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Fierti AO, Yakass MB, Okertchiri EA, Adadey SM, Quaye O. The Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in Modulating Key Tumor Suppressor Genes in Associated Malignancies: Epigenetics, Transcriptional, and Post-Translational Modifications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010127. [PMID: 35053275 PMCID: PMC8773690 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is ubiquitous and carried by approximately 90% of the world’s adult population. Several mechanisms and pathways have been proposed as to how EBV facilitates the pathogenesis and progression of malignancies, such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric cancers, the majority of which have been linked to viral proteins that are expressed upon infection including latent membrane proteins (LMPs) and Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens (EBNAs). EBV expresses microRNAs that facilitate the progression of some cancers. Mostly, EBV induces epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes, degradation of tumor suppressor mRNA transcripts, post-translational modification, and inactivation of tumor suppressor proteins. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which EBV modulates different tumor suppressors at the molecular and cellular levels in associated cancers. Briefly, EBV gene products upregulate DNA methylases to induce epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes via hypermethylation. MicroRNAs expressed by EBV are also involved in the direct targeting of tumor suppressor genes for degradation, and other EBV gene products directly bind to tumor suppressor proteins to inactivate them. All these processes result in downregulation and impaired function of tumor suppressors, ultimately promoting malignances.
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2
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Fitzpatrick MJ, Sayed S, Moloo Z, Kayembe MKA, Roberts DJ, Pham TA, Xi L, Raffeld M, Louissaint A, Sohani AR. Clinicopathologic Features of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma in Sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:42-55. [PMID: 33527979 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are heterogeneous, clinically aggressive, and rare. Subtype distribution varies by geographic location; however, data from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are lacking. We sought to elucidate clinicopathologic features of PTCL in SSA. METHODS We reviewed PTCL consultation cases from three SSA countries. PTCL subtype was determined per 2017 World Health Organization classification. Cases with sufficient material were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and T-cell receptor γ (TCRG) rearrangement. RESULTS Among 32 cases, median age was 45 years and male-to-female ratio was 1.7. Thirty (94%) of 32 cases required additional workup for subclassification. PTCL, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) was the most common subtype (13/32, 41%), followed by PTCL with T-follicular helper phenotype (6/32, 19%) and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (6/32, 19%). Four (16%) of 25 cases were Epstein-Barr virus positive (EBV+) (2/2 extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, 1/13 PTCL-NOS, and 1/4 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with EBV+ immunoblasts). Two (15%) of 13 patients with PTCL-NOS were human immunodeficiency virus positive. No cases with evaluable DNA (0/15) were HTLV-1 positive, and 9 of 10 showed clonal TCRG rearrangements. CONCLUSIONS In comparison to Western studies, PTCLs from SSA show similar subtype distribution and male predominance but a younger age at diagnosis. Appropriate diagnosis of PTCL requires extensive ancillary testing not readily available in low-income countries, including much of SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shahin Sayed
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zahir Moloo
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Drucilla J Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thu-Anh Pham
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liqiang Xi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abner Louissaint
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aliyah R Sohani
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Butzmann A, Sridhar K, Jangam D, Kumar J, Sahoo MK, Shahmarvand N, Warnke R, Rangasamy E, Pinsky BA, Ohgami RS. A comprehensive analysis of RHOA mutation positive and negative angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas by targeted deep sequencing, expression profiling and single cell digital image analysis. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1466-1476. [PMID: 32945366 PMCID: PMC7447311 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a uniquely aggressive mature T-cell neoplasm. In recent years, recurrent genetic mutations in ras homolog family member A (RHOA), tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) and isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] 2 (IDH2) have been identified as associated with AITL. However, a deep molecular study assessing both DNA mutations and RNA expression profile combined with digital image analysis is lacking. The present study aimed to evaluate the significance of molecular and morphologic features by high resolution digital image analysis in several cases of AITL. To do so, a total of 18 separate tissues from 10 patients with AITL were collected and analyzed. The results identified recurrent mutations in RHOA, TET2, DNMT3A, and IDH2, and demonstrated increased DNA mutations in coding, promoter and CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) binding sites in RHOA mutated AITLs vs. RHOA non-mutated cases, as well as increased overall survival in RHOA mutated patients. In addition, single cell computational digital image analysis morphologically characterized RHOA mutated AITL cells as distinct from cells from RHOA mutation negative patients. Computational analysis of single cell morphological parameters revealed that RHOA mutated cells have decreased eccentricity (more circular) compared with RHOA non-mutated AITL cells. In conclusion, the results from the present study expand our understanding of AITL and demonstrate that there are specific cell biological and morphological manifestations of RHOA mutations in cases of AITL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaushik Sridhar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Diwash Jangam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jyoti Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nahid Shahmarvand
