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Omagari D, Toriumi T, Tsuda H, Hayatsu M, Watanabe K, Mizutami Y, Honda M, Mikami Y. Inductive effect of SORT1 on odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp-derived stem cells. Differentiation 2023; 133:88-97. [PMID: 37579565 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the expression of sortilin 1 (SORT1) in cultured human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) and its role in their odontoblastic differentiation. Permanent teeth were extracted from five patients, and the dental pulp was harvested for explant culture. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to analyze the outgrowth of adherent cells and cells that had migrated from the tissue margin. SORT1 expression was detected in hDPSCs simultaneously expressing the mesenchymal stem cell markers CD44 and CD90. The odontoblastic differentiation potential of SORT1-positive hDPSCs was examined via staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an early odontoblastic differentiation marker. ALP staining was more intense in SORT1-positive than in SORT1-negative hDPSCs. Consistently, the expression of mRNA encoding SORT1 and p75NTR, a binding partner of SORT1, increased in SORT1-positive hDPSCs during odontoblastic differentiation. In addition, pro-nerve growth factor (NGF), a ligand for SORT1-p75NTR co-receptor, promoted ALP expression in SORT1-positive hDPSCs, and the interaction between SORT1 and p75NTR was detected using a coimmunoprecipitation assay. The function of SORT1 in odontoblastic differentiation was examined via RNA interference using shRNA targeting SORT1. ALP staining intensity in SORT1/shRNA-transfected cells was markedly lower than in control/shRNA-transfected cells. SORT1 knockdown decreased JUN phosphorylation and recruitment of phosphorylated JUN to the ALP promoter. Collectively, these results indicate that SORT1 is involved in the odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs through the JUN N-terminal kinases (JNK)/JUN signaling pathway and that the binding of SORT1 and p75NTR plays an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Omagari
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Toriumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Anatomy, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tsuda
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Hayatsu
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keisuke Watanabe
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizutami
- Office of Institutional Research, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Mikami
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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2
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Dental Pulp Stem Cell Heterogeneity: Finding Superior Quality "Needles" in a Dental Pulpal "Haystack" for Regenerative Medicine-Based Applications. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:9127074. [PMID: 35027930 PMCID: PMC8752304 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9127074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem/stromal cells (hDPSCs) derived from the permanent secondary dentition are recognised to possess certain advantageous traits, which support their potential use as a viable source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for regenerative medicine-based applications. However, the well-established heterogeneous nature of hDPSC subpopulations, coupled with their limited numbers within dental pulp tissues, has impeded our understanding of hDPSC biology and the translation of sufficient quantities of these cells from laboratory research, through successful therapy development and clinical applications. This article reviews our current understanding of hDPSC biology and the evidence underpinning the molecular basis of their heterogeneity, which may be exploited to distinguish individual subpopulations with specific or superior characteristics for regenerative medicine applications. Pertinent unanswered questions which still remain, regarding the developmental origins, hierarchical organisation, and stem cell niche locations of hDPSC subpopulations and their roles in hDPSC heterogeneity and functions, will further be explored. Ultimately, a greater understanding of how key features, such as specific cell surface, senescence and other relevant genes, and protein and metabolic markers, delineate between hDPSC subpopulations with contrasting stemness, proliferative, multipotency, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and other relevant properties is required. Such knowledge advancements will undoubtedly lead to the development of novel screening, isolation, and purification strategies, permitting the routine and effective identification, enrichment, and expansion of more desirable hDPSC subpopulations for regenerative medicine-based applications. Furthermore, such innovative measures could lead to improved cell expansion, manufacture, and banking procedures, thereby supporting the translational development of hDPSC-based therapies in the future.
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3
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Age of the donor affects the nature of in vitro cultured human dental pulp stem cells. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:524-532. [PMID: 34803296 PMCID: PMC8589584 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) of six donors (three young donors aged < 19 years and three adult donors aged > 25 and < 30 years) were characterized for their stem cell marker expression and differentiation potential to study the effect of donor age on DPSCs in vitro. Methods DPSCs were cultured in αMEM supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (conventional conditions) or on fibronectin-coated flasks with neurobasal medium supplemented with B27, bFGF and EGF (alternative conditions). DPSCs were characterized by immunofluorescence staining to detect the neural crest/mesenchymal stem cells markers P75 and CD146, respectively. The differentiation potential was tested by the induction of DPSCs into osteogenic, adipogenic and glial lineages and then by detecting the corresponding markers osteocalcin, lipidtox and S100ß, respectively. Results The DPSCs of the young donors expressed CD146 only under the conventional conditions and expressed P75 regardless of the culture conditions. However, the DPSCs of adult donors expressed CD146 only under the alternative conditions and expressed P75 only under conventional conditions. Only the DPSCs of the young donors differentiated into the glial linage. The DPSCs of the adult donors differentiated more efficiently into the adipogenic linage. Osteogenic differentiation was comparable. Conclusion Donor age affects the expression of stem cell markers and differentiation potential of DPSCs. Moreover, the effect of culture conditions on DPSCs is age dependent.
