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Smita N, Sasikala C, Ramana C. New insights into peroxide toxicology: sporulenes help Bacillus subtilis endospores from hydrogen peroxide. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad238. [PMID: 37863832 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the present study was to understand the possible events involved in the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to wild and sporulene-deficient spores of Bacillus subtilis, as H2O2 was previously shown to have deleterious effects. METHODS AND RESULTS The investigation utilized two strains of B. subtilis, namely the wild-type PY79 (WT) and the sporulene-deficient TB10 (ΔsqhC mutant). Following treatment with 0.05% H2O2 (v/v), spore viability was assessed using a plate count assay, which revealed a significant decrease in cultivability of 80% for the ΔsqhC mutant spores. Possible reasons for the loss of spore viability were investigated with microscopic analysis, dipicholinic acid (DPA) quantification and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Microscopic examinations revealed the presence of withered and deflated morphologies in spores of ΔsqhC mutants treated with H2O2, indicating a compromised membrane permeability. This was further substantiated by the absence of DPA and a high frequency (50%-75%) of PI infiltration. The results of fatty acid methyl ester analysis and protein profiling indicated that the potentiation of H2O2-induced cellular responses was manifested in the form of altered spore composition in ΔsqhC B. subtilis. The slowed growth rates of the ΔsqhC mutant and the heightened sporulene biosynthesis pathways in the WT strain, both upon exposure to H2O2, suggested a protective function for sporulenes in vegetative cells. CONCLUSIONS Sporulenes serve as a protective layer for the inner membrane of spores, thus assuming a significant role in mitigating the adverse effects of H2O2 in WT B. subtilis. The toxic effects of H2O2 were even more pronounced in the spores of the ΔsqhC mutant, which lacks this protective barrier of sporulenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Smita
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ch Sasikala
- Bacterial Discovery Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, J.N.T. University Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500085, India
| | - ChV Ramana
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
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2
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Leggett M, Setlow P, Sattar S, Maillard JY. Assessing the activity of microbicides against bacterial spores: knowledge and pitfalls. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1174-80. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Leggett
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | | | - S.A. Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - J.-Y. Maillard
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
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3
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Mechanism of Sporicidal Activity for the Synergistic Combination of Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1035-1039. [PMID: 26637595 PMCID: PMC4751845 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still great interest in controlling bacterial endospores. The use of chemical disinfectants and, notably, oxidizing agents to sterilize medical devices is increasing. With this in mind, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peracetic acid (PAA) have been used in combination, but until now there has been no explanation for the observed increase in sporicidal activity. This study provides information on the mechanism of synergistic interaction of PAA and H2O2 against bacterial spores. We performed investigations of the efficacies of different combinations, including pretreatments with the two oxidizers, against wild-type spores and a range of spore mutants deficient in the spore coat or small acid-soluble spore proteins. The concentrations of the two biocides were also measured in the reaction vessels, enabling the assessment of any shift from H2O2 to PAA formation. This study confirmed the synergistic activity of the combination of H2O2 and PAA. However, we observed that the sporicidal activity of the combination is largely due to PAA and not H2O2. Furthermore, we observed that the synergistic combination was based on H2O2 compromising the spore coat, which was the main spore resistance factor, likely allowing better penetration of PAA and resulting in the increased sporicidal activity.
