Establishment of methods to analyze the structural and functional integrity of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) sperm plasma membrane

1. The objectives of this study were to establish the use of the fluorophores Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide for the evaluation of sperm plasma membrane integrity and to identify an adequate hypoosmotic solution for the evaluation of sperm membrane functionality in quails.2. Sperm samples were collected from the vas deferens of nine quails. After initial evaluation, the samples were subjected to a flash-frozen assay. Three treatments with the following proportions of fresh sperm and sperm subjected to flash freezing were prepared as follows: 100:0 (T100), 50:50 (T50), and 0:100 (T0). The hypoosmotic swelling test used distilled water (0 mOsm/l) and fructose solutions (50, 100, and 200 mOsm/l).3. Immediately after recovery, the samples showed 75.6 ± 5.0% motility with vigour of 3.7 ± 0.3 and 96.1 ± 0.5% of the sperm appeared normal. The membrane integrity test showed 62.2 ± 5.2% intact sperm at T100, 29.0 ± 4.1% at T50 and 0.1 ± 0.1% at T0. Moreover, a greater number of reactive sperm (74.7 ± 6.7%) were observed when incubated in distilled water (0 mOsm/l) in comparison to other solutions (P < 0.05).4. The association of fluorescent probes composed of Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide provided an efficient assessment of the integrity of the plasmatic membrane of quail spermatozoa. However, the study identified that the hypoosmotic swelling test has little predictive value regarding sperm membrane functionality in this species.

Isolation of Microvesicles from Plasma Samples Avoiding Lipoprotein Contamination

Dengue is an infectious disease caused by Dengue Virus, mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Severe dengue is a potentially fatal syndrome in consequence of overwhelmed inflammation, in which thrombocytopenia and increased vascular permeability are frequently observed. Several experimental evidences point to the participation of both microvesicles (MVs) and circulating lipoproteins in inflammatory amplification in dengue pathogenesis. On this regard, many protocols for isolating plasma MVs have shown lipoproteins as the main contaminant. This is a limitation to studies aiming at the functional characterization of MVs, since both MVs and lipoproteins can modulate inflammatory responses. Here, we describe a biphasic density-based gradient ultracentrifugation as a tool for concomitant isolation of MVs and lipoproteins without cross-contamination. Flow cytometry for MVs quantification and western blot for detection of apoB100 may be used to confirm the isolation and purity of the MVs.

Evaluation of different cryoprotectant solutions for the cryopreservation of somatic tissues of Dasyprocta leporina (Linnaeus, 1758)

BACKGROUND

Somatic tissue banks represent important tools for the conservation of wild mammals, aiming at the immediate maintenance and safeguarding of biological samples. For agouti, Dasyprocta leporina, studies on the formation of these banks are still scarce, especially regarding protocols of the best cryoprotectant solution employed.

OBJECTIVE

To optimize the cryoprotectant solution [ethylene glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sucrose (SUC)] used for the cryopreservation of agouti somatic tissues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We treated ear tissues with various cryoprotectant solutions: 3.0 M EG (EG group), 3.0 M EG and 0.25 M SUC (EG-SUC group), 3.0 M DMSO (DMSO group), 3.0 M DMSO and 0.25 M SUC (DMSO-SUC group), 1.5 M EG and 1.5 M DMSO (EG-DMSO group) and 1.5 M EG, 1.5 M DMSO and 0.25 M SUC (EG-DMSO-SUC group). Non-cryopreserved tissues were used as controls. All tissues were analyzed for their ultrastructural and morphometric characteristics by scanning electron microscopy and conventional histology.

RESULTS

EG-DMSO-SUC was found to be the optimal cryoprotectant solution in terms of the evaluated parameters, such as thickness of the dermis and skin, number of perinuclear halos, proliferative potential, number of empty lacunas and degenerated chondrocytes.

CONCLUSION

Agouti somatic tissue cryopreservation may serve for its conservation and as an experimental model for the development of preservation methods for species of the same genus that are either vulnerable or critically endangered.

Clinical validation of a new molecular test (Seegene Allplex™ Vaginitis) for the diagnosis of vaginitis: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

To validate the use of Seegene Allplex™ Vaginitis assay in the diagnosis of candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and trichomoniasis.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional, prospective study conducted in a single centre.

SETTING

Outpatient clinic of a gynaecology department.

POPULATION

Consecutive symptomatic and asymptomatic women (18-60 years of age).

METHODS

Comparison of the assay test with the reference standards for the diagnosis of vaginitis (cultures for yeasts, Nugent for BV and nucleic acid amplification test for trichomoniasis).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Performance of the investigational assay, in comparison with the reference standards for the diagnosis of the presence of Candida spp., Trichomonas vaginalis and BV. Secondary objectives are the evaluation of the performance of the test in postmenopausal women and in symptomatic women.

RESULTS

A diagnosis of vaginitis was established in 14.0%. The global prevalences of BV, Candida spp. and T. vaginalis were 22.3%, 13.2% and 2.4%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay test for those three causes of vaginitis were as follows: BV 91.7% and 86.6%; any Candida spp. 91.1% and 95.6%; Candida albicans 88.1% and 98.2%, non-albicans Candida 100% and 97.5%, and T. vaginalis 94.4 and 99.9%. The performance of the test was identical in the subgroup of women that reported vulvovaginal symptoms. The presence of multiple infections did not interfere with the performance of the test.

CONCLUSIONS

The Seegene Allplex™ Vaginitis assay has an excellent performance in the diagnosis of the BV and presence of Candida; the results were good for trichomoniasis, but the study was underpowered for this outcome.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACT

Seegene Allplex™ Vaginitis is an excellent option for screening and diagnosis of vaginitis.

Impact of positive biphasic pressure during low and high inspiratory efforts in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia

BACKGROUND

During pneumonia, normal alveolar areas coexist adjacently with consolidated areas, and high inspiratory efforts may predispose to lung damage. To date, no study has evaluated different degrees of effort during Biphasic positive airway pressure (BIVENT) on lung and diaphragm damage in experimental pneumonia, though largely used in clinical setting. We aimed to evaluate lung damage, genes associated with ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and diaphragmatic injury, and blood bacteria in pressure-support ventilation (PSV), BIVENT with low and high inspiratory efforts in experimental pneumonia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty-eight male Wistar rats (mean ± SD weight, 333±78g) were submitted Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia. After 24-h, animals were ventilated for 1h in: 1) PSV; 2) BIVENT with low (BIVENTLow-Effort); and 3) BIVENT with high inspiratory effort (BIVENTHigh-Effort). BIVENT was set at Phigh to achieve VT = 6 ml/kg and Plow at 5 cmH2O (n = 7/group). High- and low-effort conditions were obtained through anaesthetic infusion modulation based on neuromuscular drive (P0.1). Lung mechanics, histological damage score, blood bacteria, and expression of genes related to VILI in lung tissue, and inflammation in diaphragm tissue.

