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Sur M, Rasquinha MT, Mone K, Massilamany C, Lasrado N, Gurumurthy C, Sobel RA, Reddy J. Investigation into Cardiac Myhc-α 334-352-Specific TCR Transgenic Mice Reveals a Role for Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells in the Development of Cardiac Autoimmunity. Cells 2024; 13:234. [PMID: 38334626 PMCID: PMC10854502 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is one of the major causes of heart failure in children and young adults and can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. Lymphocytic myocarditis could result from autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but defining antigen specificity in disease pathogenesis is challenging. To address this issue, we generated T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) C57BL/6J mice specific to cardiac myosin heavy chain (Myhc)-α 334-352 and found that Myhc-α-specific TCRs were expressed in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. To investigate if the phenotype is more pronounced in a myocarditis-susceptible genetic background, we backcrossed with A/J mice. At the fourth generation of backcrossing, we observed that Tg T cells from naïve mice responded to Myhc-α 334-352, as evaluated by proliferation assay and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester staining. The T cell responses included significant production of mainly pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin-17, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. While the naïve Tg mice had isolated myocardial lesions, immunization with Myhc-α 334-352 led to mild myocarditis, suggesting that further backcrossing to increase the percentage of A/J genome close to 99.99% might show a more severe disease phenotype. Further investigations led us to note that CD4+ T cells displayed the phenotype of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) akin to those of conventional CD8+ CTLs, as determined by the expression of CD107a, IFN-γ, granzyme B natural killer cell receptor (NKG)2A, NKG2D, cytotoxic and regulatory T cell molecules, and eomesodermin. Taken together, the transgenic system described in this report may be a helpful tool to distinguish the roles of cytotoxic cardiac antigen-specific CD4+ T cells vs. those of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Sur
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (M.S.); (M.T.R.); (K.M.); (C.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Mahima T. Rasquinha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (M.S.); (M.T.R.); (K.M.); (C.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Kiruthiga Mone
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (M.S.); (M.T.R.); (K.M.); (C.M.); (N.L.)
| | - Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (M.S.); (M.T.R.); (K.M.); (C.M.); (N.L.)
- CRISPR Therapeutics, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (M.S.); (M.T.R.); (K.M.); (C.M.); (N.L.)
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Channabasavaiah Gurumurthy
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Raymond A. Sobel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (M.S.); (M.T.R.); (K.M.); (C.M.); (N.L.)
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Shen X, Wu T, Ji X, Yang K, Wang L, Peng Y, Huang G, Shen H, Sha W. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection depressed cytotoxic T cells activity owing to decreasing NKG2C and increasing NKG2A expression. Mol Immunol 2023; 162:133-142. [PMID: 37683324 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play protective roles in immunity against tuberculosis (TB) infection by strongly inhibiting intracellular mycobacterial growth. In TB infection, the impairing mechanism of CTLs function remains unclear. In this study, we identified that the cytotoxic granule molecules expression levels of perforin (PRF) and granulysin (GNLY) in CD3+ and CD8+ CTL cells were significantly depressed in TB patients compared to those in healthy donors. The frequencies of T-CTLs, co-expressing granzyme B (GZMB), PRF and GNLY, were obviously decreased in TB patients. Moreover, NKG2C highly expressed in T-CTLs, was an effective activator of cytotoxic activity of CD3+ T cells. And, NKG2C+CD3+ T cells potently inhibited intracellular mycobacterial growth. The proportions of NKG2C+ cells in CD3+ and CD8+ T cells were dramatically decreased in TB patients. Contrarily, NKG2A, an inhibitor of T cells cytotoxic activities, was highly expressed in T-CTLs of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells in TB patients. Here, we successfully discovered that depressed CTLs activities in TB patients were attributed to low expression of cytotoxic granule molecules and high expression of inhibitory NKG2A receptor, suppression of agonist receptor NKG2C. Thus, NKG2 receptors were potential targets for immunotherapy of tuberculosis, especially for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Shen
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Wu
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejiao Ji
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunfeng Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guixian Huang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Preglej T, Ellmeier W. CD4 + Cytotoxic T cells - Phenotype, Function and Transcriptional Networks Controlling Their Differentiation Pathways. Immunol Lett 2022; 247:27-42. [PMID: 35568324 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The two major subsets of peripheral T cells are classically divided into the CD4+ T helper cells and the cytotoxic CD8+ T cell lineage. However, the appearance of some effector CD4+ T cell populations displaying cytotoxic activity, in particular during viral infections, has been observed, thus breaking the functional dichotomy of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. The strong association of the appearance of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD4 CTLs) with viral infections suggests an important role of this subset in antiviral immunity by controlling viral replication and infection. Moreover, CD4 CTLs have been linked with anti-tumor activity and might also cause immunopathology in autoimmune diseases. This raises interest into the molecular mechanisms regulating CD4 CTL differentiation, which are poorly understood in comparison to differentiation pathways of other Th subsets. In this review, we provide a brief overview about key features of CD4 CTLs, including their role in viral infections and cancer immunity, and about the link between CD4 CTLs and immune-mediated diseases. Subsequently, we will discuss the current knowledge about transcriptional and epigenetic networks controlling CD4 CTL differentiation and highlight recent data suggesting a role for histone deacetylases in the generation of CD4 CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Preglej
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna.