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4
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Hukari KW, Patel KD, Renzi RF, West JAA. An ultra-high temperature flow-through capillary device for bacterial spore lysis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2804-12. [PMID: 20737447 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and specific characterization of bacterial endospores is dependent on the ability to rupture the cell wall to enable analysis of the intracellular components. In particular, bacterial spores from the bacillus genus are inherently robust and very difficult to lyze or solubilize. Standard protocols for spore inactivation include chemical treatment, sonication, pressure, and thermal lysis. Although these protocols are effective for the inactivation of these agents, they are less well suited for sample preparation for analysis using proteomic and genomic approaches. To overcome this difficulty, we have designed a simple capillary device to perform thermal lysis of bacterial spores. Using this device, we were able to super heat (195 degrees C) an ethylene glycol lysis buffer to perform rapid flow-through rupture and solubilization of bacterial endospores. We demonstrated that the lysates from this preparation method are compatible with CGE as well as DNA amplification analysis. We further demonstrated the flow-through lysing device could be directly coupled to a miniaturized electrophoresis instrument for integrated sample preparation and analysis. In this arrangement, we were enabled to perform sample lysis, fluorescent dye labeling, and protein electrophoresis analysis of bacterial spores in less than 10 min. The described sample preparation device is rapid, simple, inexpensive, and easily integratable with various microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Hukari
- Microfluidics Research Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
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5
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LEAPER S. Synergistic killing of spores of Bacillus subtilis by peracetic acid and alcohol. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Zhang J, Dalal N, Matthews MA, Waller LN, Saunders C, Fox KF, Fox A. Supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide cause mild changes in spore structures associated with high killing rate of Bacillus anthracis. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 70:442-51. [PMID: 17628729 PMCID: PMC2084089 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present work examines chemical and structural response in B. anthracis spores killed by a mixture of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO(2)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Deactivation of 6-log of B. anthracis spores by SCCO(2)+H(2)O(2) was demonstrated, but changes in structure were observed in only a small portion of spores. Results from phase contrast microscopy proved that this treatment is mild and does not trigger germination-like changes. TEM imaging revealed mild damage in a portion of spores while the majority remained intact. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) analysis showed that <10% of the DPA was released from the spore core into the external milieu, further demonstrating only modest damage to the spores. Confocal fluorescent microscopy, assessing uptake of DNA-binding dyes, directly demonstrated compromise of the permeability barrier. However, the magnitude of uptake was small compared to spores that had been autoclaved. This work suggests that SCCO(2)+H(2)O(2) is quite mild compared to other sterilization methods, which has major implications in its application. These results provide some insight on the possible interactions between spores and the SCCO(2)+H(2)O(2) sterilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Nishita Dalal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Michael A. Matthews
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
- * Corresponding author: Phone (803) 777-0556. Fax (803) 777-8265. Email address:
| | - Lashanda N. Waller
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Clint Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Karen F. Fox
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Alvin Fox
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
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7
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Young SB, Setlow P. Mechanisms of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:54-67. [PMID: 12807454 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis spore killing by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide, and its resistance against them. METHODS AND RESULTS Spores of B. subtilis treated with hypochlorite or chlorine dioxide did not accumulate damage to their DNA, as spores with or without the two major DNA protective alpha/beta-type small, acid soluble spore proteins exhibited similar sensitivity to these chemicals; these agents also did not cause spore mutagenesis and their efficacy in spore killing was not increased by the absence of a major DNA repair pathway. Spore killing by these two chemicals was greatly increased if spores were first chemically decoated or if spores carried a mutation in a gene encoding a protein essential for assembly of many spore coat proteins. Spores prepared at a higher temperature were also much more resistant to these agents. Neither hypochlorite nor chlorine dioxide treatment caused release of the spore core's large depot of dipicolinic acid (DPA), but hypochlorite- and chlorine dioxide-treated spores much more readily released DPA upon a subsequent normally sub-lethal heat treatment than did untreated spores. Hypochlorite-killed spores could not initiate the germination process with either nutrients or a 1 : 1 chelate of Ca2+-DPA, and these spores could not be recovered by lysozyme treatment. Chlorine dioxide-treated spores also did not germinate with Ca2+-DPA and could not be recovered by lysozyme treatment, but did germinate with nutrients. However, while germinated chlorine dioxide-killed spores released DPA and degraded their peptidoglycan cortex, they did not initiate metabolism and many of these germinated spores were dead as determined by a viability stain that discriminates live cells from dead ones on the basis of their permeability properties. CONCLUSIONS Hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide do not kill B. subtilis spores by DNA damage, and a major factor in spore resistance to these agents appears to be the spore coat. Spore killing by hypochlorite appears to render spores defective in germination, possibly because of severe damage to the spore's inner membrane. While chlorine dioxide-killed spores can undergo the initial steps in spore germination, these germinated spores can go no further in this process probably because of some type of membrane damage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results provide information on the mechanisms of the killing of bacterial spores by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Young
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032-3305, USA.