RESULTS

Transpulmonary peak pressure and histological damage score were higher in BIVENTHigh-Effort compared to BIVENTLow-Effort and PSV [16.1 ± 1.9cmH2O vs 12.8 ± 1.5cmH2O and 12.5 ± 1.6cmH2O, p = 0.015, and p = 0.010; median (interquartile range) 11 (9-13) vs 7 (6-9) and 7 (6-9), p = 0.021, and p = 0.029, respectively]. BIVENTHigh-Effort increased interleukin-6 expression compared to BIVENTLow-Effort (p = 0.035) as well as expressions of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, amphiregulin, and type III procollagen compared to PSV (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.004, respectively). Tumour necrosis factor-α expression in diaphragm tissue and blood bacteria were higher in BIVENTHigh-Effort than BIVENTLow-Effort (p = 0.002, p = 0.009, respectively).

CONCLUSION

BIVENT requires careful control of inspiratory effort to avoid lung and diaphragm damage, as well as blood bacteria. P0.1 might be considered a helpful parameter to optimize inspiratory effort.

PPAR Gamma: From Definition to Molecular Targets and Therapy of Lung Diseases

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate the expression of genes related to lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation. There are three members: PPARα, PPARβ or PPARγ. PPARγ have several ligands. The natural agonists are omega 9, curcumin, eicosanoids and others. Among the synthetic ligands, we highlight the thiazolidinediones, clinically used as an antidiabetic. Many of these studies involve natural or synthetic products in different pathologies. The mechanisms that regulate PPARγ involve post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation and ubiquitination, among others. It is known that anti-inflammatory mechanisms involve the inhibition of other transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kB(NFκB), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) or activator protein 1 (AP-1), or intracellular signaling proteins such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. PPARγ transrepresses other transcription factors and consequently inhibits gene expression of inflammatory mediators, known as biomarkers for morbidity and mortality, leading to control of the exacerbated inflammation that occurs, for instance, in lung injury/acute respiratory distress. Many studies have shown the therapeutic potentials of PPARγ on pulmonary diseases. Herein, we describe activities of the PPARγ as a modulator of inflammation, focusing on lung injury and including definition and mechanisms of regulation, biological effects and molecular targets, and its role in lung diseases caused by inflammatory stimuli, bacteria and virus, and molecular-based therapy.

Cryopreservation of Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) Somatic Cells is Improved by Sucrose and High Concentrations of Fetal Bovine Serum

BACKGROUND

The formation of somatic cell banks is affected by, amongst other factors, the cryoprotectant solution used. The selection of an effective solution, therefore, is a primary parameter.

OBJECTIVE

We optimized the cryoprotectant used for collared peccary somatic cell cryopreservation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We categorized cells into different groups based on their cryopreservation and evaluated the morphology, viability, proliferative activity, metabolism, and oxidative stress. One group was cryopreserved in 10% DMSO with 10% fetal bovine serum (DMSO-10FBS), and another with 50% FBS (DMSO-50FBS). The cryopreservation of both groups included the presence of 0.2 M sucrose (DMSO-SUC-10FBS and DMSO-SUC-50FBS). Non-cryopreserved cells and cells cryopreserved with 10% DMSO (DMSO) supplemented with 0.2 M sucrose (DMSO-SUC) were used as controls.

RESULTS

There was no difference observed in morphology or viability among the groups. Proliferative activity was reduced in DMSO-10FBS when compared to controls. Although cryopreservation reduced metabolism, no difference was observed among solutions. A lower level of reactive oxygen species was observed in cells of DMSO-SUC-50FBS when compared to other cryoprotectants. Only cells of DMSO-SUC-50FBS had mitochondrial potential similar to non-cryopreserved cells.

CONCLUSION

10% DMSO supplemented with 50% FBS and 0.2 M SUC was observed to be the most efficient cryoprotectant for preserving collared peccary somatic cells.

Mediterranean Diet: Lipids, Inflammation, and Malaria Infection

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) consists of consumption of vegetables and healthy oils and have beneficial effects on metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Our goal here is to discuss the role of fatty acid content in MedDiet, mostly omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 on malaria. Malaria affects millions of people around the globe. The parasite Plasmodium causes the disease. The metabolic and inflammatory alterations in the severe forms have damaging consequences to the host. The lipid content in the MedDiet holds anti-inflammatory and pro-resolutive features in the host and have detrimental effects on the Plasmodium. The lipids from the diet impact the balance of pro- and anti-inflammation, thus, lipids intake from the diet is critical to parasite elimination and host tissue damage caused by an immune response. Herein, we go into the cellular and molecular mechanisms and targets of the MedDiet fatty acids in the host and the parasite, reviewing potential benefits of the MedDiet, on inflammation, malaria infection progression, and clinical outcome.

Composition of semen and foreskin mucosa aerobic microbiota and its impact on sperm parameters of captive collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu)

AIM

To evaluate the bacterial composition of collared peccary semen and foreskin mucosa, and to verify the sensitivity of isolates to antimicrobials used in semen conservation and to Aloe vera gel, which is an alternative external cryoprotectant.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Nine foreskin mucosa and ejaculate samples from adult animals were used. Sperm characteristics and bacterial load were evaluated in fresh semen. The preputial mucosa and semen bacterial isolates were identified and tested against five concentrations of each antimicrobial (streptomycin-penicillin and gentamicin) and A. vera gel. Corynebacterium sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were isolated in greater numbers than others in both semen (64·10 and 20·51%, respectively) and the foreskin mucosa (60·60 and 24·25%, respectively), and ranged from 0·4 to 21 × 10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU) per ml. The average load of Corynebacterium sp. was negatively correlated (P < 0·05) with the sperm membrane integrity (r = -0·73055) and curvilinear velocity (r = -0·69048). Streptomycin-penicillin and gentamicin inhibited most micro-organisms, and A. vera showed lower antimicrobial activity.