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roger Warnke
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Lee WJ, Won KH, Choi JW, Won CH, Chang SE, Choi JH, Lee MW. Cutaneous angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: Epstein-Barr virus positivity and its effects on clinicopathologic features. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 81:989-997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Abstract
T-cell lymphoma, a collection of subtypes of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is a rare malignancy. The low prevalence of this disease has made it challenging to identify subtype-specific risk factors. Potential risk factors could enable us to identify high-risk patients and predict patient outcomes. Here, we report on the current epidemiologic and prognostic factors data associated with the individual subtypes both of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) found in large cohort and case studies. Additionally, with recent findings, as well as updates in the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms, we consider what this could do to change our approach to this group of diseases.
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6
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Ma H, Abdul-Hay M. T-cell lymphomas, a challenging disease: types, treatments, and future. Int J Clin Oncol 2016; 22:18-51. [PMID: 27743148 PMCID: PMC7102240 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-016-1045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T-cell lymphomas are rare and aggressive malignancies associated with poor outcome, often because of the development of resistance in the lymphoma against chemotherapy as well as intolerance in patients to the established and toxic chemotherapy regimens. In this review article, we discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, current standard of care, and future treatments of common types of T-cell lymphomas, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, aggressive NK/T-cell lymphoma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maher Abdul-Hay
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA. .,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Mlika M, Helal I, Laabidi S, Braham E, El Mezni F. Is CD10 antibody useful in the diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma? J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 36:510-6. [PMID: 25581822 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2014.1001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare lymphoma accounting for less than 1% of non Hodgkin lymphomas. The lack of specific clinical and histologic features in addition to the multiplicity of morphologic mimickers makes the diagnosis challenging. Some authors reported the utility of CD10 antibody as a diagnostic marker. Our aim is to explore the value of this marker through a presentation of a study about four cases diagnosed over a six-year-period and a mini-review of the literature. We present a study of 4 cases of AITL diagnosed in lymph node biopsies. Microscopic findings showed in all cases early AITL characterized by a pattern I. The diagnosis of AITL was made in all cases based on the morphologic and immunohistochemical features. The CD3 antibody was expressed in all cases but CD10 antibody was negative in all cases. All the patients died and the initiation of a conventional chemotherapy wasn't possible in all cases because of the rapid course of the disease. Because of the small number of our cases, we can't rule out a possible diagnostic value of CD10 but its negativity in all our cases makes us doubt its sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mlika
- a Department of Pathology , Abderrahman Mami Hospital , El Manar , Tunisia
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8
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Ali AS, Al-Shraim M, Al-Hakami AM, Jones IM. Epstein- Barr Virus: Clinical and Epidemiological Revisits and Genetic Basis of Oncogenesis. Open Virol J 2015; 9:7-28. [PMID: 26862355 PMCID: PMC4740969 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901509010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is classified as a member in the order herpesvirales, family herpesviridae, subfamily gammaherpesvirinae and the genus lymphocytovirus. The virus is an exclusively human pathogen and thus also termed as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV4). It was the first oncogenic virus recognized and has been incriminated in the causation of tumors of both lymphatic and epithelial nature. It was reported in some previous studies that 95% of the population worldwide are serologically positive to the virus. Clinically, EBV primary infection is almost silent, persisting as a life-long asymptomatic latent infection in B cells although it may be responsible for a transient clinical syndrome called infectious mononucleosis. Following reactivation of the virus from latency due to immunocompromised status, EBV was found to be associated with several tumors. EBV linked to oncogenesis as detected in lymphoid tumors such as Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin's disease (HD), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) and T-cell lymphomas (e.g. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas; PTCL and Anaplastic large cell lymphomas; ALCL). It is also linked to epithelial tumors such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), gastric carcinomas and oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL). In vitro, EBV many studies have demonstrated its ability to transform B cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Despite these malignancies showing different clinical and epidemiological patterns when studied, genetic studies have suggested that these EBV- associated transformations were characterized generally by low level of virus gene expression with only the latent virus proteins (LVPs) upregulated in both tumors and LCLs. In this review, we summarize some clinical and epidemiological features of EBV- associated tumors. We also discuss how EBV latent genes may lead to oncogenesis in the different clinical malignancies
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelwahid Saeed Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak Al-Shraim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Musa Al-Hakami
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ian M Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Reading, G37 AMS Wing, UK
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9
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Lee Y, Lee KW, Kim JH, Bang SM, Lee JS, Park BB, Kim WS, Suh C, Kang JH, Ryoo BY, Lee JH, Shin DB. Epstein-Barr virus-positivity in tumor has no correlation with the clinical outcomes of patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Korean J Intern Med 2008; 23:30-6. [PMID: 18363277 PMCID: PMC2686953 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2008.23.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is involved in the pathogenesis of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AILT), but its precise role and prognostic impact are not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of EBV-postitivity in the tumor and bone marrow (BM) samples from AILT patients, and their correlations with the clinical variables and patient survival. METHODS Seventy AILT cases were identified over a period of 8 years. Twenty seven cases were investigated for their EBV tumor status, and 10 BM samples of these patients were investigated for their EBV status with using in situ hybridization (ISH). EBV PCR was performed for the BM mononuclear cells in 8 cases. RESULTS Among the 27 tumor specimens, ten (37%) were EBV-positive. Only CD20-negativity in tumor correlated with the EBV-positivity (p = 0.035). In 13 (48%) patients, gross tumor involvement was recognized by hematoxylin-eosin staining at the time of diagnosis. Among the 10 patients who had additional BM slides available, there were 3 with BM involvement, and none showed EBV positive results on ISH. EBV PCR of the BM mononuclear cells revealed one-positive case among 8 patients. This patient was negative for both BM involvement and EBV ISH. The median overall survival of the 25 treated patients was 48.9 months (95% CI: 18.6 approximately 79.2 months). Neither overall survival nor progression-free survival was related with EBV-positivity of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS EBV-positivity of tumor had no impact on the prognosis of AILT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Lee
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Inchon, Korea
| | - Keun-Wook Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo-Mee Bang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byeong-Bae Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Seok Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheolwon Suh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hun Kang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Baek Yeol Ryoo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Inchon, Korea
| | - Dong Bok Shin
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Inchon, Korea
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10
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Choi YH, Kim HS, Nam SB, Kang HJ, Na II, Yang SH, Ryoo BY. A Case of Epstein-Barr Virus-positive Diffuse, Large B-cell Lymphoma after Angioimmunoblastic T-cell Lymphoma. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2008.43.3.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Seog Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Im Il Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baek-Yeol Ryoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Zhou Y, Attygalle AD, Chuang SS, Diss T, Ye H, Liu H, Hamoudi RA, Munson P, Bacon CM, Dogan A, Du MQ. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: histological progression associates with EBV and HHV6B viral load. Br J Haematol 2007; 138:44-53. [PMID: 17555446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and histological presentations of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) often mimic an infectious process. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV6) are known to be associated with AITL, but whether these viral infections play a role in its pathogenesis is unclear. It also remains to be investigated whether there might be other viruses associated with AITL. We first screened 26 well-characterised cases of AITL for herpesvirus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal primers and found evidence of only EBV and HHV6B infection. Subsequent PCR using virus-specific primers demonstrated EBV and HHV6B infection in 40/49 biopsies (36/42 cases) and 21/49 biopsies (19/42 cases) of AITL respectively with both viral infections found in 17/49 specimens (15/42 cases). Importantly, simultaneous infection with both viruses was found only in specimens showing histological pattern II (n = 2) or III (n = 15). Interestingly, among specimens containing both viruses, there was a tendency towards an inverse correlation between the EBV and HHV6B viral load as shown by quantitative PCR. In specimens positive only for EBV, the viral load was significantly higher in specimens with histological pattern III than those with pattern II. High EBV load was also significantly associated with B-cell monoclonality. Double EBV encoded small RNA (EBER) in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry indicated that EBV-infected B cells had a late postgerminal centre immunophenotype. Our results demonstrate an association between EBV and HHV6B infection and the histological progression of AITL, suggesting that these viruses may play a role in the pathogenesis of this lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD20/analysis