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8
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Melly E, Cowan AE, Setlow P. Studies on the mechanism of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hydrogen peroxide. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:316-25. [PMID: 12147081 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the mechanism of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hydrogen peroxide. METHODS AND RESULTS Killing of spores of B. subtilis with hydrogen peroxide caused no release of dipicolinic acid (DPA) and hydrogen peroxide-killed spores were not appreciably sensitized for DPA release upon a subsequent heat treatment. Hydrogen peroxide-killed spores appeared to initiate germination normally, released DPA and hydrolysed significant amounts of their cortex. However, the germinated killed spores did not swell, did not accumulate ATP or reduced flavin mononucleotide and the cores of these germinated spores were not accessible to nucleic acid stains. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that treatment with hydrogen peroxide results in spores in which the core cannot swell properly during spore germination. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results provide further information on the mechanism of killing of spores of Bacillus species by hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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9
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10
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Rutherford GC, Reidmiller JS, Marquis RE. Method to sensitize bacterial spores to subsequent killing by dry heat or ultraviolet irradiation. J Microbiol Methods 2000; 42:281-90. [PMID: 11044571 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(00)00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation are known to interact synergistically for killing of bacterial spores. Synergy could be demonstrated with spores of Bacillus megaterium ATCC19213 adsorbed to filter paper strips or glass coverslips treated first with the peroxide and then dried for as long as 48 h prior to UV irradiation. This delayed action was considered to be due to absorption of the peroxide by the spores in an active but not readily vaporized form, which could become sporicidal also if the spores were heated to 50 degrees C. B. megaterium spores mixed with 0.1% (32.6 mM) H(2)O(2) solution appeared to absorb as much as 15 micromol/mg dry weight or about 0.5 mg/mg, but only a third to half of the peroxide could be recovered by water washing. A part of the unrecovered peroxide was degraded in reactions resulting in measurable production of oxygen. Degradation was not reduced by heating the spores to 65 degrees C or by azide and so appeared to be non-enzymatic. Spores of the anaerobe Clostridium sporogenes were also sensitized to ultraviolet killing by H(2)O(2) treatment followed by drying. They appear to absorb less peroxide, only about 2 micromol/mg, but had lower capacities to degrade H(2)O(2) so that nearly all of the peroxide could be recovered by washing with water. The findings presented should be helpful in the design of new methods for synergistic killing of spores by H(2)O(2) and UV irradiation or dry heat, especially involving, for example, packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Rutherford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Box 672, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642-8672, USA
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11
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Riesenman PJ, Nicholson WL. Role of the spore coat layers in Bacillus subtilis spore resistance to hydrogen peroxide, artificial UV-C, UV-B, and solar UV radiation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:620-6. [PMID: 10653726 PMCID: PMC91871 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.2.620-626.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/1999] [Accepted: 11/12/1999] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spores of Bacillus subtilis possess a thick protein coat that consists of an electron-dense outer coat layer and a lamellalike inner coat layer. The spore coat has been shown to confer resistance to lysozyme and other sporicidal substances. In this study, spore coat-defective mutants of B. subtilis (containing the gerE36 and/or cotE::cat mutation) were used to study the relative contributions of spore coat layers to spore resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and various artificial and solar UV treatments. Spores of strains carrying mutations in gerE and/or cotE were very sensitive to lysozyme and to 5% H(2)O(2), as were chemically decoated spores of the wild-type parental strain. Spores of all coat-defective strains were as resistant to 254-nm UV-C radiation as wild-type spores were. Spores possessing the gerE36 mutation were significantly more sensitive to artificial UV-B and solar UV radiation than wild-type spores were. In contrast, spores of strains possessing the cotE::cat mutation were significantly more resistant to all of the UV treatments used than wild-type spores were. Spores of strains carrying both the gerE36 and cotE::cat mutations behaved like gerE36 mutant spores. Our results indicate that the spore coat, particularly the inner coat layer, plays a role in spore resistance to environmentally relevant UV wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Riesenman
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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12