CONCLUSION

Several Gram-positive bacteria are present in semen and foreskin mucosa of collared peccary, and the benefits of using primarily penicillin-streptomycin and gentamicin antimicrobials in the bacterial control of diluted semen of these animals are strongly indicated.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This study provides insight into the reproductive microbiota of captive male-collared peccary. This work provides a theoretical basis to assist reproductive biotechnologies for ex situ conservation of the species.

Environmental effects on collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) serum testosterone, testicular morphology, and semen quality in the Caatinga biome

The objective of the study was to understand the influence of climatic variations in a semiarid environment on serum testosterone, testicular morphology and semen quality in collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu). Reproductive metrics (semen quality, testicular morphometry and testosterone serum profiles) of 10 mature males were measured monthly for 18 months. Meteorological data (rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiant heat load) also were recorded during the same period. Rainfall regimes were classified in different classes (Class 1: months with no rain; Class 2: months with up to 50 mm of rain; and Class 3: months with >50 mm of rain). Among rainfall classes, average air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were different. Climatic changes between rainfall classes did not lead to overall variations of testicular size, testosterone production, and semen metrics. However, relative humidity recorded before semen collection (one day, one week, or over 51-55 days) was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with semen motility metrics (total motility, beat cross frequency and straightness) and sperm subpopulations (medium and static sperm), as well as with volume. Negative correlations (P < 0.05) were revealed between air temperature and the same semen motility patterns and volume. Additionally, radiant head load measured on the day of semen collection negatively influenced (P < 0.05) sperm straightness. This study demonstrates for the first time that no seasonal changes could be detected overt the 18-month period on the serum testosterone, testicular morphology and semen quality of collared peccaries raised in the Caatinga biome; however, it is expected that long term environmental changes will influence the reproductive physiology of species leaving in that habitat.

Escherichia coli Braun Lipoprotein (BLP) exhibits endotoxemia - like pathology in Swiss albino mice

The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) promotes sepsis, but bacterial peptides also promote inflammation leading to sepsis. We found, intraperitoneal administration of live or heat inactivated E. coli JE5505 lacking the abundant outer membrane protein, Braun lipoprotein (BLP), was less toxic than E. coli DH5α possessing BLP in Swiss albino mice. Injection of BLP free of LPS purified from E. coli DH5α induced massive infiltration of leukocytes in lungs and liver. BLP activated human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) ex vivo to adhere to denatured collagen in serum and polymyxin B independent fashion, a property distinct from LPS. Both LPS and BLP stimulated the synthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF), a potent lipid mediator, in human PMNs. In mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, while both BLP and LPS similarly upregulated TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA; BLP was more potent in inducing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression. Peritoneal macrophages from TLR2^−/− mice significantly reduced the production of TNF-α in response to BLP in contrast to macrophages from wild type mice. We conclude, BLP acting through TLR2, is a potent inducer of inflammation with a response profile both common and distinct from LPS. Hence, BLP mediated pathway may also be considered as an effective target against sepsis.

Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa in agoutis during sexual development

The aim was to study the ultrastructure of testicular parenchyma and define the morphological ultrastructure of spermatozoa of agoutis kept in captivity. Segments of testes from eight agouti males at prepubescence, prepuberty, pubescence and sexual maturity were fixed in glutaraldehyde. Laboratory procedures were performed for transmission electron microscopy. Spermatogonial cells of Type A - pale, Type A - dark, intermediate and Type B were found. Spermatocytes in the pachytene phase were abundant among primary spermatocytes. From the prepubertal phase, Sertoli cells exhibited invaginations in the nuclear membrane and lipid inclusions in the cytoplasm due to their phagocytic function. Leydig cells displayed higher metabolic activity during puberty as evidenced by the presence of lipid droplets. Spermatozoa were fully formed morphologically at prepuberty. The centriolar complex had partially degenerated and featured a centriolar space as in rodents. Sperm heads were tapered, without prominence of the acrosome or evidence of the perforatorium, differing from cavies, rats and mice. This is the first study to describe the ultrastructure of agouti spermatozoa. This research may assist as a basis for future work related to fertility and other biotechnologies applied to reproductive biology in agoutis.

Glucagon induces airway smooth muscle relaxation by nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂

Glucagon is a hyperglycemic pancreatic hormone that has been shown to provide a beneficial effect against asthmatic bronchospasm. We investigated the role of this hormone on airway smooth muscle contraction and lung inflammation using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. The action of glucagon on mouse cholinergic tracheal contraction was studied in a conventional organ bath system, and its effect on airway obstruction was also investigated using the whole-body pletysmographic technique in mice. We also tested the effect of glucagon on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and inflammation. The expression of glucagon receptor (GcgR), CREB, phospho-CREB, nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-3, pNOS-3 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 was evaluated by western blot, while prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and tumour necrosis factor-α were quantified by enzyme-linked immunoassay and ELISA respectively. Glucagon partially inhibited carbachol-induced tracheal contraction in a mechanism clearly sensitive to des-His1-[Glu9]-glucagon amide, a GcgR antagonist. Remarkably, GcgR was more expressed in the lung and trachea with intact epithelium than in the epithelium-denuded trachea. In addition, the glucagon-mediated impairment of carbachol-induced contraction was prevented by either removing epithelial cells or blocking NOS (L-NAME), COX (indomethacin) or COX-1 (SC-560). In contrast, inhibitors of either heme oxygenase or COX-2 were inactive. Intranasal instillation of glucagon inhibited methacholine-induced airway obstruction by a mechanism sensitive to pretreatment with L-NAME, indomethacin and SC-560. Glucagon induced CREB and NOS-3 phosphorylation and increased PGE₂ levels in the lung tissue without altering COX-1 expression. Glucagon also inhibited LPS-induced AHR and bronchoalveolar inflammation. These findings suggest that glucagon possesses airway-relaxing properties that are mediated by epithelium-NOS-3-NO- and COX-1-PGE₂-dependent mechanisms.

