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Civelek E, Ozen G. The biological actions of prostanoids in adipose tissue in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 186:102508. [PMID: 36270150 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been established as an endocrine organ that plays an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Adipose tissue releases several bioactive molecules called adipokines. Inflammation, dysregulation of adipokine synthesis, and secretion are observed in obesity and related diseases and cause adipose tissue dysfunction. Prostanoids, belonging to the eicosanoid family of lipid mediators, can be synthesized in adipose tissue and play a critical role in adipose tissue biology. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge regarding the interaction of prostanoids with adipokines, the expression of prostanoid receptors, and prostanoid synthase enzymes in adipose tissues in health and disease. Furthermore, the involvement of prostanoids in the physiological function or dysfunction of adipose tissue including inflammation, lipolysis, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, browning of adipocytes, and vascular tone regulation was also discussed by examining studies using pharmacological approaches or genetically modified animals for prostanoid receptors/synthase enzymes. Overall, the present review provides a perspective on the evidence from literature regarding the biological effects of prostanoids in adipose tissue. Among prostanoids, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is prominent in regards to its substantial role in both adipose tissue physiology and pathophysiology. Targeting prostanoids may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing or treating obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsev Ozen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Stenberg K, Gensby L, Cremer SE, Nielsen MM, Bjørnvad CR. Analytical performance of a canine ELISA monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 assay for use in cats and evaluation of circulating levels in normal weight and obese cats. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:22. [PMID: 36064726 PMCID: PMC9446815 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human and murine obesity, adipose tissue dwelling macrophages and adipocytes produce monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) leading to systemic low-grade inflammation. The aim of the study was to validate a canine MCP-1 ELISA assay for use in cats and to investigate whether a difference in MCP-1 concentrations could be detected between: a) cats having normal or elevated circulating serum amyloid A (SAA) levels and b) normal weight and obese cats. Serum obtained from 36 client-owned cats of various breed, age and sex with normal (n = 20) to elevated SAA (n = 16) was used for the validation of the canine MCP-1 ELISA assay. As no golden standard exists for measurement of inflammation, circulating MCP-1 concentrations were compared to SAA measurements, as an indicator of systemic inflammation. Analytical precision, dilution recovery and detection limit were calculated. A possible correlation between MCP-1 concentrations and obesity related measures (body fat percentage (BF%), insulin sensitivity and cytokine expression) were investigated in another population of 73 healthy, lean to obese, neutered domestic short-haired cats. RESULTS Intra- (2.7-4.1%) and inter-assay (2.2-3.6%) coefficient of variation and dilution recovery were acceptable, and the detection limit was 27.1 pg/mL. MCP-1 did not correlate with SAA, and there was no difference between the inflammatory (SAA > 20 mg/L) and non-inflammatory group, due to a marked overlap in MCP-1 concentrations. Circulating MCP-1 concentrations were unaffected by BF% (r2 = 2.7 × 10-6, P = 0.21) and other obesity-related markers. CONCLUSIONS The present canine ELISA assay seems to be able to measure circulating feline MCP-1. However, further studies are needed to determine its possible use for detecting inflammation in relation to disease processes or obesity-related low-grade inflammation in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Stenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Line Gensby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Present Address: AniCura Vangede Animal Hospital, Plantevej 2, 2870 Dyssegård, Denmark
| | - Signe Emilie Cremer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Present Address: Coloplast, Holtedam 1-3, 3050 Humlebæk, Denmark
| | - Michelle Møller Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Reinhard Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Wang C, Zhang X, Luo L, Luo Y, Wu D, Spilca D, Le Q, Yang X, Alvarez K, Hines WC, Yang XO, Liu M. COX-2 Deficiency Promotes White Adipogenesis via PGE2-Mediated Paracrine Mechanism and Exacerbates Diet-Induced Obesity. Cells 2022; 11:1819. [PMID: 35681514 PMCID: PMC9180646 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a critical role in regulating innate immunity and metabolism by producing prostaglandins (PGs) and other lipid mediators. However, the implication of adipose COX-2 in obesity remains largely unknown. Using adipocyte-specific COX-2 knockout (KO) mice, we showed that depleting COX-2 in adipocytes promoted white adipose tissue development accompanied with increased size and number of adipocytes and predisposed diet-induced adiposity, obesity, and insulin resistance. The increased size and number of adipocytes by COX-2 KO were reversed by the treatment of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) but not PGI2 and PGD2 during adipocyte differentiation. PGE2 suppresses PPARγ expression through the PKA pathway at the early phase of adipogenesis, and treatment of PGE2 or PKA activator isoproterenol diminished the increased lipid droplets in size and number in COX-2 KO primary adipocytes. Administration of PGE2 attenuated increased fat mass and fat percentage in COX-2 deficient mice. Taken together, our study demonstrated the suppressing effect of adipocyte COX-2 on adipogenesis and reveals that COX-2 restrains adipose tissue expansion via the PGE2-mediated paracrine mechanism and prevents the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (D.W.); (X.O.Y.)
| | - Dianna Spilca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Que Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Katelyn Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - William Curtis Hines
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Xuexian O. Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (D.W.); (X.O.Y.)
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center for Biomedical Research Excellence, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center for Biomedical Research Excellence, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Wang C, Zhang X, Luo L, Luo Y, Yang X, Ding X, Wang L, Le H, Feldman LER, Men X, Yan C, Huang W, Feng Y, Liu F, Yang XO, Liu M. Adipocyte-derived PGE2 is required for intermittent fasting-induced Treg proliferation and improvement of insulin sensitivity. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153755. [PMID: 35260536 PMCID: PMC8983131 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intermittent fasting (IF) diet has profound benefits for diabetes prevention. However, the precise mechanisms underlying IF's beneficial effects remain poorly defined. Here, we show that the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that produces prostaglandins, are suppressed in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese humans. In addition, the expression of COX-2 in WAT is markedly upregulated by IF in obese mice. Adipocyte-specific depletion of COX-2 led to reduced fractions of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and a substantial decrease in the frequency of CD206+ macrophages, an increase in the abundance of γδT cells in WAT under normal chow diet conditions, and attenuation of IF-induced antiinflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects, despite a similar antiobesity effect in obese mice. Mechanistically, adipocyte-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promoted Treg proliferation through the CaMKII pathway in vitro and rescued Treg populations in adipose tissue in COX-2-deficient mice. Ultimately, inactivation of Tregs by neutralizing anti-CD25 diminished IF-elicited antiinflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects, and PGE2 restored the beneficial effects of IF in COX-2-KO mice. Collectively, our study reveals that adipocyte COX-2 is a key regulator of Treg proliferation and that adipocyte-derived PGE2 is essential for IF-elicited type 2 immune response and metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Huyen Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lily Elizabeth R. Feldman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xuebo Men
- Baodi Clinical College of Tian Jin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cen Yan
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism Research, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yingmei Feng
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuexian O. Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center for Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.,Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center for Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Chiang KC, Rizk JG, Nelson DJ, Krishnamurti L, Subbian S, Imig JD, Khan I, Reddy ST, Gupta A. Ramatroban for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: David takes on Goliath. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:13-28. [PMID: 35068281 PMCID: PMC10119876 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2031975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In COVID-19 pneumonia, there is a massive increase in fatty acid levels and lipid mediators with a predominance of cyclooxygenase metabolites, notably TxB2 ≫ PGE2 > PGD2 in the lungs, and 11-dehydro-TxB2, a TxA2 metabolite, in the systemic circulation. While TxA2 stimulates thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors, 11-dehydro-TxB2 is a full agonist of DP2 (formerly known as the CRTh2) receptors for PGD2. Anecdotal experience of using ramatroban, a dual receptor antagonist of the TxA2/TP and PGD2/DP2 receptors, demonstrated rapid symptomatic relief from acute respiratory distress and hypoxemia while avoiding hospitalization. AREAS COVERED Evidence supporting the role of TxA2/TP receptors and PGD2/DP2 receptors in causing rapidly progressive lung injury associated with hypoxemia, a maladaptive immune response and thromboinflammation is discussed. An innovative perspective on the dual antagonism of TxA2/TP and PGD2/DP2 receptor signaling as a therapeutic approach in COVID-19 is presented. This paper examines ramatroban an anti-platelet, immunomodulator, and antifibrotic agent for acute and long-haul COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Ramatroban, a dual blocker of TP and DP2 receptors, has demonstrated efficacy in animal models of respiratory dysfunction, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and sepsis, as well as preliminary evidence for rapid relief from dyspnea and hypoxemia in COVID-19 pneumonia. Ramatroban merits investigation as a promising antithrombotic and immunomodulatory agent for chemoprophylaxis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G. Rizk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Arizona State University, Edson College, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Lakshmanan Krishnamurti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School and Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John D. Imig
- Drug Discovery Center and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Departments of Medicine, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Charak Foundation, Orange, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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Aaron N, Costa S, Rosen CJ, Qiang L. The Implications of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue on Inflammaging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:853765. [PMID: 35360075 PMCID: PMC8962663 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.853765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Once considered an inert filler of the bone cavity, bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is now regarded as a metabolically active organ that plays versatile roles in endocrine function, hematopoiesis, bone homeostasis and metabolism, and, potentially, energy conservation. While the regulation of BMAT is inadequately understood, it is recognized as a unique and dynamic fat depot that is distinct from peripheral fat. As we age, bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) accumulate throughout the bone marrow (BM) milieu to influence the microenvironment. This process is conceivably signaled by the secretion of adipocyte-derived factors including pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines. Adipokines participate in the development of a chronic state of low-grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), which trigger changes in the immune system that are characterized by declining fidelity and efficiency and cause an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory networks. In this review, we discuss the local effects of BMAT on bone homeostasis and the hematopoietic niche, age-related inflammatory changes associated with BMAT accrual, and the downstream effect on endocrine function, energy expenditure, and metabolism. Furthermore, we address therapeutic strategies to prevent BMAT accumulation and associated dysfunction during aging. In sum, BMAT is emerging as a critical player in aging and its explicit characterization still requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Aaron
