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Souza MA, Zanella ML, Vanin GN, Dallepiane FG, Pizzi CYM, Ferreira ER, Fuhr MCS, Piccolo NM, Palhano HS, da Silva Koch J, Souza KR, da Costa UM, Dos Santos VV, Steier L, Bertol CD, Figueiredo JAPD. Antimicrobial action and cytotoxicity of hypochlorous acid obtained from an innovative electrolytic device - An in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 163:105966. [PMID: 38657440 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect and cytotoxicity of hypochlorous acid(HClO) obtained from an innovative electrolytic device. DESIGN The root canals of fifty extracted human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and divided into 5 groups (n = 10): DW (control); 2% chlorhexidine gel(CHX); 2.5% sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl); 250 ppm HClO and 500 ppm HClO. The counting of colony forming units evaluated the decontamination potential of each group. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after inoculation of tested protocols in fibroblastic cells for 3 min, calculating the cell viability. Specific statistical analysis was performed (α = 5%). RESULTS The highest bacterial reduction was observed in experimental groups, with no statistical differences from each other (p > 0.05). The highest number of viable cells was observed in control group, followed by 250 ppm HClO and 500 ppm HClO groups, with statistical differences from each other (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It could be concluded that HClO presented high antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity at both tested concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jordana da Silva Koch
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kellyn Rocca Souza
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Liviu Steier
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
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Çakır A, Şahin TN, Kahveci Ö. Assessing the efficacy of various irrigation solutions in dissolving organic tissue. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13861. [PMID: 38879635 PMCID: PMC11180171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
For successful root canal treatment, adequate chemomechanical instrumentation to eliminate microorganisms and pulp tissue is crucial. This study aims to assess the organic tissue dissolving activity of various irrigation solutions on bovine tooth pulp tissue. 40 extracted bovine mandibular anterior teeth (n = 10) were used for the study. Bovine pulp pieces (25 ± 5 mg) were placed in 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes. Each tooth pulp sample was then covered with 1.5 ml of different irrigation solutions, dividing them into four groups: Group 1 with freshly prepared 5% Boric acid, Group 2 with 5% NaOCl, Group 3 with Irritrol, and Group 4 with Saline. Samples were left at room temperature for 30 min, then dried and reweighed. The efficacy of tissue dissolution ranked from highest to lowest was found to be NaOCl, Boric Acid, Irritrol, and saline (p < 0.05). It was observed that the decrease in the NaOCl group was greater than the decrease in the Irritrol and saline groups, and the decrease in the Boric acid group was significantly greater than the decrease in the saline group (p < 0.05). It also emphasizes the need for future studies to further investigate the effects of Irritrol and Boric Acid on tissue dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asu Çakır
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Ahmet Kelesoglu Dentistry Faculty, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Tuğçe Nur Şahin
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Ahmet Kelesoglu Dentistry Faculty, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Özlem Kahveci
- Pendik Oral and Dental Health Center, İstanbul, Turkey
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Souza MA, Steier L, Vanin GN, Zanella ML, Pizzi CM, Ferreira ER, Dallepiane FG, Piccolo NM, da Silva Koch J, Souza KR, Costa UMD, Dos Santos VV, Palatynska-Ulatowska A, de Figueiredo JAP. Antimicrobial action, cytotoxicity and erosive potential of hypochlorous acid obtained from an electrolytic device compared with sodium hypochlorite. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:282. [PMID: 38683234 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial action, cytotoxicity, cleaning ability, and erosion of dentine of hypochlorous acid (HClO) obtained from an electrolytic device at two different concentrations (Dentaqua) and three concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). METHODS Microbiological test-The root canals of sixty single-rooted extracted human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and divided into 6 groups (n = 10), according to decontamination protocol: DW (control); 1% NaOCl; 2.5% NaOCl; 5.25% NaOCl; 250 ppm HClO and 500 ppm HClO. The colony-forming units were counted to evaluate the decontamination potential of each group, calculating the reduction in bacterial percentage. Cytotoxicity test-Cytotoxicity was evaluated after inoculation of the same tested protocols in fibroblastic cells for 3 min, calculating the cell viability percentages. Specifical statistical analysis was performed (α = 5%). Cleaning ability and erosion-Fifty-six single-rooted bovine lower incisors were divided into seven groups of 8 roots each, being the test groups 1% NaOCl; 2.5% NaOCl; 5,25% NaOCl; 250 ppm HClO and 500 ppm HClO, and a negative and positive control. Negative control was not contaminated, and the other groups were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis. SEM images were ranked as from the cleanest to the least clean. Erosion was also assessed, being ranked from the least to the most eroded dentine. RESULTS The highest bacterial reduction was observed in experimental groups, with no statistical differences between them (p > 0.05). The highest number of viable cells was observed in control group, followed by 250 ppm HClO and 500 ppm HClO groups, with statistical differences between them (p < 0.05). 1% NaOCl; 2.5% NaOCl; 5.25% NaOCl and 500 ppm HClO displayed the cleanest areas. All sodium hypochlorite groups displayed erosion with higher ranks with greater concentration, while hypochlorous acid did not display any erosion regardless the concentration. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to conclude that HClO obtained from an electrolytic device presented high antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity in both tested concentrations. 500 ppm HClO did not display erosion and showed great cleaning ability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of 500 ppm hypochlorous acid may reduce unfavorable behavior of sodium hypochlorite whilst maintaining its antimicrobial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Albino Souza
- School of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo - UPF. BR 285/São José, Prédio A7, Apto 2, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP: 9052-900, Brazil
| | - Liviu Steier
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania - UPENN, 240 South 40Th Street (40Th & Locust St.), Philadelphia, PA, ZIP19104, USA
| | - Gabriele Nichetti Vanin
- School of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo - UPF. BR 285/São José, Prédio A7, Apto 2, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP: 9052-900, Brazil
| | - Mylena Lazareti Zanella
- School of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo - UPF. BR 285/São José, Prédio A7, Apto 2, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP: 9052-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Monteiro Pizzi
- School of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo - UPF. BR 285/São José, Prédio A7, Apto 2, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP: 9052-900, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Rizzon Ferreira
- School of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo - UPF. BR 285/São José, Prédio A7, Apto 2, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP: 9052-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gomes Dallepiane
- School of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo - UPF. BR 285/São José, Prédio A7, Apto 2, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP: 9052-900, Brazil
| | - Nathan Mateus Piccolo
- School of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo - UPF. BR 285/São José, Prédio A7, Apto 2, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP: 9052-900, Brazil
| | - Jordana da Silva Koch
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Oral Biology Lab, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite 500 Sala 134, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90050-170, Brazil
| | - Kellyn Rocca Souza
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Oral Biology Lab, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite 500 Sala 134, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ubirajara Maciel da Costa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Santa Catarina - UDESC, Av. Luiz de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, SC, CEP: 88.520-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Valgas Dos Santos
- School of Medicine, University of Planalto Catarinense - UNIPLAC, Av. Mal. Castelo Branco 170, Lages, SC, CEP 88526-075, Brazil
| | - Aleksandra Palatynska-Ulatowska
- Department of Endodontics, Medical Faculty, Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Lödz, 251 Pomorska Street, Lödz, 92-213, Poland
| | - José Antônio Poli de Figueiredo
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Oral Biology Lab, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite 500 Sala 134, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP90050-170, Brazil.