Interactions Among Different Devices and Electrical Stimulus on the Electroejaculation of Captive Agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina)

The interactions among different electroejaculation devices associated with serial or continuous stimuli were investigated to improve the efficiency of the electroejaculation for semen collection in agoutis. Ten sexually matured male Dasyprocta leporina were restrained by the intramuscular administration of xylazine-ketamine association. Each individual was randomly subjected to four electroejaculation protocols, by combining two devices (one presenting longitudinal electrodes emitting square waves and other presenting ring electrodes emitting sine waves) and two electrical stimuli protocols (serial or continuous). A total of 40 attempts for electroejaculation were conducted in agoutis, being 10 per treatment. The most efficient treatment in providing ejaculates containing sperm (p < 0.05) was that using and electroejaculator connected to a probe with ring electrodes and associated with serial stimuli (4/7; 57%). In spite of semen parameters obtained by sine waves were adequate for using the samples for assisted reproduction, higher values for sperm motility and functional membrane integrity were obtained in the use of the square wave, independently of the electric stimulation protocol used (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we verified that the use of a device presenting a probe with ring electrodes and emitting sine waves, associated with a serial stimuli protocol, improves the efficiency for semen obtaining by electroejaculation in adults D. leporina.

Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness in a model of chronic allergic lung inflammation

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

A long-term imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators leads to airway remodelling, which is strongly correlated to most of the symptoms, severity and progression of chronic lung inflammation. The Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor axis of the renin-angiotensin system is associated with attenuation of acute and chronic inflammatory processes. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ang-(1-7) treatment in a model of chronic allergic lung inflammation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA; 4 injections over 42 days, 14 days apart) and were challenged three times per week (days 21-46). These mice received Ang-(1-7) (1 μg·h(-1) , s.c.) by osmotic mini-pumps, for the last 28 days. Histology and morphometric analysis were performed in left lung and right ventricle. Airway responsiveness to methacholine, analysis of Ang-(1-7) levels (RIA), collagen I and III (qRT-PCR), ERK1/2 and JNK (Western blotting), IgE (elisa), cytokines and chemokines (elisa multiplex), and immunohistochemistry for Mas receptors were performed.

KEY RESULTS

Infusion of Ang-(1-7) in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen deposition in the airways and lung parenchyma, and prevented bronchial hyperresponsiveness. These effects were accompanied by decreased IgE and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mas receptors were detected in the epithelium and bronchial smooth muscle, suggesting a site in the lung for the beneficial actions of Ang-(1-7).

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Ang-(1-7) exerted beneficial attenuation of three major features of chronic asthma: lung inflammation, airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness. Our results support an important protective role of Ang-(1-7) in lung inflammation.

Butyrate impairs atherogenesis by reducing plaque inflammation and vulnerability and decreasing NFκB activation

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Butyrate is a four-carbon fatty acid that presents anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and apoptotic properties in colon and several cell lines. Because atherosclerosis has important oxidative and inflammatory components, butyrate could reduce oxidation and inflammation, impairing atherogenesis. We evaluated the effects of butyrate supplementation of butyrate on atherosclerosis and its mechanisms of action.

METHODS AND RESULTS

ApoE knockout mice were fed on chow diet or 1% butyrate-supplemented chow diet (Butyrate) for 10 weeks to assess atherosclerosis lesions area and inflammatory status. Macrophage and endothelial cells were also pretreated with butyrate (0.5 mM) for 2 h before oxLDL stimulation to study oxLDL uptake and pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Butyrate reduced atherosclerosis in the aorta by 50%. In the aortic valve, butyrate reduced CCL2, VCAM1 and MMP2 productions in the lesion site, resulting in a lower migration of macrophage and increased collagen depositions in the lesion and plaque stability. When EA.hy926 cells were pretreated with butyrate, oxLDL uptake, CD36, VCAM1, CCL2 TNF, IL1β and IL6 productions were reduced, whereas IL10 production was increased. These effects were accompanied by a lower activation of NFκB due to a lower nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit.

CONCLUSION

Oral butyrate is able to slow the progression of atherosclerosis by reducing adhesion and migration of macrophages and increasing plaque stability. These actions are linked to the reduction of CD36 in macrophages and endothelial cells, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower activation of NFκB all of these data support a possible role for butyrate as an atheroprotective agent.

Protein profile of the seminal plasma of collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1758)

This study was conducted to characterize the major proteins of the peccary seminal plasma, based on the semen samples collected from nine adult and reproductively sound animals. Our approach included the use of two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by Coomassie blue staining and analysis of polypeptide maps with PDQuest Software (Bio-Rad). Proteins were identified by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We detected 179 protein spots per gel and 98 spots were identified by mass spectrometry, corresponding to 23 different proteins. The combined intensity of those spots accounted for 56.2±6% of the intensities of all spots and 60.9% of the intensities of spots presented in every protein map. Protein spots identified as clusterin represented 19.7±8.3% of the integrated optical densities of all spots detected in the seminal plasma maps. There was a negative association (r=-0.87; P<0.05) between the intensity of a clusterin spot and the percentage of sperm with functional membrane. Spermadhesin porcine seminal plasma protein 1 and bodhesin 2 comprised 5.4±1.9 and 8.8±3.9% of the total intensity of all spots respectively. Many proteins appeared in a polymorphic pattern, such as clusterin (27 spots), epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase (ten spots), inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (12 spots), and IgG-binding protein (ten spots), among others. In conclusion, we presently describe the major seminal plasma proteome of the peccary, which exhibits a distinct high expression of clusterin isoforms. Knowledge of wild species reproductive biology is crucial for an understanding of their survival strategies and adaptation in a changing environment.

Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis in Spix's yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii)

This was a pioneer study of the spermatogenic process from the onset of puberty in Spix's yellow-toothed cavies (SYC,Galea spixii) bred in captivity. The study aimed to characterize fine structure of spermatogenesis. Twelve testes from pubertal and post-pubertal SYC males were studied using transmission electron microscopy. Spermatogenesis can be divided into three phases: proliferation, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. In proliferation phase, three types of spermatogonia were identified and characterized as Adark, Apale, and B. In the second phase, spermatocytes (2n) undergo meiotic divisions that generate spermatids (n); the process begins in spermatocytes in the preleptotene stage when they increase their nuclear size, differentiating into spermatocytes in the leptotene stage when cell division is initiated. In addition, we found chromatin condensation, and formation of a structure composed of proteins that formed a central shaft and two lateral bars associated with pairing of homologous chromosomes. During spermiogenesis, the following main events occurred: condensation of nuclear chromatin, formation of acrosome with perfuratorium, elimination of residual cytoplasm, and development of the flagellum. The sperm head is different from that of other rodents. The endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex are the two main organelles demonstrated during this process. These organelles collaborate through synthesis of proteins and hormones for the development of germ cells during spermatogenesis in SYC.

