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Alqudah A, Qnais E, Gammoh O, Bseiso Y, Wedyan M, Alqudah M, Oqal M, Abudalo R, Abdalla SS. Exploring the therapeutic potential of Anastatica hierochuntica essential oil in DSS-induced colitis. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:2035-2048. [PMID: 38520575 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to explore the protective impacts and mechanisms of Anastatica hierochuntica essential oil (EOAH) against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice. EOAH demonstrated a reduction in DSS-induced body weight decline, disease activity index (DAI), colon length reduction, colonic tissue damage, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The essential oil significantly mitigated the production of pro-inflammatory agents including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-12. Further analysis revealed that EOAH's anti-inflammatory effects involved the regulation of NF-κB and PPARγ pathways, as well as the inhibition of NLRP3 activation in colitis mice. Notably, EOAH treatment elevated the levels of beneficial commensal bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, while reducing Escherichia coli levels in the mice's feces. In addition, EOAH restored the expression of occludin and ZO-1 proteins in colonic tissues affected by ulcerative colitis (UC). These findings indicate that supplementing with EOAH might offer a novel therapeutic approach for UC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahim Alqudah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
| | - Esam Qnais
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Omar Gammoh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yousra Bseiso
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Wedyan
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Alqudah
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Muna Oqal
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Rawan Abudalo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Shtaywy S Abdalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Zhang Z, Cui Y, Liu S, Huang J, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z. Short-term treatment with zingerone ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse experimental colitis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4873-4882. [PMID: 35246845 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which seriously threatens human health. Zingerone (ZO) has been proven to be effective for many diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of ZO extracted from ginger on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse ulcerative colitis (UC). RESULTS The results showed that ZO alleviated the weight loss of UC model mice, reduced the disease activity index scores, and inhibited the shortening of colon length. ZO also improved DSS-induced pathological changes in colon tissue and inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colon and mesenteric lymph nodes. Further mechanism analysis found that ZO inhibited DSS-induced nuclear factor-κB pathway activation, and regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression. To further explore whether PPARγ was involved in the anti-UC effect of ZO, PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 was used. Although ZO also showed a protective effect on GW9662-treated colitis mice, the protective role was significantly weakened. Importantly, the administration of GW9662 significantly aggravated UC compared with the ZO + DSS group. In addition, we preliminarily found that ZO had the effects of inhibiting DSS-induced oxidative stress, maintaining intestinal barrier, and inhibiting the content of LPS and the population of Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that supplementation with ZO might be a new dietary strategy for the treatment of UC. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Yueqi Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Bovine Disease Control and Prevention, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
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Kocatürk B, Balık Z, Pişiren G, Kalyoncu U, Özmen F, Özen S. Spondyloarthritides: Theories and beyond. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1074239. [PMID: 36619518 PMCID: PMC9816396 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1074239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritides (SpA) are a family of interrelated rheumatic disorders with a typical disease onset ranging from childhood to middle age. If left untreated, they lead to a severe decrease in patients' quality of life. A succesfull treatment strategy starts with an accurate diagnosis which is achieved through careful analysis of medical symptoms. Classification criterias are used to this process and are updated on a regular basis. Although there is a lack of definite knowledge on the disease etiology of SpA, several studies have paved the way for understanding plausible risk factors and developing treatment strategies. The significant increase of HLA-B27 positivity in SpA patients makes it a strong candidate as a predisposing factor and several theories have been proposed to explain HLA-B27 driven disease progression. However, the presence of HLA-B27 negative patients underlines the presence of additional risk factors. The current treatment options for SpAs are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), TNF inhibitors (TNFis), Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) and physiotherapy yet there are ongoing clinical trials. Anti IL17 drugs and targeted synthetic DMARDs such as JAK inhibitors are also emerging as treatment alternatives. This review discusses the current diagnosis criteria, treatment options and gives an overview of the previous findings and theories to clarify the possible contributors to SpA pathogenesis with a focus on Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Kocatürk
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Balık
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaye Pişiren
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Kalyoncu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Füsun Özmen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seza Özen
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Ma G, Du H, Hu Q, Yang W, Pei F, Xiao H. Health benefits of edible mushroom polysaccharides and associated gut microbiota regulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6646-6663. [PMID: 33792430 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1903385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms have been an important part of the human diet for thousands of years, and over 100 varieties have been cultivated for their potential human health benefits. In recent years, edible mushroom polysaccharides (EMPs) have been studied for their activities against obesity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer. Particularly, accumulating evidence on the exact causality between these health risks and specific gut microbiota species has been revealed and characterized, and most of the beneficial health effects of EMPs have been associated with its reversal impacts on gut microbiota dysbiosis. This demonstrates the key role of EMPs in decreasing health risks through gut microbiota modulation effects. This review article compiles and summarizes the latest studies that focus on the health benefits and underlying functional mechanisms of gut microbiota regulation via EMPs. We conclude that EMPs can be considered a dietary source for the improvement and prevention of several health risks, and this review provides the theoretical basis and technical guidance for the development of novel functional foods with the utilization of edible mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxing Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Pei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Breban M, Glatigny S, Cherqaoui B, Beaufrère M, Lauraine M, Rincheval-Arnold A, Gaumer S, Guénal I, Araujo LM. Lessons on SpA pathogenesis from animal models. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:207-219. [PMID: 33449154 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying a disorder such as spondyloarthritis (SpA) may benefit from studying animal models. Several suitable models have been developed, in particular to investigate the role of genetic factors predisposing to SpA, including HLA-B27, ERAP1, and genes related to the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis. One of the best examples of such research is the HLA-B27 transgenic rat model that fostered the emergence of original theories regarding HLA-B27 pathogenicity, including dysregulation of innate immunity, contribution of the adaptive immune system to chronic inflammation, and influence of the microbiota on disease development. Very recently, a new model of HLA-B27 transgenic Drosophila helped to expand further some of those theories in an unexpected direction involving the TGFβ/BMP family of mediators. On the other hand, several spontaneous, inducible, and/or genetically modified mouse models-including SKG mouse, TNFΔARE mouse and IL-23-inducible mouse model of SpA-have highlighted the importance of TNFα and IL-23/IL-17 axis in the development of SpA manifestations. Altogether, those animal models afford not only to study disease mechanism but also to investigate putative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Breban
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, 2 ave de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France. .,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France. .,Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, 9 ave Charles de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne, France.
