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Kountz TS, Biyasheva A, Schleimer RP, Prakriya M. Extracellular Nucleotides and Histamine Suppress TLR3- and RIG-I-Mediated Release of Antiviral IFNs from Human Airway Epithelial Cells. J Immunol 2022; 208:2390-2402. [PMID: 35459743 PMCID: PMC9444327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses stimulate the release of antiviral IFNs from the airway epithelium. Previous studies have shown that asthmatic patients show diminished release of type I and type III IFNs from bronchial epithelia. However, the mechanism of this suppression is not understood. In this study, we report that extracellular nucleotides and histamine, which are elevated in asthmatic airways, strongly inhibit release of type I and type III IFNs from human bronchial airway epithelial cells (AECs). Specifically, ATP, UTP, and histamine all inhibited the release of type I and type III IFNs from AECs induced by activation of TLR3, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), or cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-STING. This inhibition was at least partly mediated by Gq signaling through purinergic P2Y2 and H1 receptors, but it did not involve store-operated calcium entry. Pharmacological blockade of protein kinase C partially reversed inhibition of IFN production. Conversely, direct activation of protein kinase C with phorbol esters strongly inhibited TLR3- and RIG-I-mediated IFN production. Inhibition of type I and type III IFNs by ATP, UTP, histamine, and the proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) receptor agonist SLIGKV also occurred in differentiated AECs grown at an air-liquid interface, indicating that the suppression is conserved following mucociliary differentiation. Importantly, histamine and, more strikingly, ATP inhibited type I IFN release from human airway cells infected with live influenza A virus or rhinovirus 1B. These results reveal an important role for extracellular nucleotides and histamine in attenuating the induction of type I and III IFNs from AECs and help explain the molecular basis of the suppression of IFN responses in asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kountz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Assel Biyasheva
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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2
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Yang C, Lei L, Collins JWM, Briones M, Ma L, Sturdevant GL, Su H, Kashyap AK, Dorward D, Bock KW, Moore IN, Bonner C, Chen CY, Martens CA, Ricklefs S, Yamamoto M, Takeda K, Iwakura Y, McClarty G, Caldwell HD. Chlamydia evasion of neutrophil host defense results in NLRP3 dependent myeloid-mediated sterile inflammation through the purinergic P2X7 receptor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5454. [PMID: 34526512 PMCID: PMC8443728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infection causes severe inflammatory disease resulting in blindness and infertility. The pathophysiology of these diseases remains elusive but myeloid cell-associated inflammation has been implicated. Here we show NLRP3 inflammasome activation is essential for driving a macrophage-associated endometritis resulting in infertility by using a female mouse genital tract chlamydial infection model. We find the chlamydial parasitophorous vacuole protein CT135 triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation via TLR2/MyD88 signaling as a pathogenic strategy to evade neutrophil host defense. Paradoxically, a consequence of CT135 mediated neutrophil killing results in a submucosal macrophage-associated endometritis driven by ATP/P2X7R induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Importantly, macrophage-associated immunopathology occurs independent of macrophage infection. We show chlamydial infection of neutrophils and epithelial cells produce elevated levels of extracellular ATP. We propose this source of ATP serves as a DAMP to activate submucosal macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome that drive damaging immunopathology. These findings offer a paradigm of sterile inflammation in infectious disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfu Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John W Marshall Collins
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Briones
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gail L Sturdevant
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Hua Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anuj K Kashyap
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Dorward
- Research Technology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Bonner
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Craig A Martens
- Genomics Unit, Research Technology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Stacy Ricklefs
- Genomics Unit, Research Technology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Grant McClarty
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harlan D Caldwell
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Wang C, Yin Q, Su Z, Xia L. [Progress on role of extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine in immunoregulation: Review]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020; 36:1134-1140. [PMID: 33325366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as an extracellular messenger, participates in the immune response and inflammatory process, and is considered as a dangerous signal molecule. On one hand, extracellular ATP promotes inflammation through activating ATP receptor represented by P2X7 (P2 purinergic receptor) and downstream NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. On the other hand, it plays an anti-inflammatory role through conversion to adenosine by CD39 and CD73 on the cell surface and acting via adenosine receptor (P1 purinergic receptor). Both P1 and P2 purinergic receptors are distributed in most cells, and vary in their affinity to ATP and adenosine. Injury, stress and inflammation can induce the release of nucleotides. Recent studies have shown that as endogenous tissue-derived signal molecules, extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine play a vital role in immunoregulation through purinergic metabolic pathway. The change of ATP and adenosine concentration in tissue microenvironment can affect the occurrence and resolution of inflammation, which has guiding significance for exploring the prevention and treatment strategies of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize that CD39/CD73 synergistically regulates the balance of extracellular ATP and adenosine, thus influencing immune cell functions through P2 receptor and P1 receptor signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001; International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001; International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. *Corresponding author, E-mail:
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Di Virgilio F, Vultaggio-Poma V, Sarti AC. P2X receptors in cancer growth and progression. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114350. [PMID: 33253643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that ion channels have a crucial role in tumors, either as promoters of cancer cell growth, or modulators of immune cell functions, or both. Among ion channels, P2X receptors have a special status because they are gated by ATP, a common and abundant component of the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, one P2X receptor, i.e. P2X7, may also function as a conduit for ATP release, thus fuelling the increased extracellular ATP level in the tumor interstitium. These findings show that P2X receptors and extracellular ATP are indissoluble partners and key regulators of tumor growth, and suggest the exploitation of the extracellular ATP-P2X partnership to develop innovative therapeutic approaches to cancer.
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Kanthi Y, Knight JS, Zuo Y, Pinsky DJ. New (re)purpose for an old drug: purinergic modulation may extinguish the COVID-19 thromboinflammatory firestorm. JCI Insight 2020; 5:140971. [PMID: 32530438 PMCID: PMC7453890 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is discussed as a potential therapeutic target to reduced COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Kanthi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Section of Vascular Thrombosis and Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Yu Zuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - David J. Pinsky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic. Since December 2019, the world has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but the factors affecting the immune system against COVID-19 have not been well described. In this article, we provide a novel hypothesis to describe how an increase in cellular adenosine triphosphate (c-ATP) can potentially improve the efficiency of innate and adaptive immune systems to either prevent or fight off COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Akbari
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Traditional Medicine School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang X, Liu Z, Li C, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wei J, Qin Q. Characterization of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) ASC and caspase-1 involved in extracellular ATP-mediated immune signaling in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 97:58-71. [PMID: 31837409 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD domain (ASC) is a critical adaptor molecule in multiple inflammasome protein complexes that mediate inflammation and host defense. Caspase-1 is a member of inflammatory caspases that play important roles in the innate immune system. However, few studies have been performed in lower vertebrates such as teleosts and implications of extracellular ATP-mediated immune signalling in fish. Here we identified and characterized novel ASC and caspase-1 genes (namely EcASC and EcCaspase-1) from the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). EcASC and EcCaspase-1 encode 204- and 388-aa proteins which shared 55.34% and 72.89% identity with those in Siniperca chuatsi and Perca flavescens, respectively. EcASC contained a PYRIN domain (aa 5-82) and CARD domain (aa 107-201). EcCaspase1 contained a CARD domain (aa 1-88) and a CASc domain (aa 127-376). Both EcASC and EcCaspase-1 were distributed in all tissues tested in the healthy grouper. The expression of EcASC and EcCaspase-1 was significantly upregulated in response to ATP infection. Subcellular localization analysis showed that EcCaspase-1 exhibited a clear distribution in both cytoplasm and nucleus. In contrast, EcASC was observed in the cytoplasm as speck-like structures, which are called "pyroptosomes". EcCaspase-1 co-localized with the spot-like protein (EcASC). Overexpression of EcASC and EcCaspase-1 inhibited NF-κB activation and promoted P53 activation in grouper spleen (GS) cells. Extracellular ATP was an effective signaling molecule that activates the innate immune response, rapidly upregulating the expression of EcASC and EcCaspase1, and enhancing their promotion of proinflammatory cytokine expression in GS cells. Both EcASC and EcCaspase-1 promoted ATP-induced apoptosis. Our results suggested that the interactions of inflammatory EcCaspase-1 with EcASC proteins were associated with extracellular ATP-mediated immune signaling in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zetian Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chen Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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8
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Abstract
