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Mohanasundari L, Brindha Devi GB, Saiyad Musthafa M, Madhavi M. Effects of Illicium verum Hook. f. (Chinese herb) enriched diet on growth performance, immune response and disease resistance in Catla catla [Hamilton] fingerlings against Aeromonashydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:455-462. [PMID: 35777711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Our present study investigates the effects of Illicium verum enriched diet on growth performance, immune response and disease resistance in Catla catla fingerlings against Aeromonas hydrophila. Experimental groups, i.e., infected C. catla were fed with 5 g/kg, 10 g/kg and 15 g/kg of I. verum diet for a period of 30 days showed a significant increase in their final body weight (FBW) over control. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in total weight gain (TWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion rate (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), condition factor (CF) and survival rate (SR) in 10 g/kg and 15 g/kg groups compared to control; also from 31 to 60 days these groups showed an enhanced (p < 0.05) complement activity, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity and lysosome activity. The experimental group fed with 10 g/kg of I. verum diet showed the least cumulative mortality rate (5%) compared to 5 g/kg (30%) and 15 g/kg (15%) experimental groups and in control (10%) and negative control (75%). Our present study highlights that challenged fish fed with the mid dosage of 10 g/kg showed a significant increase in overall growth performance, non susceptibility to diseases and tolerance against A. hydrophila in C. catla compared to other experimental groups including the group given with high dosage of 15 g/kg. Thus our results suggest 10 g/kg as the optimal dosage of I. verum that can be used to enrich the fish diet for a better performance and effective immunostimulation in commercially important C. catla for its sustainable culture and is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mohanasundari
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, Ethiraj College for Women (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, 600 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - G B Brindha Devi
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, Queen Mary's College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, 600 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Saiyad Musthafa
- P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), The New College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, 600 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Madhavi
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, Ethiraj College for Women (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, 600 008, Tamil Nadu, India
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Farmer JJ, Holmes B. Conservation of the name Aeromonas eucrenophila over the name Aeromonas punctata for the organism based on type stain NCMB 74 T and universally defined as ' Aeromonas DNA hybridization group 6'. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:2158-2162. [PMID: 31935185 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a companion paper, we requested the Judicial Commission to correct the type strain of Aeromonas punctata from ATCC 15468T to NCMB 74T (=ATCC 23309T). Correction of this error on the 1980 Approved Lists by an Opinion of the Judicial Commission will remove the status of the name Aeromonas caviae as a junior objective synonym of A. punctata. This is important because the scientific community continues to use the name A. caviae almost exclusively instead of A. punctata. However, the corrective action of this Opinion will cause a new problem. A. punctata and A. eucrenophila will then become objective synonyms because both species will have the same type strain NCMB 74T, and A. punctata would have priority because it was published first (1890 vs. 1987). Thus, A. punctata rather than A. eucrenophila would become the correct name for DNA hybridization group 6. A. punctata has had a very confusing history since it was first described as Bacillus punctatus by Zimmermann in 1890. It was without a type strain for over 50 years, and unfortunately, has had an incorrect type strain for some 40 years. The name A. punctata as a bacterial species has been used incorrectly in the literature very frequently, either based on the wrong type strain or with the wrong definition or circumscription. The name A. punctata is not accepted or used by most specialists who study and publish scientific papers and reviews on Aeromonas. Under the heading 'Rejection of Names' Rule 56a of the Bacterial Code states reasons why the Judicial Commission can reject a name, the first is: '(1) An ambiguous name (nomen ambiguum), i.e., a name which has been used with different meanings and thus has become a source of error'. Rule 56a gives the Judicial Commission authority to place names on the list of rejected names. Our analysis of its history leads us to state unequivocally that A. punctata currently is, and has been throughout the vast majority of its history, an ambiguous name. After considering all the possible alternatives and their consequences we request the Judicial Commission to go against the rules of priority; to invoke case (1) of Rule 56a, and issue an Opinion conserving A. eucrenophila over A. punctata; and to place the name A. punctata on the list of rejected names. We argue that these actions will give instant stability to a complex and confusing situation by making A. eucrenophila rather than A. punctata the correct name for 'Aeromonas DNA hybridization group 6', an association that is almost universally accepted by the scientific community as reflected in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jim Farmer
