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Rasri N, Tabtimmai L, Kraiya C, Yamabhai M, Sinthuvanich C, Rattanasrisomporn J, Choowongkomon K. Generation of a Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibody against Feline Immunoglobulin G for Biosensor Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27688-27696. [PMID: 37546656 PMCID: PMC10399156 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
For many decades, feline infectious disease has been among the most common health problems and a leading cause of death in cats. These diseases include toxoplasmosis, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and particularly feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) disease. Early diagnosis is essential to increase the chance of successful treatment. Generally, measurement of the IgG level is considered to be indicative of an individual's immune status for a particular pathogen. The antibodies specific to feline IgG are crucial components for the development of a detection kit. In this study, feline IgG-bound scFv was selected using phage display technology. Three rounds of biopanning were conducted against purified feline IgG. Through an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), two scFv clones demonstrating the best binding ability to feline IgG were chosen for biochemical characterization. In addition, the selected scFv (N14) was expressed and purified in a bacterial system. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the size of the purified N14 was 29 kDa. A sandwich ELISA was used to evaluate the binding capacity of the purified scFv to feline IgG. As expected, the purified N14 had the capacity to bind feline IgG. Furthermore, N14 was modified to create a scFv-alkaline phosphatase (scFv-AP) fusion platform. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results revealed that N14-AP bound to feline IgG with an affinity binding value of 0.3 ± 0.496 μM. Additionally, the direct ELISA demonstrated the binding capacity of N14-AP to feline IgG in both cell lysate and purified protein. Moreover, N14-AP could be applied to detect feline IgG based on electrosensing with a detection limit of 10.42 nM. Overall, this study successfully selected a feline IgG-bound scFv and developed a scFv-AP platform that could be further engineered and applied in a feline infectious disease detection kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchaya Rasri
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lueacha Tabtimmai
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Charoenkwan Kraiya
- Electrochemistry
and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular
Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Chomdao Sinthuvanich
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Department
of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Marti I, Pisano SRR, Pewsner M, Wehrle M, Breitenmoser-Würsten C, Origgi FC, Kübber-Heiss A, Knauer F, Posautz A, Eberspächer-Schweda M, Huder JB, Böni J, Kubacki J, Bachofen C, Riond B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML. Management of Suspected Cases of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Eurasian Lynx ( Lynx lynx) During an International Translocation Program. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:730874. [PMID: 34760956 PMCID: PMC8573149 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.730874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) population in Switzerland serves as a source for reintroductions in neighboring countries. In 2016–2017, three lynx from the same geographical area were found seropositive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the framework of an international translocation program. This novel finding raised questions about the virus origin and pathogenicity to lynx, the emerging character of the infection, and the interpretation of serological results in other lynx caught for translocation. Archived serum samples from 84 lynx captured in 2001–2016 were retrospectively tested for FIV antibodies by Western blot. All archived samples were FIV-negative. The three seropositive lynx were monitored in quarantine enclosures prior to euthanasia and necropsy. They showed disease signs, pathological findings, and occurrence of co-infections reminding of those described in FIV-infected domestic cats. All attempts to isolate and characterize the virus failed but serological data and spatiotemporal proximity of the cases suggested emergence of a lentivirus with antigenic and pathogenic similarities to FIV in the Swiss lynx population. A decision scheme was developed to minimize potential health risks posed by FIV infection, both in the recipient and source lynx populations, considering conservation goals, animal welfare, and the limited action range resulting from local human conflicts. Development and implementation of a cautious decision scheme was particularly challenging because FIV pathogenic potential in lynx was unclear, negative FIV serological results obtained within the first weeks after infection are unpredictable, and neither euthanasia nor repatriation of multiple lynx was acceptable options. The proposed scheme distinguished between three scenarios: release at the capture site, translocation, or euthanasia. Until April 2021, none of the 40 lynx newly captured in Switzerland tested FIV-seropositive. Altogether, seropositivity to FIV was documented in none of 124 lynx tested at their first capture, but three of them seroconverted in 2016–2017. Diagnosis of FIV infection in the three seropositive lynx remains uncertain, but clinical observations and pathological findings confirmed that euthanasia was appropriate. Our experiences underline the necessity to include FIV in pathogen screenings of free-ranging European wild felids, the importance of lynx health monitoring, and the usefulness of health protocols in wildlife translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Marti
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone R R Pisano
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Pewsner
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Francesco C Origgi
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kübber-Heiss
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Knauer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Posautz
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Eberspächer-Schweda
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jon B Huder
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Kubacki