The efficacy of cancer chemotherapy is enhanced by induction of sustainable anti-tumor immune responses. Such responses involve accumulation of immunogenic mediators, such as extracellular ATP and ATP metabolites, within the tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have identified nucleotide-permeable plasma membrane channels or pores that are activated as early downstream consequences of different regulated cell death pathways: pannexin-1 channels in apoptosis, MLKL pores in necroptosis, and gasdermin-family pores in pyroptosis. This chapter describes the use of highly quantitative and semi-high-throughput methods based on the ATP sensor luciferase to measure dynamic changes in extracellular ATP, ADP, and AMP in tissue/cell culture models of cancer cells during various modes of regulated cell death in response to chemotherapeutic drugs, death receptors, or metabolic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Dubyak
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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9
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Di Virgilio F, Jiang LH, Roger S, Falzoni S, Sarti AC, Vultaggio-Poma V, Chiozzi P, Adinolfi E. Structure, function and techniques of investigation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 2019; 629:115-150. [PMID: 31727237 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor [P2X7R or P2RX7 in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) gene nomenclature] is a member of the P2X receptor (P2XR) subfamily of P2 receptors (P2Rs). The P2X7R is an extracellular ATP-gated ion channel with peculiar permeability properties expressed by most cell types, mainly in the immune system, where it has a leading role in cytokine release, oxygen radical generation, T lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation. A role in cancer cell growth and tumor progression has also been demonstrated. These features make the P2X7R an appealing target for drug development in inflammation and cancer. The functional P2X7R, recently (partially) crystallized and 3-D solved, is formed by the assembly of three identical subunits (homotrimer). The P2X7R is preferentially permeable to small cations (Ca2+, Na+, K+), and in most (but not all) cell types also to large positively charged molecules of molecular mass up to 900Da. Permeability to negatively charged species of comparable molecular mass (e.g., Lucifer yellow) is debated. Several highly selective P2X7R pharmacological blockers have been developed over the years, thus providing powerful tools for P2X7R studies. Biophysical properties and coupling to several different physiological responses make the P2X7R amenable to investigation by electrophysiology and cell biology techniques, which allow its identification and characterization in many different cell types and tissues. A careful description of the physiological features of the P2X7R is a prerequisite for an effective therapeutic development. Here we describe the most common techniques to asses P2X7R functions, including patch-clamp, intracellular calcium measurements, and membrane permeabilization to large fluorescent dyes in a selection of different cell types. In addition, we also describe common toxicity assays used to verify the effects of P2X7R stimulation on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Roger
- EA4245 Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Vultaggio-Poma
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Chiozzi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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da Silva JLG, Passos DF, Bernardes VM, Leal DBR. ATP and adenosine: Role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 2019; 214:55-64. [PMID: 31479688 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a classic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Local joint destruction and extra-articular manifestations of RA deeply compromise the life quality of the affected patients. RA immunopathogenesis depends on continuous immunogenic activation in which the purinergic system participates. The purinergic system comprises the signaling and metabolism of purines such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine. ATP signaling is involved in the activation and maintenance of the inflammatory state of RA through the activation of P2X7 and the production of cytokines, which orchestrate the pathogenesis of RA. The breakdown of ATP through the CD39/CD73 axis produces adenosine, which mostly inhibits the inflammatory process through activation of specific P1 receptors. Adenosine is hydrolyzed by adenosine deaminase (ADA) that interacts with other molecules playing additional roles in this disease. This review explores the release, metabolism, and the effects of binding of ATP and adenosine to their respective receptors in the context of RA, as well as their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L G da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela F Passos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Bernardes
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela B R Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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11
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Lu Y, Cheng L, Li F, Ji L, Shao X, Wu B, Zhan Y, Liu C, Min Z, Ke Y, Sun L, Chen H, Cheng Y. The abnormal function of CD39 + regulatory T cells could be corrected by high-dose dexamethasone in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:1845-1854. [PMID: 31154474 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-019-03716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disease, characterized with decreased platelet and increased risk of bleeding. Recent studies have shown the reduction and dysfunction of regulatory T (Treg) cells in ITP patients. CD39 is highly expressed on the surface of Treg cells. It degrades ATP to AMP and CD73 dephosphorylates AMP into adenosine. Then adenosine binds with adenosine receptor and suppresses immune response by activating Treg cells and inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines from effector T (Teff) cells. Adenosine receptor has several subtypes and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) plays a crucial role especially within lymphocytes. The CD39+ Treg cells and the expression of A2AR showed abnormality in some autoimmune disease. But knowledge of CD39+ Treg cells and A2AR which are crucial in the adenosine immunosuppressive pathway is still limited in ITP. Thirty-one adult patients with newly diagnosed ITP were enrolled in this study. CD39 and A2AR expression was measured by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. The function of CD39 was reflected by the change of ATP concentration detected by CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. CD39 expression within CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in ITP patients was decreased compared to normal controls. After high-dose dexamethasone therapy, response (R) group showed increased CD39 expression within Treg cells while non-response (NR) group did not show any difference in contrast to those before treatment. The expression of A2AR in CD4+CD25- Teff and CD4+CD25+ Treg cells was both lower in ITP patients than that of normal controls. After therapy, CD4+CD25- Teff cells had higher A2AR expression while CD4+CD25+ Treg cells did not show any difference in comparison to that before treatment. The enzymatic activity of CD39 was damaged in ITP patients and improved after high-dose dexamethasone therapy. In ITP, there was not only numerical decrease but also impaired enzymatic activity in CD39+ Treg cells. After high-dose dexamethasone treatment, these two defects could be reversed. Our results also suggested that ITP patients had reduced A2AR expression in both CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and CD4+CD25- Teff cells. CD4+CD25- Teff cells had increased A2AR expression after treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/immunology
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/immunology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Apyrase/genetics
- Apyrase/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Dexamethasone/therapeutic use
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/drug therapy
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/enzymology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/genetics
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/immunology
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Lu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Luya Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Qingpu Branch, Fudan Universiy, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Lili Ji
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Boting Wu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanxia Zhan
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chanjuan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhihui Min
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Ke
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Qingpu Branch, Fudan Universiy, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Xuhui Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Institute of Clinical Science, Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital Qingpu Branch, Fudan Universiy, Shanghai, 201700, China.
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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12
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Dendle C, Mulley WR, Holdsworth S. Can immune biomarkers predict infections in solid organ transplant recipients? A review of current evidence. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2018; 33:87-98. [PMID: 30551846 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvements in graft survival, solid organ transplantation is still associated with considerable infection induced morbidity and mortality. If we were able to show that serious infection risk was associated with excessive suppression of immune capacity, we would be justified in "personalizing" the extent of immunosuppression by carefully monitored reduction to see if we can improve immune compromize without increasing the risk of rejection. Reliable biomarkers are needed to identify this patients at an increased risk of infection. This review focuses on the currently available evidence in solid organ transplant recipients for immune non-pathogen specific biomarkers to predict severe infections with the susceptibility to particular pathogens according to the component of the immune system that is suppressed. This review is categorized into immune biomarkers representative of the humoral, cellular, phagocytic, natural killer cell and complement system. Biomarkers humoral and cellular systems of the that have demonstrated an association with infections include immunoglobulins, lymphocyte number, lymphocyte subsets, intracellular concentrations of adenosine triphosphate in stimulated CD4+ cells and soluble CD30. Biomarkers of the innate immune system that have demonstrated an association with infections include natural killer cell numbers, complement and mannose binding lectin. Emerging evidence shows that quantification of viral nucleic acid (such as Epstein Barr Virus) can act as a biomarker to predict all-cause infections. Studies that show the most promise are those in which several immune biomarkers are assessed in combination. Ongoing research is required to validate non-pathogen specific immune biomarkers in multi-centre studies using standardized study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Dendle
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Australia.