Cellular and molecular studies of the effects of a selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib in the cardiac cell line H9c2 and their correlation with death mechanisms

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and evidence indicates a correlation between the inflammatory process and cardiac dysfunction. Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme are not recommended for long-term use because of potentially severe side effects to the heart. Considering this and the frequent prescribing of commercial celecoxib, the present study analyzed cellular and molecular effects of 1 and 10 µM celecoxib in a cell culture model. After a 24-h incubation, celecoxib reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner as also demonstrated in MTT assays. Furthermore, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the drug modulated the expression level of genes related to death pathways, and Western blot analyses demonstrated a modulatory effect of the drug on COX-2 protein levels in cardiac cells. In addition, the results demonstrated a downregulation of prostaglandin E2 production by the cardiac cells incubated with celecoxib, in a dose-specific manner. These results are consistent with the decrease in cell viability and the presence of necrotic processes shown by Fourier transform infrared analysis, suggesting a direct correlation of prostanoids in cellular homeostasis and survival.

Posttherapeutic cure criteria in Chagas' disease: conventional serology followed by supplementary serological, parasitological, and molecular tests

We performed a critical study of conventional serology, followed by supplementary serological, parasitological, and molecular tests, to assess the response to etiologic treatment of Chagas' disease. A group of 94 Chagas' disease patients treated with benznidazole at least 10 years earlier were evaluated from the laboratory and clinical points of view. When conventional serology (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], indirect immunofluorescence [IIF], and indirect hemagglutination [IHA]) and classic criteria (consistent results with any two of the three tests) or more rigorous criteria (consistent results from the three tests) were used, 10.6% and 8.5% of patients were considered treated and cured (TC) by classic and rigorous criteria, respectively. Patients were then evaluated using supplementary (recombinant ELISA and Trypanosoma cruzi excreted-secreted antigen blotting [TESA-blot]), parasitological (hemoculture), and molecular (PCR) tests. The results of recombinant ELISA were similar to those with the rigorous criterion (three consistent test results). The TESA-blot group showed a higher percentage (21.3%) of negative results than the groups defined by either cure criterion. Hemoculture and PCR gave negative results for all treated and cured (TC) patients, regardless of the criterion used. Recombinant ELISA and TESA-blot tests showed negative results for 70% and 87.5% of the patients categorized as TC by the classic and three-test criteria, respectively. For patients with discordant conventional serology, the supplementary serological and molecular tests were the decisive factor in determining therapeutic failure. Clinical evaluation showed that 62.5% of TC patients presented with the indeterminate form of the disease. Additionally, treated patients with negative TESA-blot results should be reevaluated later with all methodologies used here to verify whether TESA-blot is a reliable way to determine early parasitological cure of Chagas' disease.

Activation of PPARγ by restores mast cell numbers and reactivity in alloxan-diabetic rats by reducing the systemic glucocorticoid levels

Mast cell function and survival have been shown to be down-regulated under diabetic conditions. This study investigates the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in reducing mast cell number and reactivity in diabetic rats. The effect of rosiglitazone on mast cell apoptosis was also evaluated. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of alloxan into fasted rats and PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and/or specific antagonist 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide (GW9662) were administered 3 day after diabetes induction, once daily for 18 consecutive days. Mast cell apoptosis and plasma corticosterone levels were evaluated by TUNEL and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Treatment with rosiglitazone restored mast cell numbers in the pleural cavity and mesenteric tissue of diabetic rats. Rosiglitazone also significantly reversed the diabetes-induced reduction of histamine release by mast cells, as measured by fluorescence, following activation with the antigen in vitro. Increased apoptosis in mast cells from diabetic rats were inhibited by rosiglitazone. Moreover, we noted that the increase in plasma corticosterone levels in diabetic rats was inhibited by rosiglitazone. In addition, GW9662 blocked the ability of rosiglitazone to restore baseline numbers of mast cells and plasma corticosterone in diabetic rats. In conclusion, our findings showed that rosiglitazone restored the number and reactivity of mast cells in diabetic rats, accompanied with a suppression of apoptosis, in parallel with impairment of diabetes hypercorticolism, indicating that PPARγ has an important role in these phenomena.

PPAR gamma activation protects the brain against microvascular dysfunction in sepsis

Sepsis is a severe disorder characterized by systemic inflammatory responses in the presence of an infection and may progress to multiple organ dysfunction and death. Alterations in cerebral microcirculation fulfill a crucial role in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis, and include a decrease in capillary density and disturbances in leukocyte movement along capillaries. Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved in sepsis-associated cerebral microcirculatory alterations have so far not been defined. We investigated the effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) selective agonist rosiglitazone on leukocyte/endothelial cell interaction and functional capillary density in the brain in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. Anti-inflammatory effects of rosiglitazone on the cerebral microcirculation were marked. Functional capillary density increased and leukocyte rolling and adhesion were decreased in animals submitted to CLP and treated with rosiglitazone. Our data provide evidence for involvement of PPARγ activation in leukocyte-endothelium interactions and alterations in capillary density. Improved cerebral perfusion in animals treated with rosiglitazone, suggests that PPARγ activation is protective against cerebral microvascular dysfunction in sepsis.

Host cell lipid bodies triggered by Trypanosoma cruzi infection and enhanced by the uptake of apoptotic cells are associated with prostaglandin E₂ generation and increased parasite growth

Lipid bodies (lipid droplets) are lipid-rich organelles with functions in cell metabolism and signaling. Here, we investigate the mechanisms of Trypanosoma cruzi-induced lipid body formation and their contributions to host-parasite interplay. We demonstrate that T. cruzi-induced lipid body formation in macrophages occurs in a Toll-like receptor 2-dependent mechanism and is potentiated by apoptotic cell uptake. Lipid body biogenesis and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production triggered by apoptotic cell uptake was largely dependent of α(v)β₃ and transforming growth factor-β signaling. T. cruzi-induced lipid bodies act as sites of increased PGE synthesis. Inhibition of lipid body biogenesis by the fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 reversed the effects of apoptotic cells on lipid body formation, eicosanoid synthesis, and parasite replication. Our findings indicate that lipid bodies are highly regulated organelles during T. cruzi infection with roles in lipid mediator generation by macrophages and are potentially involved in T. cruzi-triggered escape mechanisms.

