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Kume H, Harigane R, Rikimaru M. Involvement of Lysophospholipids in Pulmonary Vascular Functions and Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:124. [PMID: 38255229 PMCID: PMC10813361 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosine 1-phosphate, etc.), which are synthesized from phospholipids in the cell membrane, act as lipid mediators, and mediate various cellular responses in constituent cells in the respiratory system, such as contraction, proliferation, migration, and cytoskeletal organization. In addition to these effects, the expression of the adhesion molecules is enhanced by these extracellular lysophospholipids in pulmonary endothelial cells. These effects are exerted via specific G protein-coupled receptors. Rho, Ras, and phospholipase C (PLC) have been proven to be their signaling pathways, related to Ca2+ signaling due to Ca2+ dynamics and Ca2+ sensitization. Therefore, lysophospholipids probably induce pulmonary vascular remodeling through phenotype changes in smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, likely resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome due to vascular leak, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, lysophospholipids induce the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the lungs via the enhancement of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells, potentially leading to the development of asthma. These results demonstrate that lysophospholipids may be novel therapeutic targets not only for injury, fibrosis, and hypertension in the lung, but also for asthma. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of the effects of lysophospholipids on the respiratory system, and the possibility of precision medicine targeting lysophospholipids as treatable traits of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kume
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Fukushima Medical University Aizu Medical Center, 21-2 Maeda, Tanisawa, Kawahigashi, Aizuwakamatsu City 969-3492, Fukushima, Japan; (R.H.); (M.R.)
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Yadav SK, Sharma P, Shah SD, Panettieri RA, Kambayashi T, Penn RB, Deshpande DA. Autocrine regulation of airway smooth muscle contraction by diacylglycerol kinase. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:603-616. [PMID: 34278583 PMCID: PMC8763953 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), a lipid kinase, catalyzes the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid, thereby terminating DAG-mediated signaling by Gq-coupled receptors that regulate contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM). A previous study from our laboratory demonstrated that DGK inhibition or genetic ablation leads to reduced ASM contraction and provides protection for allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the mechanism by which DGK regulates contractile signaling in ASM is not well established. Herein, we investigated the role of prorelaxant cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in DGK-mediated regulation of ASM contraction. Pretreatment of human ASM cells with DGK inhibitor I activated PKA as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of PKA substrates, VASP, Hsp20, and CREB, which was abrogated when PKA was inhibited pharmacologically or molecularly using overexpression of the PKA inhibitor peptide, PKI. Furthermore, inhibition of DGK resulted in induction of cyclooxygenase (COX) and generation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) with concomitant activation of Gs-cAMP-PKA signaling in ASM cells in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) or extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) attenuated DGK-mediated production of PGE2 and activation of cAMP-PKA signaling in human ASM cells, suggesting that inhibition of DGK activates the COX-PGE2 pathway in a PKC-ERK-dependent manner. Finally, DGK inhibition-mediated attenuation of contractile agonist-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain 20 (MLC-20), a marker of ASM contraction, involves COX-mediated cAMP production and PKA activation in ASM cells. Collectively these findings establish a novel mechanism by which DGK regulates ASM contraction and further advances DGK as a potential therapeutic target to provide effective bronchoprotection in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Yadav
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Sushrut D. Shah
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine & Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond B. Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107
| | - Deepak A. Deshpande
- Center for Translational Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107.,Corresponding author Deepak Deshpande, PhD, Professor, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 19107,
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Harford TJ, Rezaee F, Gupta MK, Bokun V, Naga Prasad SV, Piedimonte G. Respiratory syncytial virus induces β 2-adrenergic receptor dysfunction in human airway smooth muscle cells. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/685/eabc1983. [PMID: 34074703 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic agonism of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) induces bronchodilation by activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to generate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). β2AR agonists are generally the most effective strategy to relieve acute airway obstruction in asthmatic patients, but they are much less effective when airway obstruction in young patients is triggered by infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Here, we investigated the effects of RSV infection on the abundance and function of β2AR in primary human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) derived from pediatric lung tissue. We showed that RSV infection of HASMCs resulted in proteolytic cleavage of β2AR mediated by the proteasome. RSV infection also resulted in β2AR ligand-independent activation of adenylyl cyclase, leading to reduced cAMP synthesis compared to that in uninfected control cells. Last, RSV infection caused stronger airway smooth muscle cell contraction in vitro due to increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. Thus, our results suggest that RSV infection simultaneously induces loss of functional β2ARs and activation of multiple pathways favoring airway obstruction in young patients, with the net effect of counteracting β2AR agonist-induced bronchodilation. These findings not only provide a potential mechanism for the reported lack of clinical efficacy of β2AR agonists for treating virus-induced wheezing but also open the path to developing more precise therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri J Harford
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Manveen K Gupta
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Vladimir Bokun
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sathyamangla V Naga Prasad
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Role of Airway Smooth Muscle in Inflammation Related to Asthma and COPD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:139-172. [PMID: 33788192 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle contributes to both contractility and inflammation in the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD. Airway smooth muscle cells can change the degree of a variety of functions, including contraction, proliferation, migration, and the secretion of inflammatory mediators (phenotype plasticity). Airflow limitation, airway hyperresponsiveness, β2-adrenergic desensitization, and airway remodeling, which are fundamental characteristic features of these diseases, are caused by phenotype changes in airway smooth muscle cells. Alterations between contractile and hyper-contractile, synthetic/proliferative phenotypes result from Ca2+ dynamics and Ca2+ sensitization. Modulation of Ca2+ dynamics through the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel/L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel linkage and of Ca2+ sensitization through the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway contributes not only to alterations in the contractile phenotype involved in airflow limitation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and β2-adrenergic desensitization but also to alteration of the synthetic/proliferative phenotype involved in airway remodeling. These Ca2+ signal pathways are also associated with synergistic effects due to allosteric modulation between β2-adrenergic agonists and muscarinic antagonists. Therefore, airway smooth muscle may be a target tissue in the therapy for these diseases. Moreover, the phenotype changing in airway smooth muscle cells with focuses on Ca2+ signaling may provide novel strategies for research and development of effective remedies against both bronchoconstriction and inflammation.