| | - William R Mulley
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Stephen Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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13
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Li S, Li J, Wang N, Zhang T, Xu Y, Sun J. Expression analysis of Pannexin1 channel gene in response to immune challenges and its role in infection-induced ATP release in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 81:470-475. [PMID: 30064016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ATP released from immune cells plays an important role in activation of host innate immunity. However, the molecular mechanisms for pathogen infection-induced ATP release in fish remains unclear. Pannexin1 (Panx1) is a recently identified ATP release channel important for controlling immune responses. The immune relevance of Panx1 in fish, however, is still poorly understood. In this study, we characterized a Panx1 gene homologue (termed tPanx1) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and analyzed its expression in response to different immune challenges. We also investigated the role of tPanx1 channel in bacterial infection-induced ATP release. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that tPanx1 gene is expressed in all tested tissues with predominant expression in intestine. Immune challenges with lipopolysaccharide, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and zymosan led to increased gene expression of tPanx1 in tilapia head kidney cells and peripheral blood leucocytes. In addition, tPanx1 gene was up-regulated in hepatopancreas, muscle, spleen, gill, head kidney and blood after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of tPanx1 channel activity with Panx1 channel inhibitor, carbenoxolone, significantly attenuated A. hydrophila infection-induced ATP release in tilapia head kidney cells. Taken together, our findings suggested that tPanx1 is an important immune response gene involved in bacterial infection-induced ATP release in tilapia O. niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jiafang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yaqi Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 West Binshui Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
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14
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Iula L, Keitelman IA, Sabbione F, Fuentes F, Guzman M, Galletti JG, Gerber PP, Ostrowski M, Geffner JR, Jancic CC, Trevani AS. Autophagy Mediates Interleukin-1β Secretion in Human Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2018; 9:269. [PMID: 29515581 PMCID: PMC5825906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, is a leaderless cytosolic protein whose secretion does not follow the classical endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi pathway, and for which a canonical mechanism of secretion remains to be established. Neutrophils are essential players against bacterial and fungi infections. These cells are rapidly and massively recruited from the circulation into infected tissues and, beyond of displaying an impressive arsenal of toxic weapons effective to kill pathogens, are also an important source of IL-1β in infectious conditions. Here, we analyzed if an unconventional secretory autophagy mechanism is involved in the exportation of IL-1β by these cells. Our findings indicated that inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine and Wortmannin markedly reduced IL-1β secretion induced by LPS + ATP, as did the disruption of the autophagic flux with Bafilomycin A1 and E64d. These compounds did not noticeable affect neutrophil viability ruling out that the effects on IL-1β secretion were due to cell death. Furthermore, VPS34IN-1, a specific autophagy inhibitor, was still able to reduce IL-1β secretion when added after it was synthesized. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of ATG5 markedly reduced IL-1β secretion in neutrophil-differentiated PLB985 cells. Upon LPS + ATP stimulation, IL-1β was incorporated to an autophagic compartment, as was revealed by its colocalization with LC3B by confocal microscopy. Overlapping of IL-1β-LC3B in a vesicular compartment peaked before IL-1β increased in culture supernatants. On the other hand, stimulation of autophagy by cell starvation augmented the colocalization of IL-1β and LC3B and then promoted neutrophil IL-1β secretion. In addition, specific ELISAs indicated that although both IL-1β and pro-IL-1β are released to culture supernatants upon neutrophil stimulation, autophagy only promotes IL-1β secretion. Furthermore, the serine proteases inhibitor AEBSF reduced IL-1β secretion. Moreover, IL-1β could be also found colocalizing with elastase, suggesting both some vesicles containing IL-1β intersect azurophil granules content and that serine proteases also regulate IL-1β secretion. Altogether, our findings indicate that an unconventional autophagy-mediated secretory pathway mediates IL-1β secretion in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Iula
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)––CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene A. Keitelman
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)––CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Sabbione
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)––CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)––CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Guzman
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)––CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jeremías Gastón Galletti
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)––CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Ostrowski
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge R. Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina C. Jancic
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)––CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía S. Trevani
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)––CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez M, Herrera-Esparza R, Bollain y Goytia JJ, Pérez-Pérez ME, Pacheco-Tovar D, Murillo-Vázquez J, Pacheco-Tovar G, Avalos-Díaz E. Activation of Peptidylarginine Deiminase in the Salivary Glands of Balb/c Mice Drives the Citrullination of Ro and La Ribonucleoproteins. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8959687. [PMID: 29318161 PMCID: PMC5727760 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8959687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to determine whether peptidylarginine deiminase PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes are present in Balb/c mouse salivary glands and whether they are able to citrullinate Ro and La ribonucleoproteins. Salivary glands from Balb/c mice were cultured in DMEM and supplemented with one of the following stimulants: ATP, LPS, TNF, IFNγ, or IL-6. A control group without stimulant was also evaluated. PAD2, PAD4, citrullinated peptides, Ro60, and La were detected by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. PAD2 and PAD4 mRNAs and protein expression were detected by qPCR and Western blot analysis. PAD activity was assessed using an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LPS, ATP, and TNF triggered PAD2 and PAD4 expression; in contrast, no expression was detected in the control group (p < 0.001). PAD transcription slightly increased in response to stimulation. Additionally, PAD2/4 activity modified the arginine residues of a reporter protein (fibrinogen) in vitro. PADs citrullinated Ro60 and La ribonucleoproteins in vivo. Molecular stimulants induced apoptosis in ductal cells and the externalization of Ro60 and La ribonucleoproteins onto apoptotic membranes. PAD enzymes citrullinate Ro and La ribonucleoproteins, and this experimental approach may facilitate our understanding of the role of posttranslational modifications in the pathophysiology of Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, ZAC, Mexico
| | - Rafael Herrera-Esparza
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, ZAC, Mexico
| | - Juan-José Bollain y Goytia
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, ZAC, Mexico
| | - María-Elena Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, ZAC, Mexico
| | - Deyanira Pacheco-Tovar
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, ZAC, Mexico
| | - Jessica Murillo-Vázquez
- Pharmacology PhD Program, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Pacheco-Tovar
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, ZAC, Mexico
| | - Esperanza Avalos-Díaz
- Department of Immunology, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, ZAC, Mexico
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16
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Faas MM, Sáez T, de Vos P. Extracellular ATP and adenosine: The Yin and Yang in immune responses? Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:9-19. [PMID: 28093236 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine molecules are intimately involved in immune responses. ATP is mostly a pro-inflammatory molecule and is released during hypoxic condition and by necrotic cells, as well as by activated immune cells and endothelial cells. However, under certain conditions, for instance at low concentrations or at prolonged exposure, ATP may also have anti-inflammatory properties. Extracellular ATP can activate both P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. Extracellular ATP can be hydrolyzed into adenosine in a two-step enzymatic process involving the ectonucleotidases CD39 (ecto-apyrase) and CD73. These enzymes are expressed by many cell types, including endothelial cells and immune cells. The counterpart of ATP is adenosine, which is produced by breakdown of intra- or extracellular ATP. Adenosine has mainly anti-inflammatory effects by binding to the adenosine, or P1, receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). These receptors are also expressed in many cells, including immune cells. The final effect of ATP and adenosine in immune responses depends on the fine regulatory balance between the 2 molecules. In the present review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the role of these 2 molecules in the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Sáez
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P de Vos
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Semenova IB. [ROLE OF PURINERGIC RECEPTORS IN IMMUNE RESPONSE]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2016:107-119. [PMID: 27228680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Purine receptors are located on immune and somatic cells of animal and human organisms. Summation of signals from purine and TOLL-like receptors takes place on the level of inflammasome formation and results in summation of the first and second signals of innate immunity. The first signal--from PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns), the second--from DAMPs (danger associated molecular patterns). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most studied DAMP. ATP connects with purine receptors which include P2 (P2X7 receptors are the best described), that results in opening of channels of these receptors and transit of ATP into the cell. In parallel exit of K⁺ from cells and entrance of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ into the cells is observed, that is associated with activation of the immune competent cell. Damaged cells dying via necrosis or apoptosis are the source of extracellular ATP, as well as activated immunocytes. Signals from P2 and TOLL-like receptors are summarized in effectors of immune response, and activation of P2 receptors in lymphocytes makes a contribution into activation of cells, mediated by T-cell receptor. Negative side of purine receptor activation is a stimulating effect on proliferation and metastasis of malignant cells. The practical output of knowledge on functioning of purine receptors for clinical immunology is the application of agonists and antagonists of purine receptors, as well as explanation of effect of immune modulators from the position of launch of K⁺/Na⁺-pump; resulting in prolonged activation of immune competent cells.