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samantha Costa
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- *Correspondence: Clifford J. Rosen, ; Li Qiang,
| | - Li Qiang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Clifford J. Rosen, ; Li Qiang,
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7
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Ballesteros-Martinez C, Rodrigues-Diez R, Beltrán LM, Moreno-Carriles R, Martínez-Martínez E, González-Amor M, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C, Cachofeiro V, Salaices M, Briones AM. Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is involved in the metabolic and cardiovascular alterations associated with obesity. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2733-2753. [PMID: 34877656 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible isomerase responsible for prostaglandin E2 production in inflammatory conditions. We evaluated the role of mPGES-1 in obesity development and in the metabolic and cardiovascular alterations associated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH mPGES-1+/+ and mPGES-1-/- mice were fed with normal or high fat diet (HFD, 60% fat). The glycaemic and lipid profile was studied by glucose and insulin tolerance tests and colorimetric assays. Vascular function, structure and mechanics were evaluated by myography. Histological studies, q-RT-PCR and Western Blot analyses were performed in adipose tissue depots and cardiovascular tissues. Gene expression in abdominal fat and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) from patients and its correlation with vascular damage was determined. KEY RESULTS Male mPGES-1-/- mice fed with HFD were protected against body weight gain and showed reduced adiposity, better glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, lipid levels and less white adipose tissue and PVAT inflammation and fibrosis, compared to mPGES-1+/+ mice. mPGES-1 knockdown prevented cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, aortic insulin resistance, and vascular inflammation and remodeling, induced by HFD. Obesity-induced weight gain and endothelial dysfunction of resistance arteries were ameliorated in female mPGES-1-/- mice. In humans, we found a positive correlation between mPGES-1 expression in abdominal fat and vascular remodeling, vessel stiffness and systolic blood pressure. In human PVAT, there was a positive correlation between mPGES-1 expression and inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS mPGES-1 inhibition might be a novel therapeutic approach for the management of obesity and the associated cardiovascular and metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Ballesteros-Martinez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Rodrigues-Diez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Luis M Beltrán
- Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital Virgen del Rocío - IBiS, Sevilla. Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosa Moreno-Carriles
- Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía vascular. Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María González-Amor
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Jose Martínez-González
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IRHSCSP), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Ana M Briones
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Spain
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Bhardwaj P, Brown KA. Obese Adipose Tissue as a Driver of Breast Cancer Growth and Development: Update and Emerging Evidence. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638918. [PMID: 33859943 PMCID: PMC8042134 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for breast cancer growth and progression. A number of advances have been made in recent years revealing new insights into this link. Early events in breast cancer development involve the neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells to cancer cells. In obesity, breast adipose tissue undergoes significant hormonal and inflammatory changes that create a mitogenic microenvironment. Many factors that are produced in obesity have also been shown to promote tumorigenesis. Given that breast epithelial cells are surrounded by adipose tissue, the crosstalk between the adipose compartment and breast epithelial cells is hypothesized to be a significant player in the initiation and progression of breast cancer in individuals with excess adiposity. The present review examines this crosstalk with a focus on obese breast adipose-derived estrogen, inflammatory mediators and adipokines, and how they are mechanistically linked to breast cancer risk and growth through stimulation of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and pro-oncogenic transcriptional programs. Pharmacological and lifestyle strategies targeting these factors and their downstream effects are evaluated for feasibility and efficacy in decreasing the risk of obesity-induced breast epithelial cell transformation and consequently, breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristy A. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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9
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Pereira CMC, Júnior GJD, Lima JVDN, Alves Lemos SI, da Rocha Rodrigues L, Dos Santos Ferreira J, Araújo ASML, de Oliveira JC, Monteiro CE, Franco ÁX, Pereira Alves EH, Oliveira Silva FG, de Carvalho Filgueiras M, Soares PMG, Pereira Vasconcelos DF, de Oliveira JS, de Brito TV, Barbosa ALR. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma participates in nimesulide-induced hepatic damage. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:496-504. [PMID: 33793830 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the participation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in the liver damage caused by nimesulide. METHODS Liver damage been induced by nimesulide. Mice were treated with either 2% dimethyl sulfoxide or AS605240, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma pathway antagonist. Blood samples were collected for function assays of liver. The liver was removed for analysis of liver weight/animal weight ratio, histopathological parameters, oxidative and nitrous stress, cytokine levels, and the immunostaining for cyclooxygenase 2 and nuclear factor kappa B. KEY FINDINGS Liver injured by nimesulide and treated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma inhibitor significantly reversed (P < 0.05) the damage; it decreased the liver weight/animal weight ratio, histopathological scores, and neutrophil infiltration, consequently reducing oxidative stress. In addition, we show that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma is associated with hepatic damage induced by nimesulide, because it altered liver function and increased the protein immunostaining of cyclooxygenase 2 and nuclear factor kappa B in the liver tissue of nimesulide-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the present study allows us to infer that nimesulide causes liver damage through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Maria C Pereira
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Genilson José Dias Júnior
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - José Victor do N Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Sarah Izabelly Alves Lemos
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Lauanda da Rocha Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Jayro Dos Santos Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Anna Sofia Miranda Loiola Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Joveline Costa de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Monteiro
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract (LEFFAG), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Xavier Franco
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract (LEFFAG), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Even Herlany Pereira Alves
- Laboratory of Analysis and Histological Processing (LAPHIS), Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisca Géssica Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract (LEFFAG), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Carvalho Filgueiras
- Laboratory of Muscle Morphology and Physiology (LAMFIM), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Pedro M G Soares
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract (LEFFAG), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fernando Pereira Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Analysis and Histological Processing (LAPHIS), Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Soares de Oliveira
- Biochemistry Laboratory of Laticifers Plants (LABPL), Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Tarcisio Vieira de Brito
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Reis Barbosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology (LAFFEX), Department of Physioterapy, Federal University of the Parnaíba Delta, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
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A Network Pharmacology-Based Approach to Investigating the Mechanisms of Fushen Granule Effects on Intestinal Barrier Injury in Chronic Renal Failure. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2097569. [PMID: 33747100 PMCID: PMC7954622 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2097569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Fushen Granule (FSG) is a Chinese medicine prepared by doctors for treating patients with chronic renal failure, which is usually accompanied by gastrointestinal dysfunction. Here, we explore the protective effect of FSG on intestinal barrier injury in chronic renal failure through bioinformatic analysis and experimental verification. Methods In this study, information on the components and targets of FSG related to CRF is collected to construct and visualize protein-protein interaction networks and drug-compound-target networks using network pharmacological methods. DAVID is used to conduct gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Then, it is validated by in vitro experiments. In this study, the human intestinal epithelial (T84) cells are used and divided into four groups: control group, model group, FSG low-dose group, and FSG high-dose group. After the experiment, the activity of T84 cells is detected by a MTT assay, and the expressions of tight junction protein ZO-1, claudin-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are examined by immunofluorescence and/or western blotting. Results Eighty-six potential chronic renal failure-related targets are identified by FSG; among them, nine core genes are screened. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis shows that the cancer-related signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the HIF1 signaling pathway, and the TNF signaling pathway may play key roles in the treatment of CRF by FSG. The MTT method showed that FSG is not cytotoxic to uremic toxin-induced injured T84 cells. The results of immunofluorescence and WB indicate that compared with the control group, protein expressions level of ZO-1, claudin-1, and Nrf2 in T84 cells is decreased and protein expressions level of HO-1, MDA, and COX-2 is increased after urinary toxin treatment. Instead, compared with the model group, protein expressions level of ZO-1, claudin-1, and Nrf2 in T84 cells is increased and protein expressions level of HO-1, MDA, and COX-2 is decreased after FSG treatment. Conclusion FSG had a protective effect on urinary toxin-induced intestinal epithelial barrier injury in chronic renal failure, and its mechanism may be related to the upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signal transduction and the inhibition of tissue oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Screening CRF targets and identifying the corresponding FSG components by network pharmacological methods is a practical strategy to explain the mechanism of FSG in improving gastrointestinal dysfunction in CRF.