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Regulation of Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:381-422. [PMID: 31183836 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) extends from the trachea throughout the bronchial tree to the terminal bronchioles. In utero, spontaneous phasic contraction of fetal ASM is critical for normal lung development by regulating intraluminal fluid movement, ASM differentiation, and release of key growth factors. In contrast, phasic contraction appears to be absent in the adult lung, and regulation of tonic contraction and airflow is under neuronal and humoral control. Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in ASM responsiveness contribute to the pathophysiology of lung diseases with lifelong health impacts.Functional assessments of fetal and adult ASM and airways have defined pharmacological responses and signaling pathways that drive airway contraction and relaxation. Studies using precision-cut lung slices, in which contraction of intrapulmonary airways and ASM calcium signaling can be assessed simultaneously in situ, have been particularly informative. These combined approaches have defined the relative importance of calcium entry into ASM and calcium release from intracellular stores as drivers of spontaneous phasic contraction in utero and excitation-contraction coupling.Increased contractility of ASM in asthma contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness. Studies using animal models and human ASM and airways have characterized inflammatory and other mechanisms underlying increased reactivity to contractile agonists and reduced bronchodilator efficacy of β2-adrenoceptor agonists in severe diseases. Novel bronchodilators and the application of bronchial thermoplasty to ablate increased ASM within asthmatic airways have the potential to overcome limitations of current therapies. These approaches may directly limit excessive airway contraction to improve outcomes for difficult-to-control asthma and other chronic lung diseases.
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Lai J, Ai J, Luo D, Jin T, Liao B, Zhou L, Feng S, Jin X, Li H, Wang K. β-Adrenoceptor signaling regulates proliferation and contraction of human bladder smooth muscle cells under pathological hydrostatic pressure. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17872-17886. [PMID: 31161623 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) promotes bladder detrusor hyperplasia, increases bladder pressure, and decreases bladder compliance. To extensively explore its underlying mechanism, our study aimed to investigate the effect of pathological hydrostatic pressure on human bladder smooth muscle cell (hBSMC) proliferation and contraction through β-adrenoceptor (ADRB) signaling in vitro. METHODS hBSMCs were subjected to pathological hydrostatic pressure (100 cm H2 O) to investigate the effect of ADRBs on the proliferation and contraction of hBSMCs treated with its agonists and/or antagonists. RESULTS Firstly, exposure to 100 cm H2 O hydrostatic pressure significantly upregulated the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in hBSMCs at 6 hours, and promoted cell proliferation at 24 hours. When subjected to hydrostatic pressure alone, hBSMCs treated with ADRB2 and ADRB3 agonists for 6 hours inhibited α-SMA expression compared with untreated cells. By contrast, hBSMCs treated with ADRB2 agonists for 24 hours suppressed cell proliferation compared with untreated cells. The two classical pathways of ADRB, protein kinase A (PKA), and exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) inhibited the contraction of hBSMCs under hydrostatic pressure via regulating mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2) activity. The proliferation of hBSMCs was mainly regulated by the EPAC pathway through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity. CONCLUSION The contraction of hBSMCs under hydrostatic pressure was regulated by ADRB2 and ADRB3 via the PKA/EPAC-SMAD2 pathway, and the proliferation of hBSMCs was regulated by ADRB2 via the EPAC-ERK1/2 pathway. Compared with ADRB3, ADRB2 played a predominant role under pathological hydrostatic pressure. These findings markedly uncovered the underlying mechanism of ADRBs in PBOO and provided new insights into the efficient treatment of patients with PBOO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Lai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Deyi Luo
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Banghua Liao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shijian Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Kume H, Nishiyama O, Isoya T, Higashimoto Y, Tohda Y, Noda Y. Involvement of Allosteric Effect and K Ca Channels in Crosstalk between β₂-Adrenergic and Muscarinic M₂ Receptors in Airway Smooth Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071999. [PMID: 29987243 PMCID: PMC6073859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To advance the development of bronchodilators for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this study was designed to investigate the mechanism of functional antagonism between β2-adrenergic and muscarinic M2 receptors, focusing on allosteric effects and G proteins/ion channels coupling. Muscarinic receptor antagonists (tiotropium, glycopyrronium, atropine) synergistically enhanced the relaxant effects of β2-adrenergic receptor agonists (procaterol, salbutamol, formoterol) in guinea pig trachealis. This crosstalk was inhibited by iberitoxin, a large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channel inhibitor, whereas it was increased by verapamil, a L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ (VDC) channel inhibitor; additionally, it was enhanced after tissues were incubated with pertussis or cholera toxin. This synergism converges in the G proteins (Gi, Gs)/KCa channel/VDC channel linkages. Muscarinic receptor antagonists competitively suppressed, whereas, β2-adrenergic receptor agonists noncompetitively suppressed muscarinic contraction. In concentration-inhibition curves for β2-adrenergic receptor agonists with muscarinic receptor antagonists, EC50 was markedly decreased, and maximal inhibition was markedly increased. Hence, muscarinic receptor antagonists do not bind to allosteric sites on muscarinic receptors. β2-Adrenergic receptor agonists bind to allosteric sites on these receptors; their intrinsic efficacy is attenuated by allosteric modulation (partial agonism). Muscarinic receptor antagonists enhance affinity and efficacy of β2-adrenergic action via allosteric sites in β2-adrenergic receptors (synergism). In conclusion, KCa channels and allosterism may be novel targets of bronchodilator therapy for diseases such as asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kume
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nishiyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Isoya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Yuji Higashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Yuji Tohda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
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Involvement of Ca 2+ Signaling in the Synergistic Effects between Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists and β₂-Adrenoceptor Agonists in Airway Smooth Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091590. [PMID: 27657061 PMCID: PMC5037855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) and short-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists (SABAs) play important roles in remedy for COPD. To propel a translational research for development of bronchodilator therapy, synergistic effects between SABAs with LAMAs were examined focused on Ca2+ signaling using simultaneous records of isometric tension and F340/F380 in fura-2-loaded tracheal smooth muscle. Glycopyrronium (3 nM), a LAMA, modestly reduced methacholine (1 μM)-induced contraction. When procaterol, salbutamol and SABAs were applied in the presence of glycopyrronium, relaxant effects of these SABAs are markedly enhanced, and percent inhibition of tension was much greater than the sum of those for each agent and those expected from the BI theory. In contrast, percent inhibition of F340/F380 was not greater than those values. Bisindolylmaleimide, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), significantly increased the relaxant effect of LAMA without reducing F340/F380. Iberiotoxin, an inhibitor of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels, significantly suppressed the effects of these combined agents with reducing F340/F380. In conclusion, combination of SABAs with LAMAs synergistically enhances inhibition of muscarinic contraction via decreasing both Ca2+ sensitization mediated by PKC and Ca2+ dynamics mediated by KCa channels. PKC and KCa channels may be molecular targets for cross talk between β2-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors.