In vitro ovicidal activity of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium thaumasium and Pochonia chlamydosporia on Trichuris vulpis eggs

The in vitro effect of four isolates of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34a) and Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) on the eggs of Trichuris vulpis was evaluated. One thousand eggs of T. vulpis were plated on Petri dishes with 2% water-agar with the fungal isolates grown and without fungus as control. After 7, 14 and 21 days 100 eggs were removed from each plate and classified according to the following parameters: type 1, lytic effect without morphological damage to eggshell; type 2, lytic effect with morphological alteration of embryo and eggshell; and type 3, lytic effect with morphological alteration of embryo and eggshell, besides hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. P. chlamydosporia demonstrated ovicidal activity (p<0.05) on the eggs of T. vulpis in the studied intervals presenting type 3 effect of 29.5% (VC1) and 36.5% (VC4), 59.5% (VC1) and 2.5% (VC4), 94.8% (VC1) and 2.95% (VC4) at 7, 14 and 21 days, respectively. The other fungi showed no type 3 effect. P. chlamydosporia should be a potential biological control agent of T. vulpis eggs.

[Laparoscopic excision of a hepatic mesothelial cyst]

Over the past few years there has been an increase in application of minimally invasive techniques in pediatric surgery, especially in the approach of liver lesions. The mesothelial cysts are extremely rare congenital lesions that arise from celomic remnants. The authors present the clinical case of a three year old child, referred to our institution after an incidental finding of a liver cystic lesion in abdominal ultrasound. The physical examination and blood study were irrelevant. The MRI confirmed the presence of the cystic lesion and pointed, as a possible etiology, a cystic cyst adenoma of the liver. The child was submitted to laparoscopic cyst resection. There peri and postoperative periods were uneventful. He was discharged 48h after surgery. The anatomo-pathological and immunohistochemical studies concluded it was a mesotelial cyst of the liver. The mesothelial cysts of the liver are very rare lesions, with difficult preoperative diagnosis. The laparoscopic excision is a feasible and safe.

A retrospective comparison of cyclophosphamide plus antithymocyte globulin with cyclophosphamide plus busulfan as the conditioning regimen for severe aplastic anemia

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is the treatment of choice for young patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The association of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclophosphamide (CY) is the most frequently used conditioning regimen for this disease. We performed this retrospective study in order to compare the outcomes of HLA-matched sibling donor AHSCT in 41 patients with SAA receiving cyclophosphamide plus ATG (ATG-CY, N = 17) or cyclophosphamide plus busulfan (BU-CY, N = 24). The substitution of BU for ATG was motivated by the high cost of ATG. There were no differences in the clinical features between the two groups, including age, gender, cytomegalovirus status, ABO match, interval between diagnosis and transplant, and number of total nucleated cells infused. No differences were observed in the time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment, or in the risk of veno-occlusive disease and hemorrhage. However, there was a higher risk of mucositis in the BU-CY group (71 vs 24%, P = 0.004). There were no differences in the incidence of neutrophil and platelet engraftment, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, and transplant-related mortality. There was a higher incidence of late rejection in the ATG-CY group (41 vs 4%, P = 0.009). Although the ATG-CY group had a longer follow-up (101 months) than the BU-CY group (67 months, P = 0.04), overall survival was similar between the groups (69 vs 58%, respectively, P = 0.32). We conclude that the association BU-CY is a feasible option to the conventional ATG-CY regimen in this population.

Prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema among adolescents living in urban and rural areas in different regions of Brazil

BACKGROUND

In Brazil, studies evaluating the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases among children living in rural area compared to urban area are rare. Some authors identified as risk factors for higher prevalence of current wheezing to have a family history of asthma, to have contact with pets, and being student in an urban school. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase 3 has shown higher prevalence of wheezing, nasal symptoms and cutaneous rash in the last 12 months in centers from Northern (N) and Northeastern (NE) regions of Brazil.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate if adolescents with similar genetic background, living in a rural area are protected against the development of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema when compared to those living in an urban area in the same region of the country.

SUBJECTS AND METHOD

Adolescents (13-14 year-old) living in Caruaru (Pernambuco) and in Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul) were enrolled in this study (2002-2003). The adolescents filled in the ISAAC written questionnaire (WQ), previously translated and validated to the Brazilian culture (30-32). Data obtained were transcribed manually into a database (Epi-Info) supplied by ISAAC's coordinators and were statistically analyzed by the SSPS-12 software.

RESULTS

The prevalence of asthma related symptoms were higher among those adolescents living in the urban centers in comparison to the rural ones. These differences were significant for wheezy ever, wheezy in the last 12 months, asthma ever, and wheezy with exercise in Caruaru and for wheezy ever and asthma ever, in Santa Maria. Comparing urban areas, the prevalence of asthma related symptoms in Caruaru was higher than in Santa Maria, except for wheezy ever and wheezy with exercise. The opposite was observed comparing rural areas: the prevalence of asthma (except for nocturnal cough) was higher in Santa Maria despite lesser severity of symptoms in this city.

Lung production of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in oleic acid-induced acute lung injury

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a proinflammatory mediator that plays a central role in acute lung injury (ALI). PAF- acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs) terminate PAF's signals and regulate inflammation. In this study, we describe the kinetics of plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) PAF-AH in the early phase of ALI. Six pigs with oleic acid induced ALI and two healthy controls were studied. Plasma and BAL samples were collected every 2h and immunohistochemical analysis of PAF-AH was performed in lung tissues. PAF-AH activity in BAL was increased at the end of the experiment (BAL PAF-AH Time 0=0.001+/-0.001 nmol/ml/min/g vs Time 6=0.031+/-0.018 nmol/ml/min/g, p=0.04) while plasma activity was not altered. We observed increased PAF-AH staining of macrophages and epithelial cells in the lungs of animals with ALI but not in healthy controls. Our data suggest that increases in PAF-AH levels are, in part, a result of alveolar production. PAF-AH may represent a modulatory strategy to counteract the excessive pro-inflammatory effects of PAF and PAF-like lipids in lung inflammation.