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11
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Kang NH, Mukherjee S, Jang MH, Pham HG, Choi M, Yun JW. Ketoprofen alleviates diet-induced obesity and promotes white fat browning in mice via the activation of COX-2 through mTORC1-p38 signaling pathway. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:583-596. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Zhang X, Luo Y, Wang C, Ding X, Yang X, Wu D, Silva F, Yang Z, Zhou Q, Wang L, Wang X, Zhou J, Boyd N, Spafford M, Burge M, Yang XO, Liu M. Adipose mTORC1 Suppresses Prostaglandin Signaling and Beige Adipogenesis via the CRTC2-COX-2 Pathway. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3180-3193. [PMID: 30232001 PMCID: PMC6287973 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beige adipocytes are present in white adipose tissue (WAT) and have thermogenic capacity to orchestrate substantial energy metabolism and counteract obesity. However, adipocyte-derived signals that act on progenitor cells to control beige adipogenesis remain poorly defined. Here, we show that adipose-specific depletion of Raptor, a key component of mTORC1, promoted beige adipogenesis through prostaglandins (PGs) synthesized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, Raptor-deficient mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity and COX-2 downregulation. Mechanistically, mTORC1 suppressed COX-2 by phosphorylation of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2) and subsequent dissociation of CREB to cox-2 promoter in adipocytes. PG treatment stimulated PKA and promoted differentiation of progenitor cells to beige adipocytes in culture. Ultimately, we show that pharmacological inhibition or suppression of COX-2 attenuated mTORC1 inhibition-induced thermogenic gene expression in inguinal WAT in vivo and in vitro. Our study identifies adipocyte-derived PGs as key regulators of white adipocyte browning, which occurs through mTORC1 and CRTC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Floyd Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nathan Boyd
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael Spafford
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mark Burge
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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13
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Ghazala RA, El Medney A, Meleis A, Mohie El Dien P, Samir H. Role of anti-inflammatory interventions in high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4743. [PMID: 31715013 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is defined as deposition of excess fat associated with an inflammatory response. Metabolomic analysis of fatty acids (FAs) can be a marker of silent inflammation. ω3-Enriched diet, celecoxib, and safranal may have a protective anti-inflammatory role. In this work, total FAs extracted from red blood cells and arachidonic acid-to-eicosapentaenoic acid (AA-to-EPA) ratios were assessed using GC-MS assay in single-ion monitoring mode. The study was conducted on 64 male rats divided into eight groups: I, controls; II, rats received high-fat diet (HFD), III, rats received ω-6-enriched HFD; IV, rats received ω-3-enriched HFD; V, rats received celecoxib with HFD; VI, rats received safranal with HFD; VII and VIII, rats received celecoxib and safranal with ω-3 HFD, respectively. GC-MS Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry was performed for analysis of fatty acid methyl ester. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) concentrations. A statistically significant decrease of AA-to-EPA ratio was observed in group VII when compared with the groups receiving HFDs. This group also showed the lowest serum IL-6 level and highest TGF-β1 level. In conclusion, ω3-enriched diet along with drugs (e.g. celecoxib) and herbal medications (e.g. safranal) may have an anti-inflammatory effect in lipotoxicity. GC-MS with single-ion monitoring is valid for the analysis of FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azza El Medney
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Anisa Meleis
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Passant Mohie El Dien
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hend Samir
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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14
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Chan PC, Liao MT, Hsieh PS. The Dualistic Effect of COX-2-Mediated Signaling in Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133115. [PMID: 31247902 PMCID: PMC6651192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are two major risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Cyclooxygenase (COX), a rate-limiting enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PGs), exists in two isoforms: COX-1, the constitutive form, and COX-2, mainly the inducible form. COX-2 is the key enzyme in eicosanoid metabolism that converts eicosanoids into a number of PGs, including PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, and prostacyclin (PGI2), all of which exert diverse hormone-like effects via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. The COX-2 gene and immunoreactive proteins have been documented to be highly expressed and elevated in adipose tissue (AT) under morbid obesity conditions. On the other hand, the environmental stress-induced expression and constitutive over-expression of COX-2 have been reported to play distinctive roles under different pathological and physiological conditions; i.e., over-expression of the COX-2 gene in white AT (WAT) has been shown to induce de novo brown AT (BAT) recruitment in WAT and then facilitate systemic energy expenditure to protect mice against high-fat diet-induced obesity. Hepatic COX-2 expression was found to protect against diet-induced steatosis, obesity, and insulin resistance. However, COX-2 activation in the epidydimal AT is strongly correlated with the development of AT inflammation, insulin resistance, and fatty liver in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats. This review will provide updated information regarding the role of COX-2-derived signals in the regulation of energy metabolism and the pathogenesis of obesity and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Chan
- Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Po-Shiuan Hsieh
- Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
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15
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Pierre C, Guillebaud F, Airault C, Baril N, Barbouche R, Save E, Gaigé S, Bariohay B, Dallaporta M, Troadec JD. Invalidation of Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 (mPGES-1) Reduces Diet-Induced Low-Grade Inflammation and Adiposity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1358. [PMID: 30333759 PMCID: PMC6176076 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is known to be linked to obesity, and to occur in the early stages of the disease. This mechanism is complex and involves numerous organs, cells, and cytokines. In this context, inflammation of white adipose tissue seems to play a key role in the development of obesity. Because of its properties, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an emblematic inflammatory mediator, has been proposed as an actor linking inflammation and obesity. Indeed, PGE2 is involved in mechanisms that are dysregulated in obesity such as lipolysis and adipogenesis. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an enzyme, which specifically catalyzes the final step of PGE2 biosynthesis. Interestingly, mPGES-1 invalidation dramatically alters the production of PGE2 during inflammation. In the present work, we sought to determine whether mPGES-1 could contribute to inflammation associated with obesity. To this end, we analyzed the energy metabolism of mPGES-1 deficient mice (mPGES-1-/-) and littermate controls, fed with a high-fat diet. Our data showed that mPGES-1-/- mice exhibited resistance to diet-induced obesity when compared to wild-type littermates. mPGES-1-/- mice fed with a high-fat diet, showed a lower body weight gain and a reduced adiposity, which were accompanied by a decrease in adipose tissues inflammation. We also observed an increase in energy expenditures in mPGES-1-/- mice fed with a high-fat diet without any changes in activity and browning process. Altogether, these data suggest that mPGES-1 inhibition may prevent diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Pierre
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Marseille, France.,Biomeostasis CRO, La Penne-sur-Huveaune, France
| | - Florent Guillebaud
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Coraline Airault
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Baril
- CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3C FR 3512, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Rym Barbouche
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Save
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Gaigé
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | | | - Michel Dallaporta
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Marseille, France
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16
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Zhao H, Wang J, Fang D, Lee O, Chatterton RT, Stearns V, Khan SA, Bulun SE. Adiposity Results in Metabolic and Inflammation Differences in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women Consistent with the Difference in Breast Cancer Risk. HORMONES & CANCER 2018; 9:229-239. [PMID: 29546532 PMCID: PMC10355891 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-018-0329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal but not in premenopausal women. Many factors may be responsible for this difference. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which the genes related to the AMPK pathway, inflammation, and estrogen actions are affected by adiposity in breast tissue with the objective of identifying differences that may explain the different breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Random fine needle aspirates (rFNAs) of breast tissue were collected from 57 premenopausal and 55 postmenopausal women and were classified as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Expression levels of 21 target genes were determined using a TaqMan Low Density Array procedure. Breast tissue estradiol levels were measured by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry procedure, and serum estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by a radioimmunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. We found that in postmenopausal women, serum and tissue estradiol levels were increased in those who were overweight, and serum FSH levels were decreased in obese status. Interestingly, RPS6KB1, an AMPK downstream-responsive gene for protein synthesis and cell growth, and estrogen receptor α (encoded by the ESR1 gene) and its target gene GATA3 were significantly decreased in rFNA of premenopausal, obese women. In postmenopausal women, RPS6KB1, ESR1, and GATA3 expression remained unchanged in relation to adiposity. However, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and another ESR1 target gene, TFF1, were elevated in rFNA of obese postmenopausal women. Thus, as bodyweight increases, gene expression is indicative of increased proliferation in postmenopausal women but decreased proliferation in premenopausal women. Overall, our data reveal a novel process by which obesity promotes the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal but not premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, 303 E. Superior Street, Suite 4-121, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - J Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - O Lee