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Zhao L, Yang S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Hou C, Cheng Y, You X, Gu X, Zhao Z, Muhammad Tarique T. New Analytical Tool for the Detection of Ractopamine Abuse in Goat Skeletal Muscle by Potential Gene Expression Biomarkers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1861-1867. [PMID: 26886866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, quantification of mRNA gene expression was examined as biomarkers to detect ractopamaine abuse and ractopamaine residues in cashmere goats. It was focused on the identification of potential gene expression biomarkers and describing the coreletionship between gene expression and residue level by 58 animals for 49 days. The results showed that administration periods and residue levels significantly influenced mRNA expressions of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR), the enzymes PRKACB, ADCY3, ATP1A3, ATP2A3, PTH, and MYLK, and the immune factors IL-1β and TNF-α. Statistical analysis like principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and discriminant analysis (DA) showed that these genes can serve as potential biomarkers for ractopamine in skeletal muscle and that they are also suitable for describing different residue levels separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Zhao
- Livestock-Product Quality and Safety Research Division, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Livestock-Product Quality and Safety Research Division, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Livestock-Product Quality and Safety Research Division, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Livestock-Product Quality and Safety Research Division, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Can Hou
- Livestock-Product Quality and Safety Research Division, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yongyou Cheng
- Livestock-Product Quality and Safety Research Division, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xinyong You
- Livestock-Product Quality and Safety Research Division, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xu Gu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Tunio Muhammad Tarique
- Livestock-Product Quality and Safety Research Division, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081, PR China
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Yoon SY, Shin ES, Park SY, Kim S, Kwon HS, Cho YS, Moon HB, Kim TB. Association between Polymorphisms in Bitter Taste Receptor Genes and Clinical Features in Korean Asthmatics. Respiration 2016; 91:141-50. [PMID: 26812163 DOI: 10.1159/000443796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) in human airway smooth muscle have recently been shown to have an important role in bronchodilation, together with β2-adrenergic receptors. OBJECT To evaluate the association between genetic variations in TAS2R and clinical features, including bronchodilator response and asthma control. METHOD We analyzed the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TAS2R10 and TAS2R14 and variables such as demographic data, atopy, duration of disease, and asthma control status, including variables such as asthma control test (ACT) score, percent predicted value of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio, as well as bronchodilator response (BDR), in 721 asthma patients in Korea. RESULT Three novel SNPs of 633G>A, 645C>A, and -79G>A in TAS2R10 and 3 known SNPs of -815T>C, -1267G>A, and -1897T>C in TAS2R14 were analyzed. Increased BDR was significantly associated with SNPs of -815T>C [OR (95% CI) = 1.88 (1.01-3.49), p = 0.04 ] [J Gen Physiol 2005;125:535-553; Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010;42:373-3812], -1267A>G [OR (95% CI) = 2.07 (1.03-4.15), p = 0.04] and -1897T>C [OR (95% CI) = 3.05 (1.01-9.23), p = 0.04, in a dominant model, and OR = 1.91 (1.08-3.36), p = 0.02, in a codominant model] of the TAS2R14 gene. There was a significant association between -815T>C and a low mean ACT score [OR (95% CI) = 5.84 (1.94-17.61), p = 0.001]. In haplotype analysis, TAC, CAT, and TGT, or TG and CA haplotypes on TAS2R14 were significantly associated with increased BDR; CAT and CA haplotypes were significantly associated with a low ACT score. CONCLUSION Genetic variations in TAS2Rs may be valuable genetic markers to predict therapeutic response and outcomes in asthma. Further research in an independent cohort is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Yoon
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wang HW, Liu SC, Chao PZ, Lee FP. Menthol inhibiting parasympathetic function of tracheal smooth muscle. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:923-928. [PMID: 27994497 PMCID: PMC5165685 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.17042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Menthol is used as a constituent of food and drink, tobacco and cosmetics nowadays. This cold receptor agonist has been used as a nasal inhalation solution in the daily life. The effect of menthol on nasal mucosa in vivo is well known; however, the effect of the drug on tracheal smooth muscle has been rarely explored. Therefore, during administration of the drug for nasal symptoms, it might also affect the trachea via oral intake or inhalation. We used our preparation to test the effectiveness of menthol on isolated rat tracheal smooth muscle. A 5 mm long portion of rat trachea was submersed in 30 ml Krebs solution in a muscle bath at 37ºC. Changes in tracheal contractility in response to the application of a parasympathetic mimetic agent were measured using a transducer connected to a Pentium III computer equipped with polygraph software. The following assessments of menthol were performed: (1) effect on tracheal smooth muscle resting tension; (2) effect on contraction caused by 10-6 M methacholine as a parasympathetic mimetic; (3) effect of the drug on electrically induced tracheal smooth muscle contractions. Results indicated that addition of a parasympathetic mimetic to the incubation medium caused the trachea to contract in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of menthol at doses of 10-5 M or above elicited a relaxation response to 10-6 M methacholine-induced contraction. Menthol could also inhibit electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced spike contraction. However, it alone had a minimal effect on the basal tension of trachea as the concentration increased. We concluded that the degree of drug-induced tracheal contraction or relaxation was dose-dependent. In addition, this study indicated that high concentrations of menthol might actually inhibit parasympathetic function of the trachea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Won Wang
- The Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China;; Department of Preventive and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China;; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shao-Cheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pin-Zhir Chao
- The Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fei-Peng Lee
- The Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kume H, Fukunaga K, Oguma T. Research and development of bronchodilators for asthma and COPD with a focus on G protein/KCa channel linkage and β2-adrenergic intrinsic efficacy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 156:75-89. [PMID: 26432616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bronchodilators are used to improve symptoms and lung function in asthma and COPD. Airway smooth muscle tone is regulated by both muscarinic and β2-adrenergic receptor activity. Large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (KCa) channels are activated by β2-adrenergic receptor agonists, via Gs, and suppressed by muscarinic receptor antagonists via Gi. This functional antagonism converges on the G protein/KCa channel linkages. Membrane potential regulated by KCa channels contributes to airway smooth muscle tension via Ca(2+) influx passing through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) (VDC) channels. The Gs/KCa/VDC channel linkage is a key process in not only physiological effects, but also in dysfunction of β2-adrenergic receptors and airway remodeling. Moreover, this pathway is involved in the synergistic effects between β2-adrenergic receptor agonists and muscarinic receptor antagonists. Intrinsic efficacy is also an important characteristic for both maintenance and loss of β2-adrenergic action. Allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors contribute not only to this synergistic effect between β2-adrenergic and muscarinic M2 receptors, but also to intrinsic efficacy. The effects of weak partial agonists are suppressed by lowering receptor number, disordering receptor function, and enhancing functional antagonism; in contrast, those of full or strong partial agonists are not suppressed. Excessive exposure to full agonists causes β2-adrenergic desensitization; in contrast, exposure to partial agonists does not cause desensitization. Intrinsic efficacy may provide the rationale for the clinical use of β2-adrenergic receptor agonists in asthma and COPD. In conclusion, the G protein/KCa linkage and intrinsic efficacy (allosteric effects) may be therapeutic targets for research and development of novel agents against both airway obstruction and airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kume
