA, respectively. RESULTS The proforms of the two rDer f 1 molecules were efficiently secreted into culture medium. Their prosequences were removed autocatalytically by dialysis against acidic buffer. Although the wild-type rDer f 1 was more highly glycosylated than native Der f 1, N53Q had almost the same apparent molecular weight as native Der f 1 on SDS-PAGE. Both the protease and IgE binding activities of the mature rDer f 1 molecules were the same as those of native Der f 1, whereas the proforms had no or markedly reduced activities. CONCLUSION The efficient system to prepare active rDer f 1s established in this study is useful for diagnosis and standardized AIT for house dust mite allergy. Furthermore, the system would be a tool for analysis of IgE epitopes, determination of tertiary structure, allergen engineering for safer and more effective AIT, resolving the relation between the enzymatic activity and pathogenesis, and the development of therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yasuhara
- Bioscience Research and Development Laboratory, Asahi Breweries Ltd, 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-machi, Kitasoma-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
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Soman KV, Midoro-Horiuti T, Ferreon JC, Goldblum RM, Brooks EG, Kurosky A, Braun W, Schein CH. Homology modeling and characterization of IgE binding epitopes of mountain cedar allergen Jun a 3. Biophys J 2000; 79:1601-9. [PMID: 10969020 PMCID: PMC1301052 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Jun a 3 protein from mountain cedar (Juniperus ashei) pollen, a member of group 5 of the family of plant pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins), reacts with serum IgE from patients with cedar hypersensitivity. We used the crystal structures of two other proteins of this group, thaumatin and an antifungal protein from tobacco, both approximately 50% identical in sequence to Jun a 3, as templates to build homology models for the allergen. The in-house programs EXDIS and FANTOM were used to extract distance and dihedral angle constraints from the Protein Data Bank files and determine energy-minimized structures. The mean backbone deviations for the energy-refined model structures from either of the templates is <1 A, their conformational energies are low, and their stereochemical properties (determined with PROCHECK) are acceptable. The circular dichroism spectrum of Jun a 3 is consistent with the postulated beta-sheet core. Tryptic fragments of Jun a 3 that reacted with IgE from allergic patients all mapped to one helical/loop surface of the models. The Jun a 3 models have features common to aerosol allergens from completely different protein families, suggesting that tertiary structural elements may mediate the triggering of an allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Soman
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, Child Health Research Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1157 USA
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McElveen JE, Clark MR, Smith SJ, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Primary sequence and molecular model of the variable region of a mouse monoclonal anti-Der p 1 antibody showing a similar epitope specificity as human IgE. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28:1427-34. [PMID: 9824417 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Der p 1, a major mite allergen, elicits IgE antibody responses in 80% of patients suffering from dust mite allergy. Given the potent IgE eliciting properties of Der p 1, there is considerable interest in studying the molecular architecture of the variable (Fv) region of IgE antibodies specific for this allergen. OBJECTIVES IgE is present in human serum at extremely low concentrations, and as such it is practically impossible to purify sufficient quantities for structural studies. We have therefore sought to sequence and model a representative murine monoclonal (MoAb) anti-Der p 1 antibody, as a surrogate human IgE. METHODS The cDNA coding for the Fv region of an anti-Der p 1 MoAb (2C7), that mimics the binding of human IgE to Der p 1, was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequences were then compared with a directory of human germline V-gene segments. Modelling of the Fv region of MoAb 2C7 was carried out using the extensive database of existing immunoglobulin structures in the Brookhaven PDB. RESULTS The MoAb 2C7 heavy chain showed greater than 70% homology with three members of the VH3 family, DP-35, DP-53 and DP-54. Similarly, the light chain showed greater than 70% homology with 11 VK sequences, including the VKII sequences DPK18, DPK19 and DPK28. A molecular model of the Fv region of MoAb 2C7 was generated and can be accessed from the EMBL databank. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies similar to MoAb 2C7 could be generated as part of the human repertoire. The availability of 3-dimensional model of MoAb 2C7, as a surrogate human IgE antibody, combined with further data on its epitope specificity, will facilitate studies into IgE antibody responses to Der p 1.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/genetics
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Conformation
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- J E McElveen
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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