A double-blind, crossover study of Biotene Oralbalance and BioXtra systems as salivary substitutes in patients with post-radiotherapy xerostomia

Radiation-Therapy Related Salivary Dysfunction

Radiation-induced xerostomia (RIX) is a common and debilitating side effect of head and neck cancer radiotherapy, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. This review comprehensively summarizes the current understanding of RIX, encompassing its clinical quantification, underlying pathophysiology, and established and emerging treatment modalities. We explore various objective and subjective measures used to quantify salivary flow and assess the severity of xerostomia in clinical settings. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to RIX are elucidated, including radiation damage to salivary glands, alterations in saliva composition, and the role of inflammatory processes. Current treatment strategies, such as saliva substitutes and stimulants, are discussed alongside their limitations. Furthermore, we delve into novel investigational approaches, including gene therapy, stem cell transplantation, and pharmacologic interventions, offering promising avenues for future RIX management. This review provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive overview of RIX, highlighting the need for continued research to develop more effective preventative and therapeutic strategies to alleviate this burdensome condition.

Biotène Versus HydraSmile for Radiation-Induced Xerostomia: Randomized Double-Blind Cross-Over Study

Objective

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of 2 artificial saliva substitutes (Biotène vs HydraSmile) in the symptomatic management of radiation-induced xerostomia.

Study Design

Randomized double-blind cross-over study.

Setting

Single tertiary care academic institution.

Methods

Included adult patients≥ 6 months postradiotherapy (50-70 gy) for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, or larynx. The primary endpoint was change in overall subjective xerostomia score from baseline, through use of HydraSmile versus Biotène. Scores were derived from a 100-point visual analog scale, with higher scores indicating better symptomatic control. Analysis of covariance model was used to regress the difference in after-treatment measurement between HydraSmile and Biotène, with respect to baseline differences.

Results

A total of 91 participants were included (mean age 63.0 years [SD 9.7]; 85.7% male; 97.8% White). Change in overall xerostomia score with respect to baseline was not significantly different between HydraSmile and Biotène (mean difference 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.35 to 4.81). Compared to water alone, both HydraSmile (mean difference 7.45, 95% CI 3.61-11.29) and Biotène (mean difference 7.24, 95% CI 3.06-11.43) significantly improved overall xerostomia score. Forty (44%) patients reported a preference for Biotène, 46 (50.5%) preferred HydraSmile, and 5 (5.5%) had no preference. Patients who preferred Biotène did not significantly benefit from HydraSmile, whereas those who preferred HydraSmile did not significantly benefit from Biotène.

Conclusion

Biotène and HydraSmile significantly improved oral dryness among patients with radiation-induced xerostomia. While neither product demonstrated treatment superiority, individual product preference was predictive of greatest treatment benefit.

Efficacy of natural enzymes mouthwash: a randomised controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

Natural enzymes mouthwash has been proposed as salivary substitutes to treat xerostomia. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the mouthwash to treat xerostomia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A double-blind, parallel group randomised control clinical trial involving N = 49 adult participants with xerostomia was carried out. Intervention group received natural enzymes moisturising mouthwash (with active ingredients lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase and glucose oxidase); while control group received benzydamine mouthwash. Mouthwashes were repacked, labelled with specific code, and were given to participants by third-party. Subjects were instructed to rinse with the mouthwash 4 times per day at a specific period, for 2 weeks. Symptoms of xerostomia were assessed using Xerostomia Inventory at day 0 and 14; together with the assessment of Clinical Oral Dryness Score (CODS), and measurement of resting and stimulated salivary flow rate.

RESULTS

48 participants completed the clinical follow-up, and n = 1 had lost of follow-up. From the 48 participants, n = 23 received natural enzymes mouthwash, while n = 25 received benzydamine mouthwash. Intervention group achieved reduction in symptoms of xerostomia from baseline. Intervention group also showed significantly better improvements in the cognitive perception of dry mouth and oromotor function such as chewing, swallowing and speech of the participants; and reduction in waking up at night to drink water (p < 0.05). The CODS and resting salivary flow rate were also significantly improved in intervention group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Use of natural enzymes mouthwash improved signs and symptoms of xerostomia.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Natural enzymes mouthwash is potentially effective to treat xerostomia, well-tolerated and safe to be used by xerostomia patients.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

This study was retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05640362 on 7 December 2022.

Functionality of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells derived from head and neck cancer patients - A FDA-IND enabling study regarding MSC-based treatments for radiation-induced xerostomia

PURPOSE

Salivary dysfunction is a significant side effect of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer (HNC). Preliminary data suggests that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can improve salivary function. Whether MSCs from HNC patients who have completed chemoradiation are functionally similar to those from healthy patients is unknown. We performed a pilot clinical study to determine whether bone marrow-derived MSCs [MSC(M)] from HNC patients could be used for the treatment of RT-induced salivary dysfunction.

METHODS

An IRB-approved pilot clinical study was undertaken on HNC patients with xerostomia who had completed treatment two or more years prior. Patients underwent iliac crest bone marrow aspirate and MSC(M) were isolated and cultured. Culture-expanded MSC(M) were stimulated with IFNγ and cryopreserved prior to reanimation and profiling for functional markers by flow cytometry and ELISA. MSC(M) were additionally injected into mice with radiation-induced xerostomia and the changes in salivary gland histology and salivary production were examined.

RESULTS

A total of six subjects were enrolled. MSC(M) from all subjects were culture expanded to > 20 million cells in a median of 15.5 days (range 8-20 days). Flow cytometry confirmed that cultured cells from HNC patients were MSC(M). Functional flow cytometry demonstrated that these IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) acquired an immunosuppressive phenotype. IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) from HNC patients were found to express GDNF, WNT1, and R-spondin 1 as well as pro-angiogenesis and immunomodulatory cytokines. In mice, IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) injection after radiation decreased the loss of acinar cells, decreased the formation of fibrosis, and increased salivary production.

CONCLUSIONS

MSC (M) from previously treated HNC patients can be expanded for auto-transplantation and are functionally active. Furthermore IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) express proteins implicated in salivary gland regeneration. This study provides preliminary data supporting the feasibility of using autologous MSC(M) from HNC patients to treat RT-induced salivary dysfunction.

Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Salivary Substitute with Enzymatic System for Xerostomia in Patients Irradiated in Head and Neck Region

This study aims to compare whether the use of a salivary substitute including an enzymatic system clinically reduces the intensity of xerostomia, as well as exploring the impact that this has on the quality of life, in patients who had received radiotherapy in the head and neck (HNC) region. Forty patients who had completed radiotherapy treatment within 6 months to 1 year previously were allocated into an Enzymatic Spray group (n = 21) or a Placebo arm (n = 19). It should be noted that two patients in the Placebo arm declined to participate during phase 2 of the study. All patients were randomized and used both products three times a day for 30 days. For analysis, xerostomia grade, unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) salivary flow rate, and quality of life through the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire validated in Portuguese (UW-QoL) were assessed in two phases: Phase 1 (before the use of the products) and Phase 2 (after 30 days of using the products). All clinical data were collected from medical records. Analyzing the salivary substitute with the enzymatic system, an improvement in xerostomia complaints was observed 30 days after using the product; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Regarding quality of life, no significant differences were observed in relation to the UW-QoL and saliva domain between the groups in the two phases of the study (p > 0.05). The salivary substitute with the enzymatic system may be effective in reducing radio-induced xerostomia symptoms; however, further research is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this salivary substitute on oral health.