Anchoring of a [Mn(salen)Cl] complex onto mesoporous carbon xerogels

Carbon xerogels were synthesized by the conventional sol-gel approach using formaldehyde and resorcinol. The wet gel was dried by two different procedures followed by carbonization, leading to mesoporous carbon xerogels with considerably different pore size distributions. The materials were subsequently oxidized with air, in order to introduce functional groups on the surface, in particular phenols, anhydrides and carbonyls. The capacity of the carbon xerogels for direct immobilization of metal complexes was tested with a manganese(III) salen complex which possesses an extended ligand pi system and two reactive hydroxyl groups on the aldehyde fragment. The manganese loadings of the various samples indicate that larger amounts of Mn(III) complex were immobilized in the oxidized carbon xerogels when compared with the parent unactivated materials, suggesting that complex immobilization took place preferably by covalent bond between the surface oxygen functional groups and the ligand reactive groups, rather than by pi-pi interactions. The size and shape of the carbon xerogel pores were also shown to play an important role in the final loading of the manganese(III) salen complex.

The flavonoid rutin induces astrocyte and microglia activation and regulates TNF-alpha and NO release in primary glial cell cultures

Astrocyte and microglia cells play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). They react to various external aggressions by becoming reactive and releasing neurotrophic and/or neurotoxic factors. Rutin is a flavonoid found in many plants and has been shown to have some biological activities, but its direct effects on cells of the CNS have not been well studied. To investigate its potential effects on CNS glial cells, we used both astrocyte primary cultures and astrocyte/microglia mixed primary cell cultures derived from newborn rat cortical brain. The cultures were treated for 24 h with rutin (50 or 100 micromol/L) or vehicle (0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide). Mitochondrial function on glial cells was not evidenced by the MTT test. However, an increased lactate dehydrogenase activity was detected in the culture medium of both culture systems when treated with 100 micromol/L rutin, suggesting loss of cell membrane integrity. Astrocytes exposed to 50 micromol/L rutin became reactive as revealed by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) overexpression and showed a star-like phenotype revealed by Rosenfeld's staining. The number of activated microglia expressing OX-42 increased in the presence of rutin. A significant increase of nitric oxide (NO) was observed only in mixed cultures exposed to 100 micromol/L rutin. Enhanced TNFalpha release was observed in astrocyte primary cultures treated with 100 micromol/L rutin and in mixed primary cultures treated with 50 and 100 micromol/L, suggesting different sensitivity of both activated cell types. These results demonstrated that rutin affects astrocytes and microglial cells in culture and has the capacity to induce NO and TNFalpha production in these cells. Hence, the impact of these effects on neurons in vitro and in vivo needs to be studied.

Evaluation of Fertilizing Potential of Frozen-thawed dog Spermatozoa Diluted in ACP-106�using an In Vitro Sperm?Oocyte Interaction Assay

The aim of present study was to evaluate frozen canine semen with ACP-106 (Powder Coconut Water) using an in vitro sperm--oocyte interaction assay (SOIA). Ten ejaculates from five stud dogs were diluted in ACP-106 containing 20% egg yolk, submitted to cooling in a thermal box for 40 min and in a refrigerator for 30 min. After this period, a second dilution was performed using ACP-106 containing 20% egg yolk and 12% glycerol. Samples were thawed at 38 degrees C for 1 min. Post-thaw motility was evaluated by light microscopy and by using a computer aided semen analysis (CASA). Plasma membrane integrity and sperm morphology/acrosomal status were evaluated by fluorescent probes (C-FDA/PI) and Bengal Rose respectively. Moreover, frozen-thawed semen was analysed by a SOIA. Subjective post-thaw motility was 52.0 +/- 14.8% and it was significant higher than the total motility estimated by CASA (23.0 +/- 14.8%) because this system considered the egg yolk debris as immotile spermatozoa. Although normal sperm rate and acrosomal integrity evaluated by Bengal Rose stain was 89.6 +/- 3.1% and 94.3 +/- 3.1%, respectively, post-thaw percentage of intact plasma membrane was only 35.1 +/- 14.3%. Regarding SOIA, the percentage of interacted oocytes (bound, penetrated and bound and/or penetrated) was 75.3%. Using regression analysis, it was found significant relations between some CASA patterns and data for SOIA. In conclusion, the freezing-thawing procedure using ACP-106 was efficient for maintain the in vitro fertility potential of dog spermatozoa.

Impairment of endothelium-dependent aorta relaxation by phospholipid components of oxidized low-density lipoprotein

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a major component in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and plays a role in the changes of vascular reactivity observed in this disease. Herein the authors investigate the potential involvement of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-like phospholipid components of oxidized LDL in rabbit aorta reactivity. Aortic rings were precontracted with noradrenaline (0.5 microM) and relaxation was induced by subsequent stimulation with sequential additions of acetylcholine (1 nM to 3 microM). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractions (6- and 7-min) obtained from phospholipids extracted from oxidized LDL inhibited relaxation evoked by acetylcholine, but not the relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside. This effect was not antagonized either by incubation of the fractions with PAF acetylhydrolase or by incubation of the aortic rings with a PAF receptor antagonist. Authentic PAF or C4-PAF, a PAF mimetic previously found in fractions 6 and 7 did not inhibit acetylcholine-induced relaxation. In contrast, lyso-PAF inhibited acetylcholine, but not sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation. The authors conclude that phospholipids of oxidized LDL impair vascular reactivity to endothelium-dependent agonists. This effect is not due to oxidatively generated proinflammatory PAF mimetics, but rather to a metabolite of these phospholipids, lysoPAF.

Alkaloids from Prosopis juliflora leaves induce glial activation, cytotoxicity and stimulate NO production

Prosopis juliflora is used for feeding cattle and humans. Intoxication with the plant has been reported, and is characterized by neuromuscular alterations and gliosis. Total alkaloidal extract (TAE) was obtained using acid/basic-modified extraction and was fractionated. TAE and seven alkaloidal fractions, at concentrations ranging 0.03-30 microg/ml, were tested for 24h on astrocyte primary cultures derived from the cortex of newborn Wistar rats. The MTT test and the measure of LDH activity on the culture medium, revealed that TAE and fractions F29/30, F31/33, F32 and F34/35 were cytotoxic to astrocytes. The EC(50) values for the most toxic compounds, TAE, F31/33 and F32 were 2.87 2.82 and 3.01 microg/ml, respectively. Morphological changes and glial cells activation were investigated through Rosenfeld's staining, by immunocytochemistry for the protein OX-42, specific of activated microglia, by immunocytochemistry and western immunoblot for GFAP, the marker of reactive and mature astrocytes, and by the production of nitric oxide (NO). We observed that astrocytes exposed to 3 microg/ml TAE, F29/30 or F31/33 developed compact cell body with many processes overexpressing GFAP. Treatment with 30 microg/ml TAE and fractions, induced cytotoxicity characterized by a strong cell body contraction, very thin and long processes and condensed chromatin. We also observed that when compared with the control (+/-1.34%), the proportion of OX-42 positive cells was increased in cultures treated with 30 microg/ml TAE or F29/30, F31/33, F32 and F34/35, with values raging from 7.27% to 28.74%. Moreover, incubation with 3 microg/ml F32, 30 microg/ml TAE, F29/30, F31/33 or F34/35 induced accumulation of nitrite in culture medium indicating induction of NO production. Taken together these results show that TAE and fractionated alkaloids from P. juliflora act directly on glial cells, inducing activation and/or cytotoxicity, stimulating NO production, and may have an impact on neuronal damages observed on intoxicated animals.