| | - Simon Glatigny
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, 2 ave de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bilade Cherqaoui
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, 2 ave de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Beaufrère
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, 2 ave de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lauraine
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, 2 ave de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Rincheval-Arnold
- LGBC, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 ave de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Sébastien Gaumer
- LGBC, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 ave de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Isabelle Guénal
- LGBC, EA4589, UVSQ/Université Paris-Saclay, EPHE/PSL Research University, 2 ave de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Luiza M Araujo
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, 2 ave de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
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6
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Abstract
A causal link between the wealth of microbes that populate our body surfaces, designated as microbiota, and inflammatory disorders, including ankylosing spondylitis and the related spondyloarthritis (SpA) has been suspected for decades. This specially concerns the gut microbiota that became only recently accessible to thorough description thanks to massive sequencing methods or metagenomics. Here, we review evidences supporting the existence of microbiota imbalance or dysbiosis in the context of SpA. We also discuss currently existing evidences for a causal relationship between such dysbiosis and disease development, as well as putative therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Breban
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, 2 Ave de La Source de La Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, 9 Ave Charles de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne, France; Laboratoire D'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Marie Beaufrère
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, 2 Ave de La Source de La Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, 9 Ave Charles de Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne, France; Laboratoire D'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Simon Glatigny
- Infection & Inflammation, UMR 1173, Inserm, UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, 2 Ave de La Source de La Bièvre, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Laboratoire D'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Zhang Z, Shen P, Xie W, Cao H, Liu J, Cao Y, Zhang N. Pingwei San ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:91-99. [PMID: 30844487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ping weisan (PWS), a famous traditional Chinese medicinal, is published in the Prescriptions of Taiping Benevolent Dispensary. PWS has been proven to be effective for many diseases, especially chronic diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of PWS on chronic colitis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chronic colitis was induced in mice using 2.5% DSS for two cycles of 5 days, and different doses of PWS (2, 4, 8 g/kg) were administered throughout the experiment. The disease activity index (DAI), length of colon and pathological changes were measured. Cytokine levels in vivo and in vitro were detected by ELISA. The protein levels of TLR4, PPARγ and the key proteins in NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome were measured by western blot. RESULTS PWS decreased DSS-induced DAI, colon length shortening and colonic pathological damage. PWS also reduced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12 production. In addition, PWS suppressed NF-κB pathway activation by regulating the expression of TLR4 and PPARγ. Our data also indicated that PWS could inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CONCLUSIONS PWS treatment alleviated the degree of colitis caused by DSS, suggesting that PWS might be a novel agent for the treatment of chronic colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbing Xie
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyang Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiuxi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Shen P, Zhang Z, Zhu K, Cao H, Liu J, Lu X, Li Y, Jing Y, Yuan X, Fu Y, Cao Y, Zhang N. Evodiamine prevents dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis via the regulation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:786-795. [PMID: 30554117 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine (EVO), an extraction from the traditional Chinese medicine Evodia rutaecarpa, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and other pharmacological activities. However, the effectiveness of EVO to relieve dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been evaluated. In this study, the protective effects and mechanisms of EVO on DSS-induced UC mice were investigated. The results indicated that treatment with EVO ameliorated DSS-induced UC mice body weight loss, disease activity index (DAI), colon length shortening, colonic pathological damage, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was also significantly inhibited by EVO. Further mechanistic results showed that EVO restrained the inflammation by regulating NF-κB signal and NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, results also showed that EVO contributed to the tight junction (TJ) architecture integrity by modulating the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin during colitis. Surprisingly, treatment with EVO reduced the concentration of plasmatic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and re-balanced the levels of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus. These findings suggested that EVO may have a potential protective effect on DSS-induced colitis and may be useful for the prevention and treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zecai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China; Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunpeng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuxi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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Li H, Gong Y, Xie Y, Sun Q, Li Y. Clostridium butyricum protects the epithelial barrier by maintaining tight junction protein expression and regulating microflora in a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:1031-1042. [PMID: 30141701 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2016.1192678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effects of Clostridium butyricum on the epithelial barrier in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS Eight-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into a healthy control group and DSS-induced groups, including negative control (normal saline), 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), C. butyricum group, and 5-ASA + C. butyricum groups. Colitis was induced by 5% DSS ad libitum for 7 d. We assessed the disease activity index (DAI), histological grading, and ultrastructural changes by transmission electron microscopy. Stools were collected for bacterial microflora analysis. Tight junction (TJ) proteins, including claudin-1, claudin-2, occluding, and zonula occludens-1, were detected by immunohistochemical staining and western blot. We also assessed NF-κB and cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-13, and IL-10, by western blot. RESULTS C. butyricum decreased DAI and histological injury scores in DSS-induced mice, and repaired the damaged structure of TJs. Moreover, C. butyricum exerted its regulatory effect on fecal microflora by increasing and decreasing the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp., respectively, in the colon lumen. Expression levels of claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludens-1 were also elevated by the administration of C. butyricum. In addition, C. butyricum increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF, and IL-13, as well as NF-κB. Moreover, the beneficial effects of C. butyricum combined with 5-ASA were superior to treatment with C. butyricum only. CONCLUSION In a mouse model of ulcerative colitis (UC), C. butyricum exerted a protective effect on the epithelial barrier by regulating microflora, maintaining the expression of TJ proteins and exerting immunoregulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University , Sanhao Street 36 , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Yi Gong
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University , Sanhao Street 36 , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Ying Xie
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University , Sanhao Street 36 , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Qian Sun
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University , Sanhao Street 36 , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Yan Li
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University , Sanhao Street 36 , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