Marrow-Derived Autologous Stromal Cells for the Restoration of Salivary Hypofunction (MARSH): A pilot, first-in-human study of interferon gamma-stimulated marrow mesenchymal stromal cells for treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia

BACKGROUND AIMS

Xerostomia, or the feeling of dry mouth, is a significant side effect of radiation therapy for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Preliminary data suggest that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) can improve salivary function. We performed a first-in-human pilot study of interferon gamma (IFNγ)-stimulated autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs, or MSC(M), for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia (RIX). Here we present the primary safety and secondary efficacy endpoints.

METHODS

A single-center pilot clinical trial was conducted investigating the safety and tolerability of autologous IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M). The study was conducted under an approved Food and Drug Administration Investigational New Drug application using an institutional review board-approved protocol (NCT04489732). Patients underwent iliac crest bone marrow aspirate and MSC(M) were isolated, cultured, stimulated with IFNγ and cryopreserved for later use. Banked cells were thawed and allowed to recover in culture before patients received a single injection of 10 × 106 MSC(M) into the right submandibular gland under ultrasound guidance. The primary objective was determination of safety and tolerability by evaluating dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). A DLT was defined as submandibular pain >5 on a standard 10-point pain scale or any serious adverse event (SAE) within 1 month after injection. Secondary objectives included analysis of efficacy as measured by salivary quantification and using three validated quality of life instruments. Quantitative results are reported as mean and standard deviation.

RESULTS

Six patients with radiation-induced xerostomia who had completed radiation at least 2 years previously (average 7.8 years previously) were enrolled in the pilot study. The median age was 71 (61-74) years. Five (83%) patients were male. Five patients (83%) were treated with chemoradiation and one patient (17%) with radiation alone. Grade 1 pain was seen in 50% of patients after submandibular gland injection; all pain resolved within 4 days. No patients reported pain 1 month after injection, with no SAE or other DLTs reported 1 month after injection. The analysis of secondary endpoints demonstrated a trend of increased salivary production. Three patients (50%) had an increase in unstimulated saliva at 1 and 3 months after MSC(M) injection. Quality of life surveys also showed a trend toward improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

Injection of autologous IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) into a singular submandibular gland of patients with RIX is safe and well tolerated in this pilot study. A trend toward an improvement in secondary endpoints of salivary quantity and quality of life was observed. This first-in-human study provides support for further investigation into IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) injected in both submandibular glands as an innovative approach to treat RIX and improve quality of life for patients with HNC.

Antibacterial, antibiofilm and anticaries effect of BioXtra® mouthrinse for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients under a microcosm biofilm model

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Considering the lack of studies investigating salivary substitutes to control post-radiation caries for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticaries effects of BioXtra® on the microcosm biofilm formed on different enamel types (non-irradiated and irradiated) and from distinct saliva sources (control and HNC patients).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Non-irradiated and irradiated enamel specimens were treated with BioXtra®, phosphate-buffered-saline (PBS; negative control), or 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX; positive control) for 1 min. Biofilm was produced from human saliva (healthy participants with normal salivary flow for the control group or irradiated HNC patients with hyposalivation for the HNC group), mixed with McBain saliva, under 0.2% sucrose exposure, daily submitted to the treatments (1 min), for 5 days. Bacterial metabolic activity, biofilm viability, CFU counting, and enamel demineralization were determined.

RESULTS

BioXtra® significantly reduced the bacterial metabolic activity for both enamel types and the inoculum sources, being more effective for the irradiated enamel or for the saliva from the control group. Similarly, BioXtra® significantly reduced the biofilm viability, the CFU for total microorganisms, mutans streptococci, and lactobacilli, and was able to significantly reduce the mineral loss and the lesion depth compared to PBS. CHX was an effective treatment to significantly reduce all parameters, performing better than BioXtra® and reinforcing its reliable efficiency as a positive control.

CONCLUSION

Regardless of the enamel type and the inoculum source, BioXtra® presented antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticaries effects under this experimental model, which should be confirmed in further clinical studies.

World Workshop on Oral Medicine VIII: Development of a Core Outcome Set for Dry Mouth: A Systematic Review of Outcome Domains for Xerostomia

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to identify all outcome domains used in clinical studies of xerostomia, that is, subjective sensation of dry mouth. This study is part of the extended project "World Workshop on Oral Medicine Outcomes Initiative for the Direction of Research" to develop a core outcome set for dry mouth.

STUDY DESIGN

A systematic review was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. All clinical and observational studies that assessed xerostomia in human participants from 2001 to 2021 were included. Information on outcome domains was extracted and mapped to the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials taxonomy. Corresponding outcome measures were summarized.

RESULTS

From a total of 34,922 records retrieved, 688 articles involving 122,151 persons with xerostomia were included. There were 16 unique outcome domains and 166 outcome measures extracted. None of these domains or measures were consistently used across all the studies. The severity of xerostomia and physical functioning were the 2 most frequently assessed domains.

CONCLUSION

There is considerable heterogeneity in outcome domains and measures reported in clinical studies of xerostomia. This highlights the need for harmonization of dry mouth assessment to enhance comparability across studies and facilitate the synthesis of robust evidence for managing patients with xerostomia.

Effect of experimental and commercial artificial saliva formulations on the activity and viability of microcosm biofilm and on enamel demineralization for irradiated patients with head and neck cancer (HNC)

The effect of different artificial saliva formulations on biofilm activity and viability, and on enamel demineralization for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients was evaluated. Irradiated enamel samples were treated (1 min) with BioXtra® or with experimental formulations containing carboxymethylcellulose plus inorganic constituents alone (AS) or containing 0.1 mg mL^-1 CaneCPI-5 (AS + Cane), 1.0 mg mL^-1 hemoglobin (AS + Hb) or combination of both (AS + Cane + Hb). Phosphate-buffered-saline and chlorhexidine (0.12%) were negative and positive control, respectively. Biofilm was produced from the saliva of five male HNC patients, under 0.2% sucrose exposure for 5 days, and daily treated with the formulations (1 min). No significant effects were observed for the different experimental treatments. BioXtra^® significantly reduced lactobacilli, demonstrating antibacterial potential for this group. Chlorhexidine was an effective treatment to significantly reduce all parameters, being an important antimicrobial and anticaries agent. Future in vitro studies must be performed using a new approach for the design of the experimental formulations.

Quantification of very late xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients after irradiation

Objective

Radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC) can result in severe xerostomia, or the subjective feeling of dry mouth. Characterizing xerostomia is critical to designing future clinical trials investigating how to improve HNC patients' quality of life (QoL). Few studies have investigated the very late (>5 years post-RT) effects of RT for HNC. We undertook preliminary studies quantifying very late xerostomia.