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Fukunaga
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Oguma
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Japan
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Insuela DBR, Daleprane JB, Coelho LP, Silva AR, e Silva PMR, Martins MA, Carvalho VF. Glucagon induces airway smooth muscle relaxation by nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:205-17. [PMID: 26021821 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is a hyperglycemic pancreatic hormone that has been shown to provide a beneficial effect against asthmatic bronchospasm. We investigated the role of this hormone on airway smooth muscle contraction and lung inflammation using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. The action of glucagon on mouse cholinergic tracheal contraction was studied in a conventional organ bath system, and its effect on airway obstruction was also investigated using the whole-body pletysmographic technique in mice. We also tested the effect of glucagon on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and inflammation. The expression of glucagon receptor (GcgR), CREB, phospho-CREB, nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-3, pNOS-3 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 was evaluated by western blot, while prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and tumour necrosis factor-α were quantified by enzyme-linked immunoassay and ELISA respectively. Glucagon partially inhibited carbachol-induced tracheal contraction in a mechanism clearly sensitive to des-His1-[Glu9]-glucagon amide, a GcgR antagonist. Remarkably, GcgR was more expressed in the lung and trachea with intact epithelium than in the epithelium-denuded trachea. In addition, the glucagon-mediated impairment of carbachol-induced contraction was prevented by either removing epithelial cells or blocking NOS (L-NAME), COX (indomethacin) or COX-1 (SC-560). In contrast, inhibitors of either heme oxygenase or COX-2 were inactive. Intranasal instillation of glucagon inhibited methacholine-induced airway obstruction by a mechanism sensitive to pretreatment with L-NAME, indomethacin and SC-560. Glucagon induced CREB and NOS-3 phosphorylation and increased PGE₂ levels in the lung tissue without altering COX-1 expression. Glucagon also inhibited LPS-induced AHR and bronchoalveolar inflammation. These findings suggest that glucagon possesses airway-relaxing properties that are mediated by epithelium-NOS-3-NO- and COX-1-PGE₂-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella B R Insuela
- Laboratório de Inflamação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Instituto de Nutrição Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, n° 524, CEP 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio B Daleprane
- Laboratório de Inflamação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Instituto de Nutrição Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, n° 524, CEP 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Coelho
- Laboratório de Inflamação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Instituto de Nutrição Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, n° 524, CEP 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana R Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Instituto de Nutrição Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, n° 524, CEP 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M R e Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Instituto de Nutrição Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, n° 524, CEP 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco A Martins
- Laboratório de Inflamação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Instituto de Nutrição Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, n° 524, CEP 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius F Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inflamação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Instituto de Nutrição Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, n° 524, CEP 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Dowell ML, Lavoie TL, Solway J, Krishnan R. Airway smooth muscle: a potential target for asthma therapy. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2014; 20:66-72. [PMID: 24247041 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is a major public health problem that afflicts nearly one in 20 people worldwide. Despite available treatments, asthma symptoms remain poorly controlled in a significant minority of asthma patients, especially those with severe disease. Accordingly, much ongoing effort has been directed at developing new therapeutic strategies; these efforts are described in detail below. RECENT FINDINGS Although mucus hypersecretion is an important component of asthma pathobiology, the primary mechanism of morbidity and mortality in asthma is excessive narrowing of the airway. The key end- effector of excessive airway narrowing is airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction; overcoming ASM contraction is therefore a prominent therapeutic strategy. Here, we review exciting new advances aimed at ASM relaxation. SUMMARY Exciting advances in ASM biology have identified new therapeutic targets for the prevention or reversal of bronchoconstriction in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Dowell
- aDepartment of Medicine bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA cCenter for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Koopmans T, Anaparti V, Castro-Piedras I, Yarova P, Irechukwu N, Nelson C, Perez-Zoghbi J, Tan X, Ward JPT, Wright DB. Ca2+ handling and sensitivity in airway smooth muscle: emerging concepts for mechanistic understanding and therapeutic targeting. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:108-20. [PMID: 24831539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Free calcium ions within the cytosol serve as a key secondary messenger system for a diverse range of cellular processes. Dysregulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) handling in airway smooth muscle (ASM) has been implicated in asthma, and it has been hypothesised that this leads, at least in part, to associated changes in both the architecture and function of the lung. Significant research is therefore directed towards furthering our understanding of the mechanisms which control ASM cytosolic calcium, in addition to those regulating the sensitivity of its downstream effector targets to calcium. Key aspects of the recent developments in this field were discussed at the 8th Young Investigators' Symposium on Smooth Muscle (2013, Groningen, The Netherlands), and are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Koopmans
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V Anaparti
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - I Castro-Piedras
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, TX, USA
| | - P Yarova
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - N Irechukwu
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - C Nelson
- School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Perez-Zoghbi
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, TX, USA
| | - X Tan
- Lung Inflammation & Infection Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - J P T Ward
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, UK
| | - D B Wright
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, UK.