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Krabbendam L, Heesters BA, Kradolfer CMA, Haverkate NJE, Becker MAJ, Buskens CJ, Bemelman WA, Bernink JH, Spits H. CD127+ CD94+ innate lymphoid cells expressing granulysin and perforin are expanded in patients with Crohn's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5841. [PMID: 34615883 PMCID: PMC8494908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic definition of helper ILC1 and NK cells is problematic due to overlapping markers. Recently we showed the identification of cytotoxic ILC3s characterized by expression of CD94. Here we analyse CD127+ ILCs and NK cells in intestinal lamina propria from healthy donors and Crohn's disease patients and identify two populations of CD127+CD94+ ILCs, designated population A and B, that can be distinguished on the expression of CD117, CD18 and cytotoxic molecules. Population B expresses granulysin, a cytotoxic molecule linked to bacterial lysis and/or chemotaxis of monocytes. Granulysin protein is secreted by population B cells upon stimulation with IL-15. Activation of population B in the presence of TGF-β strongly reduces the expression of cytotoxic effector molecules of population B. Strikingly, samples from individuals that suffer from active Crohn's disease display enhanced frequencies of granulysin-expressing effector CD127+CD94+ ILCs in comparison to controls. Thus this study identifies group 1 ILC populations which accumulate in inflamed intestinal tissue of Crohn's disease patients and may play a role in the pathology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Krabbendam
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - B A Heesters
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - C M A Kradolfer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N J E Haverkate
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A J Becker
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C J Buskens
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism (AG&M), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W A Bemelman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism (AG&M), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Bernink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Spits
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lefferts AR, Regner EH, Stahly A, O'Rourke B, Gerich ME, Fennimore BP, Scott FI, Freeman AE, Jones K, Kuhn KA. Circulating mature granzyme B+ T cells distinguish Crohn's disease-associated axial spondyloarthritis from axial spondyloarthritis and Crohn's disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:147. [PMID: 34022940 PMCID: PMC8140495 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) has strong connections with intestinal inflammation as occurs in Crohn's disease (CD). However, the immunologic mechanisms that distinguish axSpA, CD, and those with features of both diseases (CD-axSpA) are unknown. This study aimed to address this question by initial unbiased single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) on a pilot cohort followed by validating findings using flow cytometry and ELISA in a larger cohort. METHODS Two individuals each with CD, axSpA, CD-axSpA, and healthy controls (HC) were recruited for a pilot discovery scRNAseq cohort, and the validation cohort consisted of 18 axSpA, 24 CD, 13 CD-axSpA, and 17 HC that was evaluated by flow cytometry on PBMCs and ELISAs for plasma cytokines. RESULTS Uniquely, PBMCs from subjects with CD-axSpA demonstrated a significant increase in granzyme B+ T cells of both CD4+ and CD8+ lineages by both scRNAseq and flow cytometry. T cell maturation was also greater in those with CD-axSpA, particularly the CD4+ granzyme B+ population. Pathway analysis suggested increased interferon response genes in all immune cell populations within CD-axSpA. Although IFN-γ was elevated in the plasma of a subset of subjects with CD-axSpA, IL-6 was also significantly elevated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the presence of a chronic interferonopathy in subjects with CD-axSpA characterized by interferon signaling by pathway analysis and an expansion of mature, cytotoxic T cells. These data indicate fundamental immunological differences between CD-axSpA and both of the putative "parent" conditions, suggesting that it is a distinct disease with unique natural history and treatment needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Lefferts
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emilie H Regner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Present Address: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew Stahly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Becky O'Rourke
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark E Gerich
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Blair P Fennimore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Frank I Scott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alison E Freeman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Present Address: Cascade Gastroenterology, Bend, OR, USA
| | - Ken Jones
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Present Address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kristine A Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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6
