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Méric G, Mageiros L, Pascoe B, Woodcock DJ, Mourkas E, Lamble S, Bowden R, Jolley KA, Raymond B, Sheppard SK. Lineage-specific plasmid acquisition and the evolution of specialized pathogens in Bacillus thuringiensis and the Bacillus cereus group. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1524-1540. [PMID: 29509989 PMCID: PMC5947300 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial plasmids can vary from small selfish genetic elements to large autonomous replicons that constitute a significant proportion of total cellular DNA. By conferring novel function to the cell, plasmids may facilitate evolution but their mobility may be opposed by co-evolutionary relationships with chromosomes or encouraged via the infectious sharing of genes encoding public goods. Here, we explore these hypotheses through large-scale examination of the association between plasmids and chromosomal DNA in the phenotypically diverse Bacillus cereus group. This complex group is rich in plasmids, many of which encode essential virulence factors (Cry toxins) that are known public goods. We characterized population genomic structure, gene content and plasmid distribution to investigate the role of mobile elements in diversification. We analysed coding sequence within the core and accessory genome of 190 B. cereus group isolates, including 23 novel sequences and genes from 410 reference plasmid genomes. While cry genes were widely distributed, those with invertebrate toxicity were predominantly associated with one sequence cluster (clade 2) and phenotypically defined Bacillus thuringiensis. Cry toxin plasmids in clade 2 showed evidence of recent horizontal transfer and variable gene content, a pattern of plasmid segregation consistent with transfer during infectious cooperation. Nevertheless, comparison between clades suggests that co-evolutionary interactions may drive association between plasmids and chromosomes and limit wider transfer of key virulence traits. Proliferation of successful plasmid and chromosome combinations is a feature of specialized pathogens with characteristic niches (Bacillus anthracis, B. thuringiensis) and has occurred multiple times in the B. cereus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for EvolutionDepartment of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
| | | | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for EvolutionDepartment of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
- MRC CLIMB ConsortiumUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Dan J. Woodcock
- Mathematics Institute and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Epidemiology ResearchUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Evangelos Mourkas
- The Milner Centre for EvolutionDepartment of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Sarah Lamble
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Ben Raymond
- Department of Life SciencesFaculty of Natural SciencesImperial College LondonAscotUK
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Samuel K. Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for EvolutionDepartment of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
- MRC CLIMB ConsortiumUniversity of BathBathUK
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Akiba T, Okumura S. Parasporins 1 and 2: Their structure and activity. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 142:44-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Barthel A, Vogel H, Pauchet Y, Pauls G, Kunert G, Groot AT, Boland W, Heckel DG, Heidel-Fischer HM. Immune modulation enables a specialist insect to benefit from antibacterial withanolides in its host plant. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12530. [PMID: 27561781 PMCID: PMC5007441 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel plant chemical defenses and counter adaptations by herbivorous insect could continually drive speciation, producing more insect specialists than generalists. One approach to test this hypothesis is to compare closely related generalist and specialist species to reveal the associated costs and benefits of these different adaptive strategies. We use the specialized moth Heliothis subflexa, which feeds exclusively on plants in the genus Physalis, and its close generalist relative H. virescens. Specialization on Physalis plants necessitates the ability to tolerate withanolides, the secondary metabolites of Physalis species that are known to have feeding deterrent and immune inhibiting properties for other insects. Here we find that only H. subflexa benefits from the antibacterial properties of withanolides, and thereby gains a higher tolerance of the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. We argue that the specialization in H. subflexa has been guided to a large extent by a unique role of plant chemistry on ecological immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barthel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Pauls
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid T. Groot
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - David G. Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hanna M. Heidel-Fischer