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16
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Dale PR, Cernecka H, Schmidt M, Dowling MR, Charlton SJ, Pieper MP, Michel MC. The pharmacological rationale for combining muscarinic receptor antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists in the treatment of airway and bladder disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:31-42. [PMID: 24682092 PMCID: PMC4071415 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors increase smooth muscle tone in airways and urinary bladder. β-Adrenoceptors relax smooth muscle tone and oppose muscarinic contraction. Opposition involves transmitter release, signal transduction and receptor expression. This supports the combined use of muscarinic antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists.
Muscarinic receptor antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists are used in the treatment of obstructive airway disease and overactive bladder syndrome. Here we review the pharmacological rationale for their combination. Muscarinic receptors and β-adrenoceptors are physiological antagonists for smooth muscle tone in airways and bladder. Muscarinic agonism may attenuate β-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation more than other contractile stimuli. Chronic treatment with one drug class may regulate expression of the target receptor but also that of the opposing receptor. Prejunctional β2-adrenoceptors can enhance neuronal acetylcholine release. Moreover, at least in the airways, muscarinic receptors and β-adrenoceptors are expressed in different locations, indicating that only a combined modulation of both systems may cause dilatation along the entire bronchial tree. While all of these factors contribute to a rationale for a combination of muscarinic receptor antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists, the full value of such combination as compared to monotherapy can only be determined in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa R Dale
- Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hana Cernecka
- University of Groningen, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Schmidt
- University of Groningen, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark R Dowling
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Respiratory Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, UK
| | - Steven J Charlton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Respiratory Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, UK
| | - Michael P Pieper
- Respiratory Diseases Research and Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Martin C Michel
- Respiratory Diseases Research and Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Emerging targets for novel therapy of asthma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:324-30. [PMID: 23639507 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in understanding the cell and molecular biology of inflammation and airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility have identified several potential novel targets for therapies of asthma. New agents targeting G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) including bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) agonists and prostaglandin EP4 receptor agonists elicit ASM relaxation. The cAMP/PKA pathway continues to be a promising drug target with the emergence of new PDE inhibitors and a novel PKA target protein, HSP20, which mediates smooth muscle relaxation via actin depolymerization. Smooth muscle relaxation can also be elicited by inhibitors of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway via inhibition of myosin light chain phosphorylation and actin depolymerization. Targeting epigenetic processes that control chromatin remodeling and RNA-induced gene silencing in airway cells also holds great potential for novel asthma therapy. Further investigation may identify agents that inhibit smooth muscle contraction and/or restrain or reverse obstructive remodeling of the airways.
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18
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Billington CK, Ojo OO, Penn RB, Ito S. cAMP regulation of airway smooth muscle function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:112-20. [PMID: 22634112 PMCID: PMC3574867 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Agonists activating β(2)-adrenoceptors (β(2)ARs) on airway smooth muscle (ASM) are the drug of choice for rescue from acute bronchoconstriction in patients with both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, the use of long-acting β-agonists combined with inhaled corticosteroids constitutes an important maintenance therapy for these diseases. β-Agonists are effective bronchodilators due primarily to their ability to antagonize ASM contraction. The presumed cellular mechanism of action involves the generation of intracellular cAMP, which in turn can activate the effector molecules cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and Epac. Other agents such as prostaglandin E(2) and phosphodiesterase inhibitors that also increase intracellular cAMP levels in ASM, can also antagonize ASM contraction, and inhibit other ASM functions including proliferation and migration. Therefore, β(2)ARs and cAMP are key players in combating the pathophysiology of airway narrowing and remodeling. However, limitations of β-agonist therapy due to drug tachyphylaxis related to β(2)AR desensitization, and recent findings regarding the manner in which β(2)ARs and cAMP signal, have raised new and interesting questions about these well-studied molecules. In this review we discuss current concepts regarding β(2)ARs and cAMP in the regulation of ASM cell functions and their therapeutic roles in asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K Billington
- Division of Therapeutics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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19
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Makino Y, Kume H, Oguma T, Sugishita M, Shiraki A, Hasegawa Y, Honjo H, Kamiya K. Role of sphingosine-1-phosphate inβ-adrenoceptor desensitization via Ca(2+) sensitization in airway smooth muscle. Allergol Int 2012; 61:311-22. [PMID: 22441633 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.11-oa-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation between inflammatory cells and airway smooth muscle plays fundamental roles in the pathophysiology of asthma. This study was designed to determine whether pre-exposure of airway smooth muscle to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which is released from mast cells by allergic reactions, causes a deterioration of β-adrenoceptor function. METHODS Isometric tension and the ratio of fluorescence intensities at 340 and 380 nm (F(340)/F(380)), an indicator of intracellular Ca2+ levels, were simultaneously measured using fura-2 loaded guinea-pig tracheal tissues. Intracellular cAMP levels were also measured. RESULTS Pre-exposure to S1P caused a reduction in the inhibitory effects of 0.3μM isoprenaline, a β-adrenoceptor agonist, and 10μM forskolin, a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase, against 1μM methacholine-induced contraction in concentration- and time- dependent manners. In contrast, the values of F(340)/F(380) were not augmented under this experimental condition. After incubation with S1P in the presence of 0.001-1μM Y-27632, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, the reduced responsiveness to forskolin induced by S1P was reversed in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, pre-treatment with pertussis toxin (PTX), an inhibitor of G(i), suppressed the loss of forskolin-induced relaxation induced by S1P. Pre-exposure to S1P markedly inhibited the augmentation of cAMP accumulation induced by forskolin. However, addition of Y-27632 and pre-exposure to PTX returned forsokin-induced cAMP accumulation to the control level. CONCLUSIONS Pre-exposure to S1P causes heterologus desensitization of β-adrenoceptors by increasing the sensitivity of airway smooth muscle to intracellular Ca2+. Ca2+ sensitization regulated by G(i) and Rho-kinase is involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Makino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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20