Methods

Six adults who underwent RT for HNC at least 5 years prior and reported xerostomia were enrolled. Five healthy adults without a self-reported history of HNC or xerostomia were enrolled as controls. All participants completed three validated surveys to measure xerostomia-related QoL. Salivary production rates were measured and compositional analysis of the saliva and oral microbiome was completed.

Results

The QoL survey scores for the HNC participants were significantly worse as compared to the control participants. The HNC participants produced less unstimulated saliva (p = .02) but not less stimulated saliva. The median salivary mucin significantly higher in HNC participants than in control participants (p = .02). There was no significant difference between the pH, amylase, or total protein. Microbiome analysis revealed alpha diversity to be significantly lower in the HNC participants.

Conclusion

In the survivors of HNC who suffer from late toxicities, multiple means of measuring toxicity may be useful. We found that in patients with radiation-induced xerostomia over 5 years after therapy, not only were the QoL surveys significantly worse, as expected, but other measurements such as mucin and oral microbiome diversity were also significantly different.

Level of evidence

3.

Marrow-Derived Autologous Stromal Cells for the Restoration of Salivary Hypofunction (MARSH): Study protocol for a phase 1 dose-escalation trial of patients with xerostomia after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: MARSH: Marrow-Derived Autologous Stromal Cells for the Restoration of Salivary Hypofunction

BACKGROUND

Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is a common side effect of head and neck radiation. Current treatment options for radiation-induced xerostomia are generally supportive in nature. Adult stem cells are the ultimate source for replenishment of salivary gland tissue. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are a viable cell-based therapy for xerostomia. We have undertaken studies enabling U.S. Food and Drug Administration Investigational New Drug status, demonstrating the normal phenotype, intact functionality, and pro-growth secretome of interferon-γ (IFNγ)-stimulated BM-MSCs taken from patients with head and neck cancer who have undergone radiation ± chemotherapy. Here we present the protocol of MARSH, a first-in-human clinical trial of bone marrow-derived, IFNγ-activated BM-MSCs for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia.

METHODS

This single-center phase 1 dose-escalation with expansion cohort, non-placebo-controlled study will assess the safety and tolerability of BM-MSCs for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients who had head and neck cancer. The phase 1 dose-escalation study will be a 3 + 3 design with staggered enrollment. A total of 21 to 30 subjects (9 to 18 in phase 1 study, 12 in expansion cohort) will be enrolled. The primary endpoint is determining the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of IFNγ-stimulated BM-MSCs to enable further studies on the efficacy of BM-MSCs. Patients' bone marrow will be aspirated, and BM-MSCs will be expanded, stimulated with IFNγ, and injected into the submandibular gland. The RP2D will be determined by dose-limiting toxicities occurring within 1 month of BM-MSC injection. Secondary outcomes of saliva amounts and composition, ultrasound of salivary glands, and quality of life surveys will be taken at 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-month visits.

DISCUSSION

Autotransplantation of IFNγ-stimulated BM-MSCs in salivary glands after radiation therapy or chemoradiation therapy may provide an innovative remedy to treat xerostomia and restore quality of life. This is the first therapy for radiation-induced xerostomia that may be curative.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform: NCT04489732.

A Review on Xerostomia and Its Various Management Strategies: The Role of Advanced Polymeric Materials in the Treatment Approaches

The medical term xerostomia refers to the subjective sensation of oral dryness. The etiology seems to be multifactorial with the most frequently reported causes being the use of xerostomic medications, neck and head radiation, and systematic diseases (such as Sjögren’s syndrome). Xerostomia is associated with an increased incidence of dental caries, oral fungal infections, and difficulties in speaking and chewing/swallowing, which ultimately affect the oral health-related quality of life. The development of successful management schemes is regarded as a highly challenging project due to the complexity of saliva. This is why, in spite of the fact that there are therapeutic options aiming to improve salivary function, most management approaches are alleviation-oriented. In any case, polymers are an integral part of the various formulations used in every current treatment approach, especially in the saliva substitutes, due to their function as thickening and lubricating agents or, in the case of mucoadhesive polymers, their ability to prolong the treatment effect. In this context, the present review aims to scrutinize the literature and presents an overview of the role of various polymers (or copolymers) on either already commercially available formulations or novel drug delivery systems currently under research and development.

A Clinical Study on the Efficacy and Tolerability of a New Topical Gel and Toothpaste in Patients with Xerostomia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE

xerostomia is a very common problem in the general population. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a new gel and toothpaste in patients with xerostomia, analyze the role of salivary cytokines as biomarkers of xerostomia and assess the possible changes in salivary cytokines following treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A randomized, controlled double-blind clinical study was carried out in 73 patients with xerostomia divided into two groups: placebo and active treatment (cymenol; tocopheryl acetate; D-panthenol; Aloe barbadensis; citrate tribasic dihydrate; fluoride) with oral gel and toothpaste three times a day for four consecutive weeks. The Thomson Xerostomia Inventory was applied, with the assessment of oral quality of life (OHIP-14) at baseline and after four weeks of application of the product. Sialometry was also performed in both groups, with analysis of the IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFa levels in saliva.

RESULTS

In the active treatment group, the xerostomia scores decreased significantly at the end of the study versus baseline, from 33.47 to 27.93 (p < 0.001). No significant decrease was recorded in the placebo group (34.5 to 32.75; p = 0.190). There were no adverse effects in either group. Regarding the saliva samples, the active treatment group showed significant differences in IL-6 concentration versus the control group (18.55 pg/mL (8-38.28) and 5.83 pg/mL (1.19-12.04), respectively; p = 0.002). No significant differences in salivary cytokines were observed in either the treatment group or the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of a new toothpaste and gel developed for patients with xerostomia proved effective, with greater symptom relief than in the placebo group. Further clinical studies involving longer time periods and larger samples are advisable in order to confirm the benefits of the described treatment.

Salivary Gland Hypofunction and/or Xerostomia Induced by Nonsurgical Cancer Therapies: ISOO/MASCC/ASCO Guideline

PURPOSE

To provide evidence-based recommendations for prevention and management of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by nonsurgical cancer therapies.

METHODS

Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and ASCO convened a multidisciplinary Expert Panel to evaluate the evidence and formulate recommendations. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials published between January 2009 and June 2020. The guideline also incorporated two previous systematic reviews conducted by MASCC/ISOO, which included studies published from 1990 through 2008.

RESULTS

A total of 58 publications were identified: 46 addressed preventive interventions and 12 addressed therapeutic interventions. A majority of the evidence focused on the setting of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. For the prevention of salivary gland hypofunction and/or xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer, there is high-quality evidence for tissue-sparing radiation modalities. Evidence is weaker or insufficient for other interventions. For the management of salivary gland hypofunction and/or xerostomia, intermediate-quality evidence supports the use of topical mucosal lubricants, saliva substitutes, and agents that stimulate the salivary reflex.

RECOMMENDATIONS

For patients who receive radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, tissue-sparing radiation modalities should be used when possible to reduce the risk of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia. Other risk-reducing interventions that may be offered during radiation therapy for head and neck cancer include bethanechol and acupuncture. For patients who develop salivary gland hypofunction and/or xerostomia, interventions include topical mucosal lubricants, saliva substitutes, and sugar-free lozenges or chewing gum. For patients with head and neck cancer, oral pilocarpine and oral cevimeline, acupuncture, or transcutaneous electrostimulation may be offered after radiation therapy.Additional information can be found at www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines.