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Marquis RE, Rutherford GC, Faraci MM, Shin SY. Sporicidal action of peracetic acid and protective effects of transition metal ions. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 15:486-92. [PMID: 8821509 DOI: 10.1007/bf01570019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although peracetic acid (PAA) is used widely for cold sterilization and disinfection, its mechanisms of sporicidal action are poorly understood. PAA at high concentrations (5-10%) can cause major loss of optical absorbance and microscopically-visible damage to bacterial spores. Spores killed by lower levels of PAA (0.02-0.05%) showed no visible damage and remained refractile. Treatment of spores of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213 with PAA at concentrations close to the lethal level sensitized the cells to subsequent heat killing. In addition, PAA was found to act in concert with hypochlorite and iodine to kill spores. Antioxidant sulfhydryl compounds or ascorbate protected spores against PAA killing. Trolox, a water-soluble form of alpha-tocopherol, was somewhat protective, while other antioxidants, including alpha-tocopherol, urate, bilirubin, ampicillin and ethanol were not protective. Chelators, including dipicolinate, were not protective, but transition metal ions, especially the reduced forms (Co2+, Cu+ and Fe2+) were highly protective. The net conclusions are that organic radicals formed from PAA are sporicidal and that they may act as reducing agents for spores that are normally in a highly oxidized state, in addition to their well known actions as oxidizing agents in causing damage to vegetative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Marquis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642-8672, USA
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13
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Shin SY, Calvisi EG, Beaman TC, Pankratz HS, Gerhardt P, Marquis RE. Microscopic and Thermal Characterization of Hydrogen Peroxide Killing and Lysis of Spores and Protection by Transition Metal Ions, Chelators, and Antioxidants. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:3192-7. [PMID: 16349375 PMCID: PMC201788 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.9.3192-3197.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Killing of bacterial spores by H
2
O
2
at elevated but sublethal temperatures and neutral pH occurred without lysis. However, with prolonged exposure or higher concentrations of the agent, secondary lytic processes caused major damage successively to the coat, cortex, and protoplast, as evidenced by electron and phase contrast microscopy. These processes were also reflected in changes in differential scanning calorimetric profiles for H
2
O
2
-treated spores. Endothermic transitions in the profiles occurred at lower temperatures than usual as a result of H
2
O
2
damage. Thus, H
2
O
2
sensitized the cells to heat damage. Longer exposure to H
2
O
2
resulted in total disappearance of the transitions, indicative of major disruptions of cell structure. Spores but not vegetative cells were protected against the lethal action of H
2
O
2
by the transition metal cations Cu
+
, Cu
2+
, Co
2+
, Co
3+
, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Mn
2+
, Ti
3+
, and Ti
4+
. The metal chelator EDTA was also somewhat protective, while
o
-phenanthroline, citrate, deferoxamine, and ethanehydroxydiphosphonate were only marginally so. Superoxide dismutase and a variety of other free-radical scavengers were not protective. In contrast, reducing agents such as sulfhydryl compounds and ascorbate at concentrations of 20 to 50 mM were highly protective. Decoating or demineralization of the spores had only minor effects. The marked dependence of H
2
O
2
sporicidal activity on moderately elevated temperature and the known low reactivity of H
2
O
2
itself suggest that radicals are involved in its killing action. However, the protective effects of a variety of oxidized or reduced transition metal ions indicate that H
2
O
2
killing of spores is markedly different from that of vegetative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642-8672
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14
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Marquis RE, Shin SY. Mineralization and responses of bacterial spores to heat and oxidative agents. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1994; 14:375-9. [PMID: 7917424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralization of bacterial spores with Ca2+ and a variety of other mineral cations enhances resistance to heat damage. Part of the enhancement is associated with increased dehydration of the mineralized protoplast or spore core, while part is independent of dehydration and effective for resistance even to dry heat. Spore mineralization was found also to enhance resistance to oxidative damage caused by agents such as tertiary butyl hydroperoxide or H2O2. In contrast, mineral cations in the environment increased oxidative damage, presumably by catalyzing radical formation. Metal ion chelators such as o-phenanthroline protected spores against such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Marquis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642-8672
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15
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Marquis RE, Sim J, Shin SY. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to heat and oxidative damage. SOCIETY FOR APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM SERIES 1994; 23:40S-48S. [PMID: 8047909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Spore heat resistance can be predicted within reasonable limits from knowledge of optimal growth temperature of the sporeformer, the temperature of sporulation, water content of the spore protoplast, cortex size, total mineralization and specific mineralization. The molecular mechanisms by which dehydration and mineralization act to stabilize spores against heat damage are unknown. A major need for further progress is to identify the principal targets for lethal damage. In this review the hypothesis was explored that heat killing may be related to oxidative killing. The proposed common denominator for the two is the formation of radicals able to react with, and irreversibly damage, spore polymers such as proteins or DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Marquis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642-8672