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Krabbendam L, Heesters BA, Kradolfer CMA, Spits H, Bernink JH. Identification of human cytotoxic ILC3s. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:811-823. [PMID: 33300130 PMCID: PMC8248192 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human ILCs are classically categorized into five subsets; cytotoxic CD127−CD94+ NK cells and non‐cytotoxic CD127+CD94−, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and LTi cells. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized subset within the CD127+ ILC population, characterized by the expression of the cytotoxic marker CD94. These CD94+ ILCs resemble conventional ILC3s in terms of phenotype, transcriptome, and cytokine production, but are highly cytotoxic. IL‐15 was unable to induce differentiation of CD94+ ILCs toward mature NK cells. Instead, CD94+ ILCs retained RORγt, CD127 and CD200R1 expression and produced IL‐22 in response to IL‐15. Culturing non‐cytotoxic ILC3s with IL‐12 induced upregulation of CD94 and cytotoxic activity, effects that were not observed with IL‐15 stimulation. Thus, human helper ILCs can acquire a cytotoxic program without differentiating into NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Krabbendam
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal M A Kradolfer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem H Bernink
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Cheng FL, An YF, Han ZQ, Li C, Li ZQ, Yang PC, Zhao CQ. Period2 gene regulates diurnal changes of nasal symptoms in an allergic rhinitis mouse model. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:1236-1248. [PMID: 32613762 PMCID: PMC7689743 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms exhibit prominent 24‐hour variations associated with the biological clock. Although endogenous glucocorticoids synchronize circadian oscillator in the nasal mucosa, the precise mechanism of AR remains unclear. Therefore, using a mouse model, we investigated the association between circadian‐clock genes and AR symptoms at various time‐points. Methods Based on the rhythmic secretion of corticosterone levels, we chose 2 time‐points, ZT4 (10:00 AM) and ZT16 (10:00 PM), to observe dynamic changes of nasal symptoms, immunologic responses, and circadian‐clock gene period (Per) expressions. Results In the AR group, nasal symptom scores at ZT4 were significantly higher than at ZT16, with a greater increase in eosinophils, mast cells, and total immunoglobulin E levels at ZT4. The scores had a negative correlation with fluctuation of corticosterone levels. T‐helper 1 (Th1) cell counts and interferon‐γ levels decreased significantly at ZT4 compared with ZT16 in the AR group, whereas Th2 cells; Th17 cells; and interleukin (IL)‐4, ‐13, and ‐17A levels increased significantly at ZT4 compared with ZT16. Furthermore, Per2 gene expression levels were attenuated at ZT4 and elevated at ZT16, but correlated negatively with Th2 and Th17 responses associated with Gata3 and Rorγt expression levels that were enhanced at ZT4 and reduced at ZT16 in the AR group. Conclusion Our results suggest that the Per2 gene may influence diurnal variations of AR symptom severity, partially through its possible anti‐inflammatory effect on the circadian regulation of GATA3 and RORγt levels in immune cells. This further demonstrates the neural‐immune‐endocrinal mechanism of circadian rhythm in AR and sheds new light on chronotherapeutic approaches to AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Li Cheng
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanxi Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yun-Fang An
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanxi Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhuo-Qin Han
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanxi Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xianyang, China
| | - Ze-Qing Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chang-Qing Zhao
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanxi Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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Aerts L, Selis E, Corbière V, Smits K, Van Praet A, Dauby N, Petit E, Singh M, Locht C, Dirix V, Mascart F. HBHA-Induced Polycytotoxic CD4+ T Lymphocytes Are Associated with the Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:421-427. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Brummelman J, Pilipow K, Lugli E. The Single-Cell Phenotypic Identity of Human CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:63-124. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Interleukins 12 and 15 induce cytotoxicity and early NK-cell differentiation in type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2679-2691. [PMID: 29296921 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017008839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) fulfill protective functions at mucosal surfaces via cytokine production. Although their plasticity to become ILC1s, the innate counterparts of type 1 helper T cells, has been described previously, we report that they can differentiate into cytotoxic lymphocytes with many characteristics of early differentiated natural killer (NK) cells. This transition is promoted by the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-15, and correlates with expression of the master transcription factor of cytotoxicity, eomesodermin (Eomes). As revealed by transcriptome analysis and flow cytometric profiling, differentiated ILC3s express CD94, NKG2A, NKG2C, CD56, and CD16 among other NK-cell receptors, and possess all components of the cytotoxic machinery. These characteristics allow them to recognize and kill leukemic cells with perforin and granzymes. Therefore, ILC3s can be harnessed for cytotoxic responses via differentiation under the influence of proinflammatory cytokines.