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Kameri A, Dragidella A, Haziri A, Hashani Z, Kurteshi K, Kurti A. Antifungal and genotoxic effects of Thymus serpyllum as a root canal irrigant. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e837. [PMID: 38345516 PMCID: PMC10847709 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was the assessment of the efficiency of the ethyl acetate (EthOAc) extract of Thymus serpyllum against Candida albicans and to compare it with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX), as well as their genotoxic effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS The antifungal effectiveness of the EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum was determined using the agar disk diffusion method. The inhibition zones induced by the EthOAc extract were compared after 5 min, 60 min, and 24 h to those induced by standard solutions (2% CHX and 2% NaOCl). An in vitro genotoxicity assay was performed in cultured lymphocytes from the blood of human volunteers to observe micronuclei formation. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The inhibition zone of combination of CHX with EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum against C. albicans was 29.7 mm after 5 min, 28.3 mm after 60 min, and 29 mm after 24 h. The inhibition zone of NaOCl in combination with EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum against C. albicans was 0 mm. The EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum did not show a genotoxic effect on lymphocyte cells. CONCLUSIONS The EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum in combination with CHX may be a useful root canal disinfection in endodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Kameri
- Department of Dental Pathology and Endodontics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
| | - Agime Dragidella
- Department of Dental Pathology and Endodontics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
| | - Arben Haziri
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Science FacultyUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
| | - Zeqir Hashani
- Faculty of EducationUniversity “Fehmi Agani”GjakoveKosova
| | - Kemajl Kurteshi
- Department of Biology, Natural Science FacultyUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
| | - Arsim Kurti
- Department of Microbiology, Medical FacultyUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
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Doğan Çankaya T, Uğur Aydın Z, Erdönmez D. The effect of the enzymes trypsin and DNase I on the antimicrobial efficiency of root canal irrigation solutions. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-023-00894-x. [PMID: 38280114 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of using 2.5% NaOCl, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), Irritrol, and chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles (AgCNPs) alone or in combination with deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) and trypsin pre-enzyme applications in dentin samples contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) by CLSM. 144 dentin blocks with confirmed E. faecalis biofilm formation were divided randomly according to the irrigation protocol (n = 12): NaOCl, CHX, Irritrol, AgCNPs, trypsin before NaOCl, CHX, Irritrol, AgCNPs, and DNase I before NaOCl, CHX, Irritrol, AgCNPs. Dentin blocks were stained with the Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit and viewed with CLSM after irrigation applications. The percentage of dead and viable bacteria was calculated using ImageJ software on CLSM images. At a significance level of p < 0.05, the obtained data were analyzed using one-way Anova and post-hoc Tukey tests. In comparison with NaOCl, CHX had a higher percentage of dead bacteria, both when no pre-enzyme was applied and when DNase I was applied as a pre-enzyme (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the percentage of dead bacteria between the irrigation solutions when trypsin was applied as a pre-enzyme (p > 0.05). AgCNPs showed a higher percentage of dead bacteria when trypsin was applied as a pre-enzyme compared to other irrigation solutions (p < 0.05), while the pre-enzyme application did not affect the percentage of dead bacteria in NaOCl, CHX, and Irritrol (p > 0.05). No irrigation protocol tested was able to eliminate the E. faecalis biofilm. While the application of trypsin as a pre-enzyme improved the antimicrobial effect of AgCNPs, it did not make any difference over other irrigation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülin Doğan Çankaya
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Zeliha Uğur Aydın
- Department of Endodontics, Gülhane Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Demet Erdönmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
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Brochado Martins JF, Jautze A, Georgiou AC, Tulp BMT, Crielaard W, van der Waal SV. Well-being, postoperative pain and outcome after clinical application of a novel root canal irrigation fluid-RISA-in teeth with apical periodontitis: A first-in-human study. Int Endod J 2023; 56:1488-1498. [PMID: 37771316 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to assess the tolerance to the new root canal irrigation fluid RISA after root canal treatment (RCT) by evaluating the subject's postoperative well-being, postoperative pain (PP) and treatment outcome. METHODOLOGY A single-arm prospective study with 16 subjects (17 teeth) diagnosed with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Endodontic treatment in one session performed using RISA for root canal irrigation. Well-being was assessed on the same day and after 24 h by telephone. For pain intensity, a visual analogue scale was used at 0-5 days. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at ≥12 months. Well-being, occurrence of PP and outcome were qualitatively reported. Friedman test for paired samples and Spearman correlation coefficient were used. Significance was set at p < .05. RESULTS At the same day and after 24 h, 14/16 subjects felt 'good'. 9/16 presented intra- or extra-oral swelling. The frequency of PP ≥36 (weak) was 82.4%. On the same day, 1 and 2 days postoperatively, there was more pain compared with preoperative pain p < .05. At Day 3, PP equalled preoperative pain (p > .05). 62.5% of subjects needed analgesics Day 0-2. The recall rate was 94.1%, and resolution of apical periodontitis was observed in 87.5%. CONCLUSIONS The well-being of subjects was good, and the overall PP intensity was low. However, postoperative intra- and extra-oral swelling occurred often. At the recall visit, the effectiveness of the RCT with RISA appeared high (87.5%). The encouraging outcome results plus the fact that RISA has a broader action range than NaOCl in vitro, justify further work on the RISA solution. To reduce postoperative swelling, it is advised to further investigate the optimal way of application of RISA in the laboratory before clinical application is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Filipe Brochado Martins
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Jautze
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athina Christina Georgiou
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Maria Theresia Tulp
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzette Veronica van der Waal
- Department of Endodontics, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Weissheimer T, Pinto KP, da Silva EJNL, Hashizume LN, da Rosa RA, Só MVR. Disinfectant effectiveness of chlorhexidine gel compared to sodium hypochlorite: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Restor Dent Endod 2023; 48:e37. [PMID: 38053784 PMCID: PMC10695732 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2023.48.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the disinfectant ability of chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Systematic searches were conducted from inception until December 8th, 2022 (MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Grey Literature databases). Only randomized clinical trials were included. The revised Cochrane risk of bias tools for randomized trials were used to assess the quality of studies. Meta-analyses were performed. The overall quality of evidence was assessed through the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool. Six studies were included. Five had a low risk of bias and 1 had some concerns. Three studies assessed bacterial reduction. Two were included in the meta-analysis for bacterial reduction (mean difference, 75.03 [confidence interval, CI, -271.15, 421.22], p = 0.67; I2 = 74%); and 3 in the meta-analysis for cultivable bacteria after chemomechanical preparation (odds ratio, 1.03 [CI, 0.20, 5.31], P = 0.98; I2 = 49%). Five studies assessed endotoxin reduction. Three were included in a meta-analysis (mean difference, 20.59 [CI, -36.41, 77.59], p = 0.48; I2 = 74%). There seems to be no difference in the disinfectant ability of CHX gel and NaOCl, but further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoro Weissheimer
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karem Paula Pinto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lina Naomi Hashizume
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Abreu da Rosa
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Reis Só
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Cassiano AFB, Coaguila-Llerena H, Santos CS, da Silva LR, Nogueira LFB, Ciancaglini P, Faria G. The Effect of Octenidine on Proliferation, Migration, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp and Apical Papilla Stem Cells. J Endod 2022; 48:1502-1510.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Boutsioukis C, Arias-Moliz MT. Present status and future directions - irrigants and irrigation methods. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 3:588-612. [PMID: 35338652 PMCID: PMC9321999 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irrigation is considered the primary means of cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system. The purpose of this review was to set the framework for the obstacles that irrigation needs to overcome, to critically appraise currently used irrigants and irrigation methods, to highlight knowledge gaps and methodological limitations in the available studies and to provide directions for future developments. Organization of bacteria in biofilms located in anatomic intricacies of the root canal system and the difficulty to eliminate them is the main challenge for irrigants. Sodium hypochlorite remains the primary irrigant of choice, but it needs to be supplemented by a chelator. Delivery of the irrigants using a syringe and needle and activation by an ultrasonic file are the most popular irrigation methods. There is no evidence that any adjunct irrigation method, including ultrasonic activation, can improve the long‐term outcome of root canal treatment beyond what can be achieved by instrumentation and syringe irrigation. It is necessary to redefine the research priorities in this field and investigate in greater depth the penetration of the irrigants, their effect on the biofilm and the long‐term treatment outcome. New studies must also focus on clinically relevant comparisons, avoid methodological flaws and have sufficiently large sample sizes to reach reliable conclusions. Future multidisciplinary efforts combining the knowledge from basic sciences such as Chemistry, Microbiology and Fluid Dynamics may lead to more effective antimicrobials and improved activation methods to bring them closer to the residual biofilm in the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boutsioukis
- Department of Endodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T Arias-Moliz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation over Organic Tissue of Simulated Internal Root Resorption. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:3130813. [PMID: 34745262 PMCID: PMC8570868 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3130813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on dissolving the organic tissue inside simulated internal root resorption (IRR) using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or chlorhexidine (CHX). A total of 40 human lower premolars were collected based on dimensional and morphological similarities. The roots were embedded in cylinders (3 cm diameter; 2.5 cm height) of self-cured acrylic resin, and then an IRR was simulated. The specimens were divided into 4 groups (n = 10) according to irrigation protocols: group 1: CHX + PUI; group 2: CHX; group 3: NaOCl + PUI; group 4: NaOCl. The total irrigation time was 150 s at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. A tissue mass of porcine palatine mucosa was used to simulate the organic tissue, it was weighed before and after the irrigation using an analytic balance, and the difference between both readings was calculated and transferred to percentage values. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA (factors: irrigant type and with/without PUI) and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons among the experimental groups (α = 0.05). There was a significant difference in both factors (irrigant: p=0.04; PUI: p ≤ 0.001). The groups that used PUI were more effective in dissolving the organic tissue of the IRR simulation than the groups without PUI. PUI is more effective than the syringe and needle irrigation in organic tissue dissolution.