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Shen P, Zhang Z, He Y, Gu C, Zhu K, Li S, Li Y, Lu X, Liu J, Zhang N, Cao Y. Magnolol treatment attenuates dextran sulphate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis by regulating inflammation and mucosal damage. Life Sci 2018; 196:69-76. [PMID: 29355546 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnolol, the main and active ingredient of the Magnolia officinalis, has been widely used in traditional prescription to the human disorders. Magnolol has been proved to have several pharmacological properties including anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effects of magnolol on ulcerative colitis (UC) have not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of magnolol on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The results showed that magnolol significantly alleviated DSS-induced body weight loss, disease activities index (DAI), colon length shortening and colonic pathological damage. In addition, magnolol restrained the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12 via the regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) pathways. Magnolol also enhanced the expression of ZO-1 and occludin in DSS-induced mice colonic tissues. These results showed that magnolol played protective effects on DSS-induced colitis and may be an alternative therapeutic reagent for colitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zecai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunpeng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuxi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang Z, Shen P, Lu X, Li Y, Liu J, Liu B, Fu Y, Cao Y, Zhang N. In Vivo and In Vitro Study on the Efficacy of Terpinen-4-ol in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Mice Experimental Colitis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:558. [PMID: 28553294 PMCID: PMC5427085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Terpinen-4-ol (TER) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis and clarify the possible mechanisms. In vivo, an acute colitis model was used to confirm the anti-inflammatory activity and the possible mechanisms of TER in C57BL/6 and NLRP3−/− mice. In vitro, we performed further study, using RAW264.7 cells and Caco-2 cells, to confirm the molecular mechanisms of TER on inflammatory response. In C57BL/6 mice, TER alleviated DSS-induced disease activity index (DAI), colon length shortening, colonic pathological damage, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities. The production of pro-inflammatory mediators was significantly decreased by TER. Furthermore, TER inhibited NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Surprisingly, TER reduced the plasmatic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration and re-balanced Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Lactobacillus levels. In addition, TER prevented the impairment of colon epithelium barrier by regulating the expression of zonula occludens-1 and occludin. In vitro, the results showed that TER significantly suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, as indicated by decreased expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1, and lowered interleukin-1β secretion. In contrast, mice deficient for NLRP3 were less sensitive to DSS-induced acute colitis, and TER treatment exerted little protective effect on DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in NLRP3−/− mice. The protective effect of TER may be largely attributed to its inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in colon. Taken together, our findings showed that TER might be a potential agent for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanxin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiuxi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhang Z, Shen P, Liu J, Gu C, Lu X, Li Y, Cao Y, Liu B, Fu Y, Zhang N. In Vivo Study of the Efficacy of the Essential Oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Pericarp in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Murine Experimental Colitis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3311-3319. [PMID: 28368613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum pericarp (ZBEO) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice. ZBEO decreased DSS-induced body weight loss, the disease activity index, colon length shortening, colonic pathological damage, and myeloperoxidase activities. The production of pro-inflammatory mediators was significantly alleviated by ZBEO. Further mechanistic analysis showed that ZBEO inhibited inflammation by regulating NF-κB and PPARγ pathways. ZBEO also inhibited NLRP3 activation in colitis in mice. Furthermore, ZBEO contributed to the maintenance of tight junction architecture by regulating the expression of zonula occludens-1 during colitis. Surprisingly, treatment with ZBEO increased levels of the commensal bacteria containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria but reduced Escherichia coli levels in the feces of mice. These results suggested that supplementation with ZBEO might provide a new dietary strategy for the prevention of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuxi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Z, Liu J, Shen P, Cao Y, Lu X, Gao X, Fu Y, Liu B, Zhang N. Zanthoxylum bungeanum pericarp extract prevents dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in mice via the regulation of TLR4 and TLR4-related signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 41:127-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gaifulina R, Maher AT, Kendall C, Nelson J, Rodriguez-Justo M, Lau K, Thomas GM. Label-free Raman spectroscopic imaging to extract morphological and chemical information from a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded rat colon tissue section. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:337-350. [PMID: 27581376 PMCID: PMC5061758 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models and archived human biobank tissues are useful resources for research in disease development, diagnostics and therapeutics. For the preservation of microscopic anatomical features and to facilitate long-term storage, a majority of tissue samples are denatured by the chemical treatments required for fixation, paraffin embedding and subsequent deparaffinization. These aggressive chemical processes are thought to modify the biochemical composition of the sample and potentially compromise reliable spectroscopic examination useful for the diagnosis or biomarking. As a result, spectroscopy is often conducted on fresh/frozen samples. In this study, we provide an extensive characterization of the biochemical signals remaining in processed samples (formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, FFPE) and especially those originating from the anatomical layers of a healthy rat colon. The application of chemometric analytical methods (unsupervised and supervised) was shown to eliminate the need for tissue staining and easily revealed microscopic features consistent with goblet cells and the dense populations of cells within the mucosa, principally via strong nucleic acid signals. We were also able to identify the collagenous submucosa- and serosa- as well as the muscle-associated signals from the muscular regions and blood vessels. Applying linear regression analysis to the data, we were able to corroborate this initial assignment of cell and tissue types by confirming the biological origin of each layer by reference to a subset of authentic biomolecular standards. Our results demonstrate the potential of using label-free Raman microspectroscopy to obtain superior imaging contrast in FFPE sections when compared directly to conventional haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riana Gaifulina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Thomas Maher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Kendall
- Biophotonics Research Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - James Nelson
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Katherine Lau
- Spectroscopy Products Division, Renishaw Plc, Wotton-under-Edge, UK
| | - Geraint Mark Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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Shen F, Feng J, Wang X, Qi Z, Shi X, An Y, Zhang Q, Wang C, Liu M, Liu B, Yu L. Vinegar Treatment Prevents the Development of Murine Experimental Colitis via Inhibition of Inflammation and Apoptosis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1111-1121. [PMID: 26795553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the preventive effects of vinegar and acetic acid (the active component of vinegar) on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. Vinegar (5% v/v) or acetic acid (0.3% w/v) treatment significantly reduced the disease activity index and histopathological scores, attenuated body weight loss, and shortened the colon length in a murine experimental colitis model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Further mechanistic analysis showed that vinegar inhibited inflammation through suppressing Th1 and Th17 responses, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and MAPK signaling activation. Vinegar also inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in the colitis mouse model. Surprisingly, pretreatment with vinegar for 28 days before DSS induction increased levels of the commensal lactic acid-producing or acetic acid-producing bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, and Enterococcus faecalis, whereas decreased Escherichia coli levels were found in the feces of mice. These results suggest that vinegar supplementation might provide a new dietary strategy for the prevention of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Shen
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiaxuan Feng
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University , Yanji 133000, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhimin Qi
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaochen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yanan An
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun 130062, China