Increased Leishmania replication in HIV-1-infected macrophages is mediated by tat protein through cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 synthesis

Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania frequently occur as opportunistic pathogens in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals, but the mechanisms underlying protozoan growth in this context are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the HIV-1 Tat protein drives Leishmania replication in primary human macrophages. We found that Leishmania growth doubled in HIV-1-infected macrophages and that anti-Tat antibodies reduced the exacerbated protozoan replication by 70%. Recombinant Tat increased Leishmania replication and overrode the leishmanicidal effect induced by interferon-gamma , allowing Leishmania replication even in the presence of this cytokine. Tat induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, and a COX-2 inhibitor abolished the Tat-mediated augmentation of Leishmania replication. Moreover, PGE2 increased Leishmania growth, which was abrogated by anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)- beta1 monoclonal antibodies. Neutralization of TGF-beta1 reduced parasite growth in Leishmania-infected macrophages exposed to Tat by 50%. Our findings suggest that Tat generates a milieu permissive to Leishmania growth in individuals infected with HIV-1.

Influence of Temperature during Glycerol Addition and Post-thaw Dilution on the Quality of Canine Frozen Semen

Contents The aim of the present study was to compare the influence of room temperature (27 degrees C) and 4 degrees C during glycerol addition on canine semen cryopreservation and verify the effect of different post-thawing dilutions on canine semen. Ten ejaculates from five stud dogs were collected by digital manipulation. Semen samples were evaluated and further divided into two aliquots. The first aliquot was extended in Tris-egg yolk-glycerol at 27 degrees C and the second one received glycerol at 4 degrees C. Samples were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. After 1 week, samples were thawed and submitted to evaluations of progressive sperm motility, morphology, acrosomal integrity, hypo-osmotic swelling (HOST) and thermoresistance tests. For thermoresistance test, aliquots were divided in two portions: one portion was kept undiluted (1 : 0) and the other one was diluted in a 1 : 4 ratio (one part semen to four parts extender). No differences were observed between temperatures for glycerol addition regarding seminal parameters evaluated. Furthermore, post-thawing dilutions demonstrated similar effect on canine semen longevity. Correlations among post-thaw sperm motility and HOST and results from thermoresistance test were observed for both temperatures for glycerol addition. In conclusion, glycerol could be added to canine semen at room temperature (27 degrees C) or at 4 degrees C. Moreover, there is no need to extend canine semen after thawing for the thermoresistance test, but if we need to increase the inseminating volume for artificial inseminations, the addition of extender will not damage the semen.

[Cerebrovascular disease as an initial finding in childhood tuberculosis meningoencephalitis]

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of tuberculosis in developing countries, such as Brazil, remains high with important morbidity and mortality rates among children. Neurological complications are frequent and tuberculous meningo-encephalitis (TBM) is the most dreaded of them in infancy.

CASE REPORT

Our case involves a 7-year-old white female patient who was previously in good health. Over a period of two weeks she suffered from high temperatures and vomiting and was given amoxicillin. She later suffered an attack of focal seizures. Electroencephalogram studies showed a temporary double focus and lesions in the left hemisphere. A cranial computerised tomography (CT) scan revealed a periventricular haemorrhage on the left side. The control CT (carried out 20 days later) showed a reduction in the haemorrhage and localised hypodensity. Owing to the suspected existence of an abscess, the patient was administered vancomycin. A new cranial CT scan (40 days after the first) showed gliosis alongside the basal nuclei with impregnation in the carotid trifurcation, which led us to suspect that we were dealing with a case of vasculitis or a granuloma. All the microbacterial cultures were negative and there was no history of contact with tuberculosis. The adenosine deaminase (ADA) value in the sample of cerebrospinal fluid (taken seven weeks after the first) was found to be 21.2 UI. Treatment was started with tuberculostatic compounds. Two weeks later the fever disappeared. The control CT scan showed decreased hypodensity and impregnation. The patient was discharged from hospital, with a slight monoparesis in the upper right limb.

DISCUSSION

The presentation of a cerebrovascular disease within a context of TBM, like the case reported here, is relatively rare in the literature. We concluded that the uncommon initial symptoms of TBM, associated with the negative cultures, contributed to the delay in reaching a diagnosis. A cerebrovascular accident must be included in the clinical picture of TBM and this disease has to be taken into account when dealing with a case of cerebrovascular accident.

Synergism between platelet-activating factor-like phospholipids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists generated during low density lipoprotein oxidation that induces lipid body formation in leukocytes

Oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) has an important proinflammatory role in atherogenesis. In this study, we investigated the ability of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and its phospholipid components to induce lipid body formation in leukocytes. Incubation of mouse peritoneal macrophages with oxidized, but not with native LDL led to lipid body formation within 1 h. This was blocked by platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists or by preincubation of oxLDL with rPAF acetylhydrolase. HPLC fractions of phospholipids purified from oxLDL induced calcium flux in neutrophils as well as lipid body formation in macrophages. Injection of the bioactive phospholipid fractions or butanoyl and butenoyl PAF, a phospholipid previously shown to be present in oxLDL, into the pleural cavity of mice induced lipid body formation in leukocytes recovered after 3 h. The 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 colocalized within lipid bodies formed after stimulation with oxLDL, bioactive phospholipid fractions, or butanoyl and butenoyl PAF. Lipid body formation was inhibited by 5-lipoxygenase antagonists, but not by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Azelaoyl-phosphatidylcholine, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist in oxLDL phospholipid fractions, induced formation of lipid bodies at late time points (6 h) and synergized with suboptimal concentrations of oxLDL. We conclude that lipid body formation is an important proinflammatory effect of oxLDL and that PAF-like phospholipids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists generated during LDL oxidation are important mediators in this phenomenon.