Could the use of saliva substitutes improve food oral processing in individuals with xerostomia? A systematic review

Xersotomia is associated with food avoidance and low nutritional assessment. This review seeks to document whether products called "saliva substitutes" or "artificial saliva" can really replace saliva in food oral processing. Pubmed and Science Direct were searched for articles using the keywords "saliva substitutes" and "artificial saliva." An advanced search was applied using the terms "xerostomia" and/or "food oral processing" and/or "eating" and/or "mastication" and/or "chewing" and/or "swallowing." The analysis methods and the inclusion criteria were documented in a protocol published in the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO with the registration number CRD42019124585). The search included 43 articles, published between 1979 and 2017. Among the included studies, 17 were observational studies, 5 were pilot studies, 21 were crossover studies, and 14 of these studies were blinded. The Strobe score for the included articles varied from 7.5 to 20. The possible effects of the use of saliva substitutes on the ingestion function were poorly investigated. No evidence was based on physiological studies. It is unknown whether using a saliva substitute has an effect on the composition and rheological properties of the food bolus, on the lubrication of the oral and laryngeal mucosa or on both phenomena. Moreover, saliva substitutes were not formulated to improve food oral processing and most of them are flavored. New saliva substitutes and artificial saliva should be designed and formulated to improve food oral processing.

Duration of effect of Biotène spray in patients with symptomatic dry mouth: A pilot study

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to assess the duration of effect of a single dose of Biotène Moisturizing Spray on xerostomia compared to water spray.

STUDY DESIGN

This double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial compared the duration of effect of 2 agents on relieving xerostomia in adult patients recruited through convenience sampling. Following a xerostomia questionnaire, qualifying patients with an unstimulated whole saliva flow rate of ≤0.20 mL/min rated their baseline level of discomfort from oral dryness and received a single dose (3 sprays) of Biotène Moisturizing Spray or water (active control). Patients indicated their level of oral discomfort every 15 min and the precise time when relief ceased. After a minimum 48-h washout, patients repeated the exercise with the alternative product.

RESULTS

The baseline severity of discomfort from oral dryness among qualifying patients was significantly related to their level of hyposalivation (P = .001). The mean duration of effect of Biotène Moisturizing Spray was 27 ± 25 min, which was not significantly different from that for water (26 ± 25 min; P = .88; n = 25).

CONCLUSION

Biotène Moisturizing Spray and water spray had variable durations of effect averaging approximately 30 min. The results of this pilot study provide guidance regarding anticipated usage and dispensing needs for patients with objective xerostomia. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03663231.

Oil pulling to relieve medication-induced xerostomia: A randomized, single-blind, crossover trial

OBJECTIVES

To determine the subjective effectiveness of oilpulling on medication-induced xerostomia with regard to symptom relief, quality of life, taste, mucosal moisture and oral parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a randomized, single-blind, crossover trial in participants with medication-induced xerostomia (n = 26; mean age 64.71 (standard deviation (SD) 15.60) years), we investigated oilpulling efficacy (sunflower oil) versus mineral water after one-week use. Xerostomic burden (visual analogue scale, VAS), symptom relief and oral examinations (gingivitis index, plaque index, whole stimulated and unstimulated salivation rates) were investigated at baseline and the end of the follow-up.

RESULTS

Oilpulling reduced the xerostomic burden (baseline value 6.46 (SD 1.80), decreasing to 4.93 (SD 2.97)) (p = .003), without difference between oil versus water (p = .067). Baseline values for water were 6.08 (SD 2.17) decreasing to 5.72 (SD 2.17) (p = .124). Compared to water, oil made swallowing easier (p = .031), caused a pleasant mouthfeel (p = .031) and caused less waking up at night (p = .031). Effectiveness (p = .002) and duration (p = .007) of symptom relief showed differences between products in favour of oil.

CONCLUSIONS

Oil pulling alleviated the overall xerostomic burden. In the comparison between oil and water, no difference regarding symptom relief could be shown. Patients should be informed of possibilities and limitations of oilpulling as inexpensive and easy-to-obtain alternative to commercially available products for short-term symptom relief.

Dry mouth diagnosis and saliva substitutes-A review from a textural perspective

The aim of this review is to assess the objective and subjective diagnosis, as well as symptomatic topical treatment of dry mouth conditions with a clear focus on textural perspective. We critically examine both the current practices as well as outline emerging possibilities in dry mouth diagnosis and treatment, including a patent scan for saliva substitutes. For diagnosis, salivary flow rates and patient-completed questionnaires have proven to be useful tools in clinical practice. To date, objective measurements of changes in mechanical properties of saliva via rheological, adsorption, and tribological measurements and biochemical properties of saliva such as assessing protein, mucins (MUC5B) are seldom incorporated into clinical diagnostics; these robust diagnostic tools have been largely restricted to application in non-clinical settings. As for symptomatic treatments of dry mouth, four key agents including lubricating, thickening, adhesive, and moisturizing agents have been identified covering the overall landscape of commercial saliva substitutes. Although thickening agents such as modified celluloses, polysaccharide gum, polyethylene glycol, and so forth are most commonly employed saliva substitutes, they offer short-lived relief from dry mouth and generally do not provide boundary lubrication properties of real human saliva. Innovative technologies such as self-assembly, emulsion, liposomes, and microgels are emerging as novel saliva substitutes hold promise for alternative approaches for efficient moistening and lubrication of the oral mucosa. Their adoption into clinical practice will depend on their efficacies, duration of relief, and ease of application by the practitioners and patient compliance.

Efficacy of gel-based artificial saliva on Candida colonization and saliva properties in xerostomic post-radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of an edible artificial saliva gel, oral moisturizing jelly (OMJ), and a topical commercial gel (GC dry mouth gel) on Candida colonization and saliva properties.

Materials and methods

This study was a secondary analysis of a single-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted in xerostomic post-radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients. Candida colonization, stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR), saliva pH, and buffering capacity (BC) were measured at 0, 1, and 2 months after each intervention. Candida colonization was quantified by colony counts and species identified by Candida Chromagar, polymerase chain reaction, and API 20C AUX system. Statistical significance level was 0.05.

Results

A total of 56 participants in OMJ (N = 30) and GC (N = 26) groups completed the study. OMJ significantly increased saliva pH (p = 0.042) and BC (p = 0.013) after 1-month use, while GC only improved saliva pH (p = 0.027). Both interventions tended to increase SSFR but only GC had a significant increase at 2 months (p = 0.015). GC and OMJ significantly decreased the number of Candida species at 1 and 2 months, respectively. Both groups tended to reduce Candida counts but not significant.

Conclusions

Both OMJ and GC saliva gels could improve saliva pH and decrease the number of Candida species. OMJ is superior to GC in its buffering capacity, while GC may better improve salivary flow rate. Long-term and large-scale study is warranted to test the efficacy of artificial saliva in oral health improvement.

Clinical relevance

OMJ and GC gel could decrease the number of Candida species and improve saliva properties in post-radiation xerostomic patients.