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Abstract
Bacterial spores are among the most resistant of all living cells to biocides, although the response depends on the stage of sporulation. The development of resistance to some agents such as chlorhexidine occurs much earlier in sporulation than does resistance to glutaraldehyde, which is a very late event. During germination or outgrowth or both, resistance is lost and the cells become as susceptible to biocides as nonsporulating bacteria. Mechanisms of spore resistance to, and the action of, biocides are discussed, and possible means of enhancing antispore activity are considered. The clinical and other uses of sporicidal and sporostatic chemical agents are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Russell
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales College of Cardiff
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18
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LEAPER S. A note on the effect of sporulation conditions on the resistance of Bacillus spores to heat and chemicals. Lett Appl Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1987.tb01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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20
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Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. The importance of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human diseases. Mol Aspects Med 1985; 8:89-193. [PMID: 3908871 DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(85)90001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 749] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of free radical reactions is not an isolated and esoteric branch of science. A knowledge of free radical chemistry and biochemistry is relevant to an understanding of all diseases and the mode of action of all toxins, if only because diseased or damaged tissues undergo radical reactions more readily than do normal tissues. However it does not follow that because radical reactions can be demonstrated, they are important in any particular instance. We hope that the careful techniques needed to assess the biological role of free radicals will become more widely used.
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22
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Dadd AH, Daley GM. Role of the coat in resistance of bacterial spores to inactivation by ethylene oxide. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1982; 53:109-16. [PMID: 6816784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1982.tb04740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Bayliss CE, Waites WM. The effect of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation on non-sporing bacteria. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1980; 48:417-22. [PMID: 6773918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1980.tb01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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Bayliss CE, Waites WM. The combined effect of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation on bacterial spores. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1979; 47:263-9. [PMID: 541299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb01753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Shibata H, Uchida M, Hayashi H, Tani I. Effect of trichloroacetic acid treatment on certain properties of spores of Bacillus cereus T. Microbiol Immunol 1979; 23:339-47. [PMID: 41162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1979.tb00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spores of Bacillus cereus T treated with trichloroacetic acid (6.1--61.2 mM) were compared with untreated spores, and as the concentration of the chemical increased, the following alterations in spore properties were found: (1) the extent of germination decreased irrespective of the germination medium used; (2) the spores became sensitive to sodium hydroxide (1 N) and hydrochloric acid (0.27 N), but not to lysozyme (200 micrograms/ml); (3) loss of dipicolinate increased on subsequent heating; and (4) the spores became more sensitive to heat. However, trichloroacetic acid-treated spores were still viable and there was no significant change in spore components. The mechanism of action of trichloroacetic acid is discussed.
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Bayliss CE, Waites W. The synergistic killing of spores ofBacillus subtilisby hydrogen peroxide and ultra-violet light irradiation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1979.tb03333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Gould GW. Recent advances in the understanding of resistance and dormancy in bacterial spores. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1977; 42:297-309. [PMID: 18433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1977.tb00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Russell AD, Hopwood D. The biological uses and importance of glutaraldehyde. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1976; 13:271-301. [PMID: 829697 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kulikovsky A, Pankratz HS, Sadoff HL. Ultrastructural and chemical changes in spores of Bacillus cereus after action of disinfectants. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1975; 38:39-46. [PMID: 803940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1975.tb00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Thomas S, Russell AD. Studies on the mechanism of the sporicidal action of glutaraldehyde. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1974; 37:83-92. [PMID: 4211092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1974.tb00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chapter V Methods for Assessing Damage to Bacteria Induced by Chemical and Physical Agents. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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