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18
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Naquet P, Giessner C, Galland F. Metabolic adaptation of tissues to stress releases metabolites influencing innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 38:30-8. [PMID: 26605965 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments have demonstrated that metabolic rewiring imposed by adaptation of tissues to stress leads to the release of various metabolites which directly or indirectly impact innate immune responses and inflammation. Some metabolites can behave as second messengers and leave local cues in tissues. Immune cells which infiltrate stressed tissues reorient their metabolism to cope with these microenvironmental cues while preserving their effector functions in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Naquet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Caroline Giessner
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Galland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
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19
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Jiang W, Lv H, Wang H, Wang D, Sun S, Jia Q, Wang P, Song B, Ni L. Activation of the NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome in human dental pulp tissue and human dental pulp fibroblasts. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:541-55. [PMID: 25684031 PMCID: PMC4529451 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome pathway plays an important role in cellular immune defence against bacterial infection; however, its function in human dental pulp tissue and human dental pulp fibroblasts remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that NLRP3 protein expression occurs to a greater extent in pulp tissue with irreversible pulpitis than in normal pulp tissue and in tissue with reversible pulpitis. Caspase-1 is present in its active (cleaved) form only in pulp tissue with irreversible pulpitis. NLRP3 and caspase-1 are expressed in the odontoblast layers in normal human dental pulp tissue, whereas in inflamed pulp tissue, the odontoblast layers are disrupted and dental pulp cells are positive for NLRP3 and caspase-1. Additionally, we investigate the role of the NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome pathway in human dental pulp fibroblasts and show that ATP activates the P2X7 receptor on the cell membrane triggering K(+) efflux and inducing the gradual recruitment of the membrane pore pannexin-1. Extracellular lipopolysaccharide is able to penetrate the cytosol and activate NLRP3. Furthermore, the low intracellular K(+) concentration in the cytosol triggers reactive oxygen species generation, which also induces the NLRP3 inflammasome. Thus, the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway has a biological role in the innate immune response mounted by human dental pulp fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Diya Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shukai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Song
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XY UK
| | - Longxing Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Toki Y, Takenouchi T, Harada H, Tanuma SI, Kitani H, Kojima S, Tsukimoto M. Extracellular ATP induces P2X7 receptor activation in mouse Kupffer cells, leading to release of IL-1β, HMGB1, and PGE2, decreased MHC class I expression and necrotic cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:771-6. [PMID: 25681768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells, which are resident macrophages in liver, can produce various cytokines and chemokines that induce hepatitis and liver fibrosis. It is suggested that extracellular ATP-induced activation of macrophage P2X7 receptor plays an important role in inflammation via release of pro-inflammatory mediators, but the role of P2X7 receptor in Kupffer cells remains unclear. Here, we show that activation of P2X7 receptor in Kupffer cells causes multiple inflammatory responses, using the clonal mouse Kupffer cell line (KUP5) that we previously established. Treatment of LPS-primed Kupffer cells with 3 mM ATP induced Ca(2+) influx, non-selective large pore formation, activation of MAPK, cell lysis, IL-1β release, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release, high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) release, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I shedding. These events were significantly suppressed by pretreatment with P2X7 antagonist A438079, indicating involvement of P2X7 receptor activation in these inflammatory responses. Our results suggest that extracellular ATP-induced activation of P2X7 receptor of Kupffer cells plays multiple roles in the inflammatory response in liver. P2X7 receptor might be a new therapeutic target for treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Toki
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka-shi, Mie, Japan
| | - Sei-ichi Tanuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitani
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan.
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21
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Kurashima Y, Kiyono H, Kunisawa J. [Purinergic signaling mediates mast cell activation in intestinal inflammation]. Seikagaku 2014; 86:798-802. [PMID: 25675821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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22
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Kataoka H, Kono H, Patel Z, Rock KL. Evaluation of the contribution of multiple DAMPs and DAMP receptors in cell death-induced sterile inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104741. [PMID: 25127469 PMCID: PMC4134227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
When cells die by necrosis in vivo they stimulate an inflammatory response. It is thought that this response is triggered when the injured cells expose proinflammatory molecules, collectively referred to as damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by cells or soluble molecules of the innate or adaptive immune system. Several putative DAMPs and/or their receptors have been identified, but whether and how much they participate in responses in vivo is incompletely understood, and they have not previously been compared side-by-side in the same models. This study focuses on evaluating the contribution of multiple mechanisms that have been proposed to or potentially could participate in cell death-induced inflammation: The third component of complement (C3), ATP (and its receptor P2X7), antibodies, the C-type lectin receptor Mincle (Clec4e), and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). We investigate the role of these factors in cell death-induced inflammation to dead cells in the peritoneum and acetaminophen-induced liver damage. We find that mice deficient in antibody, C3 or PAR2 have impaired inflammatory responses to dying cells. In contrast there was no reduction in inflammation to cell death in the peritoneum or liver of mice that genetically lack Mincle, the P2X7 receptor or that were treated with apyrase to deplete ATP. These results indicate that antibody, complement and PAR2 contribute to cell death-induced inflammation but that Mincle and ATP- P2X7 receptor are not required for this response in at least 2 different in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hajime Kono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zubin Patel
- Department of Pathology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Rock
- Department of Pathology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Amaral EP, Ribeiro SCM, Lanes VR, Almeida FM, de Andrade MRM, Bomfim CCB, Salles ÉM, Bortoluci KR, Coutinho-Silva R, Hirata MH, Alvarez JM, Lasunskaia EB, D'Império-Lima MR. Pulmonary infection with hypervirulent Mycobacteria reveals a crucial role for the P2X7 receptor in aggressive forms of tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004188. [PMID: 24991816 PMCID: PMC4081775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a sensor of extracellular ATP, a damage-associated molecule that is released from necrotic cells and that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cell death. To investigate whether the innate immune response to damage signals could contribute to the development of pulmonary necrotic lesions in severe forms of tuberculosis, disease progression was examined in C57BL/6 and P2X7R−/− mice that were intratracheally infected with highly virulent mycobacterial strains (Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain 1471 of the Beijing genotype family and Mycobacterium bovis strain MP287/03). The low-dose infection of C57BL/6 mice with bacteria of these strains caused the rapid development of extensive granulomatous pneumonia with necrotic areas, intense bacillus dissemination and anticipated animal death. In contrast, in P2X7R−/− mice, the lung pathology presented with moderate infiltrates of mononuclear leukocytes without visible signs of necrosis; the disease attenuation was accompanied by a delay in mortality. In vitro, the hypervirulent mycobacteria grew rapidly inside macrophages and induced death by a P2X7R-dependent mechanism that facilitated the release of bacilli. Furthermore, these bacteria were resistant to the protective mechanisms elicited in macrophages following extracellular ATP stimulation. Based on this study, we propose that the rapid intracellular growth of hypervirulent mycobacteria results in massive macrophage damage. The ATP released by damaged cells engages P2X7R and accelerates the necrotic death of infected macrophages and the release of bacilli. This vicious cycle exacerbates pneumonia and lung necrosis by promoting widespread cell destruction and bacillus dissemination. These findings suggest the use of drugs that have been designed to inhibit the P2X7R as a new therapeutic approach to treat the aggressive forms of tuberculosis. Nearly 9 million new cases of tuberculosis and 1.3 million deaths are reported yearly worldwide. Most individuals infected with tubercle bacilli remain asymptomatic; however, some develop active tuberculosis due to the reactivation of latent infections. Progressive primary tuberculosis is an alternative form of the disease that mostly affects children and immunocompromised individuals. Extensive pneumonia, pulmonary necrosis and bacillus dissemination characterize some of the aggressive forms of tuberculosis. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie severe disease progression, we used experimental models of relatively resistant C57BL/6 mice that were infected with highly virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. Two hypervirulent strains (Mtb strain 1471 and Mbv strain MP287/03) induced extensive pulmonary inflammation and necrosis in mice and promoted bacillus dissemination and animal death. We hypothesized that the innate immune response to endogenous damage signals from necrotic cells could aggravate the disease. We focused our study on the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a sensor of ATP that is released from necrotic cells and that induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cell death. Our data provide new insights into the pathogenesis of severe tuberculosis by showing that mice that lack P2X7R have attenuated disease with substantially reduced bacillus dissemination and lung inflammation without evidence of necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo P. Amaral
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EPA); (EBL); (MRDL)
| | - Simone C. M. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Verônica R. Lanes