Trial registration number

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03035825. Date of registration: 25th January 2017.

A randomised controlled pilot trial of two interventions to manage dry mouth in pre-operative elective surgical patients

BACKGROUND

Dry mouth is a common perioperative patient complaint. There are a number of treatments used for dry mouth in other settings which are effective. None have been tested previously in the perioperative setting. Interventions to Manage Dry mouth (IM DRY) compared the effect of water and a saliva substitute on mouth dryness. The primary objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of conducting a large randomised controlled trial and secondary scientific aims were to assess treatment potential efficacy.

METHODS

Single blind, pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) of 101 pre-operative elective surgical patients who were randomised to water or saliva substitute (Biotene oral rinse, GlaxoSmithKline, Australia) at a tertiary, university hospital. Dry mouth was assessed by 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) and 5-point Likert score.

RESULTS

One hundred participants completed follow-up and comprised the analysis dataset. All feasibility outcomes were achieved (recruitment rate > 5 participants a week, >95% completeness of the dataset, study protocol acceptability to staff, acceptability to participants > 66% and adherence to time limits within the protocol). Mean recruitment rate was 6 participants per week. These data were 99% complete. There were no adverse side effects or complications noted. There were no concerns raised by staff regarding acceptability. Overall, there was a mean of 30 min (± SD 5 min) between delivery of the intervention and the assessment, 30 min being the target time. The difference in VAS post intervention was - 11.2 mm (95% CI - 17.3 to - 5.1 mm) for water and - 12.7 mm (95% CI - 18.7 to - 6.7 mm) for saliva substitute. The proportion of patients who had improved dry mouth increased from 52% for water to 62% for saliva substitute.

CONCLUSIONS

IM DRY successfully achieved its primary feasibility aims: recruitment rate, completeness of these, acceptability and protocol adherence. Saliva substitutes, used in the perioperative management of dry mouth, may be a simple, inexpensive, and low risk solution to help alleviate this common complaint. A large randomised controlled trial is feasible and is currently recruiting (ANZCTR 12619000132145).

ETHICS AND TRIAL REGISTRATION

Northern A New Zealand Health and Disability Ethics Committee (reference 17/NTA/152). Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Number: 12618001270202). Registered retrospectively 18 October 2018.

Improving oral care for hospitalised patients: choosing appropriate products

BACKGROUND

Oral care is a fundamental part of nursing but it is often performed as a routine task, often based on historic practice, and lacks an evidence base. A variety of oral care products are used in practice.

AIM

To discover evidence of effective oral care products for use in hospitalised patients.

DESIGN

A systematic literature review was undertaken.

METHODS

A review of articles was conducted using CINAHL, PubMed, the Cochrane Database and Google Scholar between 2007 and 2019. All articles were compared and contrasted and some excluded due to the quality of the evidence.

DISCUSSION

The literature review identified a number of oral care problems and investigated a range of products.

RESULTS

The main finding was that there is a need for a definitive, evidence-based oral care guideline on the products suitable for different oral care conditions, including dysphagia, xerostomia, mucositis, and for patients wearing dentures.

Dry mouth: saliva substitutes which adsorb and modify existing salivary condition films improve oral lubrication

Objectives

The aims of this study are to assess different saliva substitutes for their efficacy to lubricate the oral cavity, and to relate this oral lubrication to the ability of saliva substitutes to adsorb on and change the structure of the existing salivary conditioning film (SCF).

Materials and methods

Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation was used to study the capability of saliva substitutes to interact with natural SCF and the ability to change the secondary SCF (S-SCF). A tongue-enamel friction system mimicking xerostomic conditions was used to assess the relief and relief period expected from these substitutes under set circumstances.

Results

Saliva Orthana spray, Biotène spray and Gum Hydral gel had an immediate effect on a SCF, increasing its structural softness. BioXtra gel, Biotène gel, Gum Hydral gel and Glandosane spray changed the S-SCF by increasing salivary protein adsorption, while others showed no sign of interaction. With respect to relief, only 2 out of the 16 saliva substitutes tested (Saliva Orthana spray and Gum Hydral gel) performed better than water. Overall, relief period correlated positively to structural softness change, whereas a positive correlation was seen between relief and mass adsorption.

Conclusions

The majority of saliva substitutes did not adsorb on the SCF, thus did not enhance lubrication. Only saliva substitutes containing carrageenan, carboxymethylcellulose, pig gastric mucin, xanthan gum and carbomer performed better in enhancing oral lubrication.

Clinical relevance

This objective assessment will help clinicians and patients make better choice of saliva substitutes. This study provides a scientific basis for future improvement in saliva substitutes.

Cytotoxic effects of a chlorhexidine mouthwash and of an enzymatic mouthwash on human gingival fibroblasts

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of an enzymatic mouthwash and of a chlorhexidine mouthwash on human gingival fibroblasts. The metabolic activity of the fibroblasts exposed to each mouthwash was assessed by the MTT assay and the protein content was assessed by the SRB assay. The flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell cycle and the types of cell death. The oxidative status was evaluated through the DCF and the DHE probes and the intracellular GSH concentration and the mitochondrial membrane potential through JC-1. The cytotoxicity of both mouthwashes was found to be dependent on the exposure time and on the concentration. However, the cytotoxicity of the enzymatic mouthwash was found to be lower than that of the chlorhexidine mouthwash. A trend towards increased oxidative stress was observed for both mouthwashes. After exposing the fibroblasts to the mouthwashes, a G2/M phase block was observed and cell death occurred predominantly by necrosis. The effects of chlorhexidine on fibroblasts were identified at lower concentrations than those used in clinical practice. Therefore, the use of chlorhexidine as an antiseptic in surgical and postoperative situations should be limited. In order to clarify the clinical significance of the enzymatic mouthwash cytotoxicity new clinical studies will be necessary.

Efficacy of a newly developed mouth gel for xerostomia relief-A randomized double-blind trial

OBJECTIVES

To determine the efficacy of a new symptom-relieving mouth gel vs. a widely used control gel on xerostomic burden.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This randomized, double-blind, crossover trial investigated the efficacy of the test gel (Dr. Wolff Gel) vs. control (Biotene) in participants with xerostomia (n = 32; mean age 60 years). Oral examinations were taken at baseline, and xerostomic visual analogue scales (xVAS), after-use questionnaires and willingness to pay were investigated before and after use.

RESULTS

Neither gel reduced xerostomic burden (xVAS) after 7-day application. There was some preference for the test gel regarding taste and healthy gum feeling. After 1-time application, there were differences favouring the test gel for symptom-relieving effects between test gel and water (p < 0.001), mucosal adhesion (p < 0.001) and taste persistence (p < 0.001). Overall symptomatic relief with the test gel lasted around 2 hr.

CONCLUSIONS

No mouth gel alleviated the overall xerostomic burden. Nevertheless, the test gel led to short-term perceived symptomatic relief and improved patient-centred outcomes as taste and perceived gum health. The gel will probably mainly be effective at moments that patients mostly suffer from xerostomia. Selection of a product will be based on perceived subjective differences and their value in the context of the overall xerostomic burden.