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Sydora BC, Albert EJ, Foshaug RR, Doyle JSG, Churchill TA, Fedorak RN. Intravenous injection of endogenous microbial components abrogates DSS-induced colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:345-54. [PMID: 21881971 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is largely unknown, but appears to be perpetuated by uncontrolled responses to antigenic components of the endogenous flora. Tolerance to antigenic stimulation can be achieved by exposure to a given antigen in high amounts (high dose tolerance). Colitis induced by feeding of Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) is an often-used animal model mimicking clinical and histological features of human IBD. AIMS We investigated whether treatment with high doses of endogenous bacterial components can affect the response to these antigenic components and thus impact the course of the inflammatory response induced by DSS. METHODS 129/SvEv mice were injected intravenously in the tail vein with lysates prepared from fecal material of conventionally-raised mice. Control mice received a solution of bacterial antigen-free lysates prepared from fecal material of germ-free mice. Seven days later, colitis was induced in these mice by introducing DSS (3.5%) in the drinking water for 5 days. Onset and course of the inflammatory response was monitored by assessment of weight loss. Mice were sacrificed at day 7 post colitis induction and tested for histopathologic injury, intestinal cytokine release, and systemic response to bacterial antigens. RESULTS Intravenous injection with fecal lysates reduced intestinal and antigen-stimulated systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine release and prevented DSS-induced weight loss and intestinal injury. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with high amount of endogenous bacterial components has a profound tolerogenic effect on the systemic and mucosal immune responses resulting in reduced intestinal inflammation and abrogates colitis-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate C Sydora
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Hering NA, Fromm M, Schulzke JD. Determinants of colonic barrier function in inflammatory bowel disease and potential therapeutics. J Physiol 2012; 590:1035-44. [PMID: 22219336 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a main feature of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Leak flux diarrhoea and a facilitated uptake of noxious antigens are the two consequences resulting from an impaired epithelial barrier. Barrier perturbations in IBD comprise alterations in epithelial tight junctions (TJ), i.e. a reduced number of horizontal TJ strands and an altered TJ protein expression and subcellular distribution. Moreover, increased incidence of apoptotic events as well as erosions and ulcerations can add to that leakiness. These barrier defects are attributed to enhanced activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNFα, INFγ, IL-1β and IL-13, which are highly expressed in the chronically inflamed intestine. Although the aetiology of IBD is far from being clear, chronic inflammation is believed to result from an inadequate immune response as a consequence of genetic predisposition as well as changes in, and altered responses to, the intestinal microbiota. On the other hand, an insufficient mucosal response to bacterial stimuli results in an insufficient immune response towards intestinal pathogens. However, detailed characterization of barrier defects offers the opportunity to consider and test therapeutic interventions. Beside cytokine antagonists, different plant compounds and probiotics have been shown to stabilize the barrier function by affecting TJ protein expression and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Boerner BP, Sarvetnick NE. Type 1 diabetes: role of intestinal microbiome in humans and mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1243:103-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Koh SJ, Kim JS. Prebiotics: germinated barley foodstuff for the prevention of colitis-associated colon cancer? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26:1219-20. [PMID: 21771059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Sydora BC, McFarlane SM, Doyle JSG, Fedorak RN. Neonatal exposure to fecal antigens reduces intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:899-906. [PMID: 20824814 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A role for bacterial antigens in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been established in enhanced humoral and cellular immune response to ubiquitous antigens of the enteric flora. However, we have recently shown that bacterial antigens in the absence of live bacteria cannot initiate an intestinal inflammation in IBD-prone interleukin (IL)-10 gene-deficient mice. The objective was to investigate whether neonatal exposure to antigens of their own endogenous flora can tolerize mice to bacterial antigens. METHODS IL-10 gene-deficient neonates were injected intraperitoneally within 72 hours of birth with a sterile solution of bacterial lysates prepared from fecal material of either conventionally raised mice (contains bacterial antigens) or axenic mice (lacks bacterial antigens). The onset of intestinal inflammation was monitored as the appearance of occult blood in the stool in weekly hemoccult analysis. Mice were sacrificed between age 15 and 19 weeks and tested for histopathologic injury, intestinal inflammation, and systemic response to bacterial antigens. RESULTS In mice neonatally exposed to bacterial antigens the onset of intestinal inflammation was delayed and the incidence of histopathologic injury at age 18 weeks was reduced. In addition, mice injected with lysates from conventionally raised mice exhibited decreased release of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon gamma [IFN-γ] and IL-17) in intestinal tissue and demonstrated reduced bacteria-stimulated systemic responses when compared to mice injected with lysates derived from bacteria-free, axenic mice. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal intraperitoneal injection of antigens from the commensal flora causes long-lasting changes in systemic and mucosal immune responses resulting in delayed onset of intestinal inflammation and injury in IBD-prone IL-10 gene-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate C Sydora
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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22
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Tlaskalová-Hogenová H, Stěpánková R, Kozáková H, Hudcovic T, Vannucci L, Tučková L, Rossmann P, Hrnčíř T, Kverka M, Zákostelská Z, Klimešová K, Přibylová J, Bártová J, Sanchez D, Fundová P, Borovská D, Srůtková D, Zídek Z, Schwarzer M, Drastich P, Funda DP. The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8:110-20. [PMID: 21278760 PMCID: PMC4003137 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic approaches are currently being used to decipher the genome of the microbiota (microbiome), and, in parallel, functional studies are being performed to analyze the effects of the microbiota on the host. Gnotobiological methods are an indispensable tool for studying the consequences of bacterial colonization. Animals used as models of human diseases can be maintained in sterile conditions (isolators used for germ-free rearing) and specifically colonized with defined microbes (including non-cultivable commensal bacteria). The effects of the germ-free state or the effects of colonization on disease initiation and maintenance can be observed in these models. Using this approach we demonstrated direct involvement of components of the microbiota in chronic intestinal inflammation and development of colonic neoplasia (i.e., using models of human inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal carcinoma). In contrast, a protective effect of microbiota colonization was demonstrated for the development of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Interestingly, the development of atherosclerosis in germ-free apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice fed by a standard low-cholesterol diet is accelerated compared with conventionally reared animals. Mucosal induction of tolerance to allergen Bet v1 was not influenced by the presence or absence of microbiota. Identification of components of the microbiota and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of their action in inducing pathological changes or exerting beneficial, disease-protective activities could aid in our ability to influence the composition of the microbiota and to find bacterial strains and components (e.g., probiotics and prebiotics) whose administration may aid in disease prevention and treatment.