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R T Chatterton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - V Stearns
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chan PC, Wu TN, Chen YC, Lu CH, Wabitsch M, Tian YF, Hsieh PS. Targeted inhibition of CD74 attenuates adipose COX-2-MIF-mediated M1 macrophage polarization and retards obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1581-1596. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20180041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is crucial to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance. Our aim was to investigate the contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-mediated cross-talk between hypertrophic adipocytes and macrophages to the etiology of AT inflammation and the involvement of CD74 using human SGBS adipocytes, THP-1 macrophages and mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. The MIF and CD74 mRNA levels in the adipocytes and stromal vascular cells (SVCs) of white fat were highly correlated with body weight (BW), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and adipose macrophage marker expression levels, especially those in SVCs. COX-2 inhibition suppressed the elevation of MIF production in HF white adipocytes as well as palmitate and hypoxic-treated SGBS adipocytes. Treatment of adipocytes transfected with shCOX-2 and siMIF or subjected to MIF depletion in the medium reversed the pro-inflammatory responses in co-incubated THP-1 cells. Inhibition of NF-κB activation reversed the COX2-dependent MIF secretion from treated adipocytes. The targeted inhibition of macrophage CD74 prevented M1 macrophage polarization in the above co-culture model. The COX-2-dependent increases in CD74 gene expression and MIF release in M1-polarized macrophages facilitated the expression of COX-2 and MIF in co-cultured SGBS adipocytes. CD74 shRNA intravenous injection suppressed HF-induced AT M1 macrophage polarization and inflammation as well as insulin resistance in mice. The present study suggested that COX-2-mediated MIF secretion through NF-κB activation from hypertrophic and hypoxic adipocytes as well as M1 macrophages might substantially contribute to the phenotypic switch of AT macrophages through CD74 in obesity. Inhibition of CD74 could attenuate AT inflammation and insulin resistance in the development of HF diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Chan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ni Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan
- Headquater, Institute of Preventive Medicine, NDMC, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hua Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, NDMC, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yu-Feng Tian
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yung Kung Campus, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Health & Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Shiuan Hsieh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center (NDMC), Taipei, Taiwan
- Headquater, Institute of Preventive Medicine, NDMC, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, NDMC, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zaborska KE, Wareing M, Austin C. Comparisons between perivascular adipose tissue and the endothelium in their modulation of vascular tone. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3388-3397. [PMID: 27747871 PMCID: PMC5610163 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is an established modulator of vascular tone; however, the recent discovery of the anti-contractile nature of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) suggests that the fat, which surrounds many blood vessels, can also modulate vascular tone. Both the endothelium and PVAT secrete vasoactive substances, which regulate vascular function. Many of these factors are common to both the endothelium and PVAT; therefore, this review will highlight the potential shared mechanisms in the modulation of vascular tone. Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of many vascular diseases, including hypertension and obesity. Moreover, PVAT dysfunction is now being reported in several cardio-metabolic disorders. Thus, this review will also discuss the mechanistic insights into endothelial and PVAT dysfunction in order to evaluate whether PVAT modulation of vascular contractility is similar to that of the endothelium in health and disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Zaborska
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - M Wareing
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human DevelopmentUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - C Austin
- Faculty of Health and Social CareEdge Hill UniversityUK
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Takahashi H, Sanada K, Nagai H, Li Y, Aoki Y, Ara T, Seno S, Matsuda H, Yu R, Kawada T, Goto T. Over-expression of PPARα in obese mice adipose tissue improves insulin sensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:108-114. [PMID: 28919422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is important in the regulation of lipid metabolism and expressed at high levels in the liver. Although PPARα is also expressed in adipose tissue, little is known about the relationship between its activation and the regulation of glucose metabolism. In this study, we developed adipose tissue specific PPARα over-expression (OE) mice. Metabolomics and insulin tolerance tests showed that OE induces branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) profile and improvement of insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, LC-MS and PCR analyses revealed that OE changes free fatty acid (FFA) profile and reduces obesity-induced inflammation. These findings suggested that PPARα activation in adipose tissue contributes to the improvement of glucose metabolism disorders via the enhancement of BCAA and FFA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Sanada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagai
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Science, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yongjia Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumeko Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ara
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuda
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Karimian MS, Pirro M, Majeed M, Sahebkar A. Curcumin as a natural regulator of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 33:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Goldfine AB, Shoelson SE. Therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation for diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:83-93. [PMID: 28045401 DOI: 10.1172/jci88884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related sub-acute chronic inflammation has been associated with incident type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Inflammation is increasingly considered to be a pathologic mediator of these commonly co-occurring diseases. A growing number of preclinical and clinical studies support the inflammatory hypothesis, but clinical trials to confirm the therapeutic potential to target inflammation to treat or prevent cardiometabolic conditions are still ongoing. There are multiple inflammatory signaling pathways. Regulation is complex, with substantial crosstalk across these multiple pathways. The activity of select pathways may be differentially regulated in different tissues. Pharmacologic approaches to diabetes management may have direct or indirect antiinflammatory effects, the latter potentially attributable to an improved metabolic state. Conversely, some antiinflammatory approaches may affect glucose metabolism and cardiovascular health. To date, clinical trials suggest that targeting one portion of the inflammatory cascade may differentially affect dysglycemia and atherothrombosis. Understanding the underlying biological processes may contribute to the development of safe and effective therapies, although a single approach may not be sufficient for optimal management of both metabolic and athrothrombotic disease states.
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Additional effect of metformin and celecoxib against lipid dysregulation and adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat fed rats with insulin resistance and fatty liver. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Traumatic stress causes distinctive effects on fear circuit catecholamines and the fear extinction profile in a rodent model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1484-1495. [PMID: 27492886 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Central catecholamines regulate fear memory across the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala (AMYG), and hippocampus (HPC). However, inadequate evidence exists to address the relationships among these fear circuit areas in terms of the fear symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). By examining the behavioral profile in a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm together with tissue/efflux levels of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) and their reuptake abilities across the fear circuit areas in rats that experienced single prolonged stress (SPS, a rodent model of PTSD), we demonstrated that SPS-impaired extinction retrieval was concomitant with the changes of central DA/NE in a dissociable manner. For tissue levels, diminished DA and increased NE were both observed in the mPFC and AMYG. DA efflux and synaptosomal DA transporter were consistently reduced in the AMYG/vHPC, whereas SPS reduced NE efflux in the infralimbic cortex and synaptosomal NE transporter in the mPFC. Furthermore, a lower expression of synaptosomal VMAT2 was observed in the mPFC, AMYG, and vHPC after SPS. Finally, negative correlations were observed between retrieval freezing and DA in the mPFC/AMYG; nevertheless, the phenomena became invalid after SPS. Our results suggest that central catecholamines are crucially involved in the retrieval of fear extinction in which DA and NE play distinctive roles across the fear circuit areas.