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Olsen PC, Coelho LP, da Costa JCS, Cordeiro RSB, Silva PMR, Martins MA. Two for one: cyclic AMP mediates the anti-inflammatory and anti-spasmodic properties of the non-anesthetic lidocaine analog JMF2-1. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 680:102-7. [PMID: 22329902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of JMF2-1, an analog of lidocaine with reduced anesthetic activity, prevents airway contraction and lung inflammation in experimental asthma models. We sought to test if the JMF2-1 effects are a consequence of increased intracellular cAMP levels in asthma cell targets, such as smooth muscle cells and T cells. Functional effect of JMF2-1 on carbachol-induced contraction of intact or epithelial-denuded rat trachea was assessed in conventional organ baths. cAMP was quantified by radioimmunoassay in cultured guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle cells, as well as lymph node cells from BALB/c mice, exposed to JMF2-1. We found that JMF2-1 (0.1-1mM) concentration-dependently inhibited epithelium-intact tracheal ring contraction induced by carbachol challenge. The antispasmodic effect remained unaltered following epithelium removal or pretreatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100μM), but it was clearly sensitive to 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl) adenine (SQ22,536, 100μM), an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. JMF2-1 (300 and 600μM) also dose-dependently increased cAMP intracellular levels of both cultured airway smooth muscle cells and T lymphocytes. This effect was consistently abrogated by SQ22,536 and reproduced by forskolin in both systems. JMF2-1 induced apoptosis of anti-CD3 activated T cells in a mechanism sensitive to zIETD, indicating that JMF2-1 mediates caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, forskolin also inhibited anti-CD3 induced T cell proliferation and survival. Our results suggest that JMF2-1 inhibits respiratory smooth muscle contraction as well as T cell proliferation and survival through enhancement of intracellular cAMP levels. These findings may help to explain the anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects of JMF2-1 observed in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla C Olsen
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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21
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Dhaese I, Lefebvre RA. Myosin light chain phosphatase activation is involved in the hydrogen sulfide-induced relaxation in mouse gastric fundus. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 606:180-6. [PMID: 19374871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The relaxant effect of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in the vascular tree is well established but its influence and mechanism of action in gastrointestinal smooth muscle was hardly investigated. The influence of H(2)S on contractility in mouse gastric fundus was therefore examined. Sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS; H(2)S donor) was administered to prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha))-contracted circular muscle strips of mouse gastric fundus, before and after incubation with interfering drugs. NaHS caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of the pre-contracted mouse gastric fundus strips. The K(+) channels blockers glibenclamide, apamin, charybdotoxin, 4-aminopyridin and barium chloride had no influence on the NaHS-induced relaxation. The relaxation by NaHS was also not influenced by L-NAME, ODQ and SQ 22536, inhibitors of the cGMP and cAMP pathway, by nerve blockers capsazepine, omega-conotoxin and tetrodotoxin or by several channel and receptor blockers (ouabain, nifedipine, 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate, ryanodine and thapsigargin). The myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) inhibitor calyculin-A reduced the NaHS-induced relaxation, but the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 had no influence. We show that NaHS is able to relax PGF(2alpha)-contracted mouse gastric fundus strips. The results suggest that in the mouse gastric fundus, H(2)S causes relaxation at least partially via activation of MLCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Dhaese
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Shiraki A, Kume H, Oguma T, Makino Y, Ito S, Shimokata K, Honjo H, Kamiya K. Role of Ca2+ mobilization and Ca2+ sensitization in 8-iso-PGF 2 alpha-induced contraction in airway smooth muscle. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 39:236-45. [PMID: 19134015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoprostanes are prostaglandin (PG)-like compounds synthesized by oxidative stress, not by cyclooxygenase, and increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with asthma. The airway inflammation implicated in this disease may be amplified by oxidants. Although isoprostanes are useful biomarkers for oxidative stress, the action of these agents on airways has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to determine the intracellular mechanisms underlying the effects of oxidative stress on airway smooth muscle, focused on Ca(2+) signalling pathways involved in the effect of 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha). METHODS Using simultaneous recording of isometric tension and F(340)/F(380) (an indicator of intracellular concentrations of Ca(2+), [Ca(2+)]i, we examined the correlation between tension and [Ca(2+)]i in response to 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) in the fura-2 loaded tracheal smooth muscle. RESULTS Augmented tension and F(340)/F(380) by 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) were attenuated by ICI-192605, an antagonist of thromboxane A(2) receptors (TP receptors). Moreover, D609, an antagonist of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, markedly reduced both the tension and F(340)/F(380) induced by 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha), whereas U73122, an antagonist of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, modestly inhibited them by 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha). SKF96365, a non-selective antagonist of Ca(2+) channels, markedly reduced both tension and F(340)/F(380) by 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha). However, diltiazem and verapamil, voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel inhibitors, modestly attenuated tension although their reduction of F(340)/F(380) was not different from that by SKF96365. Y-27632, an inhibitor of Rho-kinase, significantly attenuated contraction induced by 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) without reducing F(340)/F(380), whereas GF109203X and Go6983, protein kinase C inhibitors, did not markedly antagonize them although reducing F(340)/F(380) with a potency similar to Y-27632. CONCLUSION 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) causes airway smooth muscle contraction via activation of TP receptors. Ca(2+) mobilization by SKF96365- and