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Alberto APL, Oliveira DDS, Oliveira HE, Maciel ACDC, Belladonna FG, Silva EJNLD. Does sodium thiosulphate avoid the formation of the brown-coloured precipitate as an intermediate irrigant between NaOCl and chlorhexidine? AUST ENDOD J 2021; 48:72-76. [PMID: 34494676 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of sodium thiosulphate (ST) as an intermediate irrigant between sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) to avoid the formation of the brown-coloured precipitate. The in vitro experiment used microtubes to test the mixture of 2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX and 5% ST solutions, varying their order and time of addition. In the ex vivo experiment, 10 bovine teeth were divided into two groups according to the intermediate irrigant used: distilled water (control) and 5% ST (experimental). Colour change occurred in all microtubes after interaction between solutions. While the precipitate was not observed in the experimental group, it was seen in all specimens of the control group. The 5% ST was able to prevent the formation of the brown-coloured precipitate in the ex vivo experiment, whereas it only prevented its in vitro formation when the waiting time for adding CHX was 10, 15 and 20 min.
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Postoperative Pain after Endodontic Treatment under Irrigation with 8.25% Sodium Hypochlorite and Other Solutions: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endod 2021; 47:696-704. [PMID: 33607121 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative pain in patients after endodontic treatment using 8.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) compared with other concentrations and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). METHODS In this double-blind randomized trial, 180 patients were evaluated who underwent a single session of endodontic treatment under irrigation with 2.5%, 5.25%, or 8.25% NaOCl or 2% CHX solutions. The presence of postoperative pain was assessed 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment and recorded using the visual analog scale (VAS). A descriptive analysis, logistic regression, and Wald test were performed. RESULTS Altogether 169 patients participated, of whom 107 were women, and the mean age was 38.1 ± 14.4 years. No significant differences occurred between the irrigants and the pain outcomes, not even for the use of postoperative pain medication and responses to VAS (P > .05). In the multivariate model including irrigants, after 24 hours or at any time, a significant difference (P < .05) remained in preparation time ≥10 minutes and the presence of overfilling. Also, in relation to the VAS, the overfilling presented significantly different results (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in the presence of postoperative pain between the 8.25% NaOCl and the other irrigation solutions. However, the extended preparation time and the overfilling material were responsible for the increase of postoperative pain.
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Li Y, Zhao Y, Han J, Wang Y, Lei S. Effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the biological properties of human dental pulp stem cells and inflammatory pulp tissue. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 123:105034. [PMID: 33472098 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the proliferation, mineralization, inflammation and hypoxia responses of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) in vitro and its effect on inflammatory pulp tissue in rats in vivo. DESIGN The optimum concentration of EGCG was selected by creating a dose response curve. Expression of odontogenic/osteogenic-related genes and inflammatory cytokines after stimulation with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was detected by real-time PCR. Under hypoxic conditions, cell proliferation and expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected.In vivo, the maxillary first molars of SD rats were pulpotomized and stimulated with 5 mg/mL LPS for 30 min. Normal saline and EGCG were used to flush the pulp chamber. After 2 months, samples were removed for micro-CT scanning and HE staining. RESULTS CCK-8 assay revealed that 10 μg/mL EGCG had no significant effect on the proliferation of hDPSCs. EGCG inhibited expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, EGCG rescued cell proliferation ability, increased SOD activity and reduced ROS expression under hypoxia.In vivo, reduced inflammatory cell accumulation was observed in the coronal pulp in the EGCG group, while in the control group, diffuse inflammatory cells were observed in the radicular pulp. CONCLUSION EGCG had no obvious effects on calcified nodule formation but significantly inhibited the inflammatory response of hDPSCs and inhibited apoptosis of hDPSCs caused by hypoxia injury. In vivo, EGCG exerts inhibitory effects on pulp tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianmin Han
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Dental Medical Devices Testing Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuoyi Lei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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The Influence of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine on Postoperative Pain in Necrotic Teeth: A Systematic Review. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:177-185. [PMID: 33353925 PMCID: PMC7881388 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2020.94830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to provide the answer to the question: Can sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine influence postoperative pain after the endodontic treatment in necrotic teeth? Methods: The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42018096433 and was conducted following the PRISMA statements. The MeSH and free terms were used to search for articles published in the electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Virtual Health Library), in the gray literature, and by a manual search. The reviewers selected the studies considering predetermined eligibility criteria, performed data extraction, and evaluated the risk of bias. Only clinical trials comparing the effect of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine on postoperative pain in teeth of adult patients with necrotic pulps were included. Results: Five studies were qualified for the systematic review. Two studies were considered a low risk of bias. The results showed no statistically significant difference regarding postoperative pain in the groups. Only 1 study reported a statistically significant difference in the sixth postoperative hour, and the pain was associated with the sodium hypochlorite group. Conclusion: There was no influence of auxiliary chemical substance (NaOCl and CHX) on postoperative pain used in endodontic treatment in the teeth with pulp necrosis. However, one study observed a significant difference in the sixth postoperative hour, associated with the sodium hypochlorite group.