- Enteric Reference Laboratory, Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Barry Holmes
- National Collection of Type Cultures,, Health Protection Agency, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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Saiyad Musthafa M, Asgari SM, Kurian A, Elumalai P, Jawahar Ali AR, Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK. Protective efficacy of Mucuna pruriens (L.) seed meal enriched diet on growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:374-380. [PMID: 29458093 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The impact of Mucuna pruriens (L.) seed meal diet on growth performance, innate immune response, and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported for the first time. Infected O. mossambicus was fed with 2 g kg-1, 4 g kg-1, and 6 g kg-1 of M. pruriens seed meal diets significantly increased initial body weight (IBW) and final body weight (FBW) over control, for a period of 4 weeks. At 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1 the enriched diet significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the survival rate, weight gain (WG), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed efficiency (FE) when compared to the control; besides, from weeks 2-4 these diets significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the complement activity, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, and lysosome activity. On being fed with 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1-enriched diets the cumulative mortality was lower (10% and 12%) than with 2 g kg-1 diet (24%). The present investigation suggests that the enriched diet at 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1 improved the growth performance more than that of the control and negative control; it also positively enhanced the innate immunity and disease resistance against A. hydrophilla in O. mossambicus. Hence M. pruriens can be used as a feed additive to stimulate immunity for effective production of economically valuable freshwater fish, O. mossambicus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed Mohideen Asgari
- P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, The New College, Chennai, 600014, Tamil Nadu, India; P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, J.B.A.S College for Women, Chennai, 600018, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Amitha Kurian
- Department of Processing Technology (Biochemistry), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Cochin, 682506, Kerala, India
| | - Preetham Elumalai
- Department of Processing Technology (Biochemistry), Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Cochin, 682506, Kerala, India
| | | | - Bilal Ahmad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K Al-Sadoon
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Miyamoto Y, Nakamuma K, Takizawa K. PATHOGENIC HALOPHILES. PROPOSALS OF A NEW GENUS “OCEANOMONAS” AND OF THE AMENDED SPECIES NAMES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1961.tb00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ul Haq I, Chaudhry WN, Andleeb S, Qadri I. Isolation and partial characterization of a virulent bacteriophage IHQ1 specific for Aeromonas punctata from stream water. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 63:954-963. [PMID: 21947462 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas punctata is the causative agent of septicemia, diarrhea, wound infections, meningitis, peritonitis, and infections of the joints, bones and eyes. Bacteriophages are often considered alternative agents for controlling bacterial infection and contamination. In this study, we described the isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteriophage IHQ1 (family Myoviridae) active against the Gram-negative bacterial strain A. punctata. This virulent bacteriophage was isolated from stream water sample. Genome analysis indicated that phage IHQ1 was a double-stranded DNA virus with an approximate genome size of 25-28 kb. The initial characterization of this newly isolated phage showed that it has a narrow host range and infects only A. punctata as it failed to infect seven other clinically isolated pathogenic strains, i.e., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 6403, MRSA 17644, Acinetobacter 33408, Acinetobacter 1172, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22250, P. aeruginosa 11219, and Escherichia coli. Proteomic pattern of phage IHQ1, generated by SDS-PAGE using purified phage particles, showed three major and three minor protein bands with molecular weights ranging from 25 to 70 kDa. The adsorption rate of phage IHQ1 to the host bacterium was also determined, which was significantly enhanced by the addition of 10 mM CaCl(2). From the single-step growth experiment, it was inferred that the latent time period of phage IHQ1 was 24 min and a burst size of 626 phages per cell. Moreover, the pH and thermal stability of phage IHQ1 were also investigated. The maximum stability of the phage was observed at optimal pH 7.0, and it was totally unstable at extreme acidic pH 3; however, it was comparatively stable at alkaline pH 11.0. At 37°C the phage showed maximum number of plaques, and the viability was almost 100%. The existence of Aeromonas bacteriophage is very promising for the eradication of this opportunistic pathogen and also for future applications such as the design of new detection and phage typing (diagnosis) methods. The specificity of the bacteriophage for A. punctata makes it an attractive candidate for phage therapy of A. punctata infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ul Haq