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Sydora BC, MacFarlane SM, Lupicki M, Dmytrash AL, Dieleman LA, Fedorak RN. An imbalance in mucosal cytokine profile causes transient intestinal inflammation following an animal's first exposure to faecal bacteria and antigens. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:187-96. [PMID: 20345974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microflora play a critical role in the initiation and perpetuation of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. In genetically susceptible hosts, bacterial colonization results in rapid-onset chronic intestinal inflammation. Nevertheless, the intestinal and systemic immune response to faecal bacteria and antigen exposure into a sterile intestinal lumen of a post-weaned animal with a mature immune system are not understood clearly. This study examined the effects of faecal bacteria and antigen exposure on the intestinal mucosal and systemic immune system in healthy axenic mice. Axenic wild-type mice were inoculated orally with a crude faecal slurry solution derived from conventionally raised mice and were analysed prior to and then at days 3, 7, 14 and 28 post-treatment. Ingestion of faecal slurry resulted in a transient, early onset of proinflammatory interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-17 response that was maximal at day 3. In contrast, the transient release of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 occurred later and was maximal at day 7. Both responses subsided by day 14. This early cytokine imbalance was associated with a brief rise in colonic and caecal histopathological injury score at day 7. The bacterial antigen-specific systemic response was found to follow the intestinal immune response with a maximal release of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at day 7. Thus, first exposure of healthy axenic wild-type mice to normal faecal flora and antigens results in an early proinflammatory cytokine response and transient colonic inflammation that then resolves in conjunction with a subsequent anti-inflammatory cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sydora
- Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Strober W, Fuss IJ. Experimental models of mucosal inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 579:55-97. [PMID: 16620012 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-33778-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defense NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Albright CA, Sartor RB, Tonkonogy SL. Endogenous antigen presenting cell-derived IL-10 inhibits T lymphocyte responses to commensal enteric bacteria. Immunol Lett 2009; 123:77-87. [PMID: 19428554 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 deficient (IL-10-/-) mice develop chronic T cell-mediated colitis when colonized with normal commensal bacteria, but germ-free (GF) IL-10-/- mice remain disease-free. Antigen presenting cells (APC) secrete regulatory cytokines that help determine T lymphocyte activation or tolerance. CD4(+) T cells from the mesenteric lymph nodes of inflamed IL-10-/- mice secrete more IFN-gamma and IL-17 when cultured with cecal bacterial lysate-pulsed splenic APC from IL-10-/- mice than when cultured with normal control APC. GF IL-10-/- APC induce similar IFN-gamma and IL-17 responses; therefore, the functional difference between normal and IL-10 deficient APC is inherent to the lack of IL-10 and not secondary to inflammation. Bacterial lysate-pulsed normal APC cultured with CD4(+) cells from colitic IL-10-/- mice or with exogenous IFN-gamma secrete higher amounts of IL-10 compared to the same APC cultured with naïve T cells. APC enriched for CD11c(+) cells are potent activators of IFN-gamma and IL-17 production by CD4(+) cells from IL-10-/- mice. These APC also produce IL-12/IL-23 p40 and IL-10. Recombinant IL-10 suppressed and anti-IL-10 receptor antibody increased IFN-gamma, IL-17 and IL-12/IL-23 p40 production in bacterial lysate-pulsed APC and plus CD4(+) T cell co-cultures. Taken together, our results show that endogenous IL-10 produced by APC inhibits responses to commensal bacteria and influences the ability of APC to stimulate IFN-gamma-producing effector lymphocytes, which reciprocally, induce IL-10 production by APC. Cytokines produced by APC are an important determinant of pathogenic versus protective mucosal immune responses to colonic bacterial stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Albright
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Qian BF, Tonkonogy SL, Sartor RB. Aberrant innate immune responses in TLR-ligand activated HLA-B27 transgenic rat cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:1358-65. [PMID: 18512246 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commensal enteric microbiota initiate and perpetuate immune-mediated colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic (TG) rats but not wildtype (non-TG) littermates. However, the role of the innate immune response to bacterial components has not been established. METHODS We examined responses induced by bacterial adjuvants through Toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD2 signaling in T-cell-depleted splenocytes from HLA-B27 TG rats versus non-TG controls. RESULTS We found that various bacterial adjuvants induced TNF production by cells obtained from specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF, sterile) TG and non-TG rats. Peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and CpG DNA motifs stimulated higher levels of TNF production by SPF TG rat spleen cells compared to non-TG cells. CD11b/c cell depletion eliminated PG-PS and LPS-induced TNF and dramatically reduced CpG-stimulated TNF production. Both SPF and GF TG rat spleens contain more cells that express high levels of CD11b/c and show enhanced mRNA expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 compared to non-TG rat spleens. In contrast, constitutive and bacterial-induced IL-10 production was markedly lower in TG cells compared to non-TG cells of rats from the same SPF or GF housing conditions. Notably, the ratio of TNF to IL-10 produced after TLR ligand activation was significantly higher in TG than non-TG cells. CONCLUSIONS HLA-B27 TG rats have an aberrant cell composition, altered functional TLR expression, and an intrinsic defect in IL-10 production in response to TLR ligands, which may result in exaggerated proinflammatory responses to commensal enteric bacteria and uncontrolled inflammation in this colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Feng Qian
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Qian BF, Tonkonogy SL, Sartor RB. Reduced responsiveness of HLA-B27 transgenic rat cells to TGF-beta and IL-10-mediated regulation of IFN-gamma production. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:921-30. [PMID: 18340648 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have reported that commensal luminal bacterial components induce an active in vitro IFN-gamma response in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and intestinal cells from specific pathogen-free (SPF) HLA-B27 transgenic (TG) rats with chronic colitis but not in cells from non-diseased SPF non-TG, germ-free (GF) non-TG or GF TG rats. METHODS The study examined IL-12 stimulation of MLN IFN-gamma responses to luminal bacteria and regulation of these responses by suppressive cytokines. RESULTS Exogenous IL-12 significantly increased the bacterial lysate-induced IFN-gamma response in SPF TG MLN cells, while bacterial lysate and IL-12 synergistically induced IFN-gamma from low baseline levels in cells obtained from both SPF and GF non-TG rats, and in GF TG cells. TGF-beta fully counteracted the effects of IL-12 and bacterial lysate on non-TG cells by almost completely inhibiting IFN-gamma production. In contrast, TG cells were less responsive to TGF-beta-mediated downregulation with a substantial residual IFN-gamma response to IL-12 plus bacterial lysate. Further experiments showed that CD4+/CD25+ cells had no inhibitory effect on the IFN-gamma production and were not required for TGF-beta-mediated suppression. Addition of exogenous IL-10 also partially inhibited IFN-gamma production by non-TG cells but did not affect TG cells. Conversely, exogenous IL-12 preferentially suppressed bacterial lysate-induced TGF-beta and IL-10 production in TG rat cells. CONCLUSIONS An attenuated response to regulatory signals leads to uncontrolled potentiated induction of effector IFN-gamma responses to commensal bacteria in HLA-B27 TG rats that spontaneously develop chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Feng Qian
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Milia AF, Manetti M, Generini S, Polidori L, Benelli G, Cinelli M, Messerini L, Ibba-Manneschi L, Matucci-Cerinic M. TNFalpha blockade prevents the development of inflammatory bowel disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:164-76. [PMID: 18363845 PMCID: PMC3823044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats transgenic for HLA-B27 and human β2microglobulin (B27TR) develop a multi-systemic disease resembling inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and spondyloarthritis. TNFα has a crucial role in chronic inflammation. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of anti-TNFα treatment on spontaneous IBD in B27TR. Nine-week-old B27TR received monoclonal anti-TNFα or an isotypic IgG2a,k up to age of 18 weeks. A second group was monitored up to 18 weeks and then randomly assigned to anti-TNFα or IgG2 a,k treatment. Each rat was monitored for clinical IBD manifestations. After sacrifice, the colon was examined for pathological changes. TNFα receptors (TNF-R1, TNF-R2), Fas/Fas-L expression and apoptosis were evaluated. IgG2a,k-treated and untreated B27TR presented signs of IBD at 11 weeks, whereas in anti-TNFα-treated B27TR no IBD signs were detected. In the late treatment, IBD signs improved after 1 week. Histopathological analysis of IgG2a,k-treated B27TR colon showed inflammatory signs that were widely prevented by early anti-TNFα treatment. Late treatment did not significantly reduce inflammation. TNF-R1 was weakly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells of IgG2a,k-treated B27TR, while it was comparable to controls in anti-TNFα-treated animals. TNF-R2 immunopositivity was strongly evident in IgG2a,k-treated B27TR, whereas was absent in anti-TNFα-treated rats. RT-PCR confirmed these results. IgG2a,k-treated B27TR showed, at 18 weeks, few Fas-positive cells and an increase of Fas-L-positive cells. At 27 weeks, Fas-/Fas-L-positive cell number was significantly low. Anti-TNFα treatment increased Fas-L expression, whereas Fas increased only with the early treatment. TNFα blockade is effective in preventing inflammation in early phase of IBD, maintaining the homeostatic balance of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Franca Milia