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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First report of Cytauxzoon sp. infection in Germany: organism description and molecular confirmation in a domestic cat. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3005-3011. [PMID: 32677003 PMCID: PMC7366483 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytauxzoonosis is described as an emerging tick-borne disease of domestic and wild felids caused by protozoans of the genus Cytauxzoon. While in the Americas the condition is described as a fatal disease, in Europe, reports on the clinical expression of the infection are scarce. This study describes the first case of Cytauxzoon sp. infection in Germany, in a domestic cat. A 6-year-old male domestic cat living in Saarlouis (Saarland) was presented with anorexia, lethargy and weight loss. The cat had an outdoor lifestyle and had not travelled abroad. Serum clinical chemistry analysis revealed azotaemia with markedly increased symmetric dimethylarginine, hypercreatinemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypoalbuminemia. Moreover, a mild non-regenerative anaemia was present. Approximately 1 year prior to these findings, the domestic cat was diagnosed with a feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. These results pointed toward a decreased glomerular filtration rate, presumably as a result of kidney dysfunction. Round to oval signet ring–shaped intraerythrocytic organisms, morphologically suggestive for a piroplasm, were revealed during blood smear evaluation with a degree of parasitaemia of 33.0%. PCR analyses and sequencing of a region of the 18S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of a Cytauxzoon sp. infection, with 99–100% nucleotide sequence identity with previously published Cytauxzoon sp. isolates. As this is the first molecularly confirmed Cytauxzoon sp. infection in a domestic cat in Germany, these findings suggest that cytauxzoonosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of anaemia in outdoor domestic cats, particularly in areas where wild felid populations are present.
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Rossi F, Aresu L, Martini V, Trez D, Zanetti R, Coppola LM, Ferri F, Zini E. Immune-complex glomerulonephritis in cats: a retrospective study based on clinico-pathological data, histopathology and ultrastructural features. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:303. [PMID: 31429743 PMCID: PMC6702729 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has typically a non-immune mediated origin in cats and immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) is scarcely described. Aims of this study were to characterize ICGN by light and electron microscopy and identify associations with clinico-pathological findings. In addition, comparisons between cats with ICGN and non immune-complex glomerulonephritis (non-ICGN) were performed. Renal samples examined between 2010 and 2019 were considered if both light and electron microscopy were performed. Signalment, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and leukemia virus (FeLV) status, serum creatinine concentration, urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) ratio, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage were retrieved and used for comparisons. Results Sixty-eight client-owned cats were included. Thirty-seven cats (54.4%) had ICGN and 31 (45.6%) non-ICGN. Eighteen (48.6%) with ICGN had membranous glomerulonephropathy (MGN), 14 (37.8%) membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), and 5 (13.5%) mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MeGN). Clinico-pathological data were not associated with any type of ICGN. Among cats with non-ICGN, 11 (35.5%) had end-stage CKD, 9 (29%) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 6 (19.4%) global and multifocal mesangiosclerosis, 2 (6.5%) glomerular atrophy, 2 (6.5%) renal dysplasia and 1 (3.1%) amyloidosis. Eight (25.8%) cats with non-ICGN had chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN) grade 1, 13 (41.9%) grade 2 and 10 (32.3%) grade 3; creatinine and UPC ratio increased with CIN grades (p = 0.001, p < 0.001). Cats with ICGN were more frequently FIV or FeLV-infected (OR:11.4; 95%CI:1.4–94.4; p = 0.024), had higher UPC ratio (OR:6.8; 95%CI:2.5–18.2; p < 0.001) and were younger (OR:0.9; 95%CI:0.7–1.0; p = 0.042) than cats with non-ICGN. Conclusions MGN and MPGN were the most common morphological diagnoses of ICGN in cats. Unfortunately, none of the investigated findings differentiated ICGN morphological diagnoses. Serum creatinine concentration and UPC ratio were directly associated with grades of CIN (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), confirming previous literature. More ICGN than non-ICGN was observed in cats with retroviral infections, younger cats and higher UPC ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rossi
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Novara, Italy.
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Davide Trez
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Agripolis Legnaro (PD), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Rossella Zanetti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Agripolis Legnaro (PD), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Michele Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Agripolis Legnaro (PD), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Filippo Ferri
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Novara, Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Novara, Italy.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Agripolis Legnaro (PD), Legnaro, Italy.,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040206. [PMID: 29677122 PMCID: PMC5923500 DOI: 10.3390/v10040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally-occurring retrovirus that infects domestic and non-domestic feline species, producing progressive immune depletion that results in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Much has been learned about FIV since it was first described in 1987, particularly in regard to its application as a model to study the closely related lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, FIV and HIV share remarkable structure and sequence organization, utilize parallel modes of receptor-mediated entry, and result in a similar spectrum of immunodeficiency-related diseases due to analogous modes of immune dysfunction. This review summarizes current knowledge of FIV infection kinetics and the mechanisms of immune dysfunction in relation to opportunistic disease, specifically in regard to studying HIV pathogenesis. Furthermore, we present data that highlight changes in the oral microbiota and oral immune system during FIV infection, and outline the potential for the feline model of oral AIDS manifestations to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-induced oral disease. Finally, we discuss advances in molecular biology, vaccine development, neurologic dysfunction, and the ability to apply pharmacologic interventions and sophisticated imaging technologies to study experimental and naturally occurring FIV, which provide an excellent, but often overlooked, resource for advancing therapies and the management of HIV/AIDS.