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4
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Maeda H. Aging and Senescence of Dental Pulp and Hard Tissues of the Tooth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:605996. [PMID: 33330507 PMCID: PMC7734349 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.605996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to consume a meal using one's own teeth influences an individual's quality of life. In today's global aging society, studying the biological changes in aging teeth is important to address this issue. A tooth includes three hard tissues (enamel, dentin, and cementum) and a soft tissue (dental pulp). With advancing age, these tissues become senescent; each tissue exhibits a unique senescent pattern. This review discusses the structural alterations of hard tissues, as well as the molecular and physiological changes in dental pulp cells and dental pulp stem cells during human aging. The significance of senescence in these cells remains unclear. Thus, there is a need to define the regulatory mechanisms of aging and senescence in these cells to aid in preservation of dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Side Population: Its Use in the Study of Cellular Heterogeneity and as a Potential Enrichment Tool for Rare Cell Populations. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:2472137. [PMID: 30627171 PMCID: PMC6304857 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2472137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still much to learn about the cells used for cell- and gene-based therapies in the clinical setting. Stem cells are found in virtually all tissues in the human body. As a result, cells isolated from these tissues are a heterogeneous population consisting of various subpopulations including stem cells. Several strategies have been used to isolate and define the subpopulations that constitute these heterogeneous populations, one of which is the side population (SP) assay. SP cells are identified by their ability to efflux a fluorescent dye at a rate that is greater than the main cell population. This elevated rate of dye efflux has been attributed to the expression of members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter protein family. SP cells have been identified in various tissues. In this review, we discuss the research to date on SP cells, focussing on SP cells identified in haematopoietic stem cells, adipose-derived stromal cells, and dental pulp.
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6
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Honda M, Sato M, Toriumi T. Characterization of Coronal Pulp Cells and Radicular Pulp Cells in Human Teeth. J Endod 2017; 43:S35-S39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yasui T, Mabuchi Y, Morikawa S, Onizawa K, Akazawa C, Nakagawa T, Okano H, Matsuzaki Y. Isolation of dental pulp stem cells with high osteogenic potential. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:8. [PMID: 29259707 PMCID: PMC5725894 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells/progenitor cells (DPSCs) can be easily obtained and can have excellent proliferative and mineralization potentials. Therefore, many studies have investigated the isolation and bone formation of DPSCs. In most previous reports, human DPSCs were traditionally isolated by exploiting their ability to adhere to plastic tissue culture dishes. DPSCs isolated by plastic adherence are frequently contaminated by other cells, which limits the ability to investigate their basic biology and regenerative properties. Additionally, the proliferative and osteogenic potentials vary depending on the isolated cells. It is very difficult to obtain cells of a sufficient quality to elicit the required effect upon transplantation. Considering clinical applications, stem cells used for regenerative medicine need to be purified in order to increase the efficiency of bone regeneration, and a stable supply of these cells must be generated. Here, we review the purification of DPSCs and studies of cranio-maxillofacial bone regeneration using these cells. Additionally, we introduce the prospective isolation of DPSCs using specific cell surface markers: low-affinity nerve growth factor and thymocyte antigen 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takazumi Yasui
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0013 Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Satoru Morikawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Onizawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Kawasaki Hospital, 12-1 Shinkawadori, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0013 Japan
| | - Chihiro Akazawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Taneaki Nakagawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan.,Department of Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501 Japan
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8
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Liao X, Feng B, Zhang D, Liu P, Zhou X, Li R, Ye L. The Sirt6 gene: Does it play a role in tooth development? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174255. [PMID: 28355287 PMCID: PMC5371306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental Mesenchymal Cells (DMCs) are known to play a role in tooth development as well as in the repair and regeneration of dental tissue. A large number of signaling molecules regulate the proliferation and differentiation of DMC, though the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Sirtuin-6 (SIRT6), a key regulator of aging, can exert an impact on embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. The experimental deletion of Sirt6 in mouse bone marrow cells has been found to have an inhibiting impact on the bone mineral density and the osteogenic differentiation of these cells. The possible role of Sirt6 in tooth development, however, has at present remained largely unexplored. In the present study, we found that SIRT6 had no effect on tooth development before birth. However, Sirt6 gene deletion in knockout mice did have two post-natal impacts: a delay in tooth eruption and sluggishness in the development of dental roots. We propose an explanation of the possible molecular basis of the changes observed in Sirt6-/- mice. SIRT6 is expressed in mouse odontoblasts. Sirt6 deletion enhanced the proliferation of DMCs, as well as their capacity for adipogenic differentiation. On the other hand, it inhibited their capacity for in vitro osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation. Further studies suggested that other factors may mediate the role of Sirt6 in odontogenesis. These include the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK), extracellular regulated MAP kinase (ERK) pathways and the mitochondrial energy. We demonstrated that Sirt6 plays a role in tooth root formation and confirmed that SIRT6 is necessary for DMC differentiation as well as for the development of the tooth root and for eventual tooth eruption. These results establish a new link between SIRT6 and tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatology Hospital, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- * E-mail: (LY); (RML)