- CD79 Antigens/analysis
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Disease Progression
- Genes, Viral
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization
- Infectious Mononucleosis/complications
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Immunoblastic/virology
- Neprilysin/analysis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Roseolovirus Infections/complications
- Tumor Virus Infections/complications
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Tan BT, Warnke RA, Arber DA. The frequency of B- and T-cell gene rearrangements and epstein-barr virus in T-cell lymphomas: a comparison between angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified with and without associated B-cell proliferations. J Mol Diagn 2006; 8:466-75; quiz 527. [PMID: 16931587 PMCID: PMC1867616 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2006.060016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a series of 58 cases of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AILT) and 59 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified (PTCL-NOS). Subsets of cases from both diagnostic groups were complicated by associated B-cell proliferations, and we performed B- and T-cell clonality studies and in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to investigate the relationship between B-cell proliferation, B-cell clonality, and EBV. Using multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays based on the BIOMED-2 collaborative study, we detected TCRgamma T-cell clones in 78 and 81% of AILT and PTCL-NOS cases, respectively, and IGH B-cell clones in 34 and 35% of AILT and PTCL-NOS cases, respectively. The majority of cases contained EBV-positive cells, including 50% of AILT and 57% of PTCL-NOS cases, and cases with B-cell proliferations were more often EBV-positive. Although a relatively high rate of B-cell clonality has been shown for AILT, our findings for PTCL-NOS differ from previous reports in that B-cell clonality was relatively frequent. Overall, a positive B-cell clone correlated, in part, with the presence of a B-cell proliferation but not with EBV. Our findings demonstrate that B-cell clonality is a common finding in AILT and PTCL-NOS, and its presence should not negate the diagnosis established by morphologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton T Tan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Room L235, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA.
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13
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Hirose Y, Fukushima T, Masaki Y, Shimoyama K, Karasawa H, Ogawa N, Wano Y. Epstein-Barr virus-associated composite lymphoma composed of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and an anaplastic variant of a diffuse large B-cell type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and strongly expressing p53 protein. Int J Hematol 2004; 79:260-5. [PMID: 15168595 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.03156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of composite lymphoma consisting of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and an anaplastic variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and strong p53 expression. A 65-year-old Japanese woman developed fever and generalized lymphadenopathy. A biopsy of the cervical node revealed the morphology of malignant lymphoma with 2 kinds of lymphoma coexisting in 1 lymph node. One lymphoma type consisted of immunoblastic large cells with the T-cell marker phenotype CD3+, CD45RO/UCHL-1+, CD20/L26-, CD79-, CD10-, CD30-, and CD15-; the other type consisted of large cells with abundant cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei with the marker phenotype CD79+, CD20/L26+, CD45RO/UCHL-1-, CD3-, CD10-, CD30+, NPM/ALK-, and CD15-. Therefore, the diagnosis was composite lymphoma of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and an anaplastic variant of DLBCL, stage IVB, because the patient had bone marrow involvement with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The biopsy led to findings of latent type II EBV-associated lymphoma in both the peripheral T-cell lymphoma and the anaplastic variant of DLBCL as the result of positive signals for EBV small RNAs by in situ hybridization, positive immunostaining results for EBV latent membrane protein 1 antibody, and negative immunostaining results for EBV nuclear antigen 2. Immunostaining of the mass with p53 antibody also yielded positive results for both types of lymphoma cells. This case suggests that the immunocompromised state of this patient with EBV-related peripheral T-cell lymphoma allowed the emergence of an EBV-related anaplastic variant of DLBCL and suggests a close relationship between p53 expression and latent EBV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/virology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/virology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hirose
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1, Daigaku, Uchinadamachi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Prefecture 920-0293, Japan
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Dogan
- Department of Histopathology, University College London, London, UK.