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Mesquita LP, Haibara D, Zanutto MS, Sá LRD, Hagiwara MK, Maiorka PC. Aspectos histopatológicos das lesões renais em gatos experimentalmente infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência felina. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000900011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) em gatos domésticos é caracterizada por distúrbios imunológicos, que geralmente se manifestam tardiamente na doença. Semelhante à infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) em humanos, a infecção pelo FIV geralmente está associada a infecções oportunistas e ao desenvolvimento progressivo de nefropatia. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as alterações histopatológicas em rins de 10 gatos experimentalmente infectados pelo FIV submetidos a eutanásia 60 meses após a inoculação viral. Nos rins de 100% dos gatos infectados pelo FIV foram visualizadas lesões glomerulares e tubulointersticiais. As lesões glomerulares eram caracterizadas principalmente por espessamento global ou segmentar da membrana basal glomerular (glomerulonefrite membranosa). Glomeruloesclerose e, em dois casos, proliferação de células epiteliais intraglomerulares (crescente glomerular), também foram observados. Nefrite intersticial linfoplasmocítica foi a alteração tubulointersticial mais frequente, visualizada em diferentes intensidades nos rins de 100% dos gatos. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que o tempo prolongado entre a infecção e a avaliação histopatológica pode ter sido decisivo para o surgimento das lesões renais em todos os gatos infectados pelo FIV e para o agravamento dessas lesões em alguns gatos.
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Poli A, Tozon N, Guidi G, Pistello M. Renal alterations in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats: a natural model of lentivirus-induced renal disease changes. Viruses 2012; 4:1372-1389. [PMID: 23170163 PMCID: PMC3499810 DOI: 10.3390/v4091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with several renal syndromes including acute and chronic renal failures, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. HIV and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) share numerous biological and pathological features, including renal alterations. We investigated and compared the morphological changes of renal tissue of 51 experimentally and 21 naturally infected cats. Compared to the latter, the experimentally infected cats exhibited some mesangial widening and glomerulonephritis, milder proteinuria, and lower tubular and interstitial alterations. The numbers of giant protein tubular casts and tubular microcysts were also lower. In contrast, diffuse interstitial infiltrates and glomerular and interstitial amyloidosis were detected only in naturally infected cats. Similar alterations are found in HIV infected patients, thus supporting the idea of a causative role of FIV infection in renal disease, and underlining the relevance of the FIV and its natural host as an animal model for investigating lentivirus-associated nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poli
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, Veterinary Faculty, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa 56124, Italy;
| | - Natasa Tozon
- Clinic for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia;
| | - Grazia Guidi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122, Italy;
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +39-050-221-3781; Fax: +39-050-221-3524
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Hosie MJ, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Feline immunodeficiency. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:575-84. [PMID: 19481037 PMCID: PMC7129779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Overview Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus. Most felids are susceptible to FIV, but humans are not. Feline immunodeficiency virus is endemic in domestic cat populations worldwide. The virus loses infectivity quickly outside the host and is susceptible to all disinfectants. Infection Feline immunodeficiency virus is transmitted via bites. The risk of transmission is low in households with socially well-adapted cats. Transmission from mother to kittens may occur, especially if the queen is undergoing an acute infection. Cats with FIV are persistently infected in spite of their ability to mount antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Disease signs Infected cats generally remain free of clinical signs for several years, and some cats never develop disease, depending on the infecting isolate. Most clinical signs are the consequence of immunodeficiency and secondary infection. Typical manifestations are chronic gingivostomatitis, chronic rhinitis, lymphadenopathy, weight loss and immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis Positive in-practice ELISA results obtained in a low-prevalence or low-risk population should always be confirmed by a laboratory. Western blot is the ‘gold standard’ laboratory test for FIV serology. PCR-based assays vary in performance. Disease management Cats should never be euthanased solely on the basis of an FIV-positive test result. Cats infected with FIV may live as long as uninfected cats, with appropriate management. Asymptomatic FIV-infected cats should be neutered to avoid fighting and virus transmission. Infected cats should receive regular veterinary health checks. They can be housed in the same ward as other patients, but should be kept in individual cages. Vaccination recommendations At present, there is no FIV vaccine commercially available in Europe. Potential benefits and risks of vaccinating FIV-infected cats should be assessed on an individual cat basis. Needles and surgical instruments used on FIV-positive cats may transmit the virus to other cats, so strict hygiene is essential.