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (LY); (RML)
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9
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Eckert S, Feingold E, Cooper M, Vanyukov MM, Maher BS, Slayton RL, Willing MC, Reis SE, McNeil DW, Crout RJ, Weyant RJ, Levy SM, Vieira AR, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR. Variants on chromosome 4q21 near PKD2 and SIBLINGs are associated with dental caries. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:491-496. [PMID: 28100911 PMCID: PMC5367940 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study for dental caries nominated the chromosomal region 4q21 near ABCG2, PKD2 and the SIBLING gene family. In this investigation we followed-up and fine-mapped this region using a tag-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) approach in 13 age- and race-stratified samples from 6 independent studies (N=4,089). Participants were assessed for dental caries via intra-oral examination and 49 tag-SNPs were genotyped capturing much of the variation in the 4q21 locus. Linear models were used to test for genetic association, while adjusting for sex, age, and components of ancestry. SNPs in and near PKD2 showed significant evidence of association in individual samples of black adults (rs17013735, p-value=0.0009) and white adults (rs11938025; p-value=0.0005; rs2725270, p-value=0.003). Meta-analyses across black adult samples recapitulated the association with rs17013735 (p-value=0.003), which occurs at low frequency in non-African populations, possibly explaining the race-specificity of the effect. In addition to race-specific associations, we also observed evidence of gene-by-fluoride exposure interaction effects in white adults for SNP rs2725233 upstream of PKD2 (p=0.002). Our results show evidence of regional replication, though no single variant clearly accounted for the original GWAS signal. Therefore, while we interpret our results as strengthening the hypothesis that chromosome 4q21 may impact dental caries, additional work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Eckert
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Margaret Cooper
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael M Vanyukov
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L Slayton
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marcia C Willing
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University at St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven E Reis
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel W McNeil
- Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Richard J Crout
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert J Weyant
- Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Levy
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexandre R Vieira
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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10
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Ser-Od T, Yasumoto M, Al-Wahabi A, Nakajima K, Murakami S, Matsuzaka K, Inoue T. Effects of CO2Lasers on Dental Pulp Biology in Rats. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:157-63. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tungalag Ser-Od
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yasumoto
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akram Al-Wahabi
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuzaka
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Akita D, Kano K, Saito-Tamura Y, Mashimo T, Sato-Shionome M, Tsurumachi N, Yamanaka K, Kaneko T, Toriumi T, Arai Y, Tsukimura N, Matsumoto T, Ishigami T, Isokawa K, Honda M. Use of Rat Mature Adipocyte-Derived Dedifferentiated Fat Cells as a Cell Source for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. Front Physiol 2016; 7:50. [PMID: 26941649 PMCID: PMC4763019 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-free fibroblast-like cells, known as dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells, can be generated from mature adipocytes with a large single lipid droplet. DFAT cells can re-establish their active proliferation ability and can transdifferentiate into various cell types under appropriate culture conditions. The first objective of this study was to compare the multilineage differentiation potential of DFAT cells with that of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) on mesenchymal stem cells. We obtained DFAT cells and ASCs from inbred rats and found that rat DFAT cells possess higher osteogenic differentiation potential than rat ASCs. On the other hand, DFAT cells show similar adipogenic differentiation, and chondrogenic differentiation potential in comparison with ASCs. The second objective of this study was to assess the regenerative potential of DFAT cells combined with novel solid scaffolds composed of PLGA (Poly d, l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) on periodontal tissue, and to compare this with the regenerative potential of ASCs combined with PLGA scaffolds. Cultured DFAT cells and ASCs were seeded onto PLGA scaffolds (DFAT/PLGA and ASCs/PLGA) and transplanted into periodontal fenestration defects in rat mandible. Micro computed tomography analysis revealed a significantly higher amount of bone regeneration in the DFAT/PLGA group compared with that of ASCs/PLGA and PLGA-alone groups at 2, 3, and 5 weeks after transplantation. Similarly, histomorphometric analysis showed that DFAT/PLGA groups had significantly greater width of cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone than ASCs/PLGA and PLGA-alone groups. In addition, transplanted fluorescent-labeled DFAT cells were observed in the periodontal ligament beside the newly formed bone and cementum. These findings suggest that DFAT cells have a greater potential for enhancing periodontal tissue regeneration than ASCs. Therefore, DFAT cells are a promising cell source for periodontium regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Akita
- Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kano
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Saito-Tamura
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mashimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoko Sato-Shionome
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niina Tsurumachi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Taku Toriumi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Tsukimura
- Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Matsumoto
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Department of Functional Morphology, School of Medicine, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ishigami
- Department of Partial Denture Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Isokawa
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Nihon University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University Nagoya, Japan
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12
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Szepesi Á, Matula Z, Szigeti A, Várady G, Szabó G, Uher F, Sarkadi B, Német K. ABCG2 is a selectable marker for enhanced multilineage differentiation potential in periodontal ligament stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:244-52. [PMID: 25101689 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) provide an important source for tissue regeneration and may become especially useful in the formation of osteogenic seeds. PDLSCs can be cultured, expanded, and differentiated in vitro; thus, they may be applied in the long-term treatment of the defects in the dental regions. Here we studied numerous potential markers allowing the selection of human PDLSCs with a maximum differentiation potential. We followed the expression of the ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) membrane transporter protein and isolated ABCG2-expressing cells by using a monoclonal antibody, recognizing the transporter at the cell surface in intact cells. The expression of the ABCG2 protein, corresponding to the so-called side-population phenotype in various tissue-derived stem cells, was found to be a useful marker for the selection of PDLSCs with enhanced osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation. These findings may have important applications in achieving efficient dental tissue regeneration by using stem cells from extracted teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áron Szepesi
- 1 Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Hosoya A, Nakamura H. Ability of stem and progenitor cells in the dental pulp to form hard tissue. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Syed-Picard FN, Du Y, Lathrop KL, Mann MM, Funderburgh ML, Funderburgh JL. Dental pulp stem cells: a new cellular resource for corneal stromal regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:276-85. [PMID: 25713466 PMCID: PMC4339846 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal blindness afflicts millions of individuals worldwide and is currently treated by grafting with cadaveric tissues; however, there are worldwide donor tissue shortages, and many allogeneic grafts are eventually rejected. Autologous stem cells present a prospect for personalized regenerative medicine and an alternative to cadaveric tissue grafts. Dental pulp contains a population of adult stem cells and, similar to corneal stroma, develops embryonically from the cranial neural crest. We report that adult dental pulp cells (DPCs) isolated from third molars have the capability to differentiate into keratocytes, cells of the corneal stoma. After inducing differentiation in vitro, DPCs expressed molecules characteristic of keratocytes, keratocan, and keratan sulfate proteoglycans at both the gene and the protein levels. DPCs cultured on aligned nanofiber substrates generated tissue-engineered, corneal stromal-like constructs, recapitulating the tightly packed, aligned, parallel fibrillar collagen of native stromal tissue. After injection in vivo into mouse corneal stroma, human DPCs produced corneal stromal extracellular matrix containing human type I collagen and keratocan and did not affect corneal transparency or induce immunological rejection. These findings demonstrate a potential for the clinical application of DPCs in cellular or tissue engineering therapies for corneal stromal blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima N Syed-Picard
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yiqin Du
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kira L Lathrop
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary M Mann
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martha L Funderburgh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James L Funderburgh
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ito K, Matsuoka K, Matsuzaka K, Morinaga K, Inoue T. Hypoxic condition promotes differentiation and mineralization of dental pulp cells in vivo. Int Endod J 2014; 48:115-23. [PMID: 24661255 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the behaviour of dental pulp cells under hypoxic conditions in vivo using an experimental animal model. METHODOLOGY A mini-screw was inserted into the inferior dental nerve canal of rats to arrest the blood supply, which resulted in a reduced oxygen level in the dental pulps of molar teeth used for the experimental group. The decrease in blood supply was evaluated by injected India ink in transparent specimens. The hypoxia marker hypoxyprobe-1 was investigated by immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA expressions of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) G2 (ABCG2) which is a marker for the capacity to excrete metabolites and for stem-like cells as well as dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and osteocalcin (OCN) which are markers for mineralization were evaluated by RT-PCR. Protein was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining using ABCG2, dentine sialoprotein (DSP) and OCN. RESULTS The evaluation of India ink indicated a decreased blood supply in the transparent specimens, and hypoxyprobe-1 immunohistochemical staining showed positive expression. ABCG2, DSPP and OCN mRNA expressions increased at 7 and 14 days. Immunohistochemically, ABCG2, DSP and OCN-positive cells were localized in the odontoblastic layer. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic conditions promoted mineralization and differentiation of dental pulp cells of the odontoblastic layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ito