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Linge HM, Sastalla I, Nitsche-Schmitz DP, Egesten A, Frick IM. Protein FOG is a moderate inducer of MIG/CXCL9, and group G streptococci are more tolerant than group A streptococci to this chemokine's antibacterial effect. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:3800-3808. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/009647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helena M. Linge
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, BMC, B14, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, BMC, B14, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Inka Sastalla
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Abteilung Mikrobielle Pathogenität, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-381 24 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - D. Patric Nitsche-Schmitz
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Abteilung Mikrobielle Pathogenität, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-381 24 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arne Egesten
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, BMC, B14, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Inga-Maria Frick
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, BMC, B14, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Sydora BC, Macfarlane SM, Walker JW, Dmytrash AL, Churchill TA, Doyle J, Fedorak RN. Epithelial barrier disruption allows nondisease-causing bacteria to initiate and sustain IBD in the IL-10 gene-deficient mouse. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:947-54. [PMID: 17427241 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the IL-10 gene-deficient mouse model, development of intestinal inflammation is associated with a defect in epithelial barrier integrity that is thought to allow sufficient passage of bacteria or bacterial antigens to initiate a mucosal immune response. Microbial monoassociation experiments into axenic animals have shown that some, but not all, endogenous bacteria will initiate an intestinal inflammatory response. For instance, Bacteroides vulgatus does not initiate intestinal inflammation in axenic IL-10 gene-deficient mice. We investigated whether B. vulgatus requires concomitant disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in order to initiate an inflammatory response. METHODS We first identified a dose of the indomethacin that would cause a primary disruption of the epithelial barrier without causing intestinal inflammation. IL-10 axenic mice were then administered this dose of indomethacin in their drinking water for 7 days and concomitantly monoassociated, by oral gavage, with B. vulgatus. RESULTS Indomethacin treatment (2 microg/g/d) for 7 days resulted in disruption of epithelial barrier integrity, but it caused neither a systemic inflammatory response nor a mucosal inflammatory response in the colon or cecum. Monoassociation with B. vulgatus alone did not lead to a mucosal inflammatory response, despite a measurable systemic response. In contrast, administration of indomethacin plus B. vulgatus-monoassociation resulted in a marked intestinal inflammatory response in colon and cecum. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that, in a genetically predisposed animal model, the nondisease-causing endogenous bacteria, B. vulgatus, is able to cause an intestinal inflammatory response provided that disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate C Sydora
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Jergens AE, Wilson-Welder JH, Dorn A, Henderson A, Liu Z, Evans RB, Hostetter J, Wannemuehler MJ. Helicobacter bilis triggers persistent immune reactivity to antigens derived from the commensal bacteria in gnotobiotic C3H/HeN mice. Gut 2007; 56:934-40. [PMID: 17145736 PMCID: PMC1994361 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.099242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Helicobacter species has been associated with the development of mucosal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in several mouse models. However, consensus regarding the role of Helicobacter as a model organism to study microbial-induced IBD is confounded by the presence of a complex colonic microbiota. AIM To investigate the kinetics and inflammatory effects of immune system activation to commensal bacteria following H bilis colonisation in gnotobiotic mice. METHODS C3H/HeN mice harbouring an altered Schaedler flora (ASF) were selectively colonised with H bilis and host responses were investigated over a 10-week period. Control mice were colonised only with the defined flora (DF). Tissues were analysed for gross/histopathological lesions, and bacterial antigen-specific antibody and T-cell responses. RESULTS Gnotobiotic mice colonised with H bilis developed mild macroscopic and microscopic lesions of typhlocolitis beginning 3 weeks postinfection. ASF-specific IgG responses were demonstrable within 3 weeks, persisted throughout the 10-week study, and presented as a mixed IgG1:IgG2a profile. Lymphocytes recovered from the mesenteric lymph node of H bilis-colonised mice produced increased levels of interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL12 in response to stimulation with commensal- or H bilis-specific bacterial lysates. In contrast, DF mice not colonised with H bilis did not develop immune responses to their resident flora and remained disease free. CONCLUSIONS Colonisation of gnotobiotic C3H/HeN mice with H bilis perturbs the host's response to its resident flora and induces progressive immune reactivity to commensal bacteria that contributes to the development of immune-mediated intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Hoentjen F, Tonkonogy SL, Qian BF, Liu B, Dieleman LA, Sartor RB. CD4(+) T lymphocytes mediate colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats monoassociated with nonpathogenic Bacteroides vulgatus. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:317-24. [PMID: 17206701 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA-B27/beta2 microglobulin transgenic (TG) rats develop spontaneous colitis when raised under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions or after mono-association with Bacteroides vulgatus (B. vulgatus), whereas germ-free TG rats fail to develop intestinal inflammation. SPF HLA-B27 TG rnu/rnu rats, which are congenitally athymic, remain disease free. These results indicate that commensal intestinal bacteria and T cells are both pivotal for the development of colitis in TG rats. However, it is not known if T cells are also required in the induction of colitis by a single bacterial strain. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the role of T cells in the development of colitis in B. vulgatus-monoassociated HLA-B27 TG rats. METHODS HLA-B27 TG rnu/rnu and rnu/+ rats were monoassociated with B. vulgatus for 8-12 weeks. CD4(+) T cells from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of B. vulgatus-monoassociated rnu/+ TG donor rats were transferred into B. vulgatus-monoassociated rnu/rnu TG recipients. RESULTS B. vulgatus-monoassociated rnu/+ rats showed higher histologic inflammatory scores and elevated colonic interferon-gamma mRNA, cecal myeloperoxidase, and cecal IL-1beta levels compared to those in rnu/rnu TG rats that did not contain T cells. After transfer of CD4(+) cells from colitic B. vulgatus-monoassociated rnu/+ TG donor rats, B. vulgatus-monoassociated rnu/rnu TG recipients developed colitis that was accompanied by B. vulgatus-induced IFN-gamma production by MLN cells in vitro and inflammatory parameters similar to rnu/+ TG rats. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate CD4(+) T cells in the development of colitis in HLA-B27 TG rats monoassociated with the nonpathogenic bacterial strain B. vulgatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hoentjen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Smith JA, Märker-Hermann E, Colbert RA. Pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis: current concepts. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006; 20:571-91. [PMID: 16777583 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
More than three decades after the discovery of HLA-B27 as a major genetic clue to the origins of ankylosing spondylitis, much has been learned about pathogenesis. However, the role of this major histocompatibility complex class I allele remains undefined. Studies from animal models have demonstrated that HLA-B27 overexpression can cause inflammatory disease with spondyloarthritis features, and together with investigations of patient-derived material, both innate adaptive and immune responses have been implicated. The gastrointestinal immune response to pathogens and even normal flora, with subclinical or overt inflammation, may play a role as an environmental component of these diseases. Although there has been a large conceptual emphasis on mechanisms involving autoreactive T-cell recognition of HLA-B27 complexes displaying arthritogenic peptides, and more recently non-canonical recognition of abnormal forms of HLA-B27 free of beta(2)m (heavy-chain dimers or monomers), it remains unclear whether immunological recognition plays a role in pathogenesis. The recognition that the HLA-B27 heavy chain misfolds during assembly, and causes endoplasmic reticulum 'stress', has led to the observation that this activates the unfolded protein response. This has opened additional areas of investigation into the response of immune system cells to protein misfolding, and suggested novel alternative concepts that may explain the role of HLA-B27 in pathogenesis. This chapter will discuss available data and current concepts regarding the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Smith
- Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine Dr. Horst Schmidt kliniken GmbH, Aukammallee 39 65191 Wiesbaden, Germany
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Abstract
The prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells of the colon exist in a highly complex, but harmonious relationship. Disturbances in this remarkable symbiosis can result in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although the etiology of IBD is not entirely understood, it is known that the chronic inflammation of Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and chronic pouchitis are a result of an overly aggressive immune response to the commensal intestinal flora in genetically susceptible hosts. Recent studies have enhanced our ability to understand the interaction between the host and its intestinal microflora and the role the microflora plays in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. As we begin to understand the benefits conferred to the intestine by the microflora, the notion of modifying the composition of the bacterial load to improve human health has arisen. A significant body of research now exists investigating the role of probiotics and prebiotics in ameliorating chronic intestinal inflammation. This article will begin with an overview of the role of the commensal microflora in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis, and how a dysregulated immune response to the intestinal microflora results in IBD. This will be followed by a summary of the use of probiotics and prebiotics in experimental and human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Ewaschuk
- Centre for Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2X8, Canada
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Sydora BC, Martin SM, Lupicki M, Dieleman LA, Doyle J, Walker JW, Fedorak RN. Bacterial antigens alone can influence intestinal barrier integrity, but live bacteria are required for initiation of intestinal inflammation and injury. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:429-36. [PMID: 16775486 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200606000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal flora plays a critical role in the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease. This study examined whether live fecal bacteria were necessary for the initiation of this inflammatory response or whether sterile fecal material would provoke a similar response. Three preparations of fecal material were prepared: (1) a slurry of live fecal bacteria, (2) a sterile lysate of bacterial antigens, and (3) a sterile filtrate of fecal water. Each preparation was introduced via gastric gavage into the intestines of axenic interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice genetically predisposed to develop inflammatory bowel disease. Intestinal barrier integrity and degrees of mucosal and systemic inflammations were determined for each preparation group. Intestinal barrier integrity, as determined by mannitol transmural flux, was altered by both live fecal bacterial and sterile lysates of bacterial antigens, although it was not altered by sterile filtrates of fecal water. However, only live fecal bacteria initiated mucosal inflammation and injury and a systemic immune response. Fecal bacterial antigens in the presence of live bacteria and sterile fecal bacterial antigens have different effects on the initiation and perpetuation of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate C Sydora
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Schroeder B, Duncker S, Barth S, Bauerfeind R, Gruber AD, Deppenmeier S, Breves G. Preventive effects of the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 on acute secretory diarrhea in a pig model of intestinal infection. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:724-31. [PMID: 16614995 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-3198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment with the probiotic Escherichia colistrain Nissle 1917 (EcN) was assessed in a pig model of intestinal infection to prevent acute secretory diarrhea. In the model 10(10) colony forming units of the porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Abbotstown (EcA) was given via orogastric tube to weaned piglets at day 21 postpartum (-EcN/+EcA group, n = 7). Forty-eight hours after challenge electrophysiological parameters of isolated intact jejunal epithelia were characterized in Ussing chambers. In agreement with clinical signs of diarrhea, tissues of challenged animals showed an overshoot of secretory response after stimulation of the cAMP-mediated second messenger pathway by forskolin, indicating higher excitability of chloride secretory systems under infected conditions. The data were compared with respective measurements from animals that got a daily dose of 10(10) cfu of the probiotic EcN over 10 days before EcA challenge (+EcN/+EcA group; n = 4), from a group that received only EcN (+EcN/-EcA; n = 4), or from a group that remained totally untreated (-EcN/-EcA; n = 6). EcN pretreatment completely abolished clinical signs of secretory diarrhea in +EcN/+EcA animals. Furthermore, jejunum epithelia of these animals did not exhibit an overshoot of secretory response upon stimulation with forskolin. Our studies demonstrate for the first time the efficacy of prophylactic EcN in pig small intestine for preventing an effect of toxigenic EcA. This infection model with freshly weaned piglets may be predestinated to further characterize EcN effects on the cellular level, i.e., involved second messenger pathways, or it may also be useful to examine the efficacy of other substrates or microbe strains against secretory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schroeder
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.
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Qian BF, Tonkonogy SL, Balfour Sartor R. Luminal bacterial antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in HLA-B27 transgenic rats with chronic colitis are mediated by both major histocompatibility class II and HLA-B27 molecules. Immunology 2006; 117:319-28. [PMID: 16476051 PMCID: PMC1782237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats transgenic (TG) for the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I HLA-B27 and beta2-microglobulin genes develop chronic colitis under specific pathogen-free (SPF) but not sterile (germ-free, GF) conditions. We investigated the role of antigen-presenting molecules involved in generating immune responses by CD4+ mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from colitic HLA-B27 TG rats to commensal enteric micro-organisms. All TG MLN cells expressed HLA-B27. A higher level of MHC class II was expressed on cells from TG rats, both SPF and GF, compared to non-TG littermates. In contrast, rat MHC class I expression was lower on TG than non-TG cells. Both TG and non-TG antigen presenting cells (APC) pulsed with caecal bacterial antigens induced a marked interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) response in TG CD4+ T lymphocytes but failed to stimulate non-TG cells. Blocking MHC class II on both TG and non-TG APC dramatically inhibited their ability to induce TG CD4+ T cells to produce IFN-gamma. Blocking HLA-B27 on TG APC similarly inhibited IFN-gamma responses. When the antibodies against MHC class II and HLA-B27 were combined, no APC-dependent IFN-gamma response was detected. These data implicate both native rat MHC class II and TG HLA-B27 in CD4+ MLN T-cell IFN-gamma responses to commensal enteric microflora in this colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Feng Qian
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Hoentjen F, Tonkonogy SL, Liu B, Sartor RB, Taurog JD, Dieleman LA. Adoptive transfer of nontransgenic mesenteric lymph node cells induces colitis in athymic HLA-B27 transgenic nude rats. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:474-83. [PMID: 16487247 PMCID: PMC1809603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-B27 transgenic (TG) rats develop spontaneous colitis when colonized with intestinal bacteria, whereas athymic nude (rnu/rnu) HLA-B27 TG rats remain disease free. The present study was designed to determine whether or not HLA-B27 expression on T cells is required for development of colitis after transfer of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells into rnu/rnu HLA-B27 recipients. Athymic nontransgenic (non-TG) and HLA-B27 TG recipients received MLN cells from either TG or non-TG rnu/+ heterozygous donor rats that contain T cells. HLA-B27 TG rnu/rnu recipients receiving either non-TG or TG MLN cells developed severe colitis and had higher caecal MPO and IL-1beta levels, and their MLN cells produced more IFN-gamma and less IL-10 after in vitro stimulation with caecal bacterial lysate compared to rnu/rnu non-TG recipients that remained disease free after receiving either TG or non-TG cells. Interestingly, proliferating donor TG T cells were detectable one week after adoptive transfer into rnu/rnu TG recipients but not after transfer into non-TG recipients. T cells from either non-TG or TG donors induce colitis in rnu/rnu TG but not in non-TG rats, suggesting that activation of effector T cells by other cell types that express HLA-B27 is pivotal for the pathogenesis of colitis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hoentjen