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrício M. Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelle R. M. de Andrade
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar Barbosa Bomfim
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érika M. Salles
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina R. Bortoluci
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto National de Ciência e Tecnologia para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Meio Ambiente da Região Amazônica, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario H. Hirata
- Departamento de Química e Toxicologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas (FCT), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M. Alvarez
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elena B. Lasunskaia
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EPA); (EBL); (MRDL)
| | - Maria Regina D'Império-Lima
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EPA); (EBL); (MRDL)
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Spildrejorde M, Curtis SJ, Curtis BL, Sluyter R. Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate and lipopolysaccharide induce interleukin-1β release in canine blood. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 157:105-10. [PMID: 24290165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the damage-associated molecular pattern receptor P2X7 or the pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, respectively, can induce the release of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β in humans and mice. However, the release of IL-1β in dogs remains poorly defined. Using a canine IL-1β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, this study investigated whether ATP or LPS could induce IL-1β release in a canine blood-based assay. Short-term incubations (30 min) with ATP induced IL-1β release in LPS-primed canine blood, and this process could be near-completely impaired by the P2X7 antagonist, A438079. In contrast, ATP failed to induce IL-1β release from blood not primed with LPS. ATP-induced IL-1β release was observed with LPS-primed blood from eight different pedigrees or cross breeds. Long-term incubations (24h) with LPS induced IL-1β release in canine blood in a concentration-dependent manner. This process was not altered by co-incubation with A438079. LPS-induced IL-1β release was observed with blood from 10 different pedigrees or cross breeds. These results demonstrate that both extracellular ATP and LPS can induce IL-1β release in dogs, and that ATP- but not LPS-induced IL-1β release in blood is dependent on P2X7 activation. These findings support the role of both P2X7 and TLR4 in IL-1β release in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Spildrejorde
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J Curtis
- Albion Park Veterinary Hospital, Albion Park, NSW 2527, Australia
| | - Belinda L Curtis
- Albion Park Veterinary Hospital, Albion Park, NSW 2527, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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25
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Abstract
Sensitization of mice to real-life allergens or harmless antigen with the use of adjuvants will lead to the induction of DAMPs in the immune system. We have shown that the Th2-inducing adjuvant aluminum hydroxide or exposure of the airways to house dust mite leads to the release of DAMPs: uric acid, ATP, and IL-1. Exposure to DAMPs or PAMPs present in allergens or added to harmless allergens, such as the experimental allergen ovalbumin, induces several immune responses, including cellular influx and activation. Cellular influx can be analyzed by flow cytometry. Likewise, cellular activation can be assessed by measuring increased expression and release of chemokines and cytokines. These inflammatory mediators can be analyzed by ELISA or confocal microscopy. Here, we describe the protocols for these assessments and a protocol that takes advantage of bone marrow chimeric mice to further elucidate mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique A M Willart
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Lee BH, Hwang DM, Palaniyar N, Grinstein S, Philpott DJ, Hu J. Activation of P2X(7) receptor by ATP plays an important role in regulating inflammatory responses during acute viral infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35812. [PMID: 22558229 PMCID: PMC3338466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute viral infection causes damages to the host due to uncontrolled viral replication but even replication deficient viral vectors can induce systemic inflammatory responses. Indeed, overactive host innate immune responses to viral vectors have led to devastating consequences. Macrophages are important innate immune cells that recognize viruses and induce inflammatory responses at the early stage of infection. However, tissue resident macrophages are not easily activated by the mere presence of virus suggesting that their activation requires additional signals from other cells in the tissue in order to trigger inflammatory responses. Previously, we have shown that the cross-talk between epithelial cells and macrophages generates synergistic inflammatory responses during adenoviral vector infection. Here, we investigated whether ATP is involved in the activation of macrophages to induce inflammatory responses during an acute adenoviral infection. Using a macrophage-epithelial cell co-culture system we demonstrated that ATP signaling through P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is required for induction of inflammatory mediators. We also showed that ATP-P2X7R signaling regulates inflammasome activation as inhibition or deficiency of P2X7R as well as caspase-1 significantly reduced IL-1β secretion. Furthermore, we found that intranasal administration of replication deficient adenoviral vectors in mice caused a high mortality in wild-type mice with symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome but the mice deficient in P2X7R or caspase-1 showed increased survival. In addition, wild-type mice treated with apyrase or inhibitors of P2X7R or caspase-1 showed higher rates of survival. The improved survival in the P2X7R deficient mice correlated with diminished levels of IL-1β and IL-6 and reduced neutrophil infiltration in the early phase of infection. These results indicate that ATP, released during viral infection, is an important inflammatory regulator that activates the inflammasome pathway and regulates inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Lee
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- The Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David M. Hwang
- Toronto General Hospital/University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jim Hu
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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27
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Teasing out the role of ATP in immune responses. See referenced article, J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286, 44776–44787. Real-time imaging reveals that P2Y2 and P2Y12 receptor agonists are not chemoattractants and macrophage chemotaxis to complement C5a is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)- and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-independent. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:e99984. [PMID: 22199395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.P111.289793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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28
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Besnard AG, Togbe D, Couillin I, Tan Z, Zheng SG, Erard F, Le Bert M, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B. Inflammasome-IL-1-Th17 response in allergic lung inflammation. J Mol Cell Biol 2012; 4:3-10. [PMID: 22147847 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjr042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma has increased dramatically in prevalence and severity over the last three decades. Both clinical and experimental data support an important role of Th2 cell response in the allergic response. Recent investigations revealed that airway exposure to allergen in sensitized individuals causes the release of ATP and uric acid, activating the NLRP3 inflammasome complex and cleaving pro-IL-1β to mature IL-1β through caspase-1. The production of pro-IL-1β requires a toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signal which is provided by the allergen. IL-1β creates a pro-inflammatory milieu with the production of IL-6 and chemokines which mobilize neutrophils and enhance Th17 cell differentiation in the lung. Here, we review our results showing that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is required to develop allergic airway inflammation in mice and that IL-17 and IL-22 production by Th17 cells plays a critical role in established asthma. Therefore, inflammasome activation leading to IL-1β production contributes to the control of allergic asthma by enhancing Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gaelle Besnard
- University of Orleans and Molecular Immunology and Embryology, CNRS UMR6218, Orleans, France
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Yashin DV, Dukhanina EA, Kabanova OD, Romanova EA, Lukyanova TI, Tonevitskii AG, Raynes DA, Gnuchev NV, Guerriero V, Georgiev GP, Sashchenko LP. The heat shock-binding protein (HspBP1) protects cells against the cytotoxic action of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10258-64. [PMID: 21247889 PMCID: PMC3060480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock-binding protein HspBP1 is a member of the Hsp70 co-chaperone family. The interaction between HspBP1 and the ATPase domain of the major heat shock protein Hsp70 up-regulates nucleotide exchange and reduces the affinity between Hsp70 and the peptide in its peptide-binding site. Previously we have shown that Tag7 (also known as peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-S), an innate immunity protein, interacts with Hsp70 to form a stable Tag7-Hsp70 complex with cytotoxic activity against some tumor cell lines. This complex can be produced in cytotoxic lymphocytes and released during interaction with tumor cells. Here the effect of HspBP1 on the cytotoxic activity of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex was examined. HspBP1 could bind not only to Hsp70, but also to Tag7. This interaction eliminated the cytotoxic activity of Tag7-Hsp70 complex and decreased the ATP concentration required to dissociate Tag7 from the peptide-binding site of Hsp70. Moreover, HspBP1 inhibited the cytotoxic activity of the Tag7-Hsp70 complex secreted by lymphocytes. HspBP1 was detected in cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes. This protein was released simultaneously with Tag7-Hsp70 during interaction of these lymphocytes with tumor cells. The simultaneous secretion of the cytotoxic complex with its inhibitor could be a mechanism protecting normal cells from the cytotoxic effect of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V. Yashin
- From the Institute of Gene Biology and
- the Centre for Medical Studies, University of Oslo, Moscow 119344, Russia
| | - Elena A. Dukhanina
- From the Institute of Gene Biology and
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow 119344, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vince Guerriero
- the Department of Animal Sciences and
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, and