- Department of Endodontics and Clinical Cariology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Sato M, Toriumi T, Watanabe N, Watanabe E, Akita D, Mashimo T, Akiyama Y, Isokawa K, Shirakawa T, Honda MJ. Characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cells in crown and root pulp from human mesiodentes. Oral Dis 2014; 21:e86-97. [PMID: 24605962 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesiodentes are usually found in the central position of the upper or lower jaw as supernumerary teeth. Here, we obtained 10 mesiodentes and three permanent teeth (PT) and separated the dental pulp (DP) from these into crown and root portions. We then characterized and compared the isolated crown portion-derived cells (crown cells) with root portion-derived cells (root cells) using a range of in vitro assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crown cells and root cells were examined for cell surface marker expression, colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F), cell proliferation, cell cycle characteristics and markers, and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. RESULTS The proportion of CD105-positive cells (CD105(+) cells) in the crown cells vs the root cells varied among the mesiodentes, but not among the PT. When there were more CD105(+) cells in the root cells than in the crown cells, the root cells showed higher CFU-F, proliferation capacity, and osteogenic differentiation capacity. In contrast, when the crown cells contained more CD105(+) cells than the root cells, the crown cells showed the higher CFU-F, proliferation capacity, and osteogenic differentiation capacity. In addition, the sorted CD105(+) cells showed higher CFU-F and proliferation capacity than the sorted CD105(-) cells. CONCLUSION These results indicated that proportion of CD105(+) cells is an effective means of characterizing DP-derived cells in mesiodentes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sato
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Akiyama Y, Mikami Y, Watanabe E, Watanabe N, Toriumi T, Takahashi T, Komiyama K, Isokawa K, Shimizu N, Honda MJ. The P75 neurotrophin receptor regulates proliferation of the human MG63 osteoblast cell line. Differentiation 2014; 87:111-8. [PMID: 24582280 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 75 kDa transmembrane protein, p75(NTR), is a marker of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Isolated MSCs are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, but the molecular function of p75(NTR) in MSCs and osteoblasts is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the function of p75(NTR) in the human MG63 osteoblast cell line compared to the murine MC3T3E-1 pre-osteoblast cell line. MG63 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells expressing exogenous p75(NTR) protein (denoted as p75-MG63 and p75GFP-E1, respectively) were generated to compare osteogenic differentiation and cell proliferation abilities. Overexpression of p75(NTR) induced alkaline phosphatase activity and the mRNA expression of osteoblast-related genes such as osterix and bone sialoprotein in both p75-MG63 and p75GFP-E1. Interestingly, exogenous p75(NTR) stimulated cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in p75GFP-E1, but not in p75-MG63. To elucidate any different effects of p75(NTR) expression on osteogenic differentiation and cell proliferation, we examined the mRNA expression of tropomyosin receptor kinase (trk) genes (trkA, trkB, trkC) and Nogo receptor (NgR), which are binding partners of p75(NTR). Although trkA, trkB, and trkC were detected in both p75-MG63 and p75GFP-E1, only NgR was detected in p75-MG63. We then used the K252a inhibitor of the trks to identify the signaling pathway for osteogenic differentiation and cell proliferation. Inhibition of trks by K252a suppressed p75(NTR)-mediated osteogenic differentiation of p75GFP-E1, whereas deletion of the GDI domain in P75(NTR) from the p75-MG63 produced enhanced cell proliferation compared to p75-MG63. These results suggest that p75(NTR) signaling associated with trk receptors promotes both cell proliferation and osteoblast differentiation, but that p75(NTR)-mediated proliferation may be suppressed by signaling from the p75(NTR)/NgR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Akiyama
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Eri Watanabe
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Watanabe
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Taku Toriumi
- Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Tomihisa Takahashi
- Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kazuo Komiyama
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Keitaro Isokawa
- Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Shimizu
- Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Masaki J Honda
- Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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Okada T, Saito A, Amagai T, Onodera S, Hirai Y, Furusawa M, Azuma T. Side Population Cells derived from Dental Pulp and Dental Germ have Distinct Surface Markers compared to Bone Marrow Side Population Cells. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.23.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ajay Sharma L, Sharma A, Dias GJ. Advances in regeneration of dental pulp--a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:85-98. [PMID: 23946258 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the biological response of dentin-pulp complexes to a variety of stimuli and responses to current treatment therapies and reviews the role of tissue engineering and its application in regenerative endodontics. An electronic search was undertaken based on keywords using Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Ovid database resources up to March 2012 to identify appropriate articles, supplemented by a manual search using reference lists from relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were mainly based on different combinations of keywords and restricted to articles published in English language only. Biological approaches based on tissue engineering principles were found to offer the possibility of restoring natural tooth vitality, with distinct evidence that regeneration of lost dental tissues is possible. Studies to formulate an ideal restorative material with regenerative properties, however, are still under way. Further research with supporting clinical studies is required to identify the most effective and safe treatment therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Ajay Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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21