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15
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Xu J, Ahmad A, Menezes J. Preferential localization of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncoprotein LMP-1 to nuclei in human T cells: implications for its role in the development of EBV genome-positive T-cell lymphomas. J Virol 2002; 76:4080-6. [PMID: 11907247 PMCID: PMC136072 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.8.4080-4086.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2001] [Accepted: 01/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) is thought to play a role in the EBV-induced B-cell transformation and immortalization. EBV has also been implicated in certain human T-cell lymphomas; however, the phenotypic effects of the expression of this oncoprotein in T cells are not known. To learn whether LMP-1 also induces phenotypic changes in T cells, we stably expressed it in human cell lines of T and B lineages and 25 LMP-1-expressing T-cell clones and 7 B-cell clones were examined. Our results show for the first time that, in sharp contrast to B cells, LMP-1 preferentially localizes to nuclei in T cells and does not induce the phenotypic changes in these cells that it induces in B cells, does not associate with TRAF proteins, and does not arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. A computer-assisted analysis revealed that LMP-1 lacks the canonical nuclear localization signal. Our results suggest that this oncoprotein may not play the same role in the lymphomagenesis of T cells as it does in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwu Xu
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal and Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5.
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16
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Zettl A, Lee SS, Rüdiger T, Starostik P, Marino M, Kirchner T, Ott M, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ott G. Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in angloimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 117:368-79. [PMID: 11888076 DOI: 10.1309/6utx-gvc0-12nd-jjeu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various patterns of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B-cell lymphoproliferation occur in patients with immunodeficiency. We studied 17 cases of T-cell lymphoma displaying extensive EBV-driven B-cell lymphoproliferation or simultaneous/subsequent EBV-associated B-cell lymphoma. In 10 cases of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, an uncommonly prominent population of EBV+ atypical, activated, focally confluent large transformed B cells was found in the background of T-cell lymphoma. In 4 cases, an EBV-associated B-cell neoplasm (3 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, 1 plasmacytoma) occurred in patients with T-cell lymphoma. Three cases were composite lymphomas of a peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, combined with EBV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The transformed B-cell population displayed EBV latency types 2 and 3. Monoclonal and oligoclonal B-cell populations were detected in 5 and 6 cases, respectively. Similar to other states of immunodeficiency, disease-related and therapy-induced immunosuppression in T-cell lymphoma may lead to a prominent EBV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferation and to EBV+ B-cell neoplasms.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- B-Lymphocytes
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/complications
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/complications
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/complications
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/complications
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zettl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Fournel-Fleury C, Ponce F, Felman P, Blavier A, Bonnefont C, Chabanne L, Marchal T, Cadore JL, Goy-Thollot I, Ledieu D, Ghernati I, Magnol JP. Canine T-cell lymphomas: a morphological, immunological, and clinical study of 46 new cases. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:92-109. [PMID: 12102223 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-1-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to report 46 new cases of canine T-cell lymphomas among a series of 140 lymphomas studied by immunophenotyping (incidence 32.8%). According to the updated Kiel classification adapted to the canine species, 13 were classified as low-grade and 33 as high-grade lymphomas. Among the low-grade lymphomas, five were small clear-cell lymphomas, three were pleomorphic small-cell lymphomas, and five mycosis fungoides. Among the high-grade cases, there were 11 pleomorphic mixed-, small-, and large-cell lymphomas, 6 pleomorphic large-cell lymphomas, 11 lymphoblastic lymphomas, and 5 unclassifiable high-grade plasmacytoid lymphomas. The cytohistologic features were highly suggestive of a T-cell phenotype on the basis of cell morphology (irregular nuclei and clear cytoplasms) (30/46 cases), a T-cell zone pattern, and the presence of hyperplastic postcapillary venules (22/46 cases). All 46 cases were CD3+ CD79a-, and among 34 cases investigated for CD4 and CD8 expression, 13 were CD4+CD8-, 13 were CD8+CD4-, and 8 were CD4CD8 double positive or double negative. The pleomorphic mixed lymphomas were mainly CD4+CD8- (6/7) and the lymphoblastic lymphomas were double positive or double negative (6/8). The main clinical, hematologic, and biochemical features were generalized (28/46) or regional lymphadenopathy (16/46), hepatosplenomegaly (15/46), extranodal involvement (11/46), mediastinal mass (9/46), and leukemia (8/46), which were mainly present in cases of lymphoblastic lymphomas and hypercalcemia (16/46).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fournel-Fleury
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie-Cytologie-Immunopathologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, France.