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is a highly conserved mechanism of lysosomal-mediated protein degradation that plays a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by recycling amino acids, reducing the amount of damaged proteins, and regulating protein levels in response to extracellular signals. We have found that macroautophagy is induced after effector T cell activation. Engagement of the TCR and CD28 results in enhanced microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) processing, increased numbers of LC3-containing vesicles, and increased LC3 flux, indicating active autophagosome formation and clearance. The autophagosomes formed in stimulated T cells actively fuse with lysosomes to degrade their cargo. Using a conditional KO mouse model where Atg7, a critical gene for macroautophagy, is specifically deleted in T cells, we have found that macroautophagy-deficient effector Th cells have defective IL-2 and IFN-γ production and reduced proliferation after stimulation, with no significant increase in apoptosis. We have found that ATP generation is decreased when autophagy is blocked, and defects in activation-induced cytokine production are restored when an exogenous energy source is added to macroautophagy-deficient T cells. Furthermore, we present evidence showing that the nature of the cargo inside autophagic vesicles found in resting T cells differs from the cargo of autophagosomes in activated T cells, where mitochondria and other organelles are selectively excluded. These results suggest that macroautophagy is an actively regulated process in T cells that can be induced in response to TCR engagement to accommodate the bioenergetic requirements of activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Hubbard
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
| | - Rut Valdor
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
| | - Bindi Patel
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
| | - Rajat Singh
- Diabetes Research Center and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461
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Müller T, Robaye B, Vieira RP, Ferrari D, Grimm M, Jakob T, Martin SF, Di Virgilio F, Boeynaems JM, Virchow JC, Idzko M. The purinergic receptor P2Y2 receptor mediates chemotaxis of dendritic cells and eosinophils in allergic lung inflammation. Allergy 2010; 65:1545-53. [PMID: 20880147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular ATP contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma via signalling at purinergic receptors. However, the precise purinergic receptors subtypes mediating the pro-asthmatic effects of ATP have not been identified, yet. METHODS In vivo studies were performed using the OVA-alum model. Functional expression of the P2Y(2) purinergic receptor subtype on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and eosinophils was investigated using real-time PCR, migration assays, and production of reactive oxygen species. RESULTS Compared to wild-type animals P2Y(2) -/- mice showed reduced allergic airway inflammation which can be explained by defective migration of blood myeloid DCs towards ATP in vitro and in vivo, whereas the influence of ATP on maturation and cytokine production was not changed. Additionally, ATP failed to induce migration of bone marrow-derived eosinophils from P2Y(2) R-deficient animals. The relevance of our findings for humans was confirmed in functional studies with human monocyte-derived DCs and eosinophils. Interestingly, stimulation of human DCs derived from allergic individuals with house dust mite allergen induced functional up-regulation of the P2Y(2) R subtype. Furthermore, eosinophils isolated from asthmatic individuals expressed higher levels of P2Y(2) R compared to healthy controls. This was of functional relevance as these eosinophils were more sensitive to ATP-induced migration and production of reactive oxygen metabolites. CONCLUSIONS In summary, P2Y(2) R appears to be involved in asthmatic airway inflammation by mediating ATP-triggered migration of mDCs and eosinophils, as well as reactive oxygen species production. Together our data suggest that targeting P2Y(2) R might be a therapeutic option for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Müller
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Adaptive, cell-mediated immunity involves the presentation of antigenic peptides on class I MHC molecules at the cell surface. This requires an ABC transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) to transport antigenic peptides generated in the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for loading onto class I MHC. Recent crystal structures of bacterial ABC transporters suggest how the transmembrane domains of TAP form a peptide-binding cavity that acquires peptides from the cytosol, and following ATP-induced conformational changes, the peptide-binding cavity closes to the cytosol and instead opens to the ER lumen for peptide release. Extensive biochemical studies show how transport is driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis on an asymmetric pair of cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains, which are physically coupled to the peptide-binding site to propagate conformational changes through the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Procko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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33
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel that is widely expressed in cells of the immune system. Signal transduction is accompanied by fast influx of Ca2+ and Na+, and efflux of K+. This receptor differs from other members of the P2X family in its relatively low affinity for ATP, the presence of a long C-terminal region that contains several protein-protein interaction motifs, and the activation of two membrane conductance states following receptor ligation. In the immune system, this receptor has been implicated in the processing and release of cytokines such as IL-1 beta, and in the initiation of cell death via both apoptotic and necrotic pathways. As such, it has been proposed to function as a major regulator of inflammation. Consistent with this hypothesis, inactivation of this receptor in mice modulates disease pathogenesis in several animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Loss-of-function polymorphisms have also been noted in the human population, and there is accumulating evidence that these polymorphisms are linked to certain diseases. In this article, we review the current status of research in this field, with particular emphasis on the signaling pathways activated by this receptor, the mechanisms involved in the initiation of cell death, and associations with disease states in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfen Chen
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. F-520, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Oguma T, Ito S, Kondo M, Makino Y, Shimokata K, Honjo H, Kamiya K, Kume H. Roles of P2X receptors and Ca2+ sensitization in extracellular adenosine triphosphate-induced hyperresponsiveness in airway smooth muscle. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:893-900. [PMID: 17517103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the airway epithelial cells during the inflammatory process is considered to play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to determine whether extracellular ATP is involved in the bronchial hyperresponsiveness as an interaction between epithelium and smooth muscle in the airways. METHODS We examined the contractile response to methacholine (MCh) before and after exposure to low concentrations (< or = 10 microm) of ATP in isolated, epithelium-denuded guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle by measuring isometric tension. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were assessed by fluorescent intensities of fura-2. RESULTS MCh-induced contractile force was increased with no change in [Ca2+]i after exposure to 10 microm ATP for 15 min. The ability of ATP to enhance the MCh-induced contraction was markedly attenuated by suramin, a non-selective P2 receptor inhibitor. Pre-incubation with ATPgammaS, a non-hydrolysable analogue of ATP and alpha,beta-meATP, a P2X agonist, also enhanced the MCh-induced contraction. In contrast, uracil triphosphate, a P2Y agonist, did not affect the MCh-induced contraction. Y-27632, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, suppressed the ability of ATP to enhance the MCh-induced contraction. Moreover, PP1 and PP2, Src tyrosin kinase inhibitors, suppressed the enhancement of MCh-induced contraction by ATP. CONCLUSION Pre-treatment with ATP induces hyperresponsiveness to MCh mediated by Ca2+ sensitization via the P2X receptor in airway smooth muscle. The present findings suggest the possible involvement of both the Rho-kinase and Src pathways in the intracellular mechanism of this phenomenon.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/agonists
- Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine Triphosphate/immunology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Bronchi/immunology
- Bronchi/metabolism
- Bronchi/pathology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/immunology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/metabolism
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology
- Bronchoconstrictor Agents/agonists
- Bronchoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Calcium/immunology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Synergism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Isometric Contraction/drug effects
- Isometric Contraction/immunology
- Male
- Methacholine Chloride/agonists
- Methacholine Chloride/pharmacology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/immunology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/immunology
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/immunology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology
- Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/immunology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Time Factors
- rho-Associated Kinases
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- src-Family Kinases/immunology
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oguma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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35
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Abstract
Inflammation is initiated by specific pathogen constituents, in addition to intrinsic host molecules that are released by injured or dying cells. Among such host endogenous pro-inflammatory factors, nucleotides (mainly ATP) are attracting increasing interest for their potential as natural adjuvants. Extracellular ATP stimulates a family of receptors, named P2, one of which, P2X(7), is a potent mediator of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 processing and release. The mechanism and physiological significance of this unusual pro-inflammatory activity have long remained elusive. Recent data unveiling the structure and function of a novel caspase-activating platform, the inflammasome, shed light on P2X(7) receptor coupling to IL-1beta release, and suggest a fascinating scenario for the initiation and amplification of the innate immune response. Here, I outline the intriguing links between the P2X(7) receptor and the NALP3 inflammasome, review recent evidence showing that this receptor is a potent activator of this multimolecular platform and discuss implications for pathogen-immune cell interaction and for anti-inflammatory drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari, 46, Ferrara, Italy.