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Shaffer JR, Feingold E, Wang X, Lee M, Tcuenco K, Weeks DE, Weyant RJ, Crout R, McNeil DW, Marazita ML. GWAS of dental caries patterns in the permanent dentition. J Dent Res 2012; 92:38-44. [PMID: 23064961 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512463579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of susceptibility genes in the risk for dental caries has been clearly established. While many candidate caries genes have been proposed, to date, few of them have been rigorously validated through observational and experimental studies. Moreover, most genetic epidemiological studies have analyzed global caries phenotypes that ignore the possibility that genes may exert differential effects across tooth surfaces of the dentition. Therefore, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 5 novel dental caries phenotypes (developed by clustering the permanent dentition into categories of tooth surfaces based on co-occurrence of caries) to nominate new candidate caries genes. GWAS was performed in 920 self-reported white participants, aged 18 to 75 years, with genotype data on 518,997 genetic variants. We identified a significant genetic association between dental caries of the anterior mandibular teeth and LYZL2 (p value = 9e-9), which codes a bacteriolytic agent thought to be involved in host defense. We also identified a significant genetic association between caries of the mid- dentition tooth surfaces and AJAP1 (p value = 2e-8), a gene possibly involved in tooth development. Suggestive genetic associations were also observed for ABCG2, PKD2, the dentin/bone SCPP sub-family, EDNRA, TJFBR1, NKX2-3, IFT88, TWSG1, IL17D, and SMAD7 (p values < 7e-6). We nominate these novel genes for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Cai X, Gong P, Huang Y, Lin Y. Notch signalling pathway in tooth development and adult dental cells. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:495-507. [PMID: 21973022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signalling is a highly conserved intercellular signal transfer mechanism that includes canonical and non-canonical pathways. It regulates differentiation and proliferation of stem/progenitor cells by means of para-inducing effects. Expression and activation of Notch signalling factors (receptors and ligands) are critical not only for development of the dental germ but also for regeneration of injured tissue associated with mature teeth. Notch signalling plays key roles in differentiation of odontoblasts and osteoblasts, calcification of tooth hard tissue, formation of cusp patterns and generation of tooth roots. After tooth eruption, Notch signalling can also be triggered in dental stem cells of the pulp, where it induces them to differentiate into odontoblasts, thus generating fresh dentine tissue. Other signalling pathways, such as TGFβ, NF-κB, Wnt, Fgf and Shh also interact with Notch signalling during tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu
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23
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Honda MJ, Imaizumi M, Tsuchiya S, Morsczeck C. Dental follicle stem cells and tissue engineering. J Oral Sci 2011; 52:541-52. [PMID: 21206155 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.52.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are multipotent and can be induced experimentally to differentiate into various cell lineages. Such cells are therefore a key part of achieving the promise of tissue regeneration. The most studied stem cells are those of the hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells were demonstrated in dental tissues, including dental pulp, periodontal ligament, and dental follicle. The dental follicle is a loose connective tissue that surrounds the developing tooth. Dental follicle stem cells could therefore be a cell source for mesenchymal stem cells. Indeed, dental follicle is present in impacted teeth, which are commonly extracted and disposed of as medical waste in dental practice. Dental follicle stem cells can be isolated and grown under defined tissue culture conditions, and recent characterization of these stem cells has increased their potential for use in tissue engineering applications, including periodontal and bone regeneration. This review describes current knowledge and recent developments in dental follicle stem cells and their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki J Honda
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Keller L, Kuchler-Bopp S, Mendoza SA, Poliard A, Lesot H. Tooth engineering: searching for dental mesenchymal cells sources. Front Physiol 2011; 2:7. [PMID: 21483728 PMCID: PMC3070478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The implantation of cultured re-associations between embryonic dental mesenchymal cells and epithelial cells from mouse molars at embryonic day 14 (ED14) allowed making full teeth with crown, root, periodontal ligament fibers, and bone. Although representing valuable tools to set up methodologies embryonic cells are not easily available. This work thus aimed to replace the embryonic cells by dental mesenchymal cell lines or cultured expanded embryonic cells, and to test their ability to mediate tooth development in vitro when re-associated with a competent dental epithelium. Histology, immunostaining and RT-PCR allowed getting complementary sets of results. Two different immortalized cell lines from ED18 dental mesenchyme failed in mediating tooth formation. The potentialities of embryonic dental mesenchymal cells decreased from ED14 to ED16 and were lost at ED18. This is likely related to a change in the mesenchymal cell phenotype and/or populations during development. Attempts to cultivate ED14 or ED16 embryonic dental mesenchymal cells prior to re-association led to the loss of their ability to support tooth development. This was accompanied by a down-regulation of Fgf3 transcription. Supplementation of the culture medium with FGF2 allowed restoring Fgf3 expression, but not the ability of mesenchymal cells to engage in tooth formation. Altogether, these observations suggest that a competent cell population exists in the dental mesenchyme at ED14, progressively decreases during development, and cannot as such be maintained in vitro. This study evidenced the need for specific conditions to maintain the ability of dental mesenchymal cells to initiate whole tooth formation, when re-associated with an odontogenic epithelium. Efforts to improve the culture conditions will have to be combined with attempts to characterize the competent cells within the dental mesenchyme.