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11
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Li J, Yang F, Wei F, Ren X. The role of toll-like receptor 4 in tumor microenvironment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66656-66667. [PMID: 29029545 PMCID: PMC5630445 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are closely related to chronic inflammation, during which there are various changes in inflammatory sites, such as immune cells infiltration, pro-inflammation cytokines production, and interaction between immune cells and tissue cells. Besides, substances, released from both tissue cells attacked by exogenous etiologies, also act on local cells. These changes induce a dynamic and complex microenvironment favorable for tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the first identified member of the toll-like receptor family that can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). TLR4 expresses not only on immune cells but also on tumor cells. Accumulating evidences demonstrated that the activation of TLR4 in tumor microenvironment can not only boost the anti-tumor immunity but also give rise to immune surveillance and tumor progression. This review will summarize the expression and function of TLR4 on dendritic cells (DCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor cells as well as stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Validation of the multiple role of TLR4 in tumors could primarily pave the road for the development of anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
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12
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Bian Y, Shang S, Siddiqui S, Zhao J, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM, Cantor H, Wang CR. MHC Ib molecule Qa-1 presents Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide antigens to CD8+ T cells and contributes to protection against infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006384. [PMID: 28475642 PMCID: PMC5435364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of nonclassical MHC Ib molecules recognizing distinct microbial antigens have been implicated in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). HLA-E has been identified to present numerous Mtb peptides to CD8+ T cells, with multiple HLA-E-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and regulatory T cell lines isolated from patients with active and latent tuberculosis (TB). In other disease models, HLA-E and its mouse homolog Qa-1 can act as antigen presenting molecules as well as regulators of the immune response. However, it is unclear what precise role(s) HLA-E/Qa-1 play in the immune response to Mtb. In this study, we found that murine Qa-1 can bind and present Mtb peptide antigens to CD8+ T effector cells during aerosol Mtb infection. Further, mice lacking Qa-1 (Qa-1-/-) were more susceptible to high-dose Mtb infection compared to wild-type controls, with higher bacterial burdens and increased mortality. The increased susceptibility of Qa-1-/- mice was associated with dysregulated T cells that were more activated and produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. T cells from Qa-1-/- mice also had increased expression of inhibitory and apoptosis-associated cell surface markers such as CD94/NKG2A, KLRG1, PD-1, Fas-L, and CTLA-4. As such, they were more prone to cell death and had decreased capacity in promoting the killing of Mtb in infected macrophages. Lastly, comparing the immune responses of Qa-1 mutant knock-in mice deficient in either Qa-1-restricted CD8+ Tregs (Qa-1 D227K) or the inhibitory Qa-1-CD94/NKG2A interaction (Qa-1 R72A) with Qa-1-/- and wild-type controls indicated that both of these Qa-1-mediated mechanisms were involved in suppression of the immune response in Mtb infection. Our findings reveal that Qa-1 participates in the immune response to Mtb infection by presenting peptide antigens as well as regulating immune responses, resulting in more effective anti-Mtb immunity. The disease tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the microbe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and remains a major public health concern. More research is needed to understand the diverse immune responses against Mtb to develop better vaccines. Mouse Qa-1 and its human counterpart HLA-E are nonclassical MHC I molecules that can activate or inhibit immune responses in a variety of diseases. However, their role during the immune response to Mtb remains unknown. We found that Qa-1 can present Mtb peptides to activate CD8+ T effector cells during aerosol Mtb infection. Further, Mtb-infected mice that lacked Qa-1 (Qa-1-/-) had higher numbers of bacteria and died more often than infected mice that expressed Qa-1 (Qa-1+/+). The lack of Qa-1 results in over-activation of the immune response upon infection, which is less efficient in controlling Mtb. Using mice expressing different mutant forms of Qa-1, we showed that Qa-1 can regulate immune responses against Mtb through the interaction with inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptors as well as the activation of regulatory CD8+ T cells. We believe our study sheds light on the diverse mechanisms at play in generating protective immune responses against Mtb and will inform future mouse and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Bian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Takeuchi A, Saito T. CD4 CTL, a Cytotoxic Subset of CD4 + T Cells, Their Differentiation and Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:194. [PMID: 