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18
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Higgins JP, van de Rijn M, Jones CD, Zehnder JL, Warnke RA. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma complicated by a proliferation of large B cells. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114:236-47. [PMID: 10941339 DOI: 10.1309/72cm-kaxf-66de-4xva] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied 14 cases that showed a morphologic appearance of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and contained substantial numbers of CD20+ large B cells. In all but 2 cases, the CD20+ large cells showed a mix of kappa and lambda light chain expression. Two cases showed a focal predominance of kappa expression. In situ hybridization using the EBER1 probe for detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) RNA was performed on every case. EBV RNA was present in 10 cases. Of 8 cases with EBV RNA stained by immunohistochemistry for the latent membrane protein of EBV, 6 were positive. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization confirmed that EBV was present in the large B cells. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed a clonal rearrangement of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-gamma chain gene in 12 of 13 cases tested. One additional case showed a clonal rearrangement of the TCR-beta chain gene by Southern blot hybridization. PCR analysis showed a clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in 5 cases, a suggestion of a clonal rearrangement in 1, an oligoclonal pattern in 4, and a polyclonal pattern in 4. The finding of large B and T cells may result in a misdiagnosis of a reactive process or of T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma. The presence of EBV in some cases could cause further confusion with the reactive T- and B-immunoblastic proliferation of infectious mononucleosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/pathology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/complications
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/complications
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/complications
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Viral/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Higgins
- Dept of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA, USA
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19
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Yamamoto T, Nakamura Y, Kishimoto K, Takeuchi H, Shirakata M, Mitsuya T, Hirai K. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells were frequently but dispersely detected in T-cell lymphomas of various types by in situ hybridization with an RNA probe specific to EBV-specific nuclear antigen 1. Virus Res 1999; 65:43-55. [PMID: 10564752 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with T-cell lymphomas was examined by in situ hybridization (ISH) with an antisense probe specific to abundantly expressed EBV-encoded small RNA-1 (EBER1). In addition to EBER1, EBV-specific nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) is commonly expressed in EBV-associated tumors and latently infected B-lymphocytes. We examined paraffin sections of T-cell lymphomas except those of nasal origin for expression of latent viral transcripts by ISH. Using ISH with improved antisense RNA probe specific to EBNA-1 mRNA, the virus was detected in 19 (59%) of 32 cases, whereas the EBER1 transcript was found in only 15 (47%) of 32 cases by conventional EBER-ISH, resulting in 21 EBV-positive cases (66%) by combining the two methods. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) mRNA of EBV was detected in 15 of 32 cases (47%), while no EBNA2 expression was observed in any these tumors. Patients with these lymphomas positive for LMP1 expression showed lower survival rates than those without expression of the viral mRNA. These results indicate that, in addition to EBER-ISH, RNA-RNA ISH with EBNA1 probes could be useful for detection of EBV-infected cells in paraffin sections, and detection of LMP1 mRNA expression in tumor cells could be a useful prognostic factor for T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30, Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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20
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Norton AJ. The pathology of lymphoma. IMAGING 1999. [DOI: 10.1259/img.11.4.110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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21