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Virdee SS, Ravaghi V, Camilleri J, Cooper P, Tomson P. Current trends in endodontic irrigation amongst general dental practitioners and dental schools within the United Kingdom and Ireland: a cross-sectional survey. Br Dent J 2020:10.1038/s41415-020-1984-x. [PMID: 32855518 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-1984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aims To investigate current trends in endodontic irrigation amongst general dental practitioners (GDPs) and dental schools within UK and Ireland. Secondly, to evaluate if significant differences exist between the irrigant practices of National Health Service (NHS) and private GDPs.Methodology In 2019, an online questionnaire was distributed to the 18 dental schools within the UK and Ireland and 8,568 GDPs. These surveys explored current trends in teaching and usage of endodontic irrigants. Chi-squared tests were performed to make comparisons between NHS and private GDPs (α <0.01).Results All 18 dental schools (100%) and 495 GDPs (6%) returned valid questionnaires. Three hundred and thirty (66.7%) practitioners were NHS and 165 (33.3%) were private. There was strong consensus on irrigation teaching amongst dental schools. These results aligned with GDP responses in terms of irrigant selection (sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl]); NaOCl concentration (≤3%); ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) contact time (>0-5 minutes); final rinse protocols (penultimate EDTA rinse); irrigant temperature (room); and agitation techniques (manual dynamic activation; >0-60 seconds). There was, however, considerable variation in NaOCl contact time and GDPs infrequently used chelating agents or agitation techniques. Compared with private practitioners, NHS GDPs used significantly lower NaOCl contact times and concentrations, less EDTA and activation techniques, and more chlorhexidine (P <0.01).Conclusions Overall, irrigation teaching within the UK and Ireland is consistent and evidence-based. Furthermore, trends in irrigant usage amongst UK GDPs are now more aligned with these teaching practices. Significant differences were, however, observed between NHS and private practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satnam Singh Virdee
- Clinical Lecturer & Speciality Registrar in Restorative Dentistry, PhD Student, University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, UK; Part-Time General Dental Practitioner, Abbey House Dental Practice, 9 Abbey Street, Stone, ST15 8PA, UK.
| | - Vahid Ravaghi
- Lecturer in Dental Public Health, University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, UK
| | - Josette Camilleri
- Reader in Restorative Dentistry, University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Cooper
- Professor of Oral Biology, Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Tomson
- Senior Clinical Lecturer & Consultant in Restorative Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
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Candida albicans Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity for Endodontic Infections. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091300. [PMID: 32858856 PMCID: PMC7563224 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the fungus most frequently isolated from endodontic root canal infections. Although recognized by dental pulp and periradicular tissue cells that elicit immune responses, it eludes host defenses and elicits cell death. Then, C. albicans binds tooth dentin, forms biofilms, and invades dentinal tubules to resist intracanal disinfectants and endodontic treatments. Insensitive to most common medicaments, it survives sequestered within biofilms and intratubular dentin. Thus, C. albicans has been associated with cases of persistent or refractory root canal infections. Its treatment strategies may require alternative intracanal irrigants, intracanal medicaments such as chlorhexidine gel or human beta defensin-3 (HBD3), Ca-Si-based obturating materials, and microsurgical procedures.
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Ruksakiet K, Hanák L, Farkas N, Hegyi P, Sadaeng W, Czumbel LM, Sang-ngoen T, Garami A, Mikó A, Varga G, Lohinai Z. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite in Root Canal Disinfection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Endod 2020; 46:1032-1041.e7. [PMID: 32413440 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Khatib MS, Ameer B, Ajit Mannur N, Ramalingaiahsetty AM, Peerzade SM, Bambawale A. Decoding the Perplexing Mystery of Para-Chloroaniline Formation: A Systematic Review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2020; 10:142-147. [PMID: 32670901 PMCID: PMC7340001 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_488_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this article was to understand and decode the mystery of the formation of para-chloroaniline (PCA). The ingredient of the brown precipitate after mixing sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) is still in debate. Materials and Methods Various studies adopt a different methodology to substantiate that it may contain PCA, which is a carcinogenic agent. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the relationship between PCA and brown precipitate. Two reviewers independently conducted a comprehensive literature search. The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and PubMed databases were searched. In addition, the bibliographies were manually searched. There was no disagreement between the two reviewers. This review was reported and conducted in step with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results Of 233 articles, only 13 articles met the inclusion criteria. Available scientific evidence was more supportive that the brown precipitate form after mixing NaOCl and CHX may form para-chloroamide moiety rather than free PCA, and PCA may be the by-product of CHX degradation. Conclusion On the basis of the current evidence and data extracted from the various databases, it can be concluded that the mixture of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine does not form PCA, and PCA may be the by-product of high concentrated chlorhexidine. Further studies are required to substantiate the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sibghatullah Khatib
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. Syamala Reddy Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Bilal Ameer
- SJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, India
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Coaguila-Llerena H, Rodrigues EM, Santos CS, Ramos SG, Medeiros MC, Chavez-Andrade GM, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Faria G. Effects of octenidine applied alone or mixed with sodium hypochlorite on eukaryotic cells. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1264-1274. [PMID: 32535966 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) on eukaryotic cells and the cytotoxicity of OCT associated with sodium hypochlorite - NaOCl (NaOCl/OCT). METHODOLOGY L929 fibroblasts and human osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) were exposed to 0.1% OCT, 2% CHX, 2.5% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl and mixtures of 5.25% NaOCl and 0.1% OCT (NaOCl/OCT) at 90 : 10, 80 : 20 and 50 : 50 ratios. Cell viability was assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays; type of cell death, by flow cytometry; cytoskeleton, by actin and α-tubulin fluorescence; and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, by thymolphthalein release. The data were analysed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS MTT and NR assays revealed that 0.1% OCT had the lowest cytotoxicity (P < 0.05), followed by 2% CHX (P < 0.05). The 2.5% NaOCl, NaOCl/OCT 80 : 20 and NaOCl/OCT 50 : 50 solutions had intermediate cytotoxicity. NaOCl 5.25% and NaOCl/OCT 90 : 10 had the highest cytotoxicity (P < 0.05). The OCT group had a higher percentage of viable cells than the NaOCl and CHX groups (P < 0.05), and induced apoptosis at higher doses. The cytoskeleton alterations were observed at 0.12%, 0.6% and 2.02% for the NaOCl, CHX and OCT groups, respectively. The solutions did not induce ALP activity. CONCLUSION Octenidine dihydrochloride was less cytotoxic, induced apoptosis at higher doses, caused few changes in the cytoskeleton and did not induce alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, octenidine dihydrochloride reduced the cytotoxicity of 5.25% NaOCl when combined at 20 and 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Coaguila-Llerena
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - E M Rodrigues
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - C S Santos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - S G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M C Medeiros
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - G M Chavez-Andrade
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - J M Guerreiro-Tanomaru
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - M Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - G Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
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Salas H, Vieira GCS, Palomino I, Valero J, Pacheco-Yanes J, Campello AF, Pérez AR. Outcome of endodontic treatment with chlorhexidine gluconate as main irrigant: A case series. AUST ENDOD J 2020; 46:307-314. [PMID: 32154646 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the overall endodontic therapy success using 0.12% or 2% chlorhexidine gluconate as main irrigant. Seventy-two teeth diagnosed as vital, necrotic or previously treated teeth with apical periodontitis that were consecutively treated by orthograde therapy. All cases were followed clinically and radiographically for at least 1-year period. Success was established in teeth without signs or adverse clinical symptoms and complete or incomplete radiographic healing. Failure was determined in teeth with any sign or adverse clinical symptoms and a new, unchanged or enlarged radiographic periapical lesion. The data were analysed using chi-square and Fischer's exact tests. The overall success rate for teeth undergoing vital pulp was 84.6%, 76.2% as for the necrotic teeth and 84% for the retreatment cases. No significant differences were observed between groups (P > 0.05). Cases treated with CHX as main irrigant showed a high overall endodontic therapy success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hair Salas
- School of Dentistry of the Catholic University of Santa Maria, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Gaya C S Vieira
- Department of Endodontics and Dental Research, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Ivo Palomino
- School of Dentistry of the Catholic University of Santa Maria, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Javier Valero
- School of Dentistry of the Catholic University of Santa Maria, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Juan Pacheco-Yanes
- Post-graduation Program in Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea F Campello