28280496 PMCID: PMC5321676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic activity (CD4 CTL) have been observed in various immune responses. These cells are characterized by their ability to secrete granzyme B and perforin and to kill the target cells in an MHC class II-restricted fashion. Although CD4 CTLs were once thought to be an in vitro artifact associated with long-term culturing, they have since been identified in vivo and shown to play important roles in antiviral and antitumor immunity, as well as in inflammation. Functional characterization of CD4 CTL suggests their potential significance for therapeutic purposes. However, in order to develop effective CD4 CTL therapy it is necessary to understand the differentiation and generation of these cells. Although the mechanisms regulating development of various CD4+ Th subsets have been clarified in terms of the cytokine and transcription factor requirement, the CD4 CTL differentiation mechanism remains elusive. These cells are thought to be most closely related to Th1 cells secreting IFNγ and regulated by eomesodermin and/or T-bet transcription factors for their differentiation. However, our studies and those of others have identified CD4 CTLs within other CD4+ T cell subsets, including naïve T cells. We have identified class I-restricted T cell-associated molecule as a marker of CD4 CTL and, by using this marker, we detected a subset of naïve T cells that have the potential to differentiate into CD4 CTL. CD4 CTL develops at sites of infections as well as inflammation. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the generation of CD4 CTL and propose a model with several differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Takeuchi
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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14
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Brown DM, Lampe AT, Workman AM. The Differentiation and Protective Function of Cytolytic CD4 T Cells in Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:93. [PMID: 27014272 PMCID: PMC4783394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells that recognize peptide antigen in the context of class II MHC can differentiate into various subsets that are characterized by their helper functions. However, increasing evidence indicates that CD4 cells with direct cytolytic activity (CD4 CTL) play a role in chronic as well as acute infections, such as influenza A virus (IAV) infection. In the last couple of decades, techniques to measure the frequency and activity of these cytolytic cells has demonstrated their abundance in infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus, mouse pox, murine gamma herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and influenza among others. We now appreciate a greater role for CD4 CTL as direct effectors in viral infections and antitumor immunity through their ability to acquire perforin-mediated cytolytic activity and contribution to lysis of virally infected targets or tumors. As early as the 1980s, CD4 T cell clones with cytolytic potential were identified after influenza virus infection, yet much of this early work was dependent on in vitro culture and little was known about the physiological relevance of CD4 CTL. Here, we discuss the direct role CD4 CTL play in protection against lethal IAV infection and the factors that drive the generation of perforin-mediated lytic activity in CD4 cells in vivo during IAV infection. While focusing on CD4 CTL generated during IAV infection, we pull comparisons from the literature in other antiviral and antitumor systems. Further, we highlight what is currently known about CD4 CTL secondary and memory responses, as well as vaccination strategies to induce these potent killer cells that provide an extra layer of cell-mediated immune protection against heterosubtypic IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Anna T Lampe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Aspen M Workman
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE , USA
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15
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Beyer M, Abdullah Z, Chemnitz JM, Maisel D, Sander J, Lehmann C, Thabet Y, Shinde PV, Schmidleithner L, Köhne M, Trebicka J, Schierwagen R, Hofmann A, Popov A, Lang KS, Oxenius A, Buch T, Kurts C, Heikenwalder M, Fätkenheuer G, Lang PA, Hartmann P, Knolle PA, Schultze JL. Tumor-necrosis factor impairs CD4(+) T cell-mediated immunological control in chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:593-603. [PMID: 26950238 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are characterized by the simultaneous presence of chronic inflammation and T cell dysfunction. In prototypic models of chronicity--infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)--we used transcriptome-based modeling to reveal that CD4(+) T cells were co-exposed not only to multiple inhibitory signals but also to tumor-necrosis factor (TNF). Blockade of TNF during chronic infection with LCMV abrogated the inhibitory gene-expression signature in CD4(+) T cells, including reduced expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1, and reconstituted virus-specific immunity, which led to control of infection. Preventing signaling via the TNF receptor selectively in T cells sufficed to induce these effects. Targeted immunological interventions to disrupt the TNF-mediated link between chronic inflammation and T cell dysfunction might therefore lead to therapies to overcome persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Beyer