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Chan P, Hsiao F, Chang H, Wabitsch M, Hsieh PS. Importance of adipocyte cyclooxygenase‐2 and prostaglandin E
2
‐prostaglandin E receptor 3 signaling in the development of obesity‐induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. FASEB J 2016; 30:2282-2297. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Chi Chan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Fone‐Ching Hsiao
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineTri‐Service General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hao‐Ming Chang
- Division of General SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryTri‐Service General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Po Shiuan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsNational Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchTri‐Service General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
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Gartung A, Zhao J, Chen S, Mottillo E, VanHecke GC, Ahn YH, Maddipati KR, Sorokin A, Granneman J, Lee MJ. Characterization of Eicosanoids Produced by Adipocyte Lipolysis: IMPLICATION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 IN ADIPOSE INFLAMMATION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16001-10. [PMID: 27246851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive adipocyte lipolysis generates lipid mediators and triggers inflammation in adipose tissue. However, the specific roles of lipolysis-generated mediators in adipose inflammation remain to be elucidated. In the present study, cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with isoproterenol to activate lipolysis and the fatty acyl lipidome of released lipids was determined by using LC-MS/MS. We observed that β-adrenergic activation elevated levels of approximately fifty lipid species, including metabolites of cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, epoxygenases, and other sources. Moreover, we found that β-adrenergic activation induced cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), not COX-1, expression in a manner that depended on activation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in cultured adipocytes and in the epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) of C57BL/6 mice. We found that lipolysis activates the JNK/NFκB signaling pathway and inhibition of the JNK/NFκB axis abrogated the lipolysis-stimulated COX-2 expression. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 activity diminished levels of COX-2 metabolites during lipolytic activation. Inhibition of COX-2 abrogated the induction of CCL2/MCP-1 expression by β-adrenergic activation and prevented recruitment of macrophage/monocyte to adipose tissue. Collectively, our data indicate that excessive adipocyte lipolysis activates the JNK/NFκB pathway leading to the up-regulation of COX-2 expression and recruitment of inflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gartung
- From the Bioactive Lipid Research Program, Department of Pathology
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- From the Bioactive Lipid Research Program, Department of Pathology
| | - Simon Chen
- From the Bioactive Lipid Research Program, Department of Pathology
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrey Sorokin
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - James Granneman
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics
| | - Menq-Jer Lee
- From the Bioactive Lipid Research Program, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 and
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Ferreira PS, Spolidorio LC, Manthey JA, Cesar TB. Citrus flavanones prevent systemic inflammation and ameliorate oxidative stress in C57BL/6J mice fed high-fat diet. Food Funct 2016; 7:2675-81. [PMID: 27182608 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01541c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The flavanones hesperidin, eriocitrin and eriodictyol were investigated for their prevention of the oxidative stress and systemic inflammation caused by high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice. The mice received a standard diet (9.5% kcal from fat), high-fat diet (45% kcal from fat) or high-fat diet supplemented with hesperidin, eriocitrin or eriodictyol for a period of four weeks. Hesperidin, eriocitrin and eriodictyol increased the serum total antioxidant capacity, and restrained the elevation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). In addition, the liver TBARS levels and spleen mass (g per kg body weight) were lower for the flavanone-treated mice than in the unsupplemented mice. Eriocitrin and eriodictyol reduced TBARS levels in the blood serum, and hesperidin and eriodictyol also reduced fat accumulation and liver damage. The results showed that hesperidin, eriocitrin and eriodictyol had protective effects against inflammation and oxidative stress caused by high-fat diet in mice, and may therefore prevent metabolic alterations associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Ferreira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Rodovia Araraquara - Jau, km 1, Araraquara, SP 14802-901, Brazil.
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Möller K, Ostermann AI, Rund K, Thoms S, Blume C, Stahl F, Hahn A, Schebb NH, Schuchardt JP. Influence of weight reduction on blood levels of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and oxylipins in obese subjects. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 106:39-49. [PMID: 26751601 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is associated with inflammation and weight reduction has been shown to influence the inflammatory process. Besides classic inflammatory markers, oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites (oxylipins) are potent mediators of inflammation. Little is known about endogenous levels of oxylipins, e.g. hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy FA in obese subjects with persistent low-grade inflammation. We aimed to evaluate levels of inflammatory markers and blood oxylipins in obese subjects before and after weight reduction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In the present study, 42 obese (BMI 32.7 ± 0.22 kg/m(2)) men and women were classified in groups according to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels (no inflammation<1mg/L; low-grade inflammation ≥ 3 mg/L). Subjects underwent an intervention for eight weeks, which consisted of two phases: (1) week 1 and 2: total replacement of three meals by a formula diet and (2) six week partial formula diet (replacement of 1-2 meals). Blood samples were taken prior and post intervention for analysis of plasma protein levels of hsCRP, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Plasma Levels of free (unesterified) hydroxy, epoxy, and dihydroxy FAs as well as several prostanoids were analyzed in plasma by means of LC-MS-based targeted metabolomics. RESULTS At baseline subjects with low-grade inflammation (hsCRP 8.95 ± 1.39 mg/L) showed significant higher levels of IL-6 (22.7 ± 1.15 ng/L) and TNF-α (17.4 ± 0.75 ng/L) compared to subjects with no inflammation (hsCRP: 0.69 ± 0.05 mg/L; IL-6: 15.9 ± 1.18 ng/L; TNF-α: 14.6 ± 0.80 ng/L). In both group's body weight was significantly reduced (p<0.001) after intervention (no inflammation group: -7.19 ± 0.86 kg, -7.3 ± 0.89%, p<0.001; low-grade inflammation group: -6.78 ± 0.87 kg, -6.7 ± 0.81%, p<0.001). Moreover, we observed significant decreases in levels of hsCRP (4.66 ± 0.64 mg/L; p=0.006), IL-6 (6.81 ± 1.15 ng/L; p<0.001) and TNF-α (6.09 ± 0.47 ng/L; p<0.001) in subjects with low-grade inflammation. Of 60 quantified oxylipins, 11 linoleic acid (LA)-, 1 dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA)-, 7 alpha linolenic acid (ALA)-, 15 arachidonic acid (AA)-, 8 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)- and 18 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-metabolites could be detected in plasma. For most oxylipins no differences were found between the low and high hsCRP groups before and after weight reduction. Interestingly, in subjects with low- grade inflammation several AA-derived oxylipins (5-, 8-, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE)) were significantly higher compared to subjects with no inflammation before weight reduction and significantly reduced after weight reduction. CONCLUSION Even moderate weight loss in obese subjects correlates to a significant improvement in the inflammatory state, by reducing hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α and few oxylipins. The biological consequences of these changes remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Möller
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika I Ostermann
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Rund
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Thoms
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Stahl
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Germany
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Dinh CHL, Yu Y, Szabo A, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Huang XF. Bardoxolone Methyl Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Colon Inflammation in Mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:237-55. [PMID: 26920068 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416631803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces chronic, low-grade inflammation, which increases the risk of colon cancer. We investigated the preventive effects of Bardoxolone methyl (BARD) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced inflammation in a mouse colon. Male C57BL/6J mice (n=7) were fed a HFD (HFD group), HFD plus BARD (10 mg/kg) in drinking water (HFD/BARD group), or normal laboratory chow diet (LFD group) for 21 weeks. In HFD mice, BARD reduced colon thickness and decreased colon weight per length. This was associated with an increase in colon crypt depth and the number of goblet cells per crypt. BARD reduced the expression of F4/80 and CD11c but increased CD206 and IL-10, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. BARD prevented an increase of the intracellular pro-inflammatory biomarkers (NF-қB, p NF-қB, IL-6, TNF-α) and cell proliferation markers (Cox2 and Ki67). BARD prevented fat deposition in the colon wall and prevented microbial population changes. Overall, we report the preventive effects of BARD on colon inflammation in HFD-fed mice through its regulation of macrophages, NF-қB, cytokines, Cox2 and Ki67, fat deposition and microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi H L Dinh
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH)
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH)
| | - Alexander Szabo
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH),ANSTO LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia (AS)
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH)
| | - Peng Zhang
- XuZhou Medical College, Jiangsu Province 221004, The People's Republic of China (PZ)
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia (CHLD, YY, AS, QZ, XH)