- Department of Endodontics and Dental Research, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Alejandro R Pérez
- Department of Endodontics and Dental Research, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
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Souza MA, Lago BLT, Pletsch A, Binotto A, Poletti A, Rodrigues FT, Ricci R, Bischoff KF, Dias CT, Palhano HS, Lago CTR, Farina AP, Cecchin D, Bervian J, de Figueiredo JAP. Association of calcium hypochlorite, reciprocating instrumentation and photodynamic therapy: Antimicrobial analysis and effects on root dentin structure. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pinheiro SL, Silva CCD, Silva LAD, Cicotti MP, Bueno CEDS, Fontana CE, Pagrion LR, Dalmora NP, Daque TT, Campos FUD. Antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine, and ozonated water as irrigants in mesiobuccal root canals with severe curvature of mandibular molars. Eur J Dent 2019; 12:94-99. [PMID: 29657531 PMCID: PMC5883483 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_324_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine, and ozonated water on biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans in mesiobuccal root canals with severe curvature of mandibular molars. Materials and Methods This was an experimental ex vivo study in microbiologic laboratory. Sixty mesiobuccal root canals with severe curvature of mandibular molars were contaminated with standard strains of E. faecalis, S. mutans, and C. albicans. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 15) according to irrigating solution: SH: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; CH: 2% chlorhexidine; O3: ozonated water; and control: double-distilled water. The mesiobuccal root canals of all groups were instrumented with the WaveOne Gold Primary reciprocating system. Three cycles of instrumentation with three short in-and-out brushing motions were performed: (1) in the coronal third, (2) in the middle third, and (3) in the apical third of the canal. A ProGlider file was used before the first cycle. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Samples were collected for viable bacterial counts before and after instrumentation. Results All groups showed significant biofilm reduction after irrigation (P < 0.01). After instrumentation, sodium hypochlorite (98.07%), chlorhexidine (98.31%), and ozonated water (98.02%) produced a significantly reduction in bacterial counts compared with double-distilled water (control, 72.98%) (P < 0.01). Conclusion All irrigants tested in this study showed similar antimicrobial activity. Thus, ozonated water may be an option for microbial reduction in the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Luiz Pinheiro
- Department of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar da Silva
- Department of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Augusto da Silva
- Department of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina P Cicotti
- Department of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Fontana
- Department of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia R Pagrion
- Department of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália P Dalmora
- Department of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís T Daque
- Department of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Coaguila-Llerena H, Rodrigues EM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Faria G. Effects of Calcium Hypochlorite and Octenidine Hydrochloride on L929 And Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:213-219. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201902280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to assess cytotoxicity and cell migration of calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] and octenidine hydrochloride - OCT (Octenisept®, Schülke & Mayr, Norderstedt, Germany) in L929 and human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. The cells were exposed to different doses of different solutions: 2.5% and 5% Ca(OCl)2, 0.1% OCT, 2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX for 10 min. Cell viability was assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays, and cell migration was determined by wound-healing assay. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α=0.05). The MTT and NR assays revealed that 0.1% OCT was less cytotoxic in hPDL cells (p<0.05), followed by 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between 2.5% NaOCl and 5% Ca(OCl)2 (p>0.05), but these solutions showed greater cytotoxicity than the others. The result was the same for L929 cells, except that there was no significant difference between 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 (p>0.05). Wound-healing assay in L929 and hPDL cells showed that cell migration of 0.1% OCT, 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 groups was higher than 5% Ca(OCl)2 and 2.5% NaOCl groups at 24 h (p<0.05). In conclusion, 0.1% OCT had lower cytotoxicity in tested cell lines than CHX, Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl. Cell migration was higher for 0.1% OCT, 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2. Therefore, in terms of cytotoxicity, OCT and Ca(OCl)2 have the potential to be used as root canal irrigants.
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El-Sayed H, Aly Y, Elgamily H, Nagy MM. A Promising Probiotic Irrigant: An In Vitro Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:407-411. [PMID: 30834012 PMCID: PMC6390147 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (B-445) as a probiotics irrigant on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis. METHODS: Forty-two extracted single human canal anterior teeth were prepared with rotary instrumentation and sterilised. Teeth were divided into 3 groups according to the type of irrigant, N = 14. Three experimental groups were inoculated with E. faecalis and cultured for 21 days before use; Group 1 was 2.5% NaOCl (positive control), Group 2 was saline (negative control), Group 3 was the experimental probiotic irrigant. Paper point sampling of the canals of each group was obtained before irrigation (S1), immediately after irrigation (S2) and after 24 hours (post irrigation samples) (S3) to determine remaining colony forming units for E. faecalis. Also, Colony counts for L. rhamnosus in Group 3 after immediate irrigation, as well as 24 hours post irrigation, was performed to determine the survival profile of these bacteria in infected root canal with E. faecalis. RESULTS: The NaOCl irrigant group had the lowest mean value of (log 10 CFU/mL) of E. faecalis after immediate irrigation and after 24 hrs post irrigation followed by the probiotic group, while the highest mean value was the saline group (P ≤ 0.001). The survival profile for L. rhamnosus in Group 3 after immediate irrigation and post-irrigation were slightly higher than for E. faecalis (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Lactobacillus rhamnosus which revealed a potential inhibitory effect on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, could be used as a new natural, safe probiotic irrigant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda El-Sayed
- National Research Centre, Dairy Science Department (Microbiology Lab.), Food Industries and Nutrition Division, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yousra Aly
- National Research Centre, Restorative Dentistry and Dental Material Department, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Elgamily
- National Research Centre, Restorative Dentistry and Dental Material Department, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Nagy
- Endodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Chhabra N, Gangaramani S, Singbal KP, Desai K, Gupta K. Efficacy of various solutions in preventing orange-brown precipitate formed during alternate use of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:428-432. [PMID: 30122826 PMCID: PMC6080170 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_72_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The study evaluated the effectiveness of three intermediate endodontic irrigating solutions in eliminating the residual sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), thus preventing the formation of the orange-brown precipitate when 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) is used as the final irrigant. Materials and Methods A total of 40 extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were selected, disinfected, and decoronated to obtain a standardized length of 10 mm. The teeth were prepared with Protaper universal rotary files until size F4 using 2.5% NaOCl as an irrigant during instrumentation. The teeth were then randomly divided into four groups of 10 samples each based on the irrigating solutions used during final wash sequence as follows: Group A - (2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX), Group B - (2.5% NaOCl followed by 70% Isopropyl Alcohol and 2% CHX), Group C - (2.5% NaOCl followed by 6.25% sodium metabisulfite and 2% CHX), and Group D - (2.5% NaOCl followed by 3.86% sodium Thiosulfate and 2% CHX). The roots were sectioned longitudinally and the canal surface was evaluated under dental operating microscope (×16) for the presence of orange-brown precipitate. The results were tabulated as per scoring criteria and statistically analyzed. Statistical Analysis Used One-way ANOVA test and post hoc Tukey's test. Results The lowest mean score was observed in Group C, followed by Group D and Group B, respectively. In comparison, there was a statistically significant (P < 0.001) difference in results between Group C and the other experimental groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference between Group B and Group D. Conclusion Sodium metabisulfite was found to be very effective in preventing the formation of orange-brown precipitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Chhabra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K M Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Satish Gangaramani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K M Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Prabhakar Singbal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Krupa Desai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K M Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Kritika Gupta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K M Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Dal Bello Y, Mezzalira GI, Jaguszewski LA, Hoffmann IP, Menchik VHS, Cecchin D, Souza MA. Effectiveness of calcium and sodium hypochlorite in association with reciprocating instrumentation on decontamination of root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. AUST ENDOD J 2018; 45:92-97. [PMID: 30113742 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of sodium and calcium hypochlorite utilising reciprocating instrumentation. Sixty root canals were inoculated with E. faecalis for 14 days. Samples were divided into six groups according to decontamination protocol: G1: no treatment, G2: distilled water, G3: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, G4: 2.5% calcium hypochlorite, G5: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and G6: 5.25% calcium hypochlorite. Instrumentation was performed with Wave One reciprocating system (Dentsply Sirona Endodontics, York, PA, USA) in groups G2 to G6. Colony-forming units (CFUs) counting was performed and the data were subjected to Anova and Tukey (α = 0.05). Group 1 and 2 showed the highest mean contamination, with a significant difference between them (P < 0.05). Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 showed the lowest contamination means with no significant difference between them (P < 0.05). Sodium and calcium hypochlorite, in association with reciprocating instrumentation, can be an effective decontamination protocol in root canals infected with E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dal Bello