Water-Switchable Interfacial Bonding on Tooth Enamel Surface

Tooth enamel is a distinctive nanocomposite with a highly organized hierarchical structure made of nanometer- and micrometer-scale building blocks. This structure has an excellent mechanical function that can last for decades thanks to an effective but underexploited interfacial chemical bonding between the building blocks. In this study, the nanomechanical system test (NST), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD, including powder XRD or PXRD, small angle XRD or SAXRD, and grazing incidence small angle XRD or GISAXRD), and atomic force microscope (AFM) have been employed to analyze the water-mediated bonding on the enamel surface. Via the cycling between hydration, dehydration, and rehydration treatments, a reversible change in the interfacial distance (i.e., d-space in the XRD pattern) between hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanocrystallites have been found switchable between the embrittling and toughening on the enamel surface. From the hydrated to the dehydrated conditions, an energy dissipation to deform a unit volume (1 μm³) of biocomposite on the enamel surface and subsurface has decreased by 20%. This finding can help quantify and predict biomineral-surface properties in all humidity and develop new methods to protect tooth enamel of "dry-mouth" patients.

Salivary hypofunction: An update on therapeutic strategies

OBJECTIVE

To perform a literature review addressing the therapeutic strategies for salivary hypofunction.

BACKGROUND

Qualitative and quantitative salivary dysfunctions predispose to changes in the oral mucosa and teeth, cause impairment to oral functions and negative impact on quality of life.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A MEDLINE/PubMed search was conducted using the terms "Xerostomia" AND, "Saliva Artificial" OR, "Citric Acid," "Malic Acid," "Chewing Gum," "Acupuncture" OR, "Pilocarpine" OR, "Bethanechol" OR, "Cevimeline" OR, "Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy" OR, "Stem Cell Therapy" OR "Genetic Therapy" and their Mesh Terms.

RESULTS

We selected 25 clinical trials investigating the effects of salivary substitutes, chewing gum, malic and citric acids, pilocarpine, cevimeline, bethanechol, acupuncture, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and regenerative therapies on salivary hypofunction. In most studies, the number of participants was low and the follow-up times short. The therapeutic modalities were classified according to the level of evidence on salivary dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONS

Pilocarpine and cevimeline had the strongest evidence of beneficial effect on salivary hypofunction. Citric and malic acids increase salivary flow but also increase the risk of erosion and dental caries. There are no controlled clinical trials supporting the efficacy of acupuncture, stem cell therapy and gene therapy on salivary dysfunction, although clinical observations suggest a promising effect. There is no evidence supporting salivary substitutes, chewing gum, bethanechol or hyperbaric oxygen on the treatment of salivary hypofunction.

[Xerostomia]

Xerostomia is a frequent complaint and a real handicap for many patients, often drug-induced. Treatments, even if they are currently unsatisfactory, are aimed at improved oral comfort and quality of life for patients, and to prevent or treat local complications. It consists in humecting buccal mucous membranes with artificial saliva; or in stimulating the glands if functional salivary tissue still exists.

Efficacy of GUM® Hydral versus Biotène® Oralbalance mouthwashes plus gels on symptoms of medication-induced xerostomia: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of GUM® Hydral versus Biotène® Oralbalance (both a mouthwash plus gel) on the subjective burden and clinical symptoms of patients with medication-induced xerostomia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects (N = 40) with medication-induced xerostomia (minimum 4/10 mm visual analog scale [VAS]) were randomized to treatment with GUM Hydral or Biotène Oralbalance mouthwash, both with gel, for 28 days. Subjects then entered a 21-day wash-out period, before crossing over to the other treatment for 28 days. Outcomes measured included the VAS, German Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIPG)-14, Xerostomia Questionnaire (XQ), after-use questionnaire, and clinical parameters.

RESULTS

Both GUM Hydral and Biotène Oralbalance significantly (p < 0.05) reduced VAS, OHIPG-14 total score and single items, and XQ Part 1 (oral dryness, oral pain, taste loss) and Part 2 items. GUM Hydral also significantly reduced the XQ Part 1 dysphagia score, while Biotène Oralbalance significantly reduced the halitosis organoleptic score and plaque index. Significant increases in saliva secretion did not reach clinical relevance. No significant between-group differences were observed, apart from OHIPG-14 items "trouble pronouncing words" and "uncertainty" in favor of GUM Hydral. No adverse effects were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

Both products effectively improve oral health and xerostomia-related quality of life. However, they cannot completely substitute the continuous in-mouth secretion of saliva, and symptomatic relief is temporary. Product selection will be based on personal preference.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Both products diminish xerostomic burden and should be part of the management strategy. Affected patients should be informed of these treatments, since no adverse effects were reported.

Assessment of xerostomia and its impact on quality of life in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy

Xerostomia in head and neck (H&N) cancer patients significantly affects their quality of life (QoL). The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations among QoL, xerostomia and quantity of saliva in a sample of H&N cancer patients who had received conventional radiotherapy (RT). A total of 60 H&N adult patients were enrolled in this prospective study. The patients completed the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (QLQ-C30), the Quality of Life Questionnaire Head and Neck Module (QLQ-H&N35) and the Greek version of the XQ questionnaire at 4 timepoints: At the beginning of RT, at the end of RT, 6 months after RT completion and 1 year after RT completion. Patients with distant metastases or serious comorbidities were excluded from the study. Salivary pH, and stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate were assessed. All functional scales and symptom scales, apart from cognitive functioning in QLQ-C30 and feeding tube in H&N35 exhibited an abrupt deterioration at timepoint 3 and were then gradually restored over time. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). XQ scores at different timepoints exhibited a statistically significant negative correlation with salivary flow rates. Salivary flow rate and XQ scores almost parallelled one another. Flow rates recovered at a mean level of 20% below baseline values at the end of the follow-up period. The subjective symptom of xerostomia parallelled salivary flow and QoL. Despite receiving conventional RT, the participants exhibited a considerable preservation of salivary gland function after 12 months, allowing some optimism regarding the course of xerostomia in selected patients.

Enzymes in therapy of biofilm-related oral diseases

Biofilm-related infections of the oral cavity, including dental caries and periodontitis, represent the most prevalent health problems. For years, the treatment thereof was largely based on antibacterial chemical agents. Recently, however, there has been growing interest in the application of more preventive and minimally invasive biotechnological methods. This review focuses on the potential applications of enzymes in the treatment and prevention of oral diseases. Dental plaque is a microbial community that develops on the tooth surface, embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances of bacterial and host origin. Both cariogenic microorganisms and the key components of oral biofilm matrix may be the targets of the enzymes. Oxidative salivary enzymes inhibit or limit the growth of oral pathogens, thereby supporting the natural host defense system; polysaccharide hydrolases (mutanases and dextranases) degrade important carbohydrate components of the biofilm matrix, whereas proteases disrupt bacterial adhesion to oral surfaces or affect cell-cell interactions. The efficiency of the enzymes in in vitro and in vivo studies, advantages and limitations, as well as future perspectives for improving the enzymatic strategy are discussed.