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Qian BF, Tonkonogy SL, Hoentjen F, Dieleman LA, Sartor RB. Dysregulated luminal bacterial antigen-specific T-cell responses and antigen-presenting cell function in HLA-B27 transgenic rats with chronic colitis. Immunology 2005; 116:112-21. [PMID: 16108823 PMCID: PMC1802408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-B27/beta2 microglobulin transgenic (TG) rats spontaneously develop T-cell-mediated colitis when colonized with normal commensal bacteria, but remain disease-free under germ-free conditions. We investigated regulation of in vitro T-cell responses to enteric bacterial components. Bacterial lysates prepared from the caecal contents of specific pathogen-free (SPF) rats stimulated interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by TG but not non-TG mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells. In contrast, essentially equivalent amounts of interleukin-10 (IL-10) were produced by TG and non-TG cells. However, when cells from MLNs of non-TG rats were cocultured with TG MLN cells, no suppression of IFN-gamma production was noted. Both non-TG and TG antigen-presenting cells (APC) pulsed with caecal bacterial lysate were able to induce IFN-gamma production by TG CD4+ cells, although non-TG APC were more efficient than TG APC. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous IL-10 inhibited non-TG APC but not TG APC stimulation of IFN-gamma production by cocultured TG CD4+ lymphocytes. Conversely, in the presence of exogenous IFN-gamma, production of IL-10 was significantly lower in the supernatants of TG compared to non-TG APC cultures. We conclude that commensal luminal bacterial components induce exaggerated in vitro IFN-gamma responses in HLA-B27 TG T cells, which may in turn inhibit the production of regulatory molecules, such as IL-10. Alterations in the production of IFN-gamma, and in responses to this cytokine, as well as possible resistance of TG cells to suppressive regulation could together contribute to the development of chronic colitis in TG rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Feng Qian
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Hoentjen F, Welling GW, Harmsen HJM, Zhang X, Snart J, Tannock GW, Lien K, Churchill TA, Lupicki M, Dieleman LA. Reduction of colitis by prebiotics in HLA-B27 transgenic rats is associated with microflora changes and immunomodulation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11:977-85. [PMID: 16239843 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000183421.02316.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HLA-B27 transgenic rats develop spontaneous colitis under specific pathogen-free conditions (SPF) but germ-free rats remain disease-free, emphasizing a role for intestinal bacteria in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation. Prebiotics are dietary substances that affect the host by stimulating growth and/or activity of potentially health promoting bacteria. The aims of this study were to investigate whether prebiotics can prevent colitis in SPF HLA-B27 rats, and secondly, to explore mechanisms of protection. SPF HLA-B27 transgenic rats received orally the prebiotic combination long-chain inulin and oligofructose (Synergy 1), or not, prior to the development of clinically detectable colitis. After seven weeks, cecal and colonic tissues were collected for gross cecal scores (GCS), histologic inflammatory scores (scale 0-4), and mucosal cytokine measurement. Cecal and colonic contents were collected for analysis of the gut microbiota by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), and analysis of short-chain fatty acid composition. Prebiotic treatment significantly decreased GCS and inflammatory histologic scores in the cecum and colon. Prebiotic treatment also decreased cecal IL-1beta, but increased cecal TGF-beta concentrations. Inulin/oligofructose altered the cecal and colonic PCR-DGGE profiles, and FISH analysis showed significant increases in cecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations after prebiotic treatment compared with water-treated rats. In conclusion, the prebiotic combination Synergy 1 reduced colitis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats, which effect was associated with alterations to the gut microbiota, decreased tissue proinflammatory cytokines and increased immunomodulatory molecules. These results show promise for prebiotics as primary or adjuvant maintenance therapy for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hoentjen
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review reports on the recent progress understanding mechanisms of action and clinical applications of probiotics. RECENT FINDINGS New insights on regulating mechanisms of intestinal commensal bacteria to prevent and treat different gastrointestinal diseases have been reported. Some probiotics, though not all, exert beneficial effects by modulating the mucosal barrier function and immune activity. It seems that a combination of different probiotics is more effective than a single strain. It was demonstrated that not only viable bacteria administered to the intestinal tract but also isolated probiotic DNA is active, even if injected subcutaneously. There is reasonable evidence to recommend probiotics in infectious diarrhoea for prevention and treatment (mainly in children) and to prevent antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal side effects. Furthermore, probiotics are effective in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis and preventing and treating pouchitis. Promising positive effects were published in major surgery patients (gastric resection, pancreatic resection, liver transplantation) and in severe necrotising acute pancreatitis. SUMMARY Increasing knowledge on probiotics is exciting, but in the near future it must be defined which probiotics (single strains or a combination) are most effective in specific diseases. Well-designed, randomized clinical trials are still required to further define the role of probiotics as preventive and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Meier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Basel, Liestal, Switzerland.
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Keith JC, Sainz IM, Isordia-Salas I, Pixley RA, Leathurby Y, Albert LM, Colman RW. A monoclonal antibody against kininogen reduces inflammation in the HLA-B27 transgenic rat. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R769-76. [PMID: 15987478 PMCID: PMC1175023 DOI: 10.1186/ar1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) transgenic rat is a model of human inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Studies of chronic inflammation in other rat models have demonstrated activation of the kallikrein–kinin system as well as modulation by a plasma kallikrein inhibitor initiated before the onset of clinicopathologic changes or a deficiency in high-molecular-mass kininogen. Here we study the effects of monoclonal antibody C11C1, an antibody against high-molecular-mass kininogen that inhibits the binding of high-molecular-mass kininogen to leukocytes and endothelial cells in the HLA-B27 rat, which was administered after the onset of the inflammatory changes. Thrice-weekly intraperitoneal injections of monoclonal antibody C11C1 or isotype IgG1 were given to male 23-week-old rats for 16 days. Stool character as a measure of intestinal inflammation, and the rear limbs for clinical signs of arthritis (tarsal joint swelling and erythema) were scored daily. The animals were killed and the histology sections were assigned a numerical score for colonic inflammation, synovitis, and cartilage damage. Administration of monoclonal C11C1 rapidly decreased the clinical scores of pre-existing inflammatory bowel disease (P < 0.005) and arthritis (P < 0.001). Histological analyses confirmed significant reductions in colonic lesions (P = 0.004) and synovitis (P = 0.009). Decreased concentrations of plasma prekallikrein and high-molecular-mass kininogen were found, providing evidence of activation of the kallikrein–kinin system. The levels of these biomarkers were reversed by monoclonal antibody C11C1, which may have therapeutic potential in human inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Keith
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irma M Sainz
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylania, USA
| | - Irma Isordia-Salas
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylania, USA
| | - Robin A Pixley
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylania, USA
| | - Yelena Leathurby
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leo M Albert
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert W Colman
- The Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylania, USA
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent evidence has shown that commensal bacteria regulate intestinal physiology, development, and function. This review focuses on new insights into the effects of these organisms on health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Gastrointestinal tract development and function is determined by communication between the intestinal epithelium and commensal bacteria. Important regulatory interactions between these cells are being defined with early evidence indicating both beneficial and harmful consequences to the host. A subgroup of these bacteria overlaps with probiotic organisms that have preventative and therapeutic potential for diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), atopy, and other diseases, whereas evidence indicates some "nonpathogenic" commensal bacteria may promote an environment conducive to IBD, cancer, and other diseases. SUMMARY Progress in understanding the relation between commensal bacteria and human health is likely to promote the identification of new approaches to disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2576, USA
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