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Ko CY, Liu YP. Disruptions of sensorimotor gating, cytokines, glycemia, monoamines, and genes in both sexes of rats reared in social isolation can be ameliorated by oral chronic quetiapine administration. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:119-130. [PMID: 26254231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of schizophrenia in patients with metabolic abnormalities remains unclear. Our previous study demonstrated that isolation rearing (IR) induced longitudinal concomitant changes of pro-inflammatory cytokine (pro-CK) levels and metabolic abnormalities with a developmental origin. However, the general consensus, believes that these abnormalities are caused by antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenic patients. The IR paradigm presents with face, construct, and predictive validity for schizophrenia. Therefore, we employed IR rats of both sexes to examine whether chronic quetiapine (QTP, a second-generation antipsychotic medication) treatment induces disruptions of metabolism (body weight, blood pressure, and the glycemic and lipid profiles) or cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha], and further, whether it reverses deficits of behaviors [locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition (PPI)] and the expression of monoamines (dopamine and serotonin) and related genes (Htr1a, Htr2a, Htr3a, Drd1a, and Gabbr2). IR induced higher levels of pro-CK, dysglycemia, blood pressure, locomotor activity, and impaired PPI, simultaneously destabilizing cortico-striatal monoamines and relevant genes in both sexes, while QTP demonstrated dose-dependent reversal of these changes, suggesting that QTP might reduce the pro-CKs to regulate these abnormalities. Our data implied that antipsychotics may not be the solitary factor causing metabolic problems in schizophrenia and suggested that inflammatory changes may play a vital role in the developmental pathophysiology of schizophrenia and related metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Ko
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yia-Ping Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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Liao PH, Kuo WW, Kuo CH, Yeh YL, Shen CY, Chen YH, Chen RJ, Padma VV, Chen YH, Huang CY. Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 reduces hyperlipidaemia and the heart failure process in high-calorie diet-fed induced heart dysfunction in rats. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Adi N, Perriotte-Olson C, Desouza C, Ramalingam R, Saraswathi V. Hematopoietic cyclooxygenase-2 deficiency increases adipose tissue inflammation and adiposity in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2037-45. [PMID: 26316178 PMCID: PMC6368065 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue (AT) macrophages mediate AT inflammation in obesity, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a major inflammatory gene. It was hypothesized that deletion of hematopoietic COX-2 will inhibit AT inflammation in obesity. METHODS Lethally irradiated wild-type (WT) mice were injected with bone marrow (BM) cells collected from WT or COX-2 knock-out (COX-2-/-) donor mice and fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. RESULTS The mice that received BM cells from COX-2-/- mice (BM-COX-2-/-) gained increased body weight, fat mass, and visceral AT (VAT) mass. These mice exhibited reduced inflammatory markers in the VAT stromal vascular cells (SVC). However, the inflammatory markers were increased in adipocyte fraction and/or whole VAT. The activation of ERK1/2 MAPK, a pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, was increased in BM-COX-2-/- mice. The molecular markers of adipogenesis were increased in the VAT or adipocyte fraction. Wnt signaling markers which inhibit adipogenesis, including Wnt3A and DVL3, were reduced, and Wnt5a/b which promotes inflammation was increased in the VAT and/or adipocytes. Finally, an increase in hepatic triglyceride levels in BM-COX-2-/- mice was noted. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that COX-2 deletion in hematopoietic cells reduces SVC inflammation but increases VAT inflammation and promotes adiposity likely via altered Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Adi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Curtis Perriotte-Olson
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Cyrus Desouza
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ramesh Ramalingam
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Address correspondence to: Viswanathan Saraswathi, Research Services, VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE. Ph: 402-995-3033; Fax: 402-449-0604;
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Motiño O, Francés DE, Mayoral R, Castro-Sánchez L, Fernández-Velasco M, Boscá L, García-Monzón C, Brea R, Casado M, Agra N, Martín-Sanz P. Regulation of MicroRNA 183 by Cyclooxygenase 2 in Liver Is DEAD-Box Helicase p68 (DDX5) Dependent: Role in Insulin Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2554-67. [PMID: 25963660 PMCID: PMC4475926 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00198-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the first step in prostanoid biosynthesis and exists as two isoforms. COX-1 is a constitutive enzyme involved in physiological processes, whereas COX-2 is induced by a variety of stimuli. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that function as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Although it is known that COX-2 expression is regulated by miRNAs, there are no data regarding COX-2 involvement in miRNA regulation. Considering our previous results showing that COX-2 expression in hepatocytes protects against insulin resistance, we evaluated the role of COX-2 in the regulation of a specific set of miRNAs implicated in insulin signaling in liver cells. Our results provide evidence of the molecular basis for a novel function of COX-2 in miRNA processing. COX-2 represses miRNA 23b (miR-23b), miR-146b, and miR-183 expression in liver cells by increasing the level of DEAD-box helicase p68 (DDX5) through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/p300 signaling and by modulating the enzymatic function of the Drosha (RNase type III) complex through its physical association with DDX5. The decrease of miR-183 expression promotes protection against insulin resistance by increasing insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) levels. These results indicate that the modulation of miRNA processing by COX-2 is a key event in insulin signaling in liver and has potential clinical implications for the management of various hepatic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Motiño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel E Francés
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Rafael Mayoral
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Castro-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo García-Monzón
- Liver Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Brea
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Casado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Agra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Berthou F, Ceppo F, Dumas K, Massa F, Vergoni B, Alemany S, Cormont M, Tanti JF. The Tpl2 Kinase Regulates the COX-2/Prostaglandin E2 Axis in Adipocytes in Inflammatory Conditions. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1025-36. [PMID: 26020725 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive lipid mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have emerged as potent regulator of obese adipocyte inflammation and functions. PGE2 is produced by cyclooxygenases (COXs) from arachidonic acid, but inflammatory signaling pathways controlling COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in adipocytes remain ill-defined. Here, we demonstrated that the MAP kinase kinase kinase tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) controls COX-2 expression and PGE2 secretion in adipocytes in response to different inflammatory mediators. We found that pharmacological- or small interfering RNA-mediated Tpl2 inhibition in 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased by 50% COX-2 induction in response to IL-1β, TNF-α, or a mix of the 2 cytokines. PGE2 secretion induced by the cytokine mix was also markedly blunted. At the molecular level, nuclear factor κB was required for Tpl2-induced COX-2 expression in response to IL-1β but was inhibitory for the TNF-α or cytokine mix response. In a coculture between adipocytes and macrophages, COX-2 was mainly increased in adipocytes and pharmacological inhibition of Tpl2 or its silencing in adipocytes markedly reduced COX-2 expression and PGE2 secretion. Further, Tpl2 inhibition in adipocytes reduces by 60% COX-2 expression induced by a conditioned medium from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages. Importantly, LPS was less efficient to induce COX-2 mRNA in adipose tissue explants of Tpl2 null mice compared with wild-type and Tpl2 null mice displayed low COX-2 mRNA induction in adipose tissue in response to LPS injection. Collectively, these data established that activation of Tpl2 by inflammatory stimuli in adipocytes and adipose tissue contributes to increase COX-2 expression and production of PGE2 that could participate in the modulation of adipose tissue inflammation during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Berthou
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Franck Ceppo
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karine Dumas
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabienne Massa
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bastien Vergoni
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Alemany
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireille Cormont
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-François Tanti
- Inserm (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Unit 1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Team 7 "Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes," and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (F.B., F.C., K.D., F.M., B.V., M.C., J.-F.T.), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Cedex 3 Nice, France; and Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (S.A.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Ko CY, Liu YP. Isolation rearing impaired sensorimotor gating but increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupted metabolic parameters in both sexes of rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 55:173-83. [PMID: 25770703 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation rearing (SIR) is an early stress paradigm of deprivation of the social contact since weaning. SIR has been used to investigate the mechanisms behind certain mental illnesses with neurodevelopmental origins, including schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, metabolic dysfunction has become a critical issue with increasing evidence for a possible connection between metabolism and immune systems in which metabolic changes are associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine (pro-CK) levels. The present study employed a rat model of SIR with both sexes to examine behaviors [locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition (PPI)], inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon-gamma], and metabolism-related variables (body weight, blood pressure, and the profiles of glycemia and lipid). Our results revealed that around puberty, SIR rats of both sexes exhibited behaviorally a higher locomotor activity and a lower PPI performance. Biochemically, SIR rats had an elevated level of pro-CKs (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and interferon-gamma), and metabolic abnormalities (increased insulin resistance, decreased insulin sensitivity, and high blood pressure) in a time-dependent manner. The relationships between pro-CKs and metabolism were sex specific as IL-1 beta and interferon-gamma were correlated to glycemia metabolic indexes in males. The present study demonstrated SIR-induced longitudinal concomitant changes of pro-CKs and metabolic abnormalities, implying a more direct role of these two things in mental dysfunctions with a developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Ko