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36
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Zhu X, Chang MS, Hsueh RC, Taussig R, Smith KD, Simon MI, Choi S. Dual ligand stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells uncovers feedback mechanisms that regulate TLR-mediated gene expression. J Immunol 2006; 177:4299-310. [PMID: 16982864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To characterize how signaling by TLR ligands can be modulated by non-TLR ligands, murine RAW 264.7 cells were treated with LPS, IFN-gamma, 2-methyl-thio-ATP (2MA), PGE(2), and isoproterenol (ISO). Ligands were applied individually and in combination with LPS, for 1, 2, and 4 h, and transcriptional changes were measured using customized oligo arrays. We used nonadditive transcriptional responses to dual ligands (responses that were reproducibly greater or less than the expected additive responses) as a measure of pathway interaction. Our analysis suggests that cross-talk is limited; <24% of the features with significant responses to the single ligands responded nonadditively to a dual ligand pair. PGE(2) and ISO mainly attenuated, while 2MA enhanced, LPS-induced transcriptional changes. IFN-gamma and LPS cross-regulated the transcriptional response induced by each other: while LPS preferentially enhanced IFN-gamma-induced changes in gene expression at 1 h, IFN-gamma signaling primarily attenuated LPS-induced changes at 4 h. Our data suggest specific cross-talk mechanisms: 1) LPS enhances the expression of IFN-gamma-response genes by augmenting STAT1 activity and by activating NF-kappaB, which synergizes with IFN-gamma-induced transcriptional factors; 2) IFN-gamma attenuates the late LPS transcriptional response by increasing the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein expression; 3) 2MA modulates LPS secondary transcriptional response by increasing IFN-beta and inhibiting IL-10 gene expression; 4) PGE(2) and ISO similarly regulate the LPS transcriptional response. They increase IL-10 transcription, resulting in attenuated expression of known IL-10-suppressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhu
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Alliance for Cellular Signaling, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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37
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Anderson CM, Nedergaard M. Emerging challenges of assigning P2X7 receptor function and immunoreactivity in neurons. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29:257-62. [PMID: 16564580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently available antibodies to the P2X(7) receptor are unreliable determinants of neuronal P2X(7) immunoreactivity, owing to staining of a "P2X(7)-like" protein that is not eliminated by legitimate P2X(7) gene-knockout approaches. Despite this, compelling electrophysiological and pharmacological data strongly support a role for P2X(7) receptors in neuronal function and injury. A major priority for the field now is to identify the neuronal "P2X(7)-like" protein and develop effective antibodies selective for neuronal P2X(7) immunoreactivity. Until this occurs, we are dependent on rigorous application of multiple pharmacological criteria for attribution of neuronal function to P2X(7) receptors in non-human tissues, including greater activity in response to BzATP than to ATP, sensitivity to blockade by nanomolar concentrations of Brilliant Blue-G, irreversible antagonism by periodate-oxidized ATP, and lack of inhibition by suramin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, Canada R2H 2A6.
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38
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Hayashi T, Kobayashi Y, Kohsaka S, Sano K. The mutation in the ATP-binding region of JAK1, identified in human uterine leiomyosarcomas, results in defective interferon-gamma inducibility of TAP1 and LMP2. Oncogene 2006; 25:4016-26. [PMID: 16474838 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The presentation of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class I requires the coordinated expression of numerous components involved in antigen presentation. Tumor cells may alter the antigen presentation by HLA class I, allowing them to evade antitumor immunity. In many cases, the lack of antigen presentation can be attributed to the downregulation of genes needed for antigen processing, such as the transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP) 1, and the proteasomal component, low molecular weight proteins (LMP) 2. The TAP1 and LMP2 genes are transcribed from a shared bidirectional promoter containing an interferon (IFN)-gamma-response factor element; thus, the IFN-gamma-signal strongly induces both TAP1 and LMP2 expression. Low molecular weight proteins2-deficient mice exhibited the development of uterine leiomyosarcomas. Here, the differential responsiveness to IFN-gamma of the SKN human uterine leiomyosarcomas cell line was investigated. We now identify the G871E mutation in the ATP-binding region of Janus kinases 1, suggesting that the loss of TAP1 and LMP2 induction is a defect in the earliest steps of the IFN-gamma-signal pathway, resulting in the inability of SKN cells to upregulate the antigen-processing pathway. Understanding the mechanisms by which these tumors circumvent cytokine signalling, thereby evading antitumor-specific immunity, would greatly aid the efficacy of immunotherapy for treating uterine leiomyosarcomas.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphate/immunology
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Genes, MHC Class I/immunology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Janus Kinase 1
- Leiomyoma/genetics
- Leiomyoma/immunology
- Leiomyoma/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Point Mutation/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Sarcoma/genetics
- Sarcoma/immunology
- Sarcoma/therapy
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Escape/drug effects
- Tumor Escape/genetics
- Tumor Escape/immunology
- Uterine Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Neoplasms/immunology
- Uterine Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hayashi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.
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39
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Chapman J, Soloveichick L, Shavit S, Shoenfeld Y, Korczyn AD. Antiphospholipid antibodies bind ATP: a putative mechanism for the pathogenesis of neuronal dysfunction. Clin Dev Immunol 2005; 12:175-80. [PMID: 16295522 PMCID: PMC2275418 DOI: 10.1080/17402520500217844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) generated in experimental animals
cross-react with ATP. We therefore examined the possibility that aPL IgG from
human subjects bind to ATP by affinity column and an enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera with high levels of aPL IgG were collected
from 12 patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). IgG fractions from
10 of 12 APS patients contained aPL that could be affinity-bound to an ATP
column and completely eluted with NaCl 0.5 M. A significant (>50%) inhibition
of aPL IgG binding by ATP 5 mM was found in the majority. Similar inhibition
was obtained with ADP but not with AMP or cAMP. All the affinity purified
anti-ATP antibodies also bound β2-glycoprotein-I (β2-GPI, also known as
apolipoprotein H) suggesting that, similar to most pathogenic aPL, their binding
depends on this serum cofactor. We further investigated this possibility and found
that the binding of β2-GPI to the ATP column was similar to that of aPL IgG in
that most was reversed by NaCl 0.5 M. Furthermore, addition of β2-GPI to aPL
IgG significantly increased the amount of aPL binding to an ATP column. We
conclude that aPL IgG bind ATP, probably through β2-GPI. This binding could
interfere
with the normal extracellular function of ATP and similar neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chapman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
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40
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Granstein RD, Ding W, Huang J, Holzer A, Gallo RL, Di Nardo A, Wagner JA. Augmentation of cutaneous immune responses by ATP gamma S: purinergic agonists define a novel class of immunologic adjuvants. J Immunol 2005; 174:7725-31. [PMID: 15944274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.7725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides activate ligand-gated P2XR ion channels and G protein-coupled P2YRs. In this study we report that intradermal administration of ATPgammaS, a hydrolysis-resistant P2 agonist, results in an enhanced contact hypersensitivity response in mice. Furthermore, ATPgammaS enhanced the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to a model tumor vaccine in mice and enhanced the Ag-presenting function of Langerhans cells (LCs) in vitro. Exposure of a LC-like cell line to ATPgammaS in the presence of LPS and GM-CSF augmented the induction of I-A, CD80, CD86, IL-1beta, and IL-12 p40 while inhibiting the expression of IL-10, suggesting that the immunostimulatory activities of purinergic agonists in the skin are mediated at least in part by P2Rs on APCs. In this regard, an LC-like cell line was found to express mRNA for P2X(1), P2X(7), P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(9), and P2Y(11) receptors. We suggest that ATP, when released after trauma or infection, may act as an endogenous adjuvant to enhance the immune response, and that P2 agonists may augment the efficacy of vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/administration & dosage
- Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine Triphosphate/immunology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/therapeutic use
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/classification
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/metabolism
- Epidermis/drug effects
- Epidermis/immunology
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Langerhans Cells/drug effects
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Langerhans Cells/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Granstein
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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41