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Asano T, Tsukamoto A, Ohno K, Ogihara K, Kamiie J, Shirota K. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a young cat. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 70:1373-5. [PMID: 19122409 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-month-old male Japanese domestic cat showed pleural effusion, ascites, azotemia, hypoproteinemia and severe proteinuria. Histopathology of the percutaneous renal biopsy specimen revealed that all glomeruli showed intense mesangial hypercellularity with an increased mesangial matrix and thickening of the capillary walls, resulting in lobular accentuation of the glomerular tufts. Frequent duplication of the capillary walls was also observed. Immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin distinctly revealed mesangial interposition. Diffuse global and linear deposition of C3 and IgG was observed mostly along the peripheral capillary loops. Electron microscopy confirmed frequent circumferential mesangial interposition and subendothelial dense-deposits in the glomerulus. The glomerular lesion was consistent with human membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I, and might be a rare case that developed at young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Asano
- Research Institute of Biosciences, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Calandrella M, Matteucci D, Mazzetti P, Poli A. Densitometric analysis of Western blot assays for feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 79:261-71. [PMID: 11389960 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Western blot (WB) strips for antibodies directed to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were analysed using reflectance densitometry by a semiautomatic densitometer. This method was used to quantify the antibody responses to different FIV proteins in both vaccinated and naturally or experimentally-infected cats. In order to increase reproducibility, reagents and protocols were accurately standardised and internal controls were added. In a first format, an internal control band consisting of feline IgG was added to each blot to minimise the effect of band intensity variation. In a second format, antibody concentrations were calculated from the ratio of the densities produced by test sera and by positive and negative standard sera. The sera under scrutiny were also examined by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the results obtained compared with those of the corresponding WB. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the results obtained with the two methods, and this was especially evident when ELISA titres were compared to corrected WB values (P = 0.001). Densitometric analysis of WB assays allowed to quantify the antibodies against FIV proteins and might be useful to investigate possible humoral immune correlates of protection in FIV vaccination studies and antibody production in the early phase of infection. The quantitation of antibodies to Gag and Env FIV antigens might be used to obtain further informations on the course of FIV disease, as previously demonstrated in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Calandrella
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Holznagel E, Ossent P, Lutz H. Parameters of disease progression in long-term experimental feline retrovirus (feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus) infections: hematology, clinical chemistry, and lymphocyte subsets. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 4:33-42. [PMID: 9008278 PMCID: PMC170472 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.1.33-42.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
After several years of latency, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) cause fatal disease in the cat. The aim of this study was to determine laboratory parameters characteristic of disease progression which would allow a better description of the asymptomatic phase and a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the two infections. Therefore, experimentally infected cats (FIV and/or FeLV positive) and control animals were observed over a period of 6.5 years under identical conditions. Blood samples were analyzed for the following: complete hematology, clinical chemistry, serum protein electrophoresis, and determination of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets. The following hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were markedly changed in the FIV-infected animals from month 9 onwards: glucose, serum protein, gamma globulins, sodium, urea, phosphorus, lipase, cholesterol, and triglyceride. In FeLV infection, the markedly changed parameters were mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea. In contrast to reports of field studies, neither FIV-positive nor FeLV-positive animals developed persistent leukopenia, lymphopenia, or neutropenia. A significant decrease was found in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in FIV-positive and FIV-FeLV-positive animals mainly due to loss of CD4+ lymphocytes. In FeLV-positive cats, both CD4+ and, to a lesser degree, CD8+ lymphocytes were decreased in long-term infection. The changes in FIV infection may reflect subclinical kidney dysfunction, changes in energy and lipid metabolism, and transient activation of the humoral immune response as described for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The changes in FeLV infection may also reflect subclinical kidney dysfunction and, in addition, changes in erythrocyte and immune function of the animals. No severe clinical signs were observed in the FIV-positive cats, while FeLV had a severe influence on the life expectancy of persistently positive cats. In conclusion, several parameters of clinical chemistry and hematology were changed in FIV and FeLV infection. Monitoring of these parameters may prove useful for the evaluation of candidate FIV vaccines and antiretroviral drugs in cats. The many parallels between laboratory parameters in FIV and HIV infection further support the importance of FIV as a model for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hofmann-Lehmann
- Department of Internal Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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