D609-sensitive Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) sensitization by Rho-kinase contribute to the intracellular mechanisms underlying the action of 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha). Rho-kinase may be a therapeutic target for the physiologic abnormalities induced by oxidative stress in airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shiraki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Perez-Zoghbi JF, Karner C, Ito S, Shepherd M, Alrashdan Y, Sanderson MJ. Ion channel regulation of intracellular calcium and airway smooth muscle function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:388-97. [PMID: 19007899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Airway hyper-responsiveness associated with asthma is mediated by airway smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and has a complicated etiology involving increases in cell contraction and proliferation and the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Although these pathological changes are diverse, a common feature associated with their regulation is a change in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). Because the [Ca(2+)](i) itself is a function of the activity and expression of a variety of ion channels, in both the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum of the SMC, the modification of this ion channel activity may predispose airway SMCs to hyper-responsiveness. Our objective is to review how ion channels determine the [Ca(2+)](i) and influence the function of airway SMCs and emphasize the potential of ion channels as sites for therapeutic approaches to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Perez-Zoghbi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Ito S, Kume H, Shiraki A, Kondo M, Makino Y, Kamiya K, Hasegawa Y. Inhibition by the cold receptor agonists menthol and icilin of airway smooth muscle contraction. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 21:812-7. [PMID: 18647657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Menthol, known as a cold receptor agonist, has widely been used in the relief of respiratory symptoms such as coughing and chest congestion. Previous studies have demonstrated that menthol reduces bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of menthol and icilin, another cold receptor agonist, on airway smooth muscle contraction. Isometric force was monitored using epithelium-denuded tracheal smooth muscle tissues isolated from guinea pigs. Intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations were assessed by fura-2 fluorescence. (-)Menthol (0.01-1mM) inhibited contraction induced by methacholine (MCh, 0.01-10microM) and high extracellular K(+) concentrations (20-60mM) in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the increases of intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations induced by MCh or high K(+) were significantly reduced by (-)menthol. Icilin (100microM) also significantly attenuated contraction induced by MCh or high K(+). The inhibitory effect of 1mM (-)menthol on MCh-induced contraction was significantly higher at cool temperature (24-26 degrees C) than at 37 degrees C. The present results demonstrate that inhibition of Ca(2+) influx plays an important role in the menthol-mediated inhibition of contraction in airway smooth muscle. Furthermore, our findings indicate that stimulation of unknown cold receptors may be involved in these mechanisms. These findings suggest that the use of menthol is beneficial for reducing respiratory symptoms because of its inhibitory effects on airway smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Role of Ca(2+) mobilization in desensitization of beta-adrenoceptors by platelet-derived growth factor in airway smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:259-65. [PMID: 18611401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which is released from eosinophils and fibroblasts, may be implicated in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma. To examine the involvement of airway inflammation in beta-adrenergic desensitization, the present study was designed to determine whether pre-exposure to PDGF deteriorates beta-adrenoceptor function in airway smooth muscle. We focused on Ca(2+) signaling as an intracellular mechanism involved in this phenomenon. Isometric tension and F(340)/F(380) (an indicator of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration) induced by isoprenaline and other cAMP-related agents were simultaneously measured before and after exposure to PDGF in fura-2-loaded guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. Indomethacin was applied throughout the experiments to abolish prostaglandin synthesis by PDGF. After exposure of the tissues to 10 ng/ml PDGF for 15 min, the effects of isoprenaline, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist, and forskolin, a direct inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase, against methacholine-induced contraction were markedly reduced with increasing F(340)/F(380). However, in the presence of verapamil, an inhibitor of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels, the reduced responsiveness to isoprenaline and forskolin induced by pre-exposure to PDGF was reversed with reducing F(340)/F(380). Reduced responsiveness to isoprenaline by PDGF was also not observed in the presence of Ca(2+)-free solution. The inhibitory effects of db-cAMP, an analogue of cAMP, and theophylline, a nonselective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, were not attenuated by PDGF. In conclusion, pre-exposure to PDGF causes impairment of the beta-adrenoceptors/adenylyl cyclase processes in airway smooth muscle that is independent of cyclooxygenase synthesis by PDGF. Ca(2+) mobilization by Ca(2+) influx through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels is involved in this heterologous desensitization of beta-adrenoceptors.
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High concentrations of landiolol, a beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, stimulate smooth muscle contraction of the rat trachea through the Rho-kinase pathway. J Anesth 2008; 22:21-6. [PMID: 18306009 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-007-0567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gradually progressing contraction of airway smooth muscle is suggested to be due to the Rho-kinase signaling pathway. In our preliminary study in rat tracheas, landiolol, a beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, at high doses caused gradually progressing contraction, and this contraction reached a plateau after 20 min. Therefore, this study was carried out to clarify whether landiolol could stimulate the Rho-kinase pathway or the phosphatidylinositol (PI) response in the rat trachea. METHODS Seventy-eight male Wistar rats weighing 250-350 g were used for the experiments. Their tracheas were cut into 3-mm-wide ring segments or 1-mm-wide slices. Measurements of isometric tension and [(3)H] inositol monophosphate (IP(1)) production were conducted, using these tracheal rings or slices. Data values are expressed as means +/- SD, and statistical significance (P < 0.05) was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Landiolol (700 microM)-induced contraction was completely inhibited by fasudil at 30 microM, while the landiolol-induced contraction was not inhibited by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methobromide (4-DAMP), ketanserin, or nicardipine. Landiolol did not stimulate IP(1) production. CONCLUSION These results suggest that high concentrations of landiolol could cause airway smooth muscle contraction through the Rho-kinase pathway, but not through the PI response coupled with muscarinic M(3) receptors, 5-HT receptors or the activation of L-type Ca(2+) channels.