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Aller MA, Arias JL, Arias J. Post-traumatic inflammatory response: perhaps a succession of phases with a nutritional purpose. Med Hypotheses 2005; 63:42-6. [PMID: 15193345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic inflammatory response, whether this be local or systemic, is considered to be the succession of three functional phases called nervous, immune and endocrine, that could have a nutritional significance. In the nervous phase, ischemia-reperfusion, which causes interstitial and cellular edema, is produced. Both types of edema could represent an ancestral mechanism to feed the cells by diffusion. During the immune phase, the tissues are infiltrated by inflammatory cells and bacteria. Then, extracellular digestion, by enzyme release (fermentation), and intracellular digestion by phagocytosis could be associated with a hypothetical trophic capacity for the neighbouring cells. Finally, in the late or endocrine phase nutrition mediated by the blood capillaries is established. In these three successive phases the inflammatory response goes on from an anaerobic metabolism (ischemia) through a metabolism characterized by a defective oxygen use (reperfusion, oxidative burst and heat hyperproduction) to an oxidative metabolism (oxidative phosphorilation) with a correct use of oxygen to produce usable energy. This type of metabolism is characterized by a large production of ATP, which is used to drive specialized multiple cellular processes. Since the nervous, immune and endocrine phases of the inflammatory response go from ischemia to the development of an oxidative metabolism, It is also tempting to speculate on whether the body reproduces the successive stages by which life passes from its origin without oxygen until it develops an effective, although costly, system for the use of oxygen every time we suffer post-traumatic acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Surgery Chair, Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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42
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la Sala A, Ferrari D, Corinti S, Cavani A, Di Virgilio F, Girolomoni G. Extracellular ATP induces a distorted maturation of dendritic cells and inhibits their capacity to initiate Th1 responses. J Immunol 2001; 166:1611-7. [PMID: 11160202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) express functional purinergic receptors, but the effects of purine nucleotides on DC functions have been marginally investigated. In this study, we report on the ability of micromolar concentrations of ATP to affect the maturation and Ag-presenting function of monocyte-derived DCs in vitro. Chronic stimulation (24 h) of DCs with low, noncytotoxic ATP doses increased membrane expression of CD54, CD80, CD86, and CD83, slightly reduced the endocytic activity of DCs, and augmented their capacity to promote proliferation of allogeneic naive T lymphocytes. Moreover, ATP enhanced LPS- and soluble CD40 ligand-induced CD54, CD86, and CD83 expression. On the other hand, ATP markedly and dose-dependently inhibited LPS- and soluble CD40 ligand-dependent production of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12, whereas IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-10 production was not affected. As a result, T cell lines generated from allogeneic naive CD45RA(+) T cells primed with DCs matured in the presence of ATP produced lower amounts of IFN-gamma and higher levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 compared with T cell lines obtained with LPS-stimulated DCs. ATP inhibition of TNF-alpha and IL-12 production by mature DCs was not mediated by PGs or elevation of intracellular cAMP and did not require ATP degradation. The inability of UTP and the similar potency of ADP to reproduce ATP effects indicated that ATP could function through the P2X receptor family. These results suggest that extracellular ATP may serve as an important regulatory signal to dampen IL-12 production by DCs and thus prevent exaggerated and harmful immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A la Sala
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- J A DeLeo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- F Di Virgilio
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44100, Ferrara, Italy. fdv@dns,unife.it
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45
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Schnurr M, Then F, Galambos P, Scholz C, Siegmund B, Endres S, Eigler A. Extracellular ATP and TNF-alpha synergize in the activation and maturation of human dendritic cells. J Immunol 2000; 165:4704-9. [PMID: 11035114 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP mediates numerous biological activities by interacting with plasma membrane P2 purinergic receptors. Recently, P2 receptors have been described on dendritic cells (DC), but their functional role remains unclear. Proposed functions include improved Ag presentation, cytokine production, chemotaxis, and induction of apoptosis. We investigated the effects of ATP and of other P2 receptor agonists on endocytosis, phenotype, IL-12 secretion, and T cell stimulatory capacity of human monocyte-derived DC. We found that in the presence of extracellular ATP, DC transiently increase their endocytotic activity. Subsequently, DC up-regulate CD86, CD54, and MHC-II; secrete IL-12; and exhibit an improved stimulatory capacity for allogeneic T cells. These effects were more pronounced when chemically modified ATP derivatives with agonistic activity on P2 receptors, which are resistent to degradation by ectonucleotidases, were applied. Furthermore, ATP and TNF-alpha synergized in the activation of DC. Stimulated with a combination of ATP and TNF-alpha, DC expressed the maturation marker CD83, secreted large amounts of IL-12, and were potent stimulators of T cells. In the presence of the P2 receptor antagonist suramin, the effects of ATP were completely abolished. Our results suggest that extracellular ATP may play an important immunomodulatory role by activating DC and by skewing the immune reaction toward a Th1 response through the induction of IL-12 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schnurr
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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46
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Tröster H, Bartsch H, Klein R, Metzger TE, Pollak G, Semsei I, Schwemmle M, Pruijn GJ, van Venrooij WJ, Bachmann M. Activation of a murine autoreactive B cell by immunization with human recombinant autoantigen La/SS-B: characterization of the autoepitope. J Autoimmun 1995; 8:825-42. [PMID: 8824709 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8411(95)80020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunization of Balb/c mice with a homogeneously purified recombinant human La/SS-B protein resulted in activation of an autoreactive B cell secreting a novel monoclonal anti-La antibody termed La4B6. La4B6 reacted with La protein from a variety of sources including human, bovine, rat and mouse. ATP blocked the binding of La4B6 to recombinant La protein. The human epitope was identified as consisting of the amino acid sequence SKGRRFKGKGKGN, which includes the proposed ATP-binding site of the La protein. In the human and bovine La protein, the epitope exists as a continuous amino acid sequence. In rat and mouse the epitope was found to consist of the amino acid sequence SKG interrupted by a species-specific insert of 16 amino acids, and followed by the second half of the epitope, the amino acid sequence RRFKGKGKGN. Our data suggest that in the case of the rat and mouse La proteins the two separated parts of the epitope are able to form a conformational epitope which looks similar to the continuous human epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tröster
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany
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47
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Zambon A, Bronte V, Di Virgilio F, Hanau S, Steinberg TH, Collavo D, Zanovello P. Role of extracellular ATP in cell-mediated cytotoxicity: a study with ATP-sensitive and ATP-resistant macrophages. Cell Immunol 1994; 156:458-67. [PMID: 8025958 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1994.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that extracellular ATP (ATPo) may function as a cytotoxic molecule in Ca(2+)-independent cell-mediated lysis by activating plasma membrane P2 purinergic receptors. In the present study the involvement of the P2z purinergic receptor in ATPo as well as cell-mediated lysis was investigated by using the J774 mouse macrophage cell line, which expresses this receptor, and a panel of J774-derived mutant cell clones selected for the lack of P2z receptor activity. We confirmed that the P2z receptor in J774 is associated with ATPo-induced colloido-osmotic lysis but not with apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed that the lack or the inhibition of the P2z purinergic receptor does not affect lytic activity mediated by different types of cytotoxic cell populations. These results on the whole indicate that the P2z receptor is involved in cell membrane damage induced by ATPo but not in cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zambon
- Institute of Oncology, Inter-University Center for Cancer Research, University of Padua, Italy
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48
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Saito H, Sakaguchi N, Ebisawa M, Matsumoto K, Akasawa A, Iikura Y. The stimuli releasing histamine from murine bone marrow-derived mast cells. 2. Mechanisms involved in histamine release induced by extracellular ATP and its metabolites. Arerugi 1991; 40:680-8. [PMID: 1718246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP stimulated histamine release and generation of leukotrience C4 (LTC4) accompanied with the formation of inositol phosphates and a rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in mouse bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMMC). The rank order of histamine-releasing potency of ATP and its metabolites is ATP greater than ADP greater than AMP greater than adenosine. Nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, adenosine-5'-O-[2-thiotriphosphate] (ATP-S) released more histamine from the cells than ATP. On the other hand, simultaneous addition of adenosine analogues at micromolar concentrations potentiated histamine release from the cells induced by ATP (50 microM) or DNP-HSA antigen (0.1 ng/ml) in the following rank order: adenosine greater than AMP much greater than ADP = ATP. Histamine release potentiated by adenosine was blocked by the treatment with pertussis toxin, whereas histamine release induced by ATP was not affected by the toxin, suggesting that extracellular ATP stimulate histamine release from BMMC probably via mechanisms independent of the potentiation of histamine release induced by adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saito
- Division of Allergy, National Children's Medical Research Center
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49
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50
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Abstract
The energy producing reactions of spermatozoa will cease after the spermatozoa have been damaged by a complement-mediated antibody reaction and, consequently, their ATP content falls rapidly. The finding was applied and used for determination of the cytotoxic reaction caused by sperm antibodies. This reaction could be recorded by comparing the difference in ATP content between damaged and control spermatozoa after 2 hr incubation. A serum dilution that still reduced the ATP content by 50% or more was regarded to be cytotoxic. Only those sera, collected from infertile patients, with an agglutinating titer of at lease 1:64 and an immobilizing titer of 1:4 were cytotoxic to spermatozoa. The method proved to be both simple and more sensitive than the supraviatal staining technique as a cytotoxicity test.
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