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Gean I Mezzalira
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Igor P Hoffmann
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Doglas Cecchin
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus A Souza
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Nogo-Zivanovic D, Bjelovic L, Ivanovic V, Kanjevac T, Tanaskovic I. Consideration of the Therapeutic Potential of Irrigants in Endodontic Therapy. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The main objective of endodontic treatment is to remove vital and necrotic remnants of pulp tissue and microorganisms and their toxic products from the root canal. During chemo-mechanical endodontic preparation, a smear layer is formed on the wall of the canals. Due to an inability to remove all tissue remnants and the smear layer from the root canal by mechanical instrumentation, it is necessary to use irrigation to ensure sufficient cleaning and disinfection of the largest part of the root canalicular system. The most commonly used irrigants are sodium hypochlorite (Na-OCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid and chlorhexidine (CHX). Recently, the irrigants QMix and MTAD have been introduced to the market. They are a mixture of different components having antimicrobial, organolytic and mineralytic effects on canal detritus and the smear layer. This review article investigates irrigants in terms of the nature of their effect, their efficiency, optimal concentration, and method of use, and the interactions between the irrigants most commonly used in endodontic therapy are discussed, with special emphasis on QMix and MTAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Nogo-Zivanovic
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine , University of East Sarajevo , Foca , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ljiljana Bjelovic
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine , University of East Sarajevo , Foca , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vladimir Ivanovic
- Department of Restorative Odontology and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Irena Tanaskovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
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Coaguila-Llerena H, Stefanini da Silva V, Tanomaru-Filho M, Guerreiro Tanomaru JM, Faria G. Cleaning capacity of octenidine as root canal irrigant: A scanning electron microscopy study. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:523-527. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Coaguila-Llerena
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry; UNESP - São Paulo State University; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - Virgínia Stefanini da Silva
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry; UNESP - São Paulo State University; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | - Mario Tanomaru-Filho
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry; UNESP - São Paulo State University; Araraquara SP Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Faria
- Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry; UNESP - São Paulo State University; Araraquara SP Brazil
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Plutzer B, Zilm P, Ratnayake J, Cathro P. Comparative efficacy of endodontic medicaments and sodium hypochlorite againstEnterococcus faecalisbiofilms. Aust Dent J 2018; 63:208-216. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Plutzer
- School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Science; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - P Zilm
- School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Science; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - J Ratnayake
- University of Otago; Faculty of Dentistry; Dunedin Otago New Zealand
| | - P Cathro
- School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Science; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- University of Otago; Faculty of Dentistry; Dunedin Otago New Zealand
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Souza MA, Lima G, Pazinatto B, Bischoff KF, Palhano HS, Cecchin D. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of association of chlorhexidine to photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy in root canals infected by Enterococcus faecalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:170-174. [PMID: 28619615 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro, the influence of the addition of chlorhexidine to photosensitiser in the antimicrobial activity of photodynamic therapy in root canals infected by Enterococcus faecalis. METHODS The root canals of 50 single-rooted human extracted teeth were enlarged up to a file F3 of Pro-Taper system, autoclaved, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated for 14days. The samples were divided into five groups (n=10) according to the protocol of decontamination: G1 (control group) - no procedure was performed; G2-photosensitiser (0.01% methylene blue); G3-2% chlorhexidine gel; G4-photodynamic therapy; and G5-photodynamic therapy with photosensitiser modified by chlorhexidine. Microbiological test (CFU counting) was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed treatments. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey test (α=0.05). RESULTS Group 3 (CHX) showed the lowest mean contamination (2.03 log10 CFU/mL), being statistically different from all other all groups (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between groups 4 (PDT) and 5 (PDT+CHX) (p<0.05), being more effectives against E. faecalis when compared to groups 1 (NT) and 2 (MB), and less effective when compared to group 2 (CHX). CONCLUSIONS The addition of chlorhexidine to photosensitiser did not result in a better decontamination potential of photodynamic therapy alone over root canals infected by E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Lima
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Pazinatto
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Doglas Cecchin
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Influence of ultrasonic activation over final irrigants in the removal of photosensitizer from root canal walls after photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 17:216-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effectiveness of final decontamination protocols against Enterococcus faecalis and its influence on bond strength of filling material to root canal dentin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 17:92-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Souza MA, Montagner A, Lana DLD, Vidal CMP, Farina AP, Cecchin D. Comparative evaluation of the retaining of QMix and chlorhexidine formulations on human dentin: a chemical analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:873-878. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Guo W, Quah SY, Lim KC, Yu VSH, Tan KS. Cysteamine Enhances Biofilm Eradication Efficacy of Calcium Hydroxide. J Endod 2016; 42:742-6. [PMID: 26951960 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) is a widely used interappointment dressing, but its antibacterial property is compromised by dentin. Hence, the addition of chlorhexidine (CHX) with Ca(OH)2 has been proposed. However, the antimicrobial efficacy of this mixture compared with Ca(OH)2 alone is currently still debatable. Cysteamine is a mucolytic agent used to reduce the viscosity of mucus through the disruption of proteins, which are also important components of the extracellular matrix of biofilms. The aims of this study were to determine the efficacy of cysteamine alone and in combination with Ca(OH)2 to eradicate Enterococcus faecalis biofilm compared with CHX with Ca(OH)2, and to determine if this effect is affected by dentin. METHODS The biofilm eradication efficacies of Ca(OH)2 alone and with cysteamine were determined using 7-day E. faecalis biofilm cultured on dentin discs and compared with Ca(OH)2 with 2% CHX. The effects of dentin on the efficacies of Ca(OH)2 alone and with either cysteamine or CHX were examined. RESULTS Cysteamine alone completely abolished E. faecalis biofilm at 200 mg/mL. The combination of Ca(OH)2 with either cysteamine at 10 mg/mL or 2% CHX completely obliterated E. faecalis biofilm. Cysteamine with Ca(OH)2 completely eradicated E. faecalis biofilm despite preincubation with dentin, whereas CHX with Ca(OH)2 was less effective. CONCLUSIONS Cysteamine effectively eliminated E. faecalis biofilm and showed synergistic effects in combination with Ca(OH)2, which were unaffected by dentin. Hence, our findings support the use of cysteamine as a potential adjunct to Ca(OH)2 as an interappointment dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Guo
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kian Chong Lim
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kai Soo Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Tuncay Ö, Er Ö, Demirbuga S, Zorba YO, Topçuoğlu HS. Effect of gaseous ozone and light-activated disinfection on the surface hardness of resin-based root canal sealers. SCANNING 2016; 38:141-147. [PMID: 25931289 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although root canal instruments remove most of the content from the main root canal space, disinfection or irrigation plays an indispensable role in all areas of the root canal system, especially in parts that are inaccessible by instruments. The originality of this study was to investigate the effect of two novel disinfection techniques on the surface hardness of resin-based endodontic sealers using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Forty extracted single-rooted maxillary central human teeth were prepared and divided into four groups according to treatment methods. The first group was irrigated with saline and served as a control, other groups irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO); gaseous ozone; and light-activated disinfection (LAD). The groups were divided into two subgroups, according to the obturation method used: subgroup A: gutta-percha and AH plus; and subgroup B: EndoREZ/resin-coated cones. After obturation, atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement was performed to analyze the surface hardness of the sealers. There was a significant difference between group 1A and group 3A (p < 0.05). Group 3B had the highest surface hardness values that were statistically different (p < 0.05). When disregarding the sealers, the ozone possessed statistically higher surface hardness values than the other groups in all root thirds (p < 0.05). The use of ozone and LAD may alter the surface hardness of resin-based sealers. The use of AFM can be considered an alternative hardness test techonology for sealing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Öznur Tuncay