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Ascani S, Zinzani PL, Gherlinzoni F, Sabattini E, Briskomatis A, de Vivo A, Piccioli M, Fraternali Orcioni G, Pieri F, Goldoni A, Piccaluga PP, Zallocco D, Burnelli R, Leoncini L, Falini B, Tura S, Pileri SA. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Clinico-pathologic study of 168 cases diagnosed according to the R.E.A.L. Classification. Ann Oncol 1997; 8:583-92. [PMID: 9261528 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008200307625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One hundred sixty-eight peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) were reviewed according to the Revised European-American Lymphoma (R.E.A.L.) Classification. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cases, originally diagnosed on the basis of the Updated Kiel Classification (UKC), were all provided with histological preparations, immunophenotype, clinical information, and follow-up data. The slides were reclassified by five observers, who integrated the R.E.A.L. criteria with cell size measurements. The prognostic value of clinical and pathologic findings was assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS The R.E.A.L. Classification was reproducibly applied by all of the observers. Clinically, anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) differed from the remaining PTCLs by mean age (29.5 vs. 52.9 years), bulky disease (52.3% vs. 11.3%; P = 0.000), mediastinal mass (52.7% vs. 32%; P = 0.004), and disease-free survival (68.0% vs. 38.2%; P = 0.0001). Although each histological type displayed specific clinical aspects, PTCLs other than ALCL were basically characterised by a poor clinical outcome which was not influenced by the UKC malignancy grade. At multivariate analysis, the risk of a lower complete remission rate was related to bulky disease (P = 0.001), histologic group (non-ALCL) (P = 0.01), and advanced stage (III-IV) (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS The present study supports the classification of T-cell lymphomas proposed by the R.E.A.L. scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ascani
- Service of Pathologic Anatomy, Institute of Hematology and Clinical Oncology L. & A. Seràgnoli-Bologna University, Italy
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22
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Nakamura S, Sasajima Y, Koshikawa T, Kitoh K, Koike K, Motoori T, Ueda R, Mori S, Suchi T. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia [AILD]-type T-cell lymphoma) followed by Hodgkin's disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Pathol Int 1995; 45:958-64. [PMID: 8808302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1995.tb03422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A patient is described with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AIL) (angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia [AILD]-type T-cell lymphoma), which was later followed by Hodgkin's disease. At the time of the initial diagnosis, histological examination of a cervical lymph node showed a typical picture of AIL with abundant clear cells which were CD45RO+, CD43+, and CD20-, and there was no evidence of a monoclonal B-cell proliferation by immunohistochemical analysis. In situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was negative. Interposed by a bout of recurrence, the patient developed, 16 years later, a left subparotid mass which showed histologic features of Hodgkin's disease, mixed cellularity type. Diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells and their variants were CD30+, CD15- and CD20+. Neither rearrangement of TCR beta and gamma chain genes nor of immunoglobulin heavy chain and kappa light chain genes was detected in DNA extract from fresh material. In situ hybridization showed the presence of EBV within the Reed-Sternberg cells. The data show that EBV was not etiologically related to AIL in this case. Further, the deficit in cellular immunity that accompanied AIL conceivably permit primary EBV infection or reactivation of latent infection, which eventuated in development of Hodgkin's disease, but the exact pathogenesis remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamura
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Ohshima K, Takeo H, Kikuchi M, Kozuru M, Uike N, Masuda Y, Yoneda S, Takeshita M, Shibata T, Akamatsu M. Heterogeneity of Epstein-Barr virus infection in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy type T-cell lymphoma. Histopathology 1994; 25:569-79. [PMID: 7698734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1994.tb01376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia, we performed DNA analysis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical analysis of lymph nodes in five patients who were followed up and biopsied more than once. In the course of the disease, nodal architecture diminished, cellular atypia worsened, and clear cells increased in number. In the DNA analysis of the receptor genes, the clonal population increased in number. EBV nucleic acid sequences were found by either PCR or in situ hybridization in all examined nodes. The number of EBV-positive cells varied widely among the cases and throughout the course of the disease in the same patients. The analysis of EBV terminal repeats or lymphocyte-determined membrane antigen genes showed polyclonal populations of EB-infected cells. EBV-positive cells possessed intermediate- to large-sized nuclei, and the cells with large nuclei, especially, expressed latent membrane protein of EBV. These large cells varied among the cases. Double-labelling immunohistochemistry/in situ hybridization studies demonstrated that most of the EBV-positive cells expressed B-cell antigen (CD20). The presence of EBV seems to be associated with the selective defects of the immune system, rather than with the direct pathogenesis of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