Hyposalivation and Xerostomia: Etiology, Complications, and Medical Management

Saliva is one of the most versatile, multifunctional substances produced by the body and has a critical role in the preservation of the oropharyngeal health. It comprises a serous and mucinous component and is secreted by the major salivary glands. The mucins in the saliva serve to protect and lubricate the hard and soft tissues of the mouth, protecting them from chemical and mechanical damage. Hyposalivation can be managed by various salivary substitutes, peripheral sialagogues, and central sialagogues.

The effect of two artificial salivas on the adhesion of Candida albicans to heat-polymerized acrylic resin

PURPOSE

Xerostomia can diminish the quality of life, leads to changes in normal chemical composition of saliva and oral microbiata, and increases the risk for opportunistic infections, such as Candida albicans. Various artificial salivas have been considered for patients with xerostomia. However, the knowledge on the antifungal and antiadhesive activity of artificial saliva substitutes is limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate influence of two artificial salivas on the adhesion of Candida albicans to the polymethylmethacrylate disc specimens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two commercial artificial salivas (Saliva Orthana and Biotene Oral Balance Gel) were selected. 45 polymethylmethacrylate disc specimens were prepared and randomly allocated into 3 groups; Saliva Orthana, Biotene-Oral Balance gel and distilled water. Specimens were stored in the artificial saliva or in the sterile distilled water for 60 minutes at 37℃. Then they were exposed to yeast suspensions including Candida albicans. Yeast cells were counted using ×40 magnification under a light microscope and data were analysed.

RESULTS

Analysis of data indicated statistically significant difference in adhesion of Candida albicans among all experimental groups (P=.000). Findings indicated that Saliva Orthana had higher adhesion scores than the Biotene Oral Balance gel and distilled water (P<.05).

CONCLUSION

In comparison of Saliva Orthana, the use of Biotene Oral Balance Gel including lysozyme, lactoferrin and peroxidase may be an appropriate treatment method to prevent of adhesion of Candida albicans and related infections in patients with xerostomia.

The Effect of a Combination Saliva Substitute for the Management of Xerostomia and Hyposalivation

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference between the combination agent of xylitol, beatine and olive oil in a chewable capsule versus the control agent of a sorbitol tablet in subjects with hyposalivation and xerostomia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The subjects had xerostomia over 3 months and a measured hyposalivation. The study was 3 weeks in duration, with 2 treatment phases of 1 week and a 7 day wash out period in between. At the end of each treatment phase, subjects returned for a follow up evaluation. At this visit they were given the subjective sensation questionnaire, as well as their unstimulated whole salivary flow and stimulated whole salivary flow were measured.

RESULTS

There was a greater increase in the unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rate, although the results were not statistically significant. The subjective evaluation as measured by the questionnaire showed that both agents reduced the mean score as compared to the baseline, although only the findings in the active agent was statistically significant (p = 0.0015).

CONCLUSION

The significant conclusions found in this study were that the active agent provided a significant subjective improvement in speech, swallowing, and decreased subjective xerostomia as compared to the control tablet.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

This combination agent has a significant effect on patients with subjective xerostomia but does not have a significant effect on objective hyposalivation.

Sonoelastography--a useful adjunct for parotid gland ultrasound assessment in patients suffering from chronic inflammation

Background

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is widely used in breast, liver, prostate and thyroid evaluations. Elastography provides additional information if used to assess parotid gland pathology. We assessed parotid glands by means of SWE to compare the parenchyma properties in different types of inflammation.

Material/Methods

Prospective analysis included 78 consecutive patients with parotid gland pathology: sialolithiasis (33), Stensen’s duct stenosis (15), chronic inflammation (10), and primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) (20) treated at the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of PUMS. The primary predictor variable was type of parotid pathology, and secondary predictor variables were patient age and the duration and intensity of complaints. Ultrasound pictures were compared with elastography values of parotid parenchyma.

Results

Mean elasticity values for pSS (111 Kilopascals (kPa), Stensen’s duct stenosis (63 kPa), sialolithiasis (82 kPa), and chronic inflammation (77 kPa) were significantly higher than the mean value for healthy patients (24 kPa). Elasticity increased proportionally to the intensity of complaints: mild (51 kPa), moderate (78 kPa), and strong (90 kPa). Increased elasticity did not correspond with ultrasonographic pictures. In pSS the parenchyma was almost twice as stiff as in chronic inflammation (p=0.02), although subjective complaints were mostly mild or moderate, and the ultrasonographic picture did not present features of fibrosis.

Conclusions

Sonoelastography, by improving routine ultrasonographic assessment, might be a useful tool for parotid evaluations during the course of chronic inflammation. An extraordinarily high degree of stiffness was revealed in pSS despite lack of fibrosis by ultrasonography and moderate subjective complaints, suggesting that sonoelastography could be a valuable diagnostic tool.

Wetting the whistle: neurotropic factor improves salivary function

Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is a common side effect of head and neck radiotherapy, Sjögren syndrome, diabetes, old age, and numerous medications. In this issue of the JCI, Xiao and colleagues identified glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as a potential stimulus for salivary stem cell growth. Due to its ability to promote neuronal growth, differentiation, and survival, GDNF is currently being used in clinical trials as a treatment for Parkinson disease; therefore, the findings of Xiao and colleagues may initiate a potential treatment for the millions of patients who suffer from xerostomia each year.

A phase II clinical trial of a natural formulation containing tea catechins for xerostomia

OBJECTIVE

Previous animal studies indicated catechins from the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) may modulate salivary function and possess a therapeutic effect for xerostomia. The objective of this study was to evaluate a natural formulation containing tea catechins in 60 patients with xerostomia, including patients with Sjögren syndrome.

STUDY DESIGN

This study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized design. The functional placebo contained all natural formulation ingredients and 500 mg xylitol, but without the key plant extracts.

RESULTS

After 8 weeks of therapy, the xylitol-containing placebo failed to modulate saliva output. In comparison, the catechin-containing natural formulation resulted in a statistically significant increase in unstimulated (3.8-fold) and stimulated (2.1-fold) saliva output vs baseline. The quality of life score showed a significant improvement in both groups but no significant difference between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The catechin-containing natural formula partially restored salivary function in patients with xerostomia and provided an objective improvement in saliva output, which warrants large-scale clinical trials.

Viscosity and adhesion strength of cream-type denture adhesives and mouth moisturizers

We evaluated adhesion strength to acrylic resins under various experimental conditions and viscosity of 4 cream-type denture adhesives and 2 mouth moisturizers. The viscosity was determined by a sine-wave vibro viscometer. The adhesion strength tests were performed with 2 resin plates at a universal tester. In Method A, various constant thicknesses of material layer were tested and tensile strength was measured, while in Method B a constant load was applied before measurement. Five tests were carried out for each measurement. With Method A, adhesion strength increased exponentially as the layer got thin. Effect of the material thicknesses (contribution ratio ρ=79.0%) was much larger than that of material type (ρ=15.3%). Materials with higher viscosity had greater levels of adhesion strength in Method A, whereas those with the higher viscosity had lower levels of adhesion strength in Method B. Adhesion strength was significantly affected by the experimental condition prior to applying tension.