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Özgür Er
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sezer Demirbuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yahya Orçun Zorba
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Gonçalves LS, Rodrigues RCV, Andrade Junior CV, Soares RG, Vettore MV. The Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine as Irrigant Solutions for Root Canal Disinfection: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. J Endod 2016; 42:527-32. [PMID: 26852149 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review aimed to compare the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine for root canal disinfection during root canal therapy. METHODS A literature search for clinical trials was made on the PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, and Science Direct databases and in the reference lists of the identified articles up to January 2015. Quality assessment of the selected studies was performed according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement. RESULTS One clinical trial and 4 randomized clinical trials were selected from the 172 articles initially identified. There was heterogeneity in the laboratory methods used to assess the root canal disinfection as well as in the concentrations of the irrigants used. Therefore, meta-analysis was not performed. Two studies reported effective and similar reductions in bacterial levels for both irrigants. Sodium hypochlorite was more effective than chlorhexidine in reducing microorganisms in 1 study, and another reported opposite findings. Both root irrigants were ineffective in eliminating endotoxins from necrotic pulp root canals in 1 study. Trial design and information regarding randomization procedures were not clearly described in the clinical trials. No study compared laboratory results with clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence on this topic is scarce, and the findings of studies were not consistent. Additional randomized clinical trials using clinical outcomes to compare the use of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during root canal therapy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Souza Gonçalves
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata Costa Val Rodrigues
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vieira Andrade Junior
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Health, Dentistry Division, Southwest State University of Bahia, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Renata G Soares
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario Vianna Vettore
- Unit of Dental Public Health, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
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Ertuğrul İF, Maden M, Orhan EO, Özkorucuklu SP. The effect of micro-electric current and other activation techniques on dissolution abilities of sodium hypochlorite in bovine tissues. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:161. [PMID: 26681346 PMCID: PMC4683763 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of micro-electric current on sodium hypochlorite’s (NaOCl’s) tissue-dissolution abilities, compared with other activation methods, including sonic, ultrasonic, pipetting, and temperature. Methods Bovine muscle tissues (n = 154) with standard sizes and weights were prepared and divided into two temperature groups: room temperature and 45 °C. Each temperature group was divided into seven sub-groups by activation methods: D = distilled water (−control); NaOCl = 5.25 % passive NaOCl (+ control); P = 5.25 % NaOCl with pipetting; SA = 5.25 % NaOCl with sonic activation; UA = 5.25 % NaOCl with ultrasonic activation; E-NaOCl = 5.25 % NaOCl with micro-electric current; and E-NaOCl + P = 5.25 % NaOCl with micro-electric current and pipetting. Specimens were weighed before and after treatment. Average, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and median were calculated for each group. Resulting data were analyzed statistically using multi-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The level of the alpha-type error was set at < 0.05. Results At room temperature, the E-NaOCl + P group dissolved the highest amount of tissue (p < 0.05), and the UA, SA, and P groups dissolved significantly higher amounts of tissue than did the positive control or E-NaOCl groups (p < 0.05). At 45 °C, there was no significant difference between the SA and E-NaOCl groups (p > 0.05), and the E-NaOCl + P group dissolved a higher amount of tissue than any other group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Using NaOCl with micro-electric current can improve the tissue-dissolving ability of the solution. In addition, this method can be combined with additional techniques, such as heating and/or pipetting, to achieve a synergistic effect of NaOCl on tissue dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Maden
- Department of Endodontics, Ağız Diş Sağlığı Merkezi, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Ekim Onur Orhan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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de Almeida LHS, Leonardo NGES, Gomes APN, Giardino L, Souza EM, Pappen FG. Pulp tissue dissolution capacity of sodium hypochlorite combined with cetrimide and polypropylene glycol. Braz Dent J 2015; 24:477-81. [PMID: 24474288 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of the addition of cetrimide and polypropylene glycol to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on its capacity to dissolve pulp tissue. Bovine pulp fragments with standardized weight and volume were immersed for 5, 15 and 30 min in 2 mL of NaOCl and Hypoclean (NaOCl added with cetrimide and polypropylene glycol) solutions at 5.25%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% and afterwards re-weighted. Distilled water was used as a control. The percentage of tissue loss was considered for statistical analysis (univariate ANOVA, SPSS, v. 17.0) at 5% significance level. There was no tissue dissolution in the control group. NaOCl added with surfactants (Hypoclean) dissolved more pulp tissue (p<0.05) than NaOCl alone. Tissue dissolution was directly dependent on the concentration of solutions (p<0.05), and also on the time range (p<0.05). The combination of NaOCl at high and low concentrations with the surfactants cetrimide and polypropylene glycol increased significantly its capacity to dissolve pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Neutzling Gomes
- Department of Semiology and Clinics, School of Dentistry, UNIPel - Federal University of Pelotas, PelotasRS, Brazil
| | - Luciano Giardino
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Fernanda Geraldo Pappen
- Department of Semiology and Clinics, School of Dentistry, UNIPel - Federal University of Pelotas, PelotasRS, Brazil
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Tanomaru-Filho M, Silveira BRF, Martelo RB, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. Influence of Concentration and Agitation of Sodium Hypochlorite and Peracetic Acid Solutions on Tissue Dissolution. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:876-879. [PMID: 26718295 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE To evaluated the tissue dissolution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and peracetic acid (PA) solutions at different concentrations, with or without ultrasonic agitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following solutions were analyzed: 2.5% NaOCl, 0.5, 1 and 2% PA, 1% PA associated with 6.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and saline. Fragments of bovine pulp tissue with 25 ± 2g mg were immersed into test tubes containing 4 mL of the solutions for 10 minutes. In the groups with agitation, pulp tissues were submitted to 2 cycles of 1 minute of ultrasonic agitation. The specimens were weighed after the removal from the solutions. The percentage of mass loss was calculated according to the difference of mass before and after exposure to solutions. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS A total of 2.5% NaOCl with or without agitation showed the higher tissue dissolution (between 64.5 and 67% of mass reduction) (p < 0.005). By comparing the PA solutions, the concentrations of 1 and 2% with or without agitation and the concentration of 0.5% with agitation showed similar dissolution activity (between 35.4 and 44% of mass reduction). The use of the ultrasonic agitation promoted an increase of the dissolution ability only for 0.5% PA. CONCLUSION Peracetic acid solution has pulp tissue dissolution. However, this ability is lower than 2.5% NaOCl solution. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The sodium hypochlorite solution shows higher ability to dissolve tissue than PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Tanomaru-Filho
- Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Rua Humaita, 1680 CEP: 14801903, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Phone: +55-16-3301-6390 e-mail:
| | - Bruna Ramos Franco Silveira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Bosso Martelo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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PITOME AW, CRUZ ATG, HECK AR, FARIA MIA, ARAGÃO EMD. Avaliação da capacidade de dissolução de tecido pulpar bovino pelo hipoclorito de sódio em diferentes concentrações. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ResumoIntroduçãoO hipoclorito de sódio é a substância química auxiliar do tratamento endodôntico mais utilizada devido à sua ação antimicrobiana e à sua capacidade de dissolver matéria orgânica.ObjetivoO objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a velocidade de dissolução de fragmentos de tecido pulpar bovino em diferentes concentrações de hipoclorito de sódio.Material e métodoFragmentos de tecido pulpar bovino, com peso determinado, foram imersos em 20 mL de hipoclorito de sódio, em frascos de Becker colocados em uma incubadora/agitadora. Foram testadas as concentrações de 1%, 2,5% e 5%, com pH 11, a 36°C. As amostras foram avaliadas visualmente durante a agitação, com auxílio de lupa, até sua completa dissolução. A velocidade de dissolução de cada fragmento foi determinada em miligramas por minuto e a velocidade média de cada grupo, analisada pelos métodos estatísticos de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn's Multiple.ResultadoHouve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a concentração de 1%, que apresentou a menor velocidade, e as demais.ConclusãoA velocidade de dissolução do hipoclorito de sódio, nas concentrações testadas, se torna mais rápida com o aumento da concentração.