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yia-Ping Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hardaway AL, Herroon MK, Rajagurubandara E, Podgorski I. Bone marrow fat: linking adipocyte-induced inflammation with skeletal metastases. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33:527-43. [PMID: 24398857 PMCID: PMC4154371 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes are important but underappreciated components of bone marrow microenvironment, and their numbers greatly increase with age, obesity, and associated metabolic pathologies. Age and obesity are also significant risk factors for development of metastatic prostate cancer. Adipocytes are metabolically active cells that secrete adipokines, growth factors, and inflammatory mediators; influence behavior and function of neighboring cells; and have a potential to disturb local milleu and dysregulate normal bone homeostasis. Increased marrow adiposity has been linked to bone marrow inflammation and osteoporosis of the bone, but its effects on growth and progression of prostate tumors that have metastasized to the skeleton are currently not known. This review focuses on fat-bone relationship in a context of normal bone homeostasis and metastatic tumor growth in bone. We discuss effects of marrow fat cells on bone metabolism, hematopoiesis, and inflammation. Special attention is given to CCL2- and COX-2-driven pathways and their potential as therapeutic targets for bone metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimalie L. Hardaway
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of, Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of, Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Mackenzie K. Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of, Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Erandi Rajagurubandara
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of, Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of, Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Rm 6304, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of, Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Atchison JW, Vincent HK. Obesity and low back pain: relationships and treatment. Pain Manag 2014; 2:79-86. [PMID: 24654621 DOI: 10.2217/pmt.11.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Low back pain (LBP) and obesity (defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m(2)) are common problems in the general population. The treatment of LBP is not clearly defined and has variable success in different populations and time-frames. When a person presents with LBP who also meets the criteria for obesity, many questions are raised as to the value of weight-loss treatments and the success and/or safety of usual treatments of LBP, especially exercise. Based on the current medical literature for the treatment of LBP in patients who are obese: there should be attempts at weight loss (nonsurgical or surgical), especially if the person is in the morbidly obese (BMI >40 kg/m(2)) range; all usual forms of exercise and physical therapy treatments are possible and can be beneficial without increased concerns for injury; and, if necessary, invasive treatments such as spinal injections or surgery are potentially beneficial and have similar complication rates to the nonobese population. These options should be offered when medically necessary and appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Atchison
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training & Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Saraswathi V, Ramnanan CJ, Wilks AW, Desouza CV, Eller AA, Murali G, Ramalingam R, Milne GL, Coate KC, Edgerton DS. Impact of hematopoietic cyclooxygenase-1 deficiency on obesity-linked adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic disorders in mice. Metabolism 2013; 62:1673-85. [PMID: 23987235 PMCID: PMC4845736 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue (AT)-specific inflammation is considered to mediate the pathological consequences of obesity and macrophages are known to activate inflammatory pathways in obese AT. Because cyclooxygenases play a central role in regulating the inflammatory processes, we sought to determine the role of hematopoietic cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) in modulating AT inflammation in obesity. MATERIALS/METHODS Bone marrow transplantation was performed to delete COX-1 in hematopoietic cells. Briefly, female wild type (wt) mice were lethally irradiated and injected with bone marrow (BM) cells collected from wild type (COX-1+/+) or COX-1 knock-out (COX-1-/-) donor mice. The mice were fed a high fat diet for 16 weeks. RESULTS The mice that received COX-1-/- bone marrow (BM-COX-1-/-) exhibited a significant increase in fasting glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides in the circulation compared to control (BM-COX-1+/+) mice. Markers of AT-inflammation were increased and were associated with increased leptin and decreased adiponectin in plasma. Hepatic inflammation was reduced with a concomitant reduction in TXB2 levels. The hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid transport was increased while expression of genes involved in regulating hepatic glucose output was reduced in BM-COX-1-/- mice. Finally, renal inflammation and markers of renal glucose release were increased in BM-COX-1-/- mice. CONCLUSION Hematopoietic COX-1 deletion results in impairments in metabolic homeostasis which may be partly due to increased AT inflammation and dysregulated adipokine profile. An increase in renal glucose release and hepatic lipogenesis/lipid transport may also play a role, at least in part, in mediating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics; Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center; VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE.
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Abstract
Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid CB1 receptors are known to play a generalized role in energy homeostasis. However, clinical trials with the first generation of CB1 blockers, now discontinued due to psychiatric side effects, were originally designed to reduce food intake and body weight rather than the metabolic risk factors associated with obesity. In this review, we discuss how, in addition to promoting energy intake, endocannabinoids control lipid and glucose metabolism in several peripheral organs, particularly the liver and adipose tissue. Direct actions in skeletal muscle and pancreas are also emerging. This knowledge may help in the design of future therapies for the metabolic syndrome.
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Santos SHS, Fernandes LR, Pereira CS, Guimarães ALS, de Paula AM, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Alvarez-Leite JI, Bader M, Santos RAS. Increased circulating angiotensin-(1–7) protects white adipose tissue against development of a proinflammatory state stimulated by a high-fat diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 178:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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DeOliveira CC, Acedo SC, Gotardo EMF, Carvalho PDO, Rocha T, Pedrazzoli J, Gambero A. Effects of methotrexate on inflammatory alterations induced by obesity: an in vivo and in vitro study. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 361:92-8. [PMID: 22480543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressant drugs, such as methotrexate, are able to inhibit cytokine production and leukocyte migration to inflammatory foci; therefore, they could modify the establishment of inflammation in adipose tissue during obesity. Thus, we studied the effects of methotrexate in vivo on high-fat diet induced-obesity in mice and in vitro in isolated and co-cultured adipocytes and macrophages. Obese mice treated with methotrexate presented reduced serum levels of TNF-α, insulin and glucose, and an improvement of insulin sensitivity. Adipose tissue from these mice produced less proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, leptin) and more anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin and IL-10) associated with reduced macrophage infiltration and inflammation. Cytokine inhibition was also confirmed in isolated and co-cultured adipocytes and macrophages. Methotrexate presented anti-lipolytic effect in vivo and, in vitro through adenosine release. Drugs that combine anti-lipolytic effect and the ability to control inflammation in adipose tissue could play a role in the control of insulin resistance and other pathologies associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Candida DeOliveira
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University Medical School, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
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Panee J. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1) in obesity and diabetes. Cytokine 2012; 60:1-12. [PMID: 22766373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) is the first discovered and most extensively studied CC chemokine, and the amount of studies on its role in the etiologies of obesity- and diabetes-related diseases have increased exponentially during the past two decades. This review attempted to provide a panoramic perspective of the history, regulatory mechanisms, functions, and therapeutic strategies of this chemokine. The highlights of this review include the roles of MCP-1 in the development of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, insulitis, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Therapies that specifically or non-specifically inhibit MCP-1 overproduction have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Panee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street BSB 222, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Kuo JJ, Chang HH, Tsai TH, Lee TY. Positive effect of curcumin on inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in obese mice with liver steatosis. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:673-9. [PMID: 22751848 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes to the increased risk of liver- related morbidity and mortality. The accumulation of macrophages in adipose tissue in an inflammatory state is a hallmark of obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. In this study, we reveal the role of curcumin in the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammatory events in a model consisting of obese mice with hepatic steatosis. Obese mice fed with curcumin experienced significant weight loss and significantly reduced serum triglyceride (TG) levels. The adipose tumor necrocis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels were significantly higher in obese mice compared to mice fed with curcumin. Compared to the obese mice, curcumin decreased the number of F4/80-positive macrophages in epididymal adipose and liver tissue. The induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation by curcumin resulted in the downregulation of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in the liver of obese mice. Curcumin decreased hepatic TG in obese mice by downregulating the gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c in the liver. The hepatic expression of several mitochondrial biogenesis genes decreased in the obese mice, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), which are responsible for the lower mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complex I activity and adenosine triphosphate production. By contrast, obese mice treated with curcumin showed normalized mtDNA, NRF1 and Tfam gene expression, reduced hepatic nuclear factor-κB activities and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and restored mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and biogenesis. The results from the present sudy show that curcumin prevents fatty liver disease through multiple mechanisms, and suggest that curcumin may be used to prevent the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Jen Kuo