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens M Chemnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Maisel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jil Sander
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasser Thabet
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Prashant V Shinde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmidleithner
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maren Köhne
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Schierwagen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Hofmann
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexey Popov
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany.,Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pia Hartmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Toossi Z, Meng Q, Aung H, Liu S, Mayanja-Kizza H, Hirsch CS. Short Communication: Expression of APOBEC3G and Interferon Gamma in Pleural Fluid Mononuclear Cells from HIV/TB Dual Infected Subjects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:692-5. [PMID: 25924204 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sites of HIV/TB coinfection are characterized by increased HIV-1 replication and a TH1 profile. However, expression of HIV-1 restriction factors, such as APOBEC3G (A3G) in situ, is unknown. Using an RT-profiler focused on genes related to HIV-1 expansion, we examined pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) from patients with HIV/TB coinfection in comparison to HIV-uninfected patients with TB disease. Significant expression of interferon (IFN)-γ and restriction factors A3G and A3F and TRIM5α in PFMCs was found. Genes correlating significantly with the expression of IFN-γ included A3G and A3F. However, pleural fluid HIV-1 viral load and HIV-1 gag/pol mRNA in PFMCs did not correlate with A3G activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Toossi
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Qinglai Meng
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Htin Aung
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shigou Liu
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
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17
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Bollinger T, Leutz A, Leliavski A, Skrum L, Kovac J, Bonacina L, Benedict C, Lange T, Westermann J, Oster H, Solbach W. Circadian clocks in mouse and human CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29801. [PMID: 22216357 PMCID: PMC3247291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Though it has been shown that immunological functions of CD4+ T cells are time of day-dependent, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely obscure. To address the question whether T cells themselves harbor a functional clock driving circadian rhythms of immune function, we analyzed clock gene expression by qPCR in unstimulated CD4+ T cells and immune responses of PMA/ionomycin stimulated CD4+ T cells by FACS analysis purified from blood of healthy subjects at different time points throughout the day. Molecular clock as well as immune function was further analyzed in unstimulated T cells which were cultured in serum-free medium with circadian clock reporter systems. We found robust rhythms of clock gene expression as well as, after stimulation, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ production and CD40L expression in freshly isolated CD4+ T cells. Further analysis of IFN-γ and CD40L in cultivated T cells revealed that these parameters remain rhythmic in vitro. Moreover, circadian luciferase reporter activity in CD4+ T cells and in thymic sections from PER2::LUCIFERASE reporter mice suggest that endogenous T cell clock rhythms are self-sustained under constant culture conditions. Microarray analysis of stimulated CD4+ T cell cultures revealed regulation of the NF-κB pathway as a candidate mechanism mediating circadian immune responses. Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that CD4+ T cell responses are regulated by an intrinsic cellular circadian oscillator capable of driving rhythmic CD4+ T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bollinger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Abstract
Immune responses lead to expression of immunoregulatory molecules on T cells, including natural killer (NK) receptors, such as CD94/NKG2A on CD8+ T cells; these receptors restrain CD8+ responses, thereby preventing T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections and limiting immunopathology. Here, we examined the requirements for inducing CD94/NKG2A on T cells responding to antigen. In vitro, moderate induction of CD94/NKG2A expression occurred after exposure of naive CD8+ (but not CD4+) cells to CD3 ligation or specific peptide. Surprisingly, expression was inhibited by CD28/B7 costimulation. Such inhibition applied only to CD94/NKG2A and not other NK receptors (NKG2D) and was mediated by IL-2. Inhibition by IL-2 occurred via a NFAT cell-independent component of the calcineurin pathway, and CD94/NKG2A induction was markedly enhanced in the presence of calcineurin blockers, such as FK506 or using calcineurin-deficient T cells, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition to CD28-dependent inhibition by IL-2, CD94/NKG2A expression was impaired by several other cytokines (IL-4, IL-23, and transforming growth factor-β) but enhanced by others (IL-6, IL-10, and IL-21). The complex interplay between these various stimuli may account for the variable expression of CD94/NKG2A during responses to different pathogens in vivo.