[Prognosis and treatment of dry mouth. Systematic review]

There are no clearly established protocols for the treatment of dry mouth. The aim of this paper is a systematic review of the literature of the past 10 years using the words « dry mouth », « prognosis », « treatment » and « dentistry ». The initial search found 1,450 entries and within the restriction « clinical trials OR randomized controlled trial OR systemic reviews » it has been reduced to 522, which 145 were meta-analysis and systematic reviews. Papers not relevant to the issue were removed reducing the entries to 53. Twenty-four were dismissed (8 irrelevant, 7 reviews without adequate information and 9 personal opinions). Of the 29 items tested, 15 were controlled trials, 2 uncontrolled trials, 4 observational studies, 2 systematic reviews and 5 non systematic reviews. The most studied patients were Sjögren's syndrome and the irradiated patients. Treatments are focused on the etiology, prevention, symptomatic, local salivary stimulation and systemic treatments. It can be concluded that treatment must be individualized, salivary substitutes and mechanical stimulation techniques can be applied.

Clinical evaluation of BIOXTRA in relieving signs and symptoms of dry mouth after head and neck radiotherapy of cancer patients at Seyed-al-Shohada Hospital, Isfahan, Iran

Background:

Radiotherapy of head and neck cancers causes acute and chronic xerostomia and acute mucositis. Xerostomia increases risk of radiation caries and affects on oral comfort, fit of prostheses, speech, swallowing, and the growth of caries-producing organisms. Salivary flow rate can be measured by asking patients some questions. There are different types of commercial synthetic saliva such as BIOXTRA, but until now, no one can effectively relieve xerostomia. We tried to design a clinical research on BIOXTRA efficacy for treating xerostomia.

Materials and Methods:

In this research, 58 patients with head and neck cancer (except salivary gland cancers) treated in Seyed-al-Shohada Hospital. The patients received at least 40-50 GY; and after 2 months of compilation treatment, they were evaluated by asking about having xerostomia. Before and after treatment with the BIOXTRA, the PH of the oral cavity, candida albicans, and lactobacillus counts measured and documented in laboratory. We used BIOXTRA for 2 weeks, 3 times daily, and then re-evaluated patients with some questions.

Results:

The counts of candida albicans and lactobacilli statistically significant decreased.

Conclusion:

Xerostomia for most patients improved clinically during the day and night while PH of the oral cavity increased.

Evaluation of a moisturising micro-gel spray for prevention of cell dryness in oral mucosal cells: an in vitro study and evaluation in a clinical setting

A moisturising micro-gel spray for prevention of dryness was compared with commercial products and artificial saliva in vitro and in a clinical setting in patients with cancer. Survival of cultured human gingival epithelial cells was evaluated after treatment with each product for 15 min. A dry test was performed for products giving a 50% survival rate, in which cell survival was measured after drying of cells treated with each product. The survival rates of cells treated with the micro-gel spray and artificial saliva were significantly higher than those of control cells. The micro-gel spray was then evaluated for 1 week in patients with symptoms of dry mouth caused by cancer treatment. There was significant improvement of these symptoms at night and on awakening and of subjective symptoms of decreased salivary volume (P < 0.05). Mean visual analogue scale scores also significantly decreased (P < 0.01). These data suggest that evaluation of moisturising products for dryness prevention can be performed in cultured cells, since products that performed well in vitro also showed good efficacy for symptoms of dry mouth. The micro-gel spray was particularly effective for relieving symptoms of dry mouth in patients with cancer.

Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies

BACKGROUND

Xerostomia (the feeling of dry mouth) is a common symptom especially in older adults. Causes of dry mouth include medications, autoimmune disease (Sjögren's Syndrome), radiotherapy or chemotherapy for cancer, hormone disorders and infections.

OBJECTIVES

To determine which topical treatments for dry mouth are effective in reducing this symptom.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (28 October 2011), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 4 2011), MEDLINE via OVID (1950 to 28 October 2011), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 28 October 2011), CINAHL via EBSCO (1980 to 28 October 2011), AMED via OVID (1985 to 28 October 2011), CANCERLIT via PubMed (1950 to 28 October 2011).

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomised controlled trials of topical interventions such as lozenges, sprays, mouthrinses, gels, oils, chewing gum or toothpastes for the treatment of dry mouth symptom. We classified interventions into two broad categories, saliva stimulants and saliva substitutes, and these were compared with either placebo or another intervention. We included both parallel group and crossover trials.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two or more review authors independently carried out data extraction and assessed risk of bias. Trial authors were contacted for additional information as required.

MAIN RESULTS

Thirty-six randomised controlled trials involving 1597 participants met the inclusion criteria. Two trials compared saliva stimulants to placebo, nine trials compared saliva substitutes to placebo, five trials compared saliva stimulants directly with saliva substitutes, 18 trials directly compared two or more saliva substitutes, and two trials directly compared two or more saliva stimulants. Only one trial was at low risk of bias and 17 were at high risk of bias. Due to the range of interventions, comparisons and outcome measures in the trials, meta-analysis was possible for only a few comparisons. Oxygenated glycerol triester (OGT) saliva substitute spray shows evidence of effectiveness compared to an electrolyte spray (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 1.15) which corresponds to approximately a mean difference of 2 points on a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS) for mouth dryness. Both integrated mouthcare systems (toothpaste + gel + mouthwash) and oral reservoir devices show promising results but there is insufficient evidence at present to recommend their use. Although chewing gum is associated with increased saliva production in the majority of those with residual capacity, there is no evidence that gum is more or less effective than saliva substitutes.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

There is no strong evidence from this review that any topical therapy is effective for relieving the symptom of dry mouth. OGT spray is more effective than an aqueous electrolyte spray (SMD 0.77, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.15) which is approximately equivalent to a mean difference of 2 points on a 10-point VAS scale for mouth dryness. Chewing gums appear to increase saliva production in those with residual secretory capacity and may be preferred by patients, but there is no evidence that gum is better or worse than saliva substitutes. Integrated mouthcare systems and oral reservoir devices may be helpful but further research is required to confirm this. Well designed, adequately powered randomised controlled trials of topical interventions for dry mouth, which are designed and reported according to CONSORT guidelines, are required to provide evidence to guide clinical care. For many people the symptom of dry mouth is a chronic problem and trials should evaluate whether treatments are palatable, effective in reducing xerostomia, as well as the long-term effects of treatments on quality of life of those with chronic dry mouth symptoms.

In vitro antimicrobial effects of commercially available mouth-wetting agents

Products have been developed to provide palliation for persons with dry mouth. In addition to mouth-wetting agents, some products incorporate antimicrobial constituents with the goal of improving oral microbial defenses. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the potential antimicrobial and antifungal effects of two commercially available saliva substitutes on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans by using the agar-well diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity as measured by the size of the inhibition zone growth for S. mutans and L. acidophilus was observed only with Biotene Dry Mouth Oral Rinse® and BioXtra® gel. The zone of inhibition of Biotene Dry Mouth Oral Rinse was larger than that of BioXtra gel (p= 0.00, p < 0.01). No anticandidal effect was seen with any of the test products. The pH of the preparations, the variations between the amount of active ingredients within the products, and the potential antimicrobial effects of inactive ingredients should be investigated to determine the factors that impacted microbial inhibition.