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Luo P, Wang MH. Eicosanoids, β-cell function, and diabetes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 95:1-10. [PMID: 21757024 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes into eicosanoids, which are involved in diverse diseases, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes. During the last 30 years, evidence has been accumulated that suggests important functions for eicosanoids in the control of pancreatic β-cell function and destruction. AA metabolites of the COX pathway, especially prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), appear to be significant factors to β-cell dysfunction and destruction, participating in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Several elegant studies have contributed to the sorting out of the importance of 12-LOX eicosanoids in cytokine-mediated inflammation in pancreatic β cells. The role of CYP eicosanoids in diabetes is yet to be explored. A recent publication has demonstrated that stabilizing the levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), CYP eicosanoids, by inhibiting or deleting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) improves β-cell function and reduces β-cell apoptosis in diabetes. In this review we summarize recent findings implicating these eicosanoid pathways in diabetes and its complications. We also discuss the development of animal models with targeted gene deletion and specific enzymatic inhibitors in each pathway to identify potential targets for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
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Tian YF, Hsia TL, Hsieh CH, Huang DW, Chen CH, Hsieh PS. The importance of cyclooxygenase 2-mediated oxidative stress in obesity-induced muscular insulin resistance in high-fat-fed rats. Life Sci 2011; 89:107-14. [PMID: 21640730 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study was undertaken to examine the effect of cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 inhibition on the development of muscular insulin resistance in high-fat-induced obese rats. MAIN METHODS The rats were on a regular chow diet (C) or high-fat enriched diet (HFD) energy-restrictedly (HFr), or ad libitum (HFa) for 12weeks. The rats fed HFD ad libitum were further divided into 3 groups: oral gavage with vehicle (HFa), selective COX-2 inhibitors-celecoxib (HFa+C) or nimesulid (HFa+N), 30mg/kg/day, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Increased fasting plasma insulin, triglyceride and 8-isoprostane levels in HFa were significantly suppressed in those of HFa+C and HFa+N. The whole body insulin resistance of HFa indicated by the increased fasting plasma insulin levels and the elevated area under curve of insulin obtained from the oral glucose tolerance test were significantly reversed in those combined with celecoxib and nimesulid administration compared with those in HFr. The gene expression of COX-2 was significantly increased in epididymal fat but not in soleus muscle in HFa and the enhanced adipose COX-2 expression in high-fat fed rats was suppressed by those with drug treatment. Both selective COX-2 inhibitors reversed the diminished insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscles of HFa. Obesity-induced oxidative stress indicated by the elevated plasma 8-isoprostane,the decreased ratio of GSH/GSSG and increased TBARS in soleus muscle were significantly reversed by COX-2 inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that COX-2 inhibition might suppress the muscular insulin resistance indirectly through decreasing the COX-2-mediated systemic oxidative stress in this diet-induced obese model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Tian
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yung Kung Campus, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Westerink J, Visseren FLJ. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to influence adipose tissue function. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:13. [PMID: 21276223 PMCID: PMC3039566 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with metabolic derangements such as insulin resistance, inflammation and hypercoagulobility which can all be understood as consequences of adipose tissue dysfunction. The potential role for adipose tissue derived cytokines and adipokines in the development of vascular disease and diabetes may produce a clinical need to influence adipose tissue function. Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions affect plasma cytokine and adipokine levels. The effects of these interventions depend on weight loss per se, changes in fat distribution without weight loss and/or direct effects on adipose tissue inflammation. Weight loss, as a result of diet, pharmacology and surgery, positively influences plasma adipokines and systemic inflammation. Several classes of drugs influence systemic inflammation directly through their anti-inflammatory actions. PPAR-γ agonism positively influences adipose tissue inflammation in several classes of intervention such as the thiazolidinediones and perhaps salicylates, CB1-antagonists and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Furthermore, within drug classes there are differential effects of individual pharmacologic agents on adipose tissue function. It can be concluded that several commonly used pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have unintended influences on adipose tissue function. Improving adipose tissue function may contribute to reducing the risk of vascular diseases and the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Mood disorders and obesity: understanding inflammation as a pathophysiological nexus. Neuromolecular Med 2010; 13:93-116. [PMID: 21165712 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-010-8140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to evaluate the evidentiary base supporting the hypothesis that the increased hazard for obesity in mood disorder populations (and vice versa) is a consequence of shared pathophysiological pathways. We conducted a PubMed search of all English-language articles with the following search terms: obesity, inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, insulin, cognition, CNS, and neurotransmitters, cross-referenced with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. The frequent co-occurrence of mood disorders and obesity may be characterized by interconnected pathophysiology. Both conditions are marked by structural and functional abnormalities in multiple cortical and subcortical brain regions that subserve cognitive and/or affective processing. Abnormalities in several interacting biological networks (e.g. immuno-inflammatory, insulin signaling, and counterregulatory hormones) contribute to the co-occurence of mood disorders and obesity. Unequivocal evidence now indicates that obesity and mood disorders are chronic low-grade pro-inflammatory states that result in a gradual accumulation of allostatic load. Abnormalities in key effector proteins of the pro-inflammatory cascade include, but are not limited to, cytokines/adipokines such as adiponectin, leptin, and resistin as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6. Taken together, the bidirectional relationship between obesity and mood disorders may represent an exophenotypic manifestation of aberrant neural and inflammatory networks. The clinical implications of these observations are that, practitioners should screen individuals with obesity for the presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms (and vice versa). This clinical recommendation is amplified in individuals presenting with biochemical indicators of insulin resistance and other concurrent conditions associated with abnormal inflammatory signaling (e.g. cardiovascular disease).
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Abbott MJ, Tang T, Sul HS. The Role of Phospholipase A(2)-derived Mediators in Obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 7:e213-e218. [PMID: 21603130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become an epidemic and its prevalence is increasing exponentially. A great deal of focus has been given to understanding the molecular processes that regulate obesity. The characterization of phospholipase A(2)s, especially adipose-specific PLA(2), have lead to a proposed role of their downstream products in the progression of obesity and obesity related disorders. This review summarizes recent developments in the role of PLA(2) and their downstream effects in the development of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia J Abbott
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Ghoshal S, Trivedi DB, Graf GA, Loftin CD. Cyclooxygenase-2 deficiency attenuates adipose tissue differentiation and inflammation in mice. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:889-98. [PMID: 20961858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.139139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a variety of disorders and is a significant health problem in developed countries. One factor controlling the level of adiposity is the differentiation of cells into adipocytes. Adipocyte differentiation requires expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), which is activated by ligands to regulate expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation. Although 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin (PG) J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) has long been known to be a potent activator of PPARγ, the importance of its synthesis in adipose tissue in vivo is not clear. The current study utilized mice deficient in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) to examine the role of COX-2-derived PGs as in vivo modulators of adiposity. As compared with strain- and age-matched wild-type controls, the genetic deficiency of COX-2 resulted in a significant reduction in total body weight and percent body fat. Although there were no significant differences in food consumption between groups, COX-2-deficient mice showed increased metabolic activity. Epididymal adipose tissue from wild-type mice produced a significantly greater level of 15d-PGJ(2), as compared with adipose tissue isolated from mice deficient in COX-2. Furthermore, production of the precursor required for 15d-PGJ(2) formation, PGD(2), was also significantly reduced in COX-2-deficient adipose tissue. The expression of markers for differentiated adipocytes was significantly reduced in adipose tissue from COX-2-deficient mice, whereas preadipocyte marker expression was increased. Macrophage-dependent inflammation was also significantly reduced in adipose tissue of COX-2-deficient mice. These findings suggest that reduced adiposity in COX-2-deficient mice results from attenuated PPARγ ligand production and adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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