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Brasseur K, Auger P, Asselin E, Parent S, Côté JC, Sirois M. Parasporin-2 from a New Bacillus thuringiensis 4R2 Strain Induces Caspases Activation and Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135106. [PMID: 26263002 PMCID: PMC4532506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, parasporin-2Aa1, originally isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis strain A1547, was shown to be cytotoxic against specific human cancer cells but the mechanisms of action were not studied. In the present study, we found that proteinase K activated parasporin-2Aa1 protein isolated from a novel B. thuringiensis strain, 4R2, was specifically cytotoxic to endometrial, colon, liver, cervix, breast and prostate cancer. It showed no toxicity against normal cells. Upon treatment with proteinase K-activated parasporin-2Aa1, morphological changes were observed and western blot analysis revealed the cleavage of poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase, caspase-3 and caspase-9 in cancer cell lines exclusively, indicative of programmed cell death, apoptosis. Flow cytometry analyses,using propidium iodide and annexin V, as well as a caspases 3/7 assay confirmed apoptosis induction. Further analyses were performed to study survival pathways, including AKT, XIAP, ERK1/2 and PAR-4, a known inducer of apoptosis. These results indicate that parasporin-2Aa1 is a selective cytotoxic protein that induces apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines from diverse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brasseur
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. Des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Pascal Auger
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. Des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Eric Asselin
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. Des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Sophie Parent
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. Des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
| | - Jean-Charles Côté
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, 430, Boul. Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec, Canada J3B 3E6
| | - Marc Sirois
- Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. Des Forges, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
- * E-mail:
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Diversity analysis and characterization of Coleoptera-, Hemiptera- and Nematode-active cry genes in native isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Margatho L, Okamoto F, Almeida A, Santos C. Avaliação quantitativa da contaminação por micro-organismos no ambiente de criação do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L.) na fase de chocadeira. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572012000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a contaminação bacteriana e fúngica em chocadeira antes e após procedimento de limpeza e desinfecção. Foram coletadas amostras do ar e de superfícies do piso, da parede, das folhas de amoreira, das lagartas do bicho-da-seda e da máquina picadeira de folhas. A metodologia empregada seguiu a técnica da placa de sedimentação e contato de superfície com meios de cultura específicos, Ágar Nutriente, Ágar McConkey e Ágar Sabouraud Dextrose para crescimento, respectivamente, de bactérias, de enterobactérias e de fungos. Os resultados demonstraram, ao término dos dois primeiros ínstars, aumento nos índices de contaminação fúngica e bacteriana nas superfícies das lagartas do bicho-da-seda, do piso e das folhas de amoreira. A limpeza e desinfecção reduziram o grau de contaminação por micro-organismos presentes no ambiente, do nível péssimo para o excelente. As folhas de amoreira representaram um forte potencial de infecção para as lagartas do bicho-da-seda. A contagem de colônias fúngicas e bacterianas foi uma forma simples de monitorar e detectar os pontos de problemas sanitários da chocadeira.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.F.F. Margatho
- Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Centro Oeste, Brasil
| | - F. Okamoto
- Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Centro Oeste, Brasil
| | - A.M. Almeida
- Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Centro Oeste, Brasil
| | - C.A.J.P. Santos
- Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Centro Oeste, Brasil
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Saker M, Salama H, Ragaei M, Abd El-Ghany N. Molecular characterisation of Bacillus thuringiensisisolates from the Egyptian soils. ARCHIVES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AND PLANT PROTECTION 2012; 45:110-125. [DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2010.490405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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9
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Noda T, Kagoshima K, Uemori A, Yasutake K, Ichikawa M, Ohba M. Occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis in canopies of a natural lucidophyllous forest in Japan. Curr Microbiol 2008; 58:195-200. [PMID: 19002526 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 39 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were recovered from 38 leaves collected from 5- to 10-m-high canopies of 8 micro-/meso-phanerophyte species in a lucidophyllous forest of Japan. B. thuringiensis-positive leaves accounted for 1.4% of a total of 2805 leaves from 15 tree species. The frequency of the organism was 0.8% among the Bacillus cereus/B. thuringiensis group. Of 39 isolates obtained, 27 (69.2%) were allocated to 11 H serovars, and 12 isolates remained unidentified: 11 were motile but lacked reactivity to the 55 reference antisera, and 1 isolate was not flagellated. Two H serovars, kurstaki (H3abc) and tohokuensis (H17), occurred predominantly on canopy phylloplanes. Larvicidal activities against Bombyx mori and/or Aedes aegypti were associated with 49% of the canopy isolