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Modi N, Gulati N, Solomon K, Monaghan T, Robins A, Sewell HF, Mahida YR. Differential binding and internalization of Clostridium difficile toxin A by human peripheral blood monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:264-271. [PMID: 21595735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colitis due to Clostridium difficile infection is mediated by secreted toxins A and B and is characterized by infiltration by cells from the systemic circulation. The aim of our study was to investigate interactions between fluorescently labelled toxin A and peripheral blood monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Purified toxin A was labelled with Alexa Fluor® 488 (toxin A(488)) and incubated with isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or washed whole blood cells for varying time intervals at either 37 or 4 °C/ice. The ability of trypan blue to quench cell surface-associated (but not cytoplasmic) fluorescence was also investigated. At 37 °C, toxin A(488) -associated fluorescence in monocytes peaked at 1 h (majority internalized), with subsequent loss associated with cell death. In contrast to monocytes, binding of toxin A(488) in neutrophils was greater on ice than at 37 °C. Studies using trypan blue suggested that over 3 h at 37 °C, most of the toxin A(488)-associated fluorescence in neutrophils remained at the cell surface. Over 48 h (37 °C and ice/4 °C), there was minimal toxin A(488)-associated fluorescence in lymphocytes. These studies suggest major differences in interactions between toxin A and circulating cells that infiltrate the mucosa during colonic inflammation in C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Modi
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - N Gulati
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K Solomon
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - T Monaghan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - A Robins
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - H F Sewell
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Y R Mahida
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Tighe PJ, Forrester JV, Liversidge J, Sewell HF. Peripheral CD25 positive T lymphocytes with biased T cell receptor Vbeta gene usage in autoimmune endogenous posterior uveitis. Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M46-50. [PMID: 16695975 PMCID: PMC407919 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.1.m46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aims-To determine T cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta gene usage in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of patients with endogenous posterior uveitis (EPU). If biased TCR variable (V) gene usage occurs in this autoimmune disease, it should be detectable in immune activated peripheral blood T cells in vivo.Methods-Relative proportions of each Vbeta gene family expressed in total peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and in vivo activated (CD25+) T cells from patients with EPU and controls were determined using the anchored polymerase chain reaction (anchored PCR) in conjunction with a novel hybridisation assay. The TCR Vbeta repertoires seen in these cell populations were then compared.Results-Vbeta1 usage within the CD25+ lymphocytes of patients with EPU was substantially elevated (mean +/- SD 15 +/-9%) compared with control CD25+ cells (3.3 +/-2.4%).Conclusions-By contrasting the repertoires of these cell populations, biased TCR Vbeta gene usage was detected in patients with EPU, namely increased usage of Vbeta1 in CD25+ T cells from peripheral blood of these patients. This approach of directly analysing the activated T cells in blood, using bulk PBL as an internal control, has wide applicability where specific T cell subpopulations are thought to play an important aetiopathological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Tighe
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH
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Murray A, Chapman CJ, Healey G, Peek LJ, Parsons G, Baldwin D, Barnes A, Sewell HF, Fritsche HA, Robertson JFR. Technical validation of an autoantibody test for lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2010; 21:1687-1693. [PMID: 20124350 PMCID: PMC2911202 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Publications on autoantibodies to tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) have failed to show either calibration or reproducibility data. The validation of a panel of six TAAs to which autoantibodies have been described is reported here. Materials and methods: Three separate groups of patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer were identified, along with control individuals, and their samples used to validate an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Precision, linearity, assay reproducibility and antigen batch reproducibility were all assessed. Results: For between-replicate error, samples with higher signals gave coefficients of variation (CVs) in the range 7%–15%. CVs for between-plate variation were only 1%–2% higher. For between-run error, CVs were in the range 15%–28%. In linearity studies, the slope was close to 1.0 and correlation coefficient values were generally >0.8. The sensitivity and specificity of individual batches of antigen varied slightly between groups of patients; however, the sensitivity and specificity of the panel of antigens as a whole remained constant. The validity of the calibration system was demonstrated. Conclusions: A calibrated six-panel assay of TAAs has been validated for identifying nearly 40% of primary lung cancers via a peripheral blood test. Levels of reproducibility, precision and linearity would be acceptable for an assay used in a regulated clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C J Chapman
- Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - G Parsons
- Parsons Group LLC, Arlington, MA, USA
| | - D Baldwin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital
| | | | - H F Sewell
- Division of Immunology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - H A Fritsche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J F R Robertson
- Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
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Wigginton SJ, Furtado PB, Armour KL, Clark MR, Robins A, Emara M, Ghaemmaghami AM, Sewell HF, Shakib F. An immunoglobulin E-reactive chimeric human immunoglobulin G1 anti-idiotype inhibits basophil degranulation through cross-linking of FcepsilonRI with FcgammaRIIb. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 38:313-9. [PMID: 18070161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE binds to mast cells and basophils via its high-affinity receptor, FcepsilonRI, and cross-linking of FcepsilonRI-bound IgE molecules by allergen leads to the release of allergic mediators characteristic of type I hypersensitivity reactions. Previous work has shown that cross-linking of FcepsilonRI with FcgammaRIIb, an ITIM-containing IgG receptor, leads to inhibition of basophil triggering. 2G10, a chimeric human IgG1 anti-idiotype, has broad reactivity with human IgE and as such has the potential to bind simultaneously to FcepsilonRI-bound IgE, via its Fab regions, and the negative regulatory receptor, FcgammaRIIb, via its Fc region. OBJECTIVE To assess the ability of human 2G10 to inhibit anti-IgE and allergen-driven basophil degranulation through cross-linking of FcepsilonRI-bound IgE with FcgammaRIIb. METHODS 2G10 was assessed for its ability to bind to FcgammaRIIb on transfected cells and on purified basophils. In the basophil degranulation assay, basophils were purified from peripheral blood of atopic individuals and activated with either anti-IgE or the house dust mite allergen Der p 1, in the presence or absence of human 2G10. Basophil activation was quantified by analysis of CD63 and CD203c expression on the cell surface, and IL-4 expression intracellularly, using flow cytometery. RESULTS Human 2G10 was able to bind to FcgammaRIIb on transfected cells and on purified basophils, and induce a dose-dependent inhibition of both anti-IgE and Der p 1-driven degranulation of basophils. CONCLUSION The inhibition of basophil degranulation by the human IgG1 anti-idiotype 2G10 highlights the therapeutic potential of IgE-reactive IgG antibodies in restoring basophil integrity through recruitment of the inhibitory receptor FcgammaRIIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wigginton
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Furmonaviciene R, Ghaemmaghami AM, Boyd SE, Jones NS, Bailey K, Willis AC, Sewell HF, Mitchell DA, Shakib F. The protease allergen Der p 1 cleaves cell surface DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR: experimental analysis of in silico substrate identification and implications in allergic responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:231-42. [PMID: 17250696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cysteine protease Der p 1 from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is one of the most potent allergens known. An attractive mechanism for a component of Der p 1 allergenicity lies in its ability to cleave key regulatory molecules from leucocyte surfaces, subverting cellular function and driving abnormal immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. OBJECTIVE Although CD23, CD25 and CD40 have already been identified as major Der p 1 targets, other significant substrates may also exist. METHODS To investigate this, knowledge of the proteolytic properties of Der p 1 was used to perform in silico digestion of human dendritic cell surface proteins, using the prediction of protease specificity (PoPS) bioinformatics tool, in conjunction with cellular in vitro analysis and cleavage site determination. RESULTS Targets identified included DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR, two C-type lectins implicated mostly in pathogen trafficking. Treatment of positively expressing cells with Der p 1 led to loss of detectable surface DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Digestion of purified soluble recombinant DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR, followed by N-terminal sequencing and MALDI mass spectrometry, indicated in each case one major cleavage site and several minor sites, the former correlating well with Der p 1 enzymology and the folded state of the substrate proteins. Loss of DC-SIGN from the cell surface led to reduced binding of intracellular adhesion molecule-3, an endogenous DC-SIGN ligand expressed on naïve T cells which is thought to be involved in T-helper type 1 cytokine signalling. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence of lectin involvement in the initiation of the allergic response and the value of using genome-wide in silico digestion tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Furmonaviciene
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Furtado PB, McElveen JE, Gough L, Armour KL, Clark MR, Sewell HF, Shakib F. The production and characterisation of a chimaeric human IgE antibody, recognising the major mite allergen Der p 1, and its chimaeric human IgG1 anti-idiotype. Mol Pathol 2002; 55:315-24. [PMID: 12354937 PMCID: PMC1187264 DOI: 10.1136/mp.55.5.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two mouse monoclonal antibodies have been described, namely: mAb 2C7 (IgG2bkappa), which is directed against the major house dust mite allergen Der p 1, and mAb 2G10 (IgG1kappa), which is an anti-idiotypic antibody raised against mAb 2C7. Given its broad IgE specificity, anti-idiotype mAb 2G10 could potentially have immunomodulatory applications. For example, a chimaeric human IgG version of mAb 2G10 could prove to be a useful molecule for binding to mast cell and basophil FcepsilonRI bound IgE, and in doing so co-ligating FcepsilonRI with FcgammaRIIB, which has been reported to have downregulatory effects. AIMS To produce a chimaeric human IgE version of mAb 2C7 (mAb 2C7huE) and a chimaeric human IgG1 version of its anti-idiotype mAb 2G10 (mAb 2G10huG1). METHODS The Vkappa and VH regions of mAb 2C7 and its anti-idiotype mAb 2G10 were engineered into human constant regions of the IgE and IgG1 isotypes, respectively. RESULTS The production of chimaeric mAb 2C7huE and its anti-idiotype mAb 2G10huG1 confirmed that the respective mouse antibody V regions were successfully engineered into human constant regions and still retained the specificity of the original murine V regions. CONCLUSION The newly constructed chimaeric antibodies will be useful to investigate the downregulation of IgE mediated hypersensitivity by the crosslinking of FcepsilonRI with FcgammaRIIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Furtado
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Ghaemmaghami AM, Gough L, Sewell HF, Shakib F. The proteolytic activity of the major dust mite allergen Der p 1 conditions dendritic cells to produce less interleukin-12: allergen-induced Th2 bias determined at the dendritic cell level. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1468-75. [PMID: 12372127 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proteolytic activity of the house dust mite allergen Der p 1 has recently been shown to bias Th cell subset development in favour of Th2. Apart from its direct effect on T cells, it is conceivable that the proteolytic activity of Der p 1 may induce the generation of dendritic cells (DCs) that favour a Th2 response. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of the proteolytic activity of Der p 1 on DC functions; namely cell surface phenotype, IL-12 production and ability to favour a Th2 response. METHODS We have generated immature DCs from peripheral blood monocytes, matured them with LPS in the presence of either proteolytically active or inactive Der p 1 and compared their functions using flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS Here we demonstrate for the first time that DCs that have been matured in the presence of proteolytically active Der p 1 produce significantly less IL-12, compared to DCs that have been matured in the presence of proteolytically inactive Der p 1. The suppression of IL-12 production was due to the cleavage of CD40 by the proteolytic activity of Der p 1, hence rendering the DCs less responsive to stimulation through the CD40L-CD40 pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DCs that have been matured in the presence of proteolytically active Der p 1 induce the production of significantly less IFN-gamma and more IL-4 by CD4 T cells, compared to DCs that have been matured in the presence of proteolytically inactive Der p 1. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data provide compelling evidence for the role of the proteolytic activity of Der p 1 in directing DCs to induce Th2 subset development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Gough L, Sewell HF, Shakib F. The proteolytic activity of the major dust mite allergen Der p 1 enhances the IgE antibody response to a bystander antigen. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:1594-8. [PMID: 11678860 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently demonstrated that immunization of mice with proteolytically active Der p 1, the major dust mite allergen, results in a significant enhancement in total and Der p 1-specific IgE synthesis compared to mice immunized with Der p 1 that has been irreversibly blocked with the cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and iodoacetamide. Thus, the demonstration that the proteolytic activity of Der p 1 enhances total IgE production, apart from increasing Der p 1-specific IgE, suggests that this allergen may have an IgE-specific adjuvant effect. OBJECTIVE To determine if the proteolytic activity of Der p 1 has an IgE-specific adjuvant effect. METHODS We have examined this concept in experiments whereby ovalbumin, used as a bystander antigen, was injected alone or coinjected with either proteolytically active or inactive Der p 1 into groups of mice and IgE and IgG antibody responses were measured. RESULTS Here we demonstrate for the first time that the proteolytic activity of Der p 1, when given at 10-fold higher concentration, enhances the IgE antibody response to ovalbumin. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the proteolytic activity of Der p 1 leads to the augmentation of IgE antibody responses to itself and to other allergens present in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gough
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Ghaemmaghami AM, Robins A, Gough L, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Human T cell subset commitment determined by the intrinsic property of antigen: the proteolytic activity of the major mite allergen Der p 1 conditions T cells to produce more IL-4 and less IFN-gamma. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:1211-6. [PMID: 11298346 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200104)31:4<1211::aid-immu1211>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen Der p 1 elicits IgE antibody responses in a significant proportion of patients suffering from dust mite allergy. We have recently shown that Der p 1 proteolytically cleaves a cell surface molecule involved in the homeostatic control of human IgE synthesis, namely the IL-2 receptor (CD25) on T cells. As a result, these T cells show markedly diminished proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion in response to stimulation by anti-CD3 antibody. However, these observations still leave open the important issue of whether CD25 cleavage, and the consequent suppression of IFN-gamma secretion, leads to enhanced IL-4 secretion, and whether such cytokine changes would be exhibited by both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Here we demonstrate for the first time that the proteolytic activity of Der p 1 biases human CD4 and CD8 T cells towards a type 2 cytokine profile. Our data provide compelling evidence for the role of the proteolytic activity of Der p 1 in creating a microenvironment conducive for IgE synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, GB
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Furtado PB, Furmonaviciene R, McElveen J, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Prediction of the interacting surfaces in a trimolecular complex formed between the major dust mite allergen Der p 1, a mouse monoclonal anti-Der p 1 antibody, and its anti-idiotype. Mol Pathol 2000; 53:324-32. [PMID: 11193052 PMCID: PMC1186988 DOI: 10.1136/mp.53.6.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been described recently; namely, mAb 2C7 (IgG2b kappa), which is directed against the major house dust mite allergen Der p 1, and mAb 2G10 (IgG1 kappa), which is an anti-idiotypic antibody raised against mAb 2C7. The anti-idiotype mAb 2G10 does not block the binding of mAb 2C7 to Der p 1, which means that mAb 2C7 can simultaneously bind to Der p 1 and to mAb 2G10, thereby generating a trimolecular complex consisting of antigen-idiotype-anti-idiotype. AIMS To sequence and model the V region of the anti-idiotypic antibody mAb 2G10 to enable the prediction of the interacting surfaces in the trimolecular complex consisting of Der p 1-mAb 2C7-mAb 2G10. METHODS DNA sequencing of mAb 2G10 was carried out and the Swiss Model and Swiss PDB-Viewer programs were used to build a three dimensional model of the trimolecular complex. RESULTS Complementarity of shape and charge was revealed when comparing the protrusion of the previously determined Der p 1 epitope (Leu147-Gln160) with the cavity formed by the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of mAb 2C7. Such complementarity was also observed between the mAb 2C7 epitope predicted to be recognised by mAb 2G10 (residues Lys19 from framework region 1 (FRW1) and Ser74-Gln81 from FRW3) and residues from the CDRs of mAb 2G10 (a negatively charged patch flanked by the residues Asp55H/Glu58H and Glu27L/Glu27cL). As expected, the location of the mAb 2C7 epitope recognised by mAb 2G10 does not appear to interfere with the binding of Der p 1 to mAb 2C7. CONCLUSION Although the results obtained represent only an approximation, they nevertheless provide a rare insight into how an antigen (Der p 1) might bind to its antibody (mAb 2C7) while in complex with an anti-idiotype (mAb 2G10).
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Furtado
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Furmonaviciene R, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Comparative molecular modelling identifies a common putative IgE epitope on cysteine protease allergens of diverse sources. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1307-13. [PMID: 10971478 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous approaches for studying common allergenic epitopes have mainly focused on sequence comparisons, which unfortunately yield little or no information on the shape of the epitope which is the most important determinant of cross-reactivity. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the structural basis for cross-reactivity between a previously identified immunodominant epitope of the house dust mite allergen Der p 1 (Leu147-Gln160) and the corresponding epitopes on other allergens that are either taxonomically closely related (i.e. cysteine proteases of other mite species) or representing evolutionary conserved structures (i.e. plant, human and parasite cysteine proteases). METHODS We carried out comparative molecular modelling on a range of cysteine proteases, including those of other mite species (Der f 1 and Eur m 1), human (cathepsins B, K, L, S and O), plants (papain, chymopapain and actinidin) and parasites (cruzain, cathepsin L-like Leishmania protease, Entamoeba ACP1 protease and Schistosoma Q26534, Q11003 and cathepsin L proteases). RESULTS Our study shows that all the cysteine proteases investigated here display an epitope corresponding to that previously identified on Der p 1, but with varying shapes and degree of accessibility. It appears that the core of the epitope on these homologous cysteine proteases consists of a centrally located conserved Tyr residue flanked on either sides by accessible amino acids. CONCLUSION Therefore, these cysteine proteases seem to use similar accessible structures, which may form the basis for the rational design of generic epitope-directed treatment strategies for controlling allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Furmonaviciene
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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Shakib F, Hooi DS, Smith SJ, Furmonaviciene R, Sewell HF. Identification of peptide motifs recognized by a human IgG autoanti-IgE antibody using a phage display library. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1041-6. [PMID: 10848928 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of murine monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies as long-term therapy for atopic diseases will have to rely, for the time being, on passive antibody administration. There is therefore considerable interest in developing a peptide-based vaccine for active immunization to elicit long-term protective anti-IgE antibodies in the patient. It has been shown that some human IgG autoanti-IgE antibodies have the ability to partially block the binding of IgE to Fc receptors such as Fc epsilonRI. Therefore, the epitopes recognized by such antibodies could have vaccine potential. OBJECTIVE To determine the epitope specificity of one such human IgG anti-IgE antibody. METHODS A 15-mer phage-peptide library was used to establish the epitope specificity of an IgG anti-IgE antibody isolated from the serum of an asthma patient. RESULTS The SRPSP sequence, or part of it (i.e. RPS, RPSP, SPS or PSP), was present in all 18 phage-peptides that have been sequenced. This common motif was found to be within the human epsilon chain sequence Ser341-Thr355 near the N-terminus of the C epsilon3 domain. According to the human Fc epsilon model, the most accessible residues in this sequence are Arg342, Ile350, Arg351, Lys352 and Ser353. CONCLUSIONS The present data should provide the molecular basis for the rational design of a suitable peptide immunogen (vaccine) for boosting the production of protective autoanti-IgE antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shakib
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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McElveen JE, Furtado PB, Smith SJ, Clark MR, Spendlove I, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Characterisation of a mouse monoclonal anti-idiotype reactive with a V region sequence commonly used by human immunoglobulins. Mol Pathol 2000; 53:77-82. [PMID: 10889906 PMCID: PMC1186909 DOI: 10.1136/mp.53.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mouse monoclonal antibody (2C7/IgG2b kappa) has been described recently, which is directed against the major house dust mite allergen Der p 1, and whose epitope specificity is representative of a major component of the human IgE anti-Der p 1 response. AIMS To characterise an anti-idiotypic antibody (2G10/IgG1 kappa) raised against monoclonal antibody 2C7 as surrogate human IgE anti-Der p 1. METHODS The specificity of the anti-idiotype antibody 2G10 was determined by competitive inhibition experiments using human and mouse immunoglobulins of known VH gene families. The epitope recognised by monoclonal antibody 2G10 was located on the molecular model of the Fv (fragment variable) region of monoclonal antibody 2C7. RESULTS The data suggest that monoclonal antibody 2G10 is directed against a crossreactive idiotype on human IgE that is shared by polyclonal IgG. Competitive inhibition studies against human immunoglobulins, representative of VH2, VH3, and VH4 gene families, showed that monoclonal antibody 2G10 is mostly likely to be directed against sequences encoded by either VH3 or VH4 genes. The fact that monoclonal antibody 2G10 binds to the humanized (complementarity determining region (CDR) grafted) CAMPATH-1H antibody, but not to the original rat CAMPATH-1 YTH34.5.6 antibody, indicates that it is directed against a framework region rather than the CDRs. Analysis of amino acids in the VH region for charge, hydrophobicity, and accessibility suggests that reactivity with monoclonal antibody 2G10 is defined by a hexapeptide spanning residues 74-79 within framework region 3. CONCLUSION The anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody 2G10 could potentially be used as a probe for determining the contribution of the VH3 and VH4 gene segments to antigenic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E McElveen
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
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Furmonaviciene R, Tighe PJ, Clark MR, Sewell HF, Shakib F. The use of phage-peptide libraries to define the epitope specificity of a mouse monoclonal anti-Der p 1 antibody representative of a major component of the human immunoglobulin E anti-Der p 1 response. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:1563-71. [PMID: 10520087 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 80% of individuals who are sensitive to the dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus produce immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies to Der p 1, the most significant domestic allergen. There is therefore considerable interest in elucidating the interaction between human IgE and Der p 1, as a basis for developing strategies for therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVES We have therefore sought to determine the Der p 1 epitope recognized by a mouse monoclonal anti-Der p 1 antibody (mAb 2C7) representative of a major component of the human IgE anti-Der p 1 response. METHODS M13 15mer and T7 9mer bacteriophage-peptide display libraries were screened with mAb 2C7. Mimotope sequences were defined and compared with the native Der p 1 sequence and with those of three homologous molecules, namely chymopapain, papain and actinidin. The sequence of a candidate epitope was then located in the three-dimensional model of Der p 1 and the corresponding sequences in the homologous molecules were studied for accessibility in the three-dimensional structure. RESULTS We have demonstrated that it is possible to isolate phage clones with peptide inserts specific for mAb 2C7. Examination of the sequences obtained and the location of the corresponding epitope within the three-dimensional model of Der p 1 has shown that mAb 2C7 recognizes a conformational epitope comprising the sequence Leu147-Gln160. The relevance of the identified epitope was established by showing that native Der p 1 can block the binding of specific phage clones to mAb 2C7. Similar sequences were identified within the three-dimensional structures of chymopapain, papain and actinidin, thereby providing a structure-based explanation for immunological cross-reactivity. CONCLUSION The identification of the Der p 1 sequence Leu147-Gln160 as a potential epitope recognized by a major component of the human IgE anti-Der p 1 response may provide therapeutic opportunities for disrupting the interaction between IgE and this important allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Furmonaviciene
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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15
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Tighe PJ, Powell-Richards A, Sewell HF, Fischer D, Donoso L, Dua HS. Epitope discovery using bacteriophage display: the minimum epitope of an anti-IRBP antibody. Exp Eye Res 1999; 68:679-84. [PMID: 10375431 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1999.0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine, using random peptide library (RPL) technologies, the minimal epitope requirements of the mouse monoclonal anti-interphotoreceptor-retinoid-binding protein antibody, H3B5. This previously characterized antibody is used as an example to examine whether RPL's offer a relatively easy and rapid route to obtaining detailed epitope mapping data.A pentadecamer random peptide library (RPL) displayed on the major coat protein (gene 8) of filamentous bacteriophage (F88-4-15) was used as a target for selection by the anti-IRBP monoclonal antibody, H3B5. Three rounds of library selection were performed, and 90 of the resultant RPL clones were examined for affinity to H3B5 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DNA sequencing of ELISA positive clones provided sequence of the region encoding the random peptide. After three rounds of selection of the RPL, 76.7% of clones examined interacted with H3B5, 17.7% did not show significant binding and 6.6% bound to control antibody also. The essential elements of the peptide epitope were determined by sequence comparison of 24 clones to be the four amino-acid sequence (Aspartic or glutamic acid)-Proline-Arginine-(Leucine, Isoleucine or Valine). This motif [(D/E) PR (L/I/V)] is in agreement, but at greater resolution, than previous synthetic peptide studies where the motif AASEDPRL was identified. Other motifs were found which bound to H3B5 but did not share primary structure similarities (peptidomimetics). Selection from a RPL has rapidly defined the minimal requirements for the H3B5 epitope in fine detail. Such a process offers great potential for investigating antibody-antigen interactions and core sequences of an epitope, and enables the identification of motifs in other proteins which may be recognized by the antibody, providing information on possible cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Tighe
- Division of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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16
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McAlindon ME, Galvin A, McKaig B, Gray T, Sewell HF, Mahida YR. Investigation of the expression of IL-1beta converting enzyme and apoptosis in normal and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mucosal macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 116:251-7. [PMID: 10337015 PMCID: PMC1905291 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated mucosal macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes and appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of IBD. We have recently shown that IBD, but not normal, mucosal macrophages express the active form of IL-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) and are therefore capable of releasing mature IL-1beta. ICE expression by other mucosal cell types is unknown. Active ICE expression has also been implicated in apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate ICE expression (using an antibody that recognizes both active and precursor forms) in normal and IBD mucosa and to determine whether ICE-expressing macrophages are undergoing apoptosis. Normal and active IBD mucosal cells, in tissue sections and after isolation, were studied by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. In the mucosa, macrophages were the predominant ICE-expressing cell type. In contrast to normal, most IBD mucosal macrophages expressed ICE. Of IBD colonic macrophages 11.8 +/- 3.2%, and of normal colonic macrophages 6.6 +/- 0.6% expressed Apo2.7, a marker for apoptotic cells. Similar data were obtained when annexin V was used to identify cells undergoing apoptosis. DNA fluorescence flow cytometric analysis of normal and IBD lamina propria cells showed the presence of only small hypodiploid DNA peaks. We conclude that in the human intestinal mucosa, macrophages are the predominant ICE-expressing cell type. Expression of the active form of ICE and macrophage apoptosis are not interdependent. One mechanism of loss of resident macrophages from normal mucosa and of recruited macrophages from IBD mucosa is by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McAlindon
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schulz
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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18
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Mahida YR, Galvin A, Makh S, Hyde S, Sanfilippo L, Borriello SP, Sewell HF. Effect of Clostridium difficile toxin A on human colonic lamina propria cells: early loss of macrophages followed by T-cell apoptosis. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5462-9. [PMID: 9784558 PMCID: PMC108684 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.11.5462-5469.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Clostridium difficile toxin A induces detachment of human colonic epithelial cells from the basement membrane and subsequent cell death by apoptosis. Because these cells require adhesion-dependent signalling from the extracellular matrix for survival, their detachment from the basement membrane by other means also induces apoptosis. The role of toxin A in the induction of apoptosis therefore remains to be determined. In addition, sensitivities to C. difficile toxin A of lamina propria lymphocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils, which lie below the surface epithelium, are not known. In contrast to epithelial cells, these lamina propria cells do not require adhesion-dependent signalling from the extracellular matrix for survival, and this may allow the mechanisms of toxin A-induced cell death to be further investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of purified C. difficile toxin A on human colonic lamina propria T cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. We show that C. difficile toxin A induces loss of viability in isolated colonic lamina propria cell preparations containing the three different cell types in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Exposure to high concentrations of the toxin led to loss of macrophages within 72 h. T-lymphocyte and eosinophil cell death was prominent at later time points and occurred by apoptosis. Exposure to toxin A also induced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by the isolated colonic lamina propria cells. However, the presence of neutralizing antibodies to this cytokine did not influence C. difficile toxin A-induced T-cell apoptosis. Moreover, purified T cells also underwent apoptosis following exposure to toxin A, implying that apoptosis occurred as a consequence of a direct interaction between T cells and the toxin. Our studies suggest that C. difficile toxin A is capable of suppressing human colonic mucosal immune responses by inducing early loss of macrophages followed by T-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Mahida
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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19
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McElveen JE, Clark MR, Smith SJ, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Primary sequence and molecular model of the variable region of a mouse monoclonal anti-Der p 1 antibody showing a similar epitope specificity as human IgE. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28:1427-34. [PMID: 9824417 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Der p 1, a major mite allergen, elicits IgE antibody responses in 80% of patients suffering from dust mite allergy. Given the potent IgE eliciting properties of Der p 1, there is considerable interest in studying the molecular architecture of the variable (Fv) region of IgE antibodies specific for this allergen. OBJECTIVES IgE is present in human serum at extremely low concentrations, and as such it is practically impossible to purify sufficient quantities for structural studies. We have therefore sought to sequence and model a representative murine monoclonal (MoAb) anti-Der p 1 antibody, as a surrogate human IgE. METHODS The cDNA coding for the Fv region of an anti-Der p 1 MoAb (2C7), that mimics the binding of human IgE to Der p 1, was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequences were then compared with a directory of human germline V-gene segments. Modelling of the Fv region of MoAb 2C7 was carried out using the extensive database of existing immunoglobulin structures in the Brookhaven PDB. RESULTS The MoAb 2C7 heavy chain showed greater than 70% homology with three members of the VH3 family, DP-35, DP-53 and DP-54. Similarly, the light chain showed greater than 70% homology with 11 VK sequences, including the VKII sequences DPK18, DPK19 and DPK28. A molecular model of the Fv region of MoAb 2C7 was generated and can be accessed from the EMBL databank. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies similar to MoAb 2C7 could be generated as part of the human repertoire. The availability of 3-dimensional model of MoAb 2C7, as a surrogate human IgE antibody, combined with further data on its epitope specificity, will facilitate studies into IgE antibody responses to Der p 1.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Dermatophagoides
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/genetics
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Conformation
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- J E McElveen
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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20
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McAlindon ME, Gray T, Galvin A, Sewell HF, Podolsky DK, Mahida YR. Differential lamina propria cell migration via basement membrane pores of inflammatory bowel disease mucosa. Gastroenterology 1998; 115:841-8. [PMID: 9753486 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the intestinal mucosa is infiltrated by polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), lymphocytes, and monocytes from the systemic circulation. Using an ex vivo model, we have investigated luminally directed migration of cells out of the lamina propria. METHODS Fresh untreated and deepithelialized mucosal samples were studied by electron microscopy. Cells migrating out of the lamina propria were investigated by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. RESULTS In intact IBD mucosal samples, tunnels containing cells were prominent in the lamina propria matrix, and PMNs, but not other cell types, were prominent in the epithelium. In deepithelialized mucosal samples, the basement membrane was either destroyed or contained numerous large pores. During culture of deepithelialized mucosal samples, many cells (3.3 [+/-0.8] x 10(5) . g tissue-1 . h-1) migrated out of the lamina propria via basement membrane pores. PMNs and eosinophils were prominent during the first 3 hours of culture, but T cells predominated thereafter. Macrophages also migrated, but B cells were the minority population (<2%) at all times. CONCLUSIONS In active IBD mucosa with an intact epithelium, luminally directed migration of lamina propria cells is restricted mainly to PMNs. After loss of the epithelium, other cell types also migrate into the lumen via numerous, large, basement membrane pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McAlindon
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Nottingham, England
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21
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Pilling JE, Galvin A, Robins AM, Sewell HF, Mahida YR. Expression of alpha5 (CD49e) and alpha6 (CD49f) integrin subunits on T cells in the circulation and the lamina propria of normal and inflammatory bowel disease colonic mucosa. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48:425-8. [PMID: 9790314 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal lamina propria T cells are believed to be derived, via the systemic circulation, from gut-associated lymphoid tissue. After migration into the lamina propria, T cells are capable of luminally directed migration following the loss of surface epithelial cells. For adhesion and migration within the extracellular matrix, T cells are likely to utilize the integrin family of adhesion molecules. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the expression of alpha5 and alpha6 integrin subunits on the surface of human T cells that: (a) migrated out of the lamina propria, (b) remained resident within the matrix and (c) were present in the circulation. In both subpopulations of CD4 and CD8-positive T cells, from both normal and inflamed (inflammatory bowel disease) colonic mucosa, there were significantly fewer alpha5 and alpha6-positive cells than in the peripheral blood. In addition, there were significantly fewer alpha6 integrin molecules on the surface of CD4 and CD8-positive lamina propria T-cell subpopulations, compared with those in the circulation. Our studies suggest that, following migration into the lamina propria, there is down-regulation of alpha5 and alpha6 integrin-subunit expression on the surface of T cells. Molecules other than members of very late activation antigen-5 (VLA-5) (alpha5beta1) and VLA-6 (alpha6beta1) families of adhesion molecules are likely to be important in interactions with extracellular components in the lamina propria of normal and inflamed human colonic mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Pilling
- Division of Gastroenterology, Univeristy Hospital, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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22
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Schulz O, Sewell HF, Shakib F. A sensitive fluorescent assay for measuring the cysteine protease activity of Der p 1, a major allergen from the dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Mol Pathol 1998; 51:222-4. [PMID: 9893750 PMCID: PMC395641 DOI: 10.1136/mp.51.4.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potent allergenicity of Der p 1, a major allergen of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, is thought to be related to its cysteine protease activity. Therefore, there is considerable interest in developing a sensitive assay for measuring Der p 1 activity to screen for specific inhibitors. This study demonstrates for the first time that the activity of Der p 1 can be measured conveniently in a continuous rate assay with the fluorogenic substrate Boc-Gln-Ala-Arg-AMC (K(m) = 280 microM and kcat/K(m) = 4.6 x 10(3)/M/s).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schulz
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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23
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Coutinho HB, da Mota HC, Coutinho VB, Robalinho TI, Furtado AF, Walker E, King G, Mahida YR, Sewell HF, Wakelin D. Absence of lysozyme (muramidase) in the intestinal Paneth cells of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51:512-4. [PMID: 9797727 PMCID: PMC500803 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.51.7.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine immunocytochemically whether preterm and newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) show differences in numbers of lysozyme positive Paneth cells compared with normal controls, and to relate the findings to the possibility that lysozyme deficiency may facilitate the bacterial infections thought to be associated with this condition. METHODS Tissues from 10 infants with NEC and from 11 matched controls were sectioned and stained immunocytochemically for lysozyme. Differences in the numbers of Paneth cells and degree of lysozyme positivity in the tissues were assessed. RESULTS Tissues from NEC patients showed no, or very few, lysozyme positive Paneth cells, whereas controls showed strong positive staining. CONCLUSIONS A deficiency or developmental defect in Paneth cells, resulting in an absence of lysozyme, may render the intestine more susceptible to bacterial infection, allowing organisms to adhere and translocate across the mucosa. Such enhancement of infection may contribute to the pathogenesis of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Coutinho
- Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhaes/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
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24
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Verinaud L, Da Cruz-Höfling MA, Sakurada JK, Rangel HA, Vassallo J, Wakelin D, Sewell HF, Camargo IJ. Immunodepression induced by Trypanosoma cruzi and mouse hepatitis virus type 3 is associated with thymus apoptosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998; 5:186-91. [PMID: 9521141 PMCID: PMC121356 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.2.186-191.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice show disturbance in the peripheral immune system such as polyclonal lymphocyte activation, autoantibody production, and immunosuppression of T lymphocytes. Previous observations in our laboratory showed that some stocks of T. cruzi can be contaminated with mouse hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV-3). Literature has shown that MHV-3 infection induces immunologic disorders characterized by thymic involution with marked cell depletion. However, the effects of interactions between MHV-3 and the parasite on the immune system are not well understood. In the present study specific-pathogen-free CBA mice were inoculated with MHV-3, alone or associated with different stocks of T. cruzi. Concurrent murine virus infection resulted in increased pathogenicity of T. cruzi infection shown by profound thymic atrophy; loss of cortical thymocytes; depletion of Thy1.2+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells; enhancement of in situ labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation; and eventually, death of the animals. Such lines of evidence show that the mechanism underlying this thymic atrophy is associated with apoptosis. These results also suggest that MHV-3 can account for the increased immunosuppression observed during experimental infection with the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verinaud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Schulz O, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Proteolytic cleavage of CD25, the alpha subunit of the human T cell interleukin 2 receptor, by Der p 1, a major mite allergen with cysteine protease activity. J Exp Med 1998; 187:271-5. [PMID: 9432986 PMCID: PMC2212095 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.2.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have indicated that the cysteine protease activity of Der p 1 may play a significant role in its ability to elicit IgE antibody responses, mainly through cleavage of membrane CD23 on B cells and interleukin (IL)-4 synthesis and secretion from mast cells and basophils. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Der p 1 also cleaves the alpha subunit of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R or CD25) from the surface of human peripheral blood T cells and, as a result, these cells show markedly diminished proliferation and interferon gamma secretion in response to potent stimulation by anti-CD3 antibody. Given that the IL-2R is pivotal for the propagation of Th1 cells, its cleavage by Der p 1 may consequently bias the immune response towards Th2 cells, thereby creating an allergic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schulz
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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26
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Mahida YR, Galvin AM, Gray T, Makh S, McAlindon ME, Sewell HF, Podolsky DK. Migration of human intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophils following the loss of surface epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 109:377-86. [PMID: 9276536 PMCID: PMC1904753 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.4481346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes and macrophages are present in the normal intestinal lamina propria, separated from the epithelial monolayer by the basement membrane. There is evidence for movement of mononuclear cells through the lamina propria, entering from the systemic circulation and exiting via lymphatic channels. The goal of our studies was to investigate the capacity of cells to migrate out from the lamina propria into the lumen following the loss of surface epithelial cells. An in vitro model was therefore established in which normal human intestinal mucosal samples, denuded of the surface epithelium, were maintained in culture. Electron microscopy showed that during culture, large numbers (>2 x 10(6)/g tissue per 24 h) of cells migrated out of the lamina propria via discrete 'tunnels' which were in continuity with pores (diameter <4 microm) in the basement membrane. The emigrating cells were T cells (68.5 +/- 5.1%), macrophages (10.5 +/- 1.3%) and eosinophils (7.1 +/- 1.3%). Our studies have therefore demonstrated, for the first time, the capacity for large numbers of lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophils to migrate out of the lamina propria, via basement membrane pores. We postulate that such emigration of cells occurs in vivo following the loss of surface epithelial cells due to injury, and could represent an important form of host defence against luminal microorganisms and also facilitate wound repair by enhancing restitution by neighbouring epithelial cells, via peptide factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Mahida
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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27
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Coutinho HB, Robalinho TI, Coutinho VB, Amorim AM, Furtado AF, Ferraz A, Ferraz E, Walker F, King G, Sewell HF, Wakelin D. Intra-abdominal sepsis: an immunocytochemical study of the small intestine mucosa. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50:294-8. [PMID: 9215144 PMCID: PMC499878 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.50.4.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate immunocytochemical changes in intestinal tissues from patients with intra-abdominal sepsis, and to relate the changes to the possibility of enhanced bacterial adhesion and translocation. METHODS Tissues from 17 patients suffering from intra-abdominal sepsis and from controls were sectioned and stained immunocytochemically for IgA, IgM, secretory component, J chain, and HLA-DR. Differences in the distribution and characteristics of positively staining cells between the patient groups were assessed. RESULTS Patients with intra-abdominal sepsis had noticeable reductions in numbers of IgA and IgM plasma cells, reduced J chain staining, and had little immunoglobulin on the surfaces of enterocytes. In contrast, HLA-DR positive cells were increased in the sepsis compared with the control group. The plasma cells present showed cytological changes suggestive of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Stress associated with sepsis and its immediate causes might result in increased plasma glucocorticoid levels that bring about apoptosis of mucosal plasma cells (or their precursors). The consequent reduction in expression of IgA and IgM may favour bacterial adhesion to the enterocytes and facilitate bacterial translocation into the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Coutinho
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
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28
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Schulz O, Sutton BJ, Beavil RL, Shi J, Sewell HF, Gould HJ, Laing P, Shakib F. Cleavage of the low-affinity receptor for human IgE (CD23) by a mite cysteine protease: nature of the cleaved fragment in relation to the structure and function of CD23. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:584-8. [PMID: 9079796 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Der p I, a cysteine protease representing a major allergen of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, has recently been shown to cleave CD23 from the surface of cultured human B cells (RPMI 8866 B cell line). We have now undertaken a detailed investigation of CD23 cleavage by Der p I. We demonstrate that Der p I cleaves CD23 at two sites (Ser155-Ser156 and Glu298-Ser299) to produce a 17-kDa fragment containing the lectin domain and only part of the C-terminal tail. No such effect was demonstrable with mouse CD23, a finding which was anticipated based on its lack of the cleavage sites identified on human CD23. Based on the cleavage pattern and the model of CD23, we propose a sequence of events leading to the liberation of the 17-kDa soluble CD23 fragment. The biological significance of such cleavage is underlined by the demonstration that Der p I-treated B lymphocytes lose their ability to bind IgE, and that the 17-kDa fragment (amino acids 156-298) contains the minimum structural requirement (amino acids 156-288) for binding to both IgE and CD21.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schulz
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham, GB
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Coutinho HB, Robalinho TI, Coutinho VB, Almeida JR, Filho JT, King G, Jenkins D, Mahida Y, Sewell HF, Wakelin D. Immunocytochemistry of mucosal changes in patients infected with the intestinal nematode Strongyloides stercoralis. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49:717-20. [PMID: 9038754 PMCID: PMC500719 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.49.9.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the immunopathological changes in duodenal tissues induced by strongyloidiasis and to relate these to degrees of clinical severity. METHODS Tissues taken from 21 patients showing mild, moderate or severe symptoms of strongyloidiasis, and from non-infected controls, were sectioned and stained immunocytochemically for IgA, secretory component (SC) and HLA-DR. Immunopathology was assessed by changes in numbers, intensity and distribution of stained cells. RESULTS Parasitised individuals showed villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. There was notable infiltration of the lamina propria by IgA positive plasma cells and of the epithelium by intraepithelial lymphocytes. Infection was also associated with increased expression of SC and decreased expression of HLA-DR in epithelial cells. Changes in all parameters correlated with degree of clinical severity. CONCLUSIONS Profound mucosal changes are induced by strongyloidiasis. Some are analogous to those seen in coeliac disease, but others seem quite unusual. It is likely that these changes are functionally related to the immunopathophysiological consequences of infection seen in patients with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Coutinho
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
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30
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Coutinho HB, Robalinho TI, Coutinho VB, Amorin AM, Almeida JR, Filho JT, Walker E, King G, Sewell HF, Wakelin D. Immunocytochemical demonstration that human duodenal Brunner's glands may participate in intestinal defence. J Anat 1996; 189 ( Pt 1):193-7. [PMID: 8771411 PMCID: PMC1167842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunocytochemical demonstration of IgA and IgM in some secretory units of human Brunner's glands, associated with the presence of secretory component in all secretory cells, indicates the possibility that these glands assist the function of the intestinal crypts in transporting immunoglobulins into the gut lumen. In addition, the presence of muramidase (lysozyme) in the cells of the secretory units suggests that Brunner's glands continuously secrete bactericidal enzyme, thus reinforcing the function of the Paneth cells as contributors to nonspecific defence (innate immunity) in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Coutinho
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes/Fiocruz, Recife, Brazil
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31
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Schulz O, Laing P, Sewell HF, Shakib F. Der p I, a major allergen of the house dust mite, proteolytically cleaves the low-affinity receptor for human IgE (CD23). Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:3191-4. [PMID: 7489763 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830251131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the proteases that cleave CD23 in vivo is of considerable interest, but remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Der p I, a major allergen of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cleaves CD23 from the surface of cultured human B cells (RPMI 8866 B cell line). The cleavage of the receptor from the B cell surface was associated with a parallel increase in soluble CD23 (sCD23) in the culture supernatant. Furthermore, the proteolytic effect of Der p I was specific for CD23, since none of the other B cell markers tested (CD20, HLA-DR, CD71 and CD49d) were affected. Labeled antibody experiments and protease inhibition assays clearly demonstrate that Der p I is a cysteine protease that directly cleaves a 25-kDa fragment of CD23. These data suggest that the cysteine protease Der p I, in addition to being highly immunogenic, may up-regulate IgE synthesis by virtue of its ability to cleave CD23.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schulz
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, GB
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32
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Hodges E, Quin C, Farrell AM, Christmas S, Sewell HF, Doherty M, Powell RJ, Smith JL. Arthropathy, leucopenia and recurrent infection associated with a TcR gamma delta population. Br J Rheumatol 1995; 34:978-83. [PMID: 7582708 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/34.10.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This report documents the presence of clonal gamma delta T-cell receptor (TcR) population in the blood of a patient who presented with an arthropathy of undetermined cause, leucopenia and splenomegaly. There was no evidence for lymphoid malignancy clinically or at post-mortem. The phenotype and genotype of the clonal T-cell population were not associated with the predominant TcR delta rearrangement found in peripheral blood gamma delta cells, but were similar to those found in gamma delta TcR cells infiltrating rheumatoid synovium. The data indicate the presence of a monoclonal population of gamma delta cells TcR cells which in the face of continued immunosuppression behaved benignly. The case may represent a cytomorphologically atypical example of the large granular lymphocytes, neutropenia and arthropathy syndrome/lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes and, although the patient's clinical features were not 'classical', rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may have been the underlying primary disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hodges
- Molecular Immunology Group, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust
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33
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Coutinho HB, Sewell HF, Tighe P, King G, Nogueira JC, Robalinho TI, Coutinho VB, Cavalcanti VM. Immunocytochemical study of the ontogeny of the marsupial Didelphis albiventris immune system. J Anat 1995; 187 ( Pt 1):37-46. [PMID: 7591984 PMCID: PMC1167347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marsupials have considerable merits as models for studying the developmental dynamics of the mammalian immune system, but until recently there has been a conspicuous lack of specific immune probes to facilitate such studies. To begin a precise study of the ontogeny of the marsupial Didelphis albiventris we have used cross-reactive polyclonal antibodies raised against evolutionarily highly conserved peptides which form part of the antigen specific receptor complexes of human differentiated lymphocytes. Moreover, because of antigen receptor conservation, the antibodies also recognise specifically the immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes of other species including those in the organs of the opossum. Use of the antipeptide antibodies together with other cross-reacting antibodies has allowed us to study the cellular immunology of T and B cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) during the development of thymus, skin, lymph nodes and spleen in the Brazilian white-belly opossum. The molecular nature and identity of the T cell antigens detected in opossum tissues were confirmed by immunoblotting. These findings indicate that it is now possible to exploit these antibody probes for comparative mammalian studies, and indeed to investigate interesting features of the opossum, such as reaction of the immature immune system of the pouch young to antigenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Coutinho
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhäes/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
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34
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Tighe PJ, Liversidge J, Forrester JV, Sewell HF. Analysis of the T-cell receptor beta chain repertoire expressed in endogenous posterior uveitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 756:421-3. [PMID: 7645863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Tighe
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, England
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35
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McMillan DN, Kernohan NM, Flett ME, Heys SD, Deehan DJ, Sewell HF, Walker F, Eremin O. Interleukin 2 receptor expression and interleukin 2 localisation in human solid tumor cells in situ and in vitro: evidence for a direct role in the regulation of tumour cell proliferation. Int J Cancer 1995; 60:766-72. [PMID: 7896442 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910600606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Frozen sections of 52 human solid tumours (38 malignant and 14 benign) of varied histogenesis were immunohistochemically stained with well characterised monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to human interleukin 2 (IL-2) and the alpha and beta chains of its receptor (R). In all malignant specimens, the tumour cells expressed the IL-2R beta subunit (p75) but not the IL-2R alpha subunit (CD25). In 36 of 38 malignant tumours examined, there was conspicuous staining for IL-2 in the tumour cell nuclei/nucleoli and perinuclear cytoplasm. In the human solid tumour cell lines G361 (melanoma), A549 (lung), MCF-7 (breast) and WiDR (colorectal), both subunits of the IL-2R appeared to be expressed, although the alpha subunit only weakly. Exogenous addition of human recombinant (r) interleukin 2 altered cell numbers in 3 of the 4 cell lines (WiDR was refractory). When grown in the absence of exogenously added rIL-2, IL-2 staining was observed in all cell lines. The pattern of distribution was similar to that exhibited by the tumour cells in situ (i.e., a nuclear/nucleolar localisation). In G361 melanoma cells, this IL-2 staining was present in proliferating cells but disappeared as the cultures approached confluence. Addition of an IL-2R beta subunit blocking antibody to growing G361 cultures (grown in the absence of rIL-2) resulted in a significant reduction in cell numbers. We propose, therefore, that the presence of immunoreactive IL-2 and IL-2R expression is characteristic of human malignant cells and that IL-2 may play a role in the autocrine stimulation of proliferation of malignant cells, such as G361 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N McMillan
- Department of Surgery, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, UK
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36
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Everard ML, Swarbrick A, Wrightham M, McIntyre J, Dunkley C, James PD, Sewell HF, Milner AD. Analysis of cells obtained by bronchial lavage of infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Arch Dis Child 1994; 71:428-32. [PMID: 7826113 PMCID: PMC1030058 DOI: 10.1136/adc.71.5.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To study the cellular infiltrate that occurs within the airways of infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, samples of airways secretions were obtained by bronchial lavage from the lower respiratory tract of infants ventilated for this condition and from the upper airway of non-intubated infants with this disorder using nasopharyngeal aspirates. Cytospin samples were prepared so that differential cell counts could be performed on the cells obtained and alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase immunocytochemical analysis of lymphocyte subsets was carried out using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, which included anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD19, and anti-TcR gamma delta. Results from the lower and upper airways were similar. Large numbers of inflammatory cells were obtained, of which neutrophils accounted for a median of 93% in the upper airway and 76% in the lower airway. The numbers of CD8 positive cells detected were small and consistently less than CD4 positive cells, median CD4:CD8 ratios being 22.5:1 and 15:1 for the lower and upper airways. CD19 positive cells were rarely observed and no gamma delta positive lymphocytes were detected. These results indicate that neutrophils probably play a major part in causing symptoms in these infants. They do not support the concept that excessive lymphocyte mediated cytotoxic activity is principally responsible for the pathology in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Everard
- Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, Department of Child Health
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37
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Coutinho HB, Nogueira JC, King G, Coutinho VB, Robalinho TI, Amorim AM, Cavalcanti VM, Robins RA, Sewell HF. Immunocytochemical study of the ontogeny of Peyer's patches in the Brazilian marsupial Didelphis albiventris. J Anat 1994; 185 ( Pt 2):347-54. [PMID: 7961141 PMCID: PMC1166764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed ontogenetic immunocytochemical study is reported on gut-associated lymphoid development in the Brazilian marsupial Didelphis albiventris. This employed antibody probes raised to evolutionarily conserved peptides which have been shown to detect HLA-DR-like (class II MHC) antigens and T and B cell markers in a wide range of animal species. Cells with macrophage and dendritic morphology expressing class II MHC and a few cells expressing the T cell marker CD3 were found in the lamina propria of duodenal villi in early (approximately 24 mm crown-rump length) latent opossum. Cells with B cell markers were not detected until lactent animals reached > 60 mm. Development of Peyer's patches (PP) was seen first in the duodenum in 45-60 mm lactent animals, progressing to well developed PP in the duodenum and ileum in lactent animals > 80 mm. These PP, like those in weanling and juvenile animals, consisted of follicles with a network of class II MHC positive dendritic cells and round cells lacking T and B markers, but lacking well defined mantle zones. B cells were present mainly in the lymphatic sinuses, with CD3 T cells present between follicles in the PP and intraepithelially in the villi. The study reveals the sequential development of class II MHC positive dendritic cells, T cells and B cells in the intestinal ontogeny of the opossum PP. These features occurred initially exclusively in the duodenum and subsequently in the ileum, paralleling the physiological maturation of the gut in eutheria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Coutinho
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes, Recife, Brazil
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38
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Durrant LG, Buckley TJ, Denton GW, Hardcastle JD, Sewell HF, Robins RA. Enhanced cell-mediated tumor killing in patients immunized with human monoclonal antiidiotypic antibody 105AD7. Cancer Res 1994; 54:4837-40. [PMID: 8069847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A human antiidiotypic monoclonal antibody (105AD7) has been shown to induce antitumor cellular responses in animals and appears to prolong survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer without associated toxicity. Proliferative leukocyte responses to the targeted tumor antigen gp72 were observed in these patients and plasma interleukin 2 levels were increased following immunization. Autologous tumor tissue was not available in these patients, so antitumor cytotoxicity could not be measured. This issue has now been addressed in an adjuvant clinical study in primary rectal cancer patients. Six patients with rectal cancer were immunized preoperatively with 105AD7. Peripheral blood lymphocytes taken prior to immunization were tested against tumor cells extracted from biopsies also obtained prior to immunization or from natural killer (NK)-sensitive target cells. Cryopreserved lymphocytes taken before and after tumor immunization, fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes taken immediately prior to surgery, and lymphocytes from tumor-draining lymph nodes were tested against autologous cells from the resected specimen or NK-sensitive target cells. Significant killing of autologous tumor cells, which was not due to NK activity, was seen with cryopreserved lymphocytes or lymph node cells of three patients at 1-2 weeks postimmunization with 105AD7 but not on pretreatment biopsies. Enhanced NK activity was seen 2-3 weeks postimmunization in 3 of 6 patients. These results indicate that 105AD7 human monoclonal antibody immunization enhances cytotoxicity in rectal cancer patients by specific and nonspecific effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Durrant
- Department of Surgery, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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39
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Abstract
This is a case report and family study of a 65-year-old man with chronic prurigo lesions, in whom we demonstrated a selective deficiency of circulating T-helper/inducer lymphocytes (CD4+), in the absence of any apparent predisposing disease. He is seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV types 1 and 2) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I and HTLV-II), and fulfils the criteria for the syndrome of idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia. He has an atopic diathesis, has had a severe adult chickenpox infection, chronic staphylococcal infections, tinea pedis and recalcitrant warts. He has also suffered from respiratory infections, for which no specific aetiological agent has been identified. His peripheral total lymphocyte count has been persistently abnormal since it was first measured in 1969. He has a marked CD4+ T-cell lymphocytopenia. His son, who does not have any skin disorder, has a low CD4+ T-cell count.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wakeel
- Department of Dermatology, Aberdeen Royal Hospitals NHS Trust, U.K
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40
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Denton GW, Durrant LG, Hardcastle JD, Austin EB, Sewell HF, Robins RA. Clinical outcome of colorectal cancer patients treated with human monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody. Int J Cancer 1994; 57:10-4. [PMID: 8150527 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910570103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A human monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (105AD7) has been developed which mimics a colorectal-tumour-associated antigen and induces cellular anti-colorectal tumour immune responses in animals. Thirteen patients with advanced colorectal cancer were immunized with 105AD7 and their survival was compared with that of a contemporary group of unimmunized patients with similar disease status. No toxicity related to anti-idiotype immunization was seen. Cellular responses to anti-idiotypic immunization were indicated by lymphocyte proliferation to gp72-positive tumour cells, and production of interleukin-2; anti-tumour antibodies were not detected. Median survival following diagnosis of advanced disease of immunized patients was 12 months, compared with 4 months in unimmunized patients. The improved survival of immunized patients in this study without associated toxicity suggests that 105AD7 immunization may have considerable potential for immunotherapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Denton
- Department of Surgery, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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41
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Abstract
Cervical smears from 327 women were examined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeted to a sequence in the Bam H1 W region of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to determine the prevalence of the virus in the cervix. EBV was detected in 131 (40%) of the 327 women. Of the 235 women with normal cytology, 98 (42%) were positive. Of the 92 women with dyskariotic smears, 33 (36%) were positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Aberdeen Medical School
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42
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Sewell HF, Halbert CF, Robins RA, Galvin A, Chan S, Blamey RW. Chemotherapy-induced differential changes in lymphocyte subsets and natural-killer-cell function in patients with advanced breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1993; 55:735-8. [PMID: 7902339 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910550506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To elaborate a rational approach to chemoimmunotherapy in humans, information is required as to how current cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens modulate patients' endogenous immune cells. We have studied a group of 16 advanced breast cancer patients who received cyclical cytotoxic chemotherapy (CMF-cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) and have documented the progressive differential effects of chemotherapy on endogenous immune cells as judged by changes in immunophenotype and absolute numbers of lymphocyte subsets, together with analysis of natural-killer-cell function. Cells with the immunophenotype of natural killer cells and lymphokine-activated killer cells (NK/LAK cells) were well retained, but their function was suboptimal. Additionally, CD8 T cells were well preserved, but the numbers of CD4 T cells decreased with succeeding cycles of chemotherapy; B-cell numbers decreased rapidly from the first cycle of chemotherapy. These cellular changes in humans indicate defined and precisely timed windows of opportunity for introducing in vivo, simple and direct immune stimulation of the cells modulated by chemotherapy, with the possibility of improving therapy and survival in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Sewell
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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43
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Coutinho HB, King G, Sewell HF, Tighe P, Coutinho VB, Robalinho TI, Carvalho AB. Immunocytochemical study of Peyer's patches follicular-associated epithelium in the marsupial, Didelphis albiventris. Dev Comp Immunol 1993; 17:537-548. [PMID: 8299852 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(05)80009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The lack of probes defining leukocyte subpopulations has restricted ontogenetic studies of the opossum gut. We report for the first time the organization of the gut cellular immune components using species cross-reactive antibodies. Mouse monoclonal antibodies against human HLA-DR were used together with immunocytochemistry to demonstrate MHC class II-like antigens in the opossum Peyer's patches (PP). Positive staining was obtained in the M cell and enterocytes comprising the follicular-associated epithelium (FAE). Rabbit polyclonal antibody against human CD3 stained opossum thymocytes and T-cell dependent areas of spleen, lymph node, and PP interfollicular zones, but failed to stain intraepithelial lymphocytes in the FAE. In contrast rabbit polyclonal antibody against human IgA stained B-cell immunocytes and plasma cells present in the M-cell lateral invaginations. It is surmised that B-cell activation could occur in the opossum M-cell niches by thymus independent antigens, bypassing T-helper-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Coutinho
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, Brazil
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44
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Abstract
Numerous studies implicate cellular immunological effector systems in the partial containment of virus replication during the early stages of HIV infection. Immunostimulatory therapeutic regimes designed to enhance virus clearance are therefore theoretically attractive, but are accompanied by the risk of concomitant activation of HIV replication. Supra-normal levels of L-arginine have been shown to induce broad immune stimulation in vitro and in vivo, but do not increase HIV gene expression in vitro. These observations, together with the lack of toxicity of this agent, suggest a novel therapeutic approach to HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Wrightham
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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45
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Abstract
Erythema gyratum repens (EGR) is a cutaneous manifestation of malignant disease. We report an unusual accumulation of activated epidermal Langerhans cells in the upper layer of the epidermis and propose that these cells play an important immunopathological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wakeel
- Department of Dermatology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, U.K
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46
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Abstract
Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini (APP) is a rare and distinctive form of dermal atrophy of uncertain origin. In only one previous report have immunopathologic methods been used to study a case of atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini, and on the basis of the results obtained it was concluded that immunologic mechanisms were relevant to the pathogenesis of the condition. A detailed investigation of a case of atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini was conducted using immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. The epidermal Langerhans cells were abundant and expressed polyclonal immunoglobulin M on the cell-surface membrane. Biopsy of the same lesion was repeated 6 months later and revealed staining for immunoglobulins A and M and also for C3. This pattern of staining could not be reproduced in a range of other atrophic or scarring cutaneous lesions. Immunophenotypic analysis of the mild perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrate revealed an aberrant T-cell phenotype of uncertain significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Kernohan
- Department of Pathology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland
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47
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Abstract
Salient epidemiological and molecular biological features of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection correlate well with the natural history of carcinoma of the cervix. It is therefore hypothesised that the incorporation of EBV into the genome of cervical epithelial cells at an early age (teens) could be an important early event in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Wong
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, National University Hospital
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48
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Abstract
Infection of T lymphoblastoid CEM cells with the IIIB isolate of HIV-1 results in modulation of the expression of several cellular antigens in addition to the CD4 molecule. The intercellular adhesion receptor LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and HLA-DR are markedly induced in the cytoplasm and at the cell surface, and the CD7 antigen is down-regulated, being virtually undetectable by sensitive immunocytochemical techniques in the infected cell population. These modulatory effects are to some degree dependent on the virus isolate examined, as the CBL-1 British isolate did not induce comparable phenotypic changes in the CEM cell line. Furthermore, these effects are not reproduced by recombinant gp120 (IIIB isolate) or p24 added exogenously to uninfected CEM cells. The CD7 molecule appears to play a regulatory role in T cell proliferation, and the LFA-1 integrin molecule is involved in a wide range of immunologically important cell-cell interactions, as well as HIV-induced syncytium formation. The possible contributions of such effects to the pathogenesis of HIV infection are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wrightham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nottingham, UK
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49
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Wrightham M, Sewell HF, Walker F, Pennington TH. Functional heterogeneity of CBL-1 and HTLV-IIIB. Lancet 1991; 337:987-8. [PMID: 1678077 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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50
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Wong SY, Purdie A, Sewell HF, Wilkinson L, Angus B, Westley B, Horne CH. Immunohistochemical assessment of ER-P31, a mouse anti-oestrogen receptor protein monoclonal antibody in human breast cancers: comparison with ER-ICA (Abbott) and radioligand assays. Tumour Biol 1991; 12:16-23. [PMID: 1705046 DOI: 10.1159/000217683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A new mouse anti-oestrogen receptor (ER) monoclonal antibody, ER-P31, has been developed. Comparisons of immunohistochemical detection of ER in human breast cancers using ER-P31 with anti-ER from ER-immunocytochemical assay (ER-ICA; Abbott Diagnostic Division) and radioligand dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) assays were carried out. A total of 63 breast cancers, both ER-negative and -positive, were tested. A highly significant degree of correlation between immunostaining for ER-P31 and both ER-ICA and DCC assays was obtained. It is hoped that once ER-P31 is widely available commercially, determination of ER status in breast cancers should be routinely and economically available to all women with breast cancer. Moreover, with the introduction and implementation of a screening programme for detecting breast cancers, immunocytochemical determination of ER status in unequivocal and equivocal positive fine-needle aspirates of breast lesions can be readily performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Wong
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore
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