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Delmotte P, Sanderson MJ. Effects of albuterol isomers on the contraction and Ca2+ signaling of small airways in mouse lung slices. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:524-31. [PMID: 18063837 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0214oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta(2)-adrenergic agonist, albuterol, is used as a bronchodilator by patients with asthma and consists of a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-albuterol. However, the action of the individual enantiomers is poorly understood. Consequently, we investigated the effects of (R)-, (S)- and racemic-albuterol on airway smooth muscle cell (SMC) contraction and Ca(2+) signaling in mouse lung slices with phase-contrast and confocal microscopy. (R)-albuterol relaxed airways contracted with methacholine (MCh) in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, (S)-albuterol had no effect on airways. (R)-albuterol had a greater relaxant effect than a double concentration of racemic albuterol. Because MCh-induced contraction of airway SMCs is mediated by Ca(2+) oscillations and an increase in Ca(2+) sensitivity, the effects of albuterol on these responses were examined. Both (R)- and racemic albuterol decreased the frequency of the MCh-induced Ca(2+) oscillations by a similar amount. However, (R)-albuterol was more effective than racemic albuterol in decreasing the Ca(2+) sensitivity of the airway SMCs in "model" lung slices with a clamped [Ca(2+)](i). In contrast, (S)-albuterol had no effect on the Ca(2+) oscillations or the Ca(2+) sensitivity. In conclusion, (R)-albuterol consistently induced a greater airway relaxation than racemic albuterol, and (S)-albuterol appears to be responsible for this reduced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Delmotte
- Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Kobayashi M, Kume H, Oguma T, Makino Y, Ito Y, Shimokata K. Mast cell tryptase causes homologous desensitization of beta-adrenoceptors by Ca2+ sensitization in tracheal smooth muscle. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 38:135-44. [PMID: 18028457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed that in asthma, mast cells infiltrate to the smooth muscle layer and release tryptase, an enzymatic activator of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). This phenomenon, mast cell myositis, is proposed as a new feature of asthma. However, little is known about the involvement of mast cell myositis in the pathophysiology of asthma. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to determine whether mast cell degranulation has any functional impact on beta-adrenoceptors via PAR2 in airway smooth muscle. Moreover, we focused on Ca(2+) signalling as a mechanism underlying alteration of smooth muscle tone and responsiveness. METHODS Isometric tension and F(340)/F(380), an indicator of the concentration of intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)), were simultaneously measured using fura-2-loaded tissues isolated from guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. RESULTS Tryptase (1-100 nm) caused tension with elevated F(340)/F(380), and after exposure to tryptase for 15 min the inhibitory effect of isoprenaline (ISO) against methacholine was attenuated without elevating F(340)/F(380) in a concentration-dependent manner. Tryptase (<1 nm) had a modest effect on tension, but prolonged treatment (</=120 min) with 0.1 nm tryptase also reduced the effects of ISO in a time-dependent manner. When tissues were incubated with tryptase in the presence of Y-27632, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, reduced responsiveness to ISO by tryptase was reversed without affecting F(340)/F(380). In contrast, pre-treatment with SKF96365, a non-selective inhibitor of Ca(2+) channels, did not antagonize the effect of tryptase. Moreover, pre-treatment with SLIGKV-NH(2), a non-enzymatic activator of PAR2, resulted in a loss of beta-adrenergic efficacy, similar to tryptase. The effect of cAMP-related agents bypassing beta-adrenoceptors was not attenuated after exposure to tryptase. CONCLUSION In mast cell myositis, tryptase released from mast cells acts on airway smooth muscle, leading to homologous beta-adrenergic desensitization mediated by [Ca(2+)](i)-independent mechanisms via PAR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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29
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Oguma T, Ito S, Kondo M, Makino Y, Shimokata K, Honjo H, Kamiya K, Kume H. Roles of P2X receptors and Ca2+ sensitization in extracellular adenosine triphosphate-induced hyperresponsiveness in airway smooth muscle. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:893-900. [PMID: 17517103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the airway epithelial cells during the inflammatory process is considered to play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to determine whether extracellular ATP is involved in the bronchial hyperresponsiveness as an interaction between epithelium and smooth muscle in the airways. METHODS We examined the contractile response to methacholine (MCh) before and after exposure to low concentrations (< or = 10 microm) of ATP in isolated, epithelium-denuded guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle by measuring isometric tension. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were assessed by fluorescent intensities of fura-2. RESULTS MCh-induced contractile force was increased with no change in [Ca2+]i after exposure to 10 microm ATP for 15 min. The ability of ATP to enhance the MCh-induced contraction was markedly attenuated by suramin, a non-selective P2 receptor inhibitor. Pre-incubation with ATPgammaS, a non-hydrolysable analogue of ATP and alpha,beta-meATP, a P2X agonist, also enhanced the MCh-induced contraction. In contrast, uracil triphosphate, a P2Y agonist, did not affect the MCh-induced contraction. Y-27632, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, suppressed the ability of ATP to enhance the MCh-induced contraction. Moreover, PP1 and PP2, Src tyrosin kinase inhibitors, suppressed the enhancement of MCh-induced contraction by ATP. CONCLUSION Pre-treatment with ATP induces hyperresponsiveness to MCh mediated by Ca2+ sensitization via the P2X receptor in airway smooth muscle. The present findings suggest the possible involvement of both the Rho-kinase and Src pathways in the intracellular mechanism of this phenomenon.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/agonists
- Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine Triphosphate/immunology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Bronchi/immunology
- Bronchi/metabolism
- Bronchi/pathology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/immunology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/metabolism
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology
- Bronchoconstrictor Agents/agonists
- Bronchoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Calcium/immunology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Synergism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Isometric Contraction/drug effects
- Isometric Contraction/immunology
- Male
- Methacholine Chloride/agonists
- Methacholine Chloride/pharmacology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/immunology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/immunology
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/immunology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology
- Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/immunology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Time Factors
- rho-Associated Kinases
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- src-Family Kinases/immunology
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oguma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Taki F, Kume H, Kobayashi T, Ohta H, Aratake H, Shimokata K. Effects of Rho-kinase inactivation on eosinophilia and hyper-reactivity in murine airways by allergen challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:599-607. [PMID: 17430358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small GTPase, Rho, and its target molecule, Rho-kinase, play an important role in the cell functions, including contractility, chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration. It is generally considered that eosinophilic inflammation and hyper-reactivity to methacholine in airways are fundamental to the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to determine whether the Rho/Rho-kinase pathways are involved in the eosinophil recruitment and airway hyper-reactivity. We investigated inhibitory effects of fasudil, a specific inhibitor of Rho-kinase, on acute allergic inflammation in mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). OVA-challenged mice were treated orally with fasudil (3, 10, 30 mg/kg) or saline before each OVA challenge. Total cell counts, differential cell counts, cytokines, and chemokines levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and lungs were examined histologically. Moreover, respiratory resistance in response to methacholine was measured. RESULTS When fasudil was administrated to OVA-challenged mice, increased cell numbers of total cells and eosinophils were significantly attenuated in a dose-dependent manner. However, inflammatory cells other than eosinophils were not affected by fasudil. Fasudil caused a dose-dependent inhibition in increased levels of IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in BAL fluid by OVA challenges. Histological analysis of the airways revealed that both infiltration of inflammatory cells and goblet cell hyperplasia were significantly suppressed in fasudil treatment. Furthermore, fasudil significantly suppressed the augmented responsiveness to methacholine induced by OVA challenges. CONCLUSION Oral administration of fasudil inhibits eosinophil recruitment, goblet cell hyperplasia and airway hyper-reactivity by allergen challenges. These effects of this agent may be mediated by suppressing a chemokine and cytokines related to the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma such as eotaxin, IL-5, and IL-13. Our findings provide evidence that inhibition of the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway may be beneficial for bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Taki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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