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Huang GTJ. Dental pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration: advancement and challenge. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2011; 3:788-800. [PMID: 21196351 PMCID: PMC3289134 DOI: 10.2741/e286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hard tissue is difficult to repair especially dental structures. Tooth enamel is incapable of self-repairing whereas dentin and cementum can regenerate with limited capacity. Enamel and dentin are commonly under the attack by caries. Extensive forms of caries destroy enamel and dentin and can lead to dental pulp infection. Entire pulp amputation followed by the pulp space disinfection and filling with an artificial rubber-like material is employed to treat the infection -- commonly known as root canal or endodontic therapy. Regeneration of dentin relies on having vital pulps; however, regeneration of pulp tissue has been difficult as the tissue is encased in dentin without collateral blood supply except from the root apical end. With the advent of modern tissue engineering concept and the discovery of dental stem cells, regeneration of pulp and dentin has been tested. This article will review the recent endeavor on pulp and dentin tissue engineering and regeneration. The prospective outcomes of current advancements and challenges in this line of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T-J Huang
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Kenmotsu M, Matsuzaka K, Kokubu E, Azuma T, Inoue T. Analysis of side population cells derived from dental pulp tissue. Int Endod J 2010; 43:1132-42. [PMID: 21029119 PMCID: PMC3033520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the characteristics of side population (SP) cells derived from the dental pulp of young and aged rats. METHODOLOGY Maxillary and mandibular incisors were extracted from 5-week-old (young) rats and 60- to 80-week-old (aged) rats. Coronal pulp tissue was removed mechanically, and single-cell suspensions were prepared using collagenase and dispase. Cells were stained with Hoechst 33342 and sorted with an fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Isolated SP and main population (MP) cells were analysed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical localization and cell cycle determination. Two-way analysis of variance and the multiple comparison Scheffè test were used for statistical analysis (P<0.05). RESULTS Approximately 0.40% of pulp cells in young rats and 0.11% in aged rats comprised SP cells. SP cells expressed a higher mRNA level of ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2), but lower mRNA levels of nestin, alkaline phosphatase, p16 and p57 than MP cells in both age groups. Immunohistochemical observation revealed ABCG2-positive cells localized in the cell-rich zone and nestin in the odontoblastic layer in both groups. Furthermore, the majority of both young and aged SP and MP cells were in growth arrest of the G(0) /G(1) phase. CONCLUSION The FACS analysis revealed a decrease in the proportion of SP cells with age, whilst p16 mRNA expression indicated an increase in cell senescence. The cell cycles of SP and MP cells from both young and aged dental pulp were generally in the G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kenmotsu
- Oral Health Science Center HRC7, Tokyo Dental Collage, Chiba, Japan
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Wang J, Wei X, Ling J, Huang Y, Huo Y, Zhou Y. The presence of a side population and its marker ABCG2 in human deciduous dental pulp cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 400:334-9. [PMID: 20728430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have been identified using the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 and flow cytometry (FCM) in various tissues known as the side population (SP). The present study shows, for the first time, the presence of side population cells in human deciduous dental pulp cells (DPCs). Flow cytometric identification revealed that 2% of human deciduous DPCs were SP cells and that this SP profile disappeared in the presence of verapamil. The SP marker ABCG2 protein was localized to DPCs in the cell membrane by immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that 3.6% of DPCs were ABCG2-positive. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR proved that ABCG2 mRNA expression in DPCs isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth was higher than in DPCs from permanent teeth. Our findings demonstrate that DPCs from human exfoliated deciduous teeth contain a higher proportion of the SP phenotype than permanent teeth and that they may constitute a stem cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Wang
- Department of Oral Biology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
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28
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Mapping of BrdU label-retaining dental pulp cells in growing teeth and their regenerative capacity after injuries. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 134:227-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abe S, Imaizumi M, Mikami Y, Wada Y, Tsuchiya S, Irie S, Suzuki S, Satomura K, Ishihara K, Honda MJ. Oral bacterial extracts facilitate early osteogenic/dentinogenic differentiation in human dental pulp-derived cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:149-54. [PMID: 20123389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bacterial metabolites demineralize dental hard tissues, and soluble factors lead to tertiary dentinogenesis in the area of the dentin-pulp complex. However, it is unclear whether the oral bacteria are directly involved in the differentiation of dental pulp cells. In this study, we evaluated the effect of oral bacterial extracts on cellular differentiation in human dental pulp-derived cells (hDPC). STUDY DESIGN The hDPC were obtained from third molar teeth, and the cells were subcultured. The sonicated extracts were obtained from Porphyromonas gingivalis (gram-negative) and Streptococcus mutans (gram-positive). The effect of bacterial extracts on cellular growth and differentiation in hDPC were tested. RESULTS Alkaline phosphatase activity and bone sialoprotein (BSP) gene expression were increased in hDPC exposed to low concentrations of both sonicated extracts, whereas the activity was decreased upon exposure to high concentrations of sonicated extracts from P. gingivalis. CONCLUSION This is the first evidence that oral bacteria have a positive effect on cellular differentiation in hPDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Abe