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19
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Vallejo AN, Mueller RG, Hamel DL, Way A, Dvergsten JA, Griffin P, Newman AB. Expansions of NK-like αβT cells with chronologic aging: novel lymphocyte effectors that compensate for functional deficits of conventional NK cells and T cells. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:354-61. [PMID: 20932941 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As the repertoire of αβT cell receptors (TCR) contracts with advancing age, there is an associated age-dependent accumulation of oligoclonal T cells expressing of a variety of receptors (NKR), normally expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. Evidences for differential regulation of expression of particular NKRs between T cells and NK cells suggest that NKR expression on T cells is physiologically programmed rather than a random event of the aging process. Experimental studies show NKRs on aged αβT cells may function either as independent receptors, and/or as costimulatory receptors to the TCR. Considering the reported deficits of conventional αβTCR-driven activation and also functional deficits of classical NK cells, NKR(+) αβT cells likely represent novel immune effectors that are capable of combining innate and adaptive functions. Inasmuch as immunity is a determinant of individual fitness, the type and density of NKRs could be important contributing factors to the wide heterogeneity of health characteristics of older adults, ranging from institutionalized frail elders who are unable to mount immune responses to functionally independent community-dwelling elders who exhibit protective immunity. Understanding the biology of NKR(+) αβT cells could lead to new avenues for age-specific intervention to improve protective immunity.
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20
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Koutsonanos DG, del Pilar Martin M, Zarnitsyn VG, Jacob J, Prausnitz MR, Compans RW, Skountzou I. Serological memory and long-term protection to novel H1N1 influenza virus after skin vaccination. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:582-91. [PMID: 21685355 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major goal in influenza vaccine development is induction of serological memory and cellular responses to confer long-term protection and limit virus spread after infection. Here, we investigate induction of long-lived immunity against the 2009 H1N1 virus after skin vaccination. METHODS BALB/c mice received a single dose of 5 μg inactivated A/California/04/09 virus via coated metal microneedles (MN) applied to skin or via subcutaneous injection. RESULTS MN or subcutaneous vaccination elicited similar serum IgG and hemagglutination inhibition titers and 100% protection against lethal viral challenge 6 weeks after vaccination. Six months after vaccination, the subcutaneous group exhibited a 60% decrease in functional antibody titers and extensive lung inflammation after challenge with 10 × LD(50) of homologous virus. In contrast, the MN group maintained high functional antibody titers and IFN-γ levels, inhibition of viral replication, and no signs of lung inflammation after challenge. MN vaccination conferred complete protection against lethal challenge, whereas subcutaneous vaccination induced only partial protection. These findings were further supported by high numbers of bone marrow plasma cells and spleen antibody-secreting cells detected in the MN group. CONCLUSIONS A single skin vaccination with MN induced potent long-lived immunity and improved protection against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, compared with subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Koutsonanos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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21
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Larrañaga CL, Ampuero SL, Luchsinger VF, Carrión FA, Aguilar NV, Morales PR, Palomino MAM, Tapia LF, Avendaño LF. Impaired immune response in severe human lower tract respiratory infection by respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:867-73. [PMID: 19738511 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181a3ea71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory infection in infants. The immune response plays a leading role in the severity of the disease. We hypothesized that severe RSV disease is associated with an impaired immune response characterized by low circulating T lymphocytes and plasma cytokine concentrations. METHODS We evaluate the in vivo immune responses of previously healthy infants with their first proven RSV-acute lower respiratory infection that required hospitalization. According to the clinical severity, defined by using a strict scoring system, the in vivo immune response was compared through the analysis of plasma cytokine values and the phenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cells. RESULTS Absolute blood cell counts of CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ lymphocytes and NK cells were lower in subjects with RSV than in control infants. Lowest cell counts were observed in more severe RSV-infected infants. Significant low values were obtained in CD8+ lymphocytes (P = 0.03) and nonactive NK cells, that express CD94 antigen (P = 0.046). In contrast, activated NK cells that do not express CD94 molecules were significantly higher in RSV infected infants than in healthy controls (% of cells: P = 0.004). The interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha values in RSV infected patients were lower than in controls subjects. Interleukin-17 cytokine was not detected in healthy infants and the largest concentration was found in moderately ill patients as compared with severe cases (P = 0.033). RSV infection showed significantly higher interleukin-8 chemokine than in control infants (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION We propose that severe RSV infection in very young infants is associated with poor blood proinflammatory cytokine production, low counts of CD8+ T cells and with a greater activity of a group of NK cells, that are independent of the major histocompatibility complex class Ib recognition system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Larrañaga
- Programa de Virologia, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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22
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Agrawal S, Tripathi P, Naik S. Roles and mechanism of natural killer cells in clinical and experimental transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2008; 4:79-91. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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