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Arslan D, Guneser MB, Kustarci A, Er K, Siso SH. Pulp tissue dissolution capacity of QMix 2in1 irrigation solution. Eur J Dent 2015; 9:423-427. [PMID: 26430374 PMCID: PMC4569997 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.163229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the tissue dissolution efficacy of four root canal irrigation solutions (sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl], chlorhexidine gluconate [CHX], Octenidine [OCT], and QMix 2in1) on bovine pulp tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty bovine pulp tissue samples, each weighing 6.55 mg, were prepared and randomly divided into four experimental groups and one control group (n = 10) according to the dissolution irrigants used: (1) 5.25% NaOCl group; (2) 2% CHX group; (3) OCT group; (4) QMix 2in1 group; and (5) control group (saline solution). These samples were then placed into special bovine dentin reservoir models and immersed for 1 h with each test solution (0.1 mL of each) at room temperature. The pulp samples were then blotted dry and weighed again. The percentage of weight loss was calculated. Statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey tests (P = 0.05). RESULTS Saline solution did not dissolve the bovine pulp tissue. All groups, except OCT, dissolved pulp samples more effectively than the control group (P < 0.05). The highest tissue dissolution was observed in 5.25% NaOCl group (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the tissue-dissolving effect between QMix 2in1 and those of 2% CHX. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this in vitro study, NaOCl exhibited the best tissue-dissolving effect out of all solutions tested. CHX and QMix 2in1 were able to dissolve pulp tissue but less than NaOCl. OCT and saline solutions could not exhibit significantly tissue-dissolving effectiveness. This study shown that QMix 2in1 has little capacity to dissolve pulp tissue therefore used alone is not sufficient for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Arslan
- Department of Endodontics, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | | | - Alper Kustarci
- Department of Endodontics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkiye
| | - Kursat Er
- Department of Endodontics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkiye
| | - Seyda Herguner Siso
- Depatment of Restorative Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Kolosowski KP, Sodhi RN, Kishen A, Basrani BR. Qualitative Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Root Dentin Irrigated with Sodium Hypochlorite, EDTA, or Chlorhexidine. J Endod 2015; 41:1672-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ma J, Tong Z, Ling J, Liu H, Wei X. The effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine irrigants on the antibacterial activities of alkaline media against Enterococcus faecalis. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1075-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bai J, Qin M, Zhao YM, Huang MW, Ji AP. Chemical removal of necrotic periodontal ligament on delayed replanted teeth by sodium hypochlorite: morphological analysis and microhardness indentation test of cementum. Int Endod J 2015; 49:393-401. [PMID: 26010894 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bai
- Department of Oral Emergency; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - M. Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - Y. -M. Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - M. -W. Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - A. -P. Ji
- Department of Oral Emergency; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing China
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Leal F, Simão RA, Fidel SR, Fidel RAS, do Prado M. Effect of final irrigation protocols on push-out bond strength of an epoxy resin root canal sealer to dentin. AUST ENDOD J 2015; 41:135-9. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Leal
- Department of Endodontics; UERJ - State University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Renata Antoun Simão
- Department of Metallurgic and Materials Engineering; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Sandra Rivera Fidel
- Department of Endodontics; UERJ - State University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Maíra do Prado
- Department of Metallurgic and Materials Engineering; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Kara Tuncer A, Tuncer S, Siso SH. Effect of QMix irrigant on the microhardness of root canal dentine. Aust Dent J 2015; 60:163-8. [PMID: 25329355 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kara Tuncer
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Bezmialem Vakıf University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - S Tuncer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - SH Siso
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Bezmialem Vakıf University; Istanbul Turkey
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Ertugrul IF, Maden M, Orhan EO, Ozkorucuklu SP, Aglarca AV. Rapid tissue dissolution efficiency of electrically-activated sodium hypochlorite on bovine muscle. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:464-468. [PMID: 25512725 PMCID: PMC4253100 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.143622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a common antimicrobial and tissue-dissolving irrigant. The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate and compare dissolution capacities of sodium hypochlorite solutions after electrically activation (E-NaOCl) on bovine muscle specimens at various time periods and concentrations. Materials and Methods: Three sodium hypochlorite solutions of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% were tested at 3-min. and 5-min. with and without activation by electrically. Distilled water and NaOCl solutions without electrically activation were used as controls. Pieces of bovine muscle tissue (34 ± 2 mg) were placed in 10 mL of each solution at room temperature. In the group of E-NaOCl, electrically activation was performed through the potentiostat. The tissue specimens were weighed before and after treatment, and the percentage of weight loss was calculated. Results: Weight loss of the tissue increased with the concentration of E-NaOCl and NaOCl. Higher concentration and electrically activation considerably enhanced the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite. The effect of electrically activation on tissue dissolution was much greater than that of same concentrations in the groups of NaOCl (P < 0.001). Tissue weight loss was significantly higher in 2.5% and 5% E-NaOCl at 3 min. than in 2.5% and 5% NaOCl at 5 min. (P < 0.05). There were not any significant differences between the 2.5% E-NaOCl and 5% NaOCl at 5 min. (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Electrically activation can improve the tissue-dissolving effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Furkan Ertugrul
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkiye
| | - Murat Maden
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkiye
| | - Ekim Onur Orhan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkiye
| | | | - Ali Vasfi Aglarca
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkiye
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Comparative Evaluation of Calcium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hypochlorite Associated with Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on Antimicrobial Activity of a Root Canal System Infected with Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study. J Endod 2014; 40:1953-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Taneja S, Mishra N, Malik S. Comparative evaluation of human pulp tissue dissolution by different concentrations of chlorine dioxide, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:541-5. [PMID: 25506141 PMCID: PMC4252927 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.144590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irrigation plays an indispensable role in removal of tissue remnants and debris from the complicated root canal system. This study compared the human pulp tissue dissolution by different concentrations of chlorine dioxide, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pulp tissue was standardized to a weight of 9 mg for each sample. In all,60 samples obtained were divided into 6 groups according to the irrigating solution used- 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 5.25% NaOCl, 5% calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), 10% Ca(OCl)2, 5%chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and 13% ClO2. Pulp tissue was placed in each test tube carrying irrigants of measured volume (5ml) according to their specified subgroup time interval: 30 minutes (Subgroup A) and 60 minutes (Subgroup B). The solution from each sample test tube was filtered and was left for drying overnight. The residual weight was calculated by filtration method. RESULTS Mean tissue dissolution increases with increase in time period. Results showed 5.25% NaOCl to be most effective at both time intervals followed by 2.5% NaOCl at 60 minutes, 10%Ca(OCl)2 and 13% ClO2 at 60 minutes. Least amount of tissue dissolving ability was demonstrated by 5% Ca(OCl)2 and 5% ClO2 at 30 minutes. Distilled water showed no pulp tissue dissolution. CONCLUSION Withinthe limitations of the study, NaOCl most efficiently dissolved the pulp tissue at both concentrations and at both time intervals. Mean tissue dissolution by Ca(OCl)2 and ClO2 gradually increased with time and with their increase in concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Taneja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Technology and Science Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Technology and Science Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhra Malik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Technology and Science Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Tissue Dissolution by a Novel Multisonic Ultracleaning System and Sodium Hypochlorite. J Endod 2014; 40:1178-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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