- Division of Stem Sell Engineering, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) resident in bone marrow are one of the most studied and clinically important populations of adult stem cells. Cells with, similar properties to these MSCs have been described in several different tooth tissues and the potential ease with which these dental MSCs could be obtained from patients has prompted great interest in these cells as a source of MSCs for cell-based therapeutics. In this review we address the current state of knowledge regarding these cells, their properties, origins, locations, functions and potential uses in tooth tissue engineering and repair. We discuss some of the key controversies and outstanding issues, not least of which whether dental stem cells actually exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mantesso
- Guy's Hospital, Dental Institute, Kings College London, Department of Craniofacial Development, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Monteiro BG, Serafim RC, Melo GB, Silva MCP, Lizier NF, Maranduba CMC, Smith RL, Kerkis A, Cerruti H, Gomes JAP, Kerkis I. Human immature dental pulp stem cells share key characteristic features with limbal stem cells. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:587-94. [PMID: 19614680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Limbal stem cells (LSC) are self-renewing, highly proliferative cells in vitro, which express a set of specific markers and in vivo have the capacity to reconstruct the entire corneal epithelium in cases of ocular surface injury. Currently, LSC transplantation is a commonly used procedure in patients with either uni- or bilateral total limbal stem cells deficiency (TLSCD). Although LSC transplantation holds great promise for patients, several problems need to be overcome. In order to find an alternative source of cells that can partially substitute LSC in cornea epithelium reconstruction, we aimed at investigating whether human immature dental pulp stem cells (hIDPSC) would present similar key characteristics as LSC and whether they could be used for corneal surface reconstruction in a rabbit TLSCD model. MATERIALS We used hIDPSC, which co-express mesenchymal and embryonic stem cell markers and present the capacity to differentiate into derivative cells of the three germinal layers. TLSCD was induced by chemical burn in one eye of rabbits. After 30 days, the opaque tissue formed was removed by superficial keratectomy. Experimental group received undifferentiated hIDPSC, while control group only received amniotic membrane (AM). Both groups were sacrificed after 3 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated, using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, that hIDPSCs express markers in common with LSC, such as ABCG2, integrin beta1, vimentin, p63, connexin 43 and cytokeratins 3/12. They were also capable of reconstructing the eye surface after induction of unilateral TLSCD in rabbits, as shown by morphological and immunohistochemical analysis using human-specific antibodies against limbal and corneal epithelium. Our data suggest that hIDPSCs share similar characteristics with LSC and might be used as a potential alternative source of cells for corneal reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Monteiro
- Genetics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sakdee JB, White RR, Pagonis TC, Hauschka PV. Hypoxia-amplified proliferation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2009; 35:818-23. [PMID: 19482178 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postnatal human dental pulp is a potentially promising source of progenitor cells. Sustaining and amplifying progenitor cell populations would be beneficial for basic science research with application in pulpal regeneration. Hypoxia has been observed to promote the undifferentiated cell state in various stem cell populations. The purpose of this study was to examine human dental pulp cells (DPCs) proliferation in normoxia and hypoxia. METHODS Dental pulp cells were obtained from third molars of adult patients and cultured in alpha modification of Eagle's medium culture medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. For cell proliferation, DPCs were divided into two groups: (1) DPCs incubated in normoxic conditions (20% oxygen tension) and (2) DPC incubated in hypoxic conditions (3% oxygen tension). Cell proliferation assays were performed every 2 to 3 days from day 3 to day 14 by trypsinization and quantification of cells with a hemacytometer. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was completed to investigate stem cell markers, CD133, and STRO-1. RESULTS DPCs proliferated significantly more in hypoxia than in normoxia (ie, two-fold throughout the experiment, p < 0.0001). The primitive stem cell marker, CD133, decreased in hypoxia, whereas the osteoprogenitor marker, STRO-1, increased by 8.5-fold. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that hypoxia is an effective treatment to amplify numbers of progenitor cells from human dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaruma Beau Sakdee
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Tooth-forming potential in embryonic and postnatal tooth bud cells. Med Mol Morphol 2008; 41:183-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-008-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Apáti A, Orbán TI, Varga N, Németh A, Schamberger A, Krizsik V, Erdélyi-Belle B, Homolya L, Várady G, Padányi R, Karászi E, Kemna EWM, Német K, Sarkadi B. High level functional expression of the ABCG2 multidrug transporter in undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2700-9. [PMID: 18793608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Expression of multidrug resistance ABC transporters has been suggested as a functional marker and chemoprotective element in early human progenitor cell types. In this study we examined the expression and function of the key multidrug-ABC transporters, ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 in two human embryonic stem (HuES) cell lines. We detected a high level ABCG2 expression in the undifferentiated HuES cells, while the expression of this protein significantly decreased during early cell differentiation. ABCG2 in HuES cells provided protection against mitoxantrone toxicity, with a drug-stimulated overexpression of the transporter. No significant expression of ABCB1/ABCC1 was found either in the undifferentiated or partially differentiated HuES cells. Examination of the ABCG2 mRNA in HuES cells indicated the use of selected promoter sites and a truncated 3' untranslated region, suggesting a functionally distinct regulation of this transporter in undifferentiated stem cells. The selective expression of the ABCG2 multidrug transporter indicates that ABCG2 can be applied as a marker for undifferentiated HuES cells. Moreover, protection of embryonic stem cells against xenobiotics and endobiotics may depend on ABCG2 expression and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agota Apáti
- Membrane Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University and National Blood Center, 1113 Budapest, Diószegi u. 64, Hungary
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