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24
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Zhou XG, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Yan QH, Pallesen G. High frequency of Epstein-Barr virus in Chinese peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Histopathology 1994; 24:115-22. [PMID: 8181803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1994.tb01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Forty-two cases of Chinese T-cell lymphoma were studied for expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded RNA (EBER-1) and EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. EBV was detected in tumour cells in 24/39 peripheral T-cell lymphomas (62%), comprising 18/27 pleomorphic, medium and large cell lymphomas (67%), 4/6 angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like lymphomas (67%), 2/2 Lennert's lymphomas, 0/2 anaplastic large cell lymphomas, and 0/2 T-zone lymphomas. EBV was not found in three T-lymphoblastic lymphomas. EBV was associated with 12/24 nodal (50%) compared with 12/15 extranodal (80%) peripheral T-cell lymphomas. In EBV positive nodal lymphomas, 9/12 cases (75%) contained less than 10% EBER positive tumour cells. In EBV positive extranodal lymphomas, 9/11 cases (82%) showed EBV gene expression in more than 50% of the tumour cells, and in five of these almost all tumour cells were positive. Lymphomas of the nasopharynx (mainly midline granuloma-type) showed EBER-1 expression in nearly all tumour cells. LMP-1 was detected in 19/23 EBER positive peripheral T-cell lymphomas (83%). Our results show that EBV is strongly associated with peripheral T-cell lymphomas in Chinese. An important role for the virus is suggested in lymphomas of the nasopharynx. The significance of EBV in T-cell lymphomas that contain only a minor population of virally infected tumour cells is currently unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- X G Zhou
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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25
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De Bruin PC, Jiwa NM, Van der Valk P, Van Heerde P, Gordijn R, Ossenkoppele GJ, Walboomers JM, Meijer CJ. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus nucleic acid sequences and protein in nodal T-cell lymphomas: relation between latent membrane protein-1 positivity and clinical course. Histopathology 1993; 23:509-18. [PMID: 8314234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1993.tb01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Forty-six nodal T-cell lymphomas, classified according to the updated Kiel classification, were investigated for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), EBER 1 and 2 (EBER 1/2) and latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) expression. A combination of RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was used to establish the phenotype of the Epstein-Barr virus harbouring cells. In 21 of 45 cases Epstein-Barr virus DNA sequences could be detected with the polymerase chain reaction. In 15 cases (14 of 21 EBV PCR positive cases), EBER 1/2 positive cells could be demonstrated. As judged by morphology, EBER 1/2 expression was found in nonneoplastic and neoplastic lymphoid cells. Double staining revealed that more than 80% of the EBER 1/2 harbouring cells, lacked B-, T- or histiocytic markers, suggesting down regulation of T- and B-cell markers by Epstein-Barr virus. In eight of 15 cases some EBER 1/2 positive T-cells (CD3, CD45RO, CD43) morphologically resembling tumour cells were found. In nine of 14 cases tested EBER 1/2 positive non-neoplastic B-cells (CD20) were seen. Based on in situ hybridization results, four patterns of EBER 1/2 positive cells were found, i.e. single cells (< 1 per medium power field (mpf), n = 3), scattered (1-25/mpf, n = 4), clustered (26-100/mpf, n = 5) and diffuse (> 100/mpf, n = 3). In eight of 15 cases a clustered or diffuse pattern of EBER 1/2 positive cells was found and these lymphomas were therefore considered to be strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus. In these lymphomas LMP-1 expression was found to be associated with an aggressive clinical course and hepatosplenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C De Bruin
- Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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