- NUST Center of Virology & Immunology, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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BUTTIAUX R, MOSSEL DAA. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIOUS ORGANISMS OF FAECAL ORIGIN IN FOODS AND DRINKING WATER. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1961.tb00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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MOSSEL DAA. AN ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE USEFULNESS OF TWO SPECIFIC MODIFICATIONS OF EIJKMAN'S TEST AS ONE OF THE METHODS USED FOR THE DETECTION OF FAECAL CONTAMINATION OF FOODS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1962.tb01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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EDDY BP. FURTHER STUDIES ONAEROMONAS. I. ADDITIONAL STRAINS AND SUPPLEMENTARY BIOCHEMICAL TESTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1962.tb01130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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NEILSON AH. The Occurrence of Aeromonads in Activated Sludge: Isolation ofAeromonas sobriaand its Possible Confusion withEscherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1978.tb00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Francis GA, Thomas C, O'beirne D. The microbiological safety of minimally processed vegetables. Int J Food Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2621.1999.00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A. Francis
- Food Science Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Christopher Thomas
- Food Science Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David O'beirne
- Food Science Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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UPADHYAY J, STOKES RL. Temperature-sensitive formic hydrogenlyase in a psychrophilic bacterium. J Bacteriol 1998; 85:177-85. [PMID: 13995418 PMCID: PMC278105 DOI: 10.1128/jb.85.1.177-185.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upadhyay, J. (Washington State University, Pullman) and J. L. Stokes. Temperature-sensitive formic hydrogenlyase in a psychrophilic bacterium. J. Bacteriol. 85:177-185. 1963.-A temperature-sensitive formic hydrogenlyase has been found in a psychrophilic bacterium, strain 82. The enzyme was most active at 30 C, but completely inactive at 45 C. In contrast, formic hydrogenlyase in mesophilic Escherichia coli was most active at 45 C, and completely inactivated only at 70 C. The hydrogenlyase-forming system in psychrophile strain 82 also was unusually heat-sensitive. It was inactivated at temperatures above 20 C; whereas, in mesophilic E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella oranienburg, hydrogenlyase was formed even at 45 C. This heat sensitivity of the enzyme-forming system accounted fully for the inability of strain 82 to produce gas from carbohydrates above 20 C. Psychrophile hydrogenlyase resembled the mesophilic variety in several respects. It was most active at pH 5.0. It was not formed by cells grown aerobically. It could be induced in resting-cell suspensions by use of glucose, formate, and casein hydrolysate as supplements, although several times as much glucose was required as for enzyme induction in strains of E. coli and Salmonella. The enzyme was formed best at pH 7.5, which was somewhat higher than the pH of 6 to 7 for mesophile hydrogenlyase, and by cells taken from the beginning of the stationary phase of growth.
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COLWELL RR, MANDEL M. ADANSONIAN ANALYSIS AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BASE COMPOSITION OF SOME GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. J Bacteriol 1996; 87:1412-22. [PMID: 14188722 PMCID: PMC277219 DOI: 10.1128/jb.87.6.1412-1422.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colwell, R. R. (Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.), and M. Mandel. Adansonian analysis and deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of some gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 87:1412-1422. 1964.-The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base compositions and S values for a minimum of 134 coded properties were determined for representative cultures of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Aerobacter, Escherichia, Alcaligenes, and Flavobacterium. Those cultures having a high degree of similarity by the criterion of numerical taxonomy were found to have similar DNA base compositions. The relative affinities of clusters of cultures suggest taxonomic relations. Eleven species of Xanthomonas might be a single species, and V. metschnikovii was shown to be more closely related to enteric bacteria than to other vibrios which, in turn, were found to be like pseudomonads. Aeromonas was found to be intermediate in similarity to enterics and pseudomonads and divisible into at least two, but possibly three, species. F. aquatile was unlike any of the other organisms studied, and its DNA also differed greatly in composition from other representatives of the genus.
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Sheldon BW, Schuman JD. Thermal and biological treatments to control psychrotrophic pathogens. Poult Sci 1996; 75:1126-32. [PMID: 8878273 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0751126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, advances in egg processing technologies have permitted commercial production of ultrapasteurized liquid whole egg (LWE) products with a shelf-life of greater than 10 wk at 4 C. The inactivation and control of psychrotrophic pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophila in extended shelf-life LWE and conventionally pasteurized egg products is an ongoing food safety concern. This manuscript reports on the common features of these two psychrotrophic pathogens, their incidence in egg products, and their survival, growth potential, and heat resistance in liquid egg. Furthermore, this manuscript reports in detail on the results of two specific studies conducted in our laboratory whose objectives were: 1) to determine the heat resistance (D-values) of A. hydrophila in LWE using a low-volume immersed sealed glass capillary tube (ISCT) procedure; 2) to assess the impact of methodology (i.e., ISCT procedure vs a conventional capped test tube procedure) on the apparent thermal resistance of A. hydrophila; and 3) to report on the use of the bacteriocin nisin to restrict the survival of L. monocytogenes in ultrapasteurized LWE stored at refrigeration temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Sheldon
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7624, USA
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Joseph SW, Carnahan A. The isolation, identification, and systematics of the motile Aeromonas species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0959-8030(94)90033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Krovacek K, Faris A, Månsson I. Growth of and toxin production by Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria at low temperatures. Int J Food Microbiol 1991; 13:165-75. [PMID: 1888660 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(91)90058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different temperatures on the growth and toxin production of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria were studied. The results showed that these Aeromonas species are not only able to grow at low temperatures (e.g. at 4 and 10 degrees C) but may also produce cytotoxin, hemolysin and enterotoxin under suitable growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krovacek
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Knøchel S. Growth characteristics of motile Aeromonas spp. isolated from different environments. Int J Food Microbiol 1990; 10:235-44. [PMID: 2397155 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(90)90071-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The growth of 80 strains of motile Aeromonas spp. derived from environments with temperatures above 25 degrees C and below 15 degrees C, respectively, were examined at five temperatures (5 degrees C, 10 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 44 degrees C) and four salt levels (0.05%, 2%, 4% and 6% NaCl). Sixty-one strains were further examined at two pH levels (pH 7.3 and pH 5.3). All strains grew at 25 degrees C and 10 degrees C with the majority of the isolates proliferating from approx. 10(2) to approx. 10(7) cfu/ml within 1 and 3 days, respectively. In contrast, there were significant differences in the proportion of isolates able to grow at 5 degrees C and 37 degrees C depending on the temperature of their source of isolation. The ecological background of the organisms thus influences their thermal growth range and their ability to proliferate at body temperature, a highly significant factor in infective disease. At 25 degrees C and pH 7.3, all strains grew in 0.05% NaCl, 96% grew in 2% NaCl, 96% grew in 2% NaCl while few grew in broth containing 4% or 6% NaCl. Lowering the pH to 5.3 with lactic acid caused a marked increase in the lag phase at 25 degrees C and prevented growth of a large number of isolates at suboptimal conditions. Thus, none of the isolates from warm environments and only 8% of the isolates from cold environments grew at this pH at 5 degrees C. The observed differences in growth optima between strains from different environments are discussed in relation to food- or waterborne infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Knøchel
- Technological Laboratory, Danish Ministry of Fisheries, Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
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Palumbo SA, Bencivengo MM, Del Corral F, Williams AC, Buchanan RL. Characterization of the Aeromonas hydrophila group isolated from retail foods of animal origin. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:854-9. [PMID: 2745695 PMCID: PMC267443 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.27.5.854-859.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During a recent survey of retail fresh foods of animal origin (fish and seafood, raw milk, poultry, and red meats) for organisms of the Aeromonas hydrophila group, we isolated representative strains from the various foods. In this study, we sought to characterize these isolates for biochemical properties and virulence-associated factors and to compare the food isolates with clinical isolates. We identified all food and clinical isolates as A. hydrophila and found that all isolates were typical in their biochemical reactions. Examination of the isolates for various virulence-associated factors indicated that most food and clinical isolates were serum resistant, beta-hemolytic, cytotoxin positive (against Y1 adrenal cells), hemagglutinin positive, Congo red positive, elastase positive, and staphylolysin positive. Mouse 50% lethal doses were log10 8 to 9 CFU for most isolates. All isolates had biotypes identical to those of enterotoxin-positive strains. The public health significance of these organisms in foods is not known at present, although their widespread occurrence and ability to grow competitively in foods kept at 5 degrees C represents a potential hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Palumbo
- Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118
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Abstract
Although the first Aeromonas strain was described by Zimmermann as early as in 1890, it took 60 years until Caselitz established human pathogenicity of strains then called "Vibrio jamaicensis". Since then, and especially in the last 10 years, there have been increasing numbers of reports on different infections caused by members of the genus Aeromonas. These include sepsis; meningitis; cellulitis; necrotizing fasciitis; ecthyma gangrenosum; pneumonia; peritonitis; conjunctivitis; corneal ulcer; endophthalmitis; osteomyelitis; suppurative arthritis; myositis; subphrenic abscess; liver abscess; cholecystitis and/or ascending cholangitis; urinary tract infection; endocarditis; ear, nose, and throat infections; balanitis; etc. The role of Aeromonas in gastrointestinal disease is very controversial. Increasing epidemiological data suggest that these organisms play a major role in enteric infections, but so far enteropathogenicity has not been demonstrable in experiments where volunteers were given high numbers of Aeromonas possessing different virulence factors. Virulence factors include hemolysin(s), enterotoxin(s), hemagglutinins, invasivity, and others; but these are not found more frequently in strains isolated from patients with diarrhea than from healthy controls. Whether there is a correlation between species and disease remains to be elucidated and requires more information about the taxonomy of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Altwegg
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Kuijper EJ, Steigerwalt AG, Schoenmakers BS, Peeters MF, Zanen HC, Brenner DJ. Phenotypic characterization and DNA relatedness in human fecal isolates of Aeromonas spp. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:132-8. [PMID: 2913025 PMCID: PMC267248 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.27.1.132-138.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic characteristics were used to identify 189 Aeromonas strains isolated from human feces. One hundred forty-two of these strains were placed in 11 DNA hybridization groups, and the genetic and phenotypic data were compared. According to the criteria of Popoff, 66% of the strains were identified as Aeromonas caviae, 18% were identified as A. sobria, and 16% were identified as A. hydrophila. Some biochemical characteristics differed from the criteria of Popoff; 19 of 40 (48%) of tested strains were encapsulated, 42 of 124 (34%) of A. caviae strains were nonmotile, and all A. sobria strains were resistant to KCN. Gas production from D-glucose was temperature dependent; 11 of 64 (17%) A. hydrophila and A. sobria strains produced gas only at 22 degrees C. Of 142 Aeromonas strains, 57% belonged to hybridization group 4, 25% belonged to group 8, 11% belonged to group 1, 4% belonged to group 5A, 2% belonged to group 3, and 1% belonged to group 2. Of 26 strains phenotypically identified as A. hydrophila, 8 (31%) were in hybridization group 8, which contains strains of the new species A. veronii. It therefore appears that our ability to identify Aeromonas strains phenotypically is not sufficiently specific. Either additional definitive biochemical markers must be found or phenotypic identification, at least for some Aeromonas groups, must be regarded as only presumptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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PALUMBO SAMUELA, MORGAN DONNAR, BUCHANAN ROBERTL. Influence of Temperature, NaCI, and pH on the Growth of Aeromonas Hydrophila. J Food Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb10490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aldová E, Hausner O, Svihálková A, Láznicková K, Sobotková J, Smolka J, Horácková O. First strains of the genus Kluyvera in Czechoslovakia. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE, UND HYGIENE. SERIES A, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY 1985; 260:8-14. [PMID: 4060923 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(85)80093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen of 21 strains isolated from stools, urine specimens and the hospital environment were identified as Kluyvera. All of these 14 strains corresponded with the literary description of the genus Kluyvera and were identical with two reference strains except that one of them failed to utilize sodium acetate within 7 days. One strain (No. 23441) produced massive growth on Jordan's tartrate, which some Kluyvera do. Important in differentiating indole- and Simmons' citrate-negative Kluyvera strains from Escherichia vulneris (two other of our 21 strains) is negative ornithin decarboxylase and negative Christensen citrate in the latter. Three strains were identified as Citrobacter, where especially indole-positive and urease-negative strains may be reminiscent of Kluyvera. An aberrant strain, No. 25115, which alone failed to grow at 42 degrees C and by some characters differed from Kluyvera, E. vulneris and Enteric Group 10, was identified as E. coli.
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Popoff M, Lallier R. 4 Biochemical and Serological Characteristics of Aeromonas. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kaper JB, Lockman H, Colwell RR, Joseph SW. Aeromonas hydrophila: ecology and toxigenicity of isolates from an estuary. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1981; 50:359-77. [PMID: 7251516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Lee JV, Shread P, Furniss AL, Bryant TN. Taxonomy and description of Vibrio fluvialis sp. nov. (synonym group F vibrios, group EF6). THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1981; 50:73-94. [PMID: 6971864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Reevaluation of the taxonomy ofVibrio, beneckea, andPhotobacterium: Abolition of the genusBeneckea. Curr Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02602814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Nodules found in the superficial tissues of laboratory-maintained snails (Bulinus jousseaumei) contained a bacterium of two forms. This nonmotile microorganism occurred in intracellular packets as a simple gram-negative rod that appeared to undergo intrapacket transition to a cephalotrichous form. The latter is characterized by a "head" from which emerge long, thick, rigid, flagella-like, helically constituted filamentous organelles with a core and an outer component that is not an extension of the bacterial envelope. Neither form was successfully cultured, but clean snails derived from eggs removed before hatching developed nodules within 1 to 3 months of exposure to infected snails. The infectivity was specific for the host snail, and no transmission occurred to snails of 5 other genera tested. The presence of nodules did not interfere with longevity or reproduction of infected snails. Details of infectivity, transition, and taxonomic position of the bacterium remain to be explored, but it is reported because of unique morphological and ultrastructural features not previously known.
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Brisou B, Hauteville D, de Saint-Julien J, Pholoppe P, Chamfeuil R. Les septicémies humaines à Aeromonas hydrophila. Med Mal Infect 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(75)80105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
One-hundred-and-forty-five isolates of marine origin were submitted to an extensive physiological, nutritional, and morphological characterization. All strains were gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, straight or curved rods which were motile by means of flagella. Glucose was fermented with the production of acid but no gas. Sodium but no organic growth factors were required. None of the strains were able to denitrify or fix molecular nitrogen. The results of nutritional and physiological tests were submitted to a numerical analysis. On the basis of phenotypic similarity, nine groups were established. These groups could be distinguished from one another by multiple, unrelated, phenotypic traits. Six groups which had deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) containing 45 to 48 moles per cent guanine plus cytosine (GC) were assigned to a redefined genus Beneckea. All of the strains in this genus, when grown in liquid medium, had a single, polar flagellum. When grown on a solid medium, many strains had peritrichous flagella. Two groups were similar to previously described species and were designated B. alginolytica and B. natriegens. The remaining four groups were designated B. campbellii, B. neptuna, B. nereida, and B. pelagia. An additional group of phenotypically similar strains having the properties of the genus Beneckea was not included in the numerical analysis. These strains were readily separable from species of this genus and were designated B. parahaemolytica. Of the remaining groups, one was identified as Photobacterium fischeri. The other group (B-2) which had about 41 moles% GC content in its DNA could not be placed into existing genera.
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Dean WW, Mead AR, Northey ST. Aeromonas liquefaciens in the giant African snail, Achantina fulica. J Invertebr Pathol 1970; 16:346-51. [PMID: 5501200 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(70)90150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
Plesiomonas shigelloides, a motile, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative rod that may possess shigella antigens, was isolated from the faeces of 36 children and two adults. In 13 children the organism was thought to be possibly the cause of enteritis and in eight children there was no evidence of intestinal disease. In nine children with gastroenteritis other enteropathogenic bacteria were found in addition, and six children had intestinal disease due, or possibly due, to other factors. Only four of the 38 strains had shigella antigens.
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Winton FW. Plesiomonas shigelloides: an unusual isolate from faeces. THE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY 1968; 95:562-7. [PMID: 4871044 DOI: 10.1002/path.1700950235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sandvik O, Hägen O. Serological Studies on Proteinases Produced by Aeromonas Salmonicida and Other Aeromonads. Acta Vet Scand 1968. [DOI: 10.1186/bf03547885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Von Graevenitz A, Mensch AH. The genus aeromonas in human bacteriology; report of 30 cases and review of the literature. N Engl J Med 1968; 278:245-9. [PMID: 5635458 DOI: 10.1056/nejm196802012780504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kok N. Aeromonas hydrophila s. liquefaciens isolated from tonsillitis in man. Report of a case. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1967; 71:599-602. [PMID: 5584518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1967.tb05180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Crawford IP, Sikes S, Melhorn DK. The natural relationships of Aeromonas formicans. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1967; 59:72-81. [PMID: 5602475 DOI: 10.1007/bf00406318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Board RG. The properties and classification of the predominant bacteria in rotten eggs. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1965; 28:437-453. [PMID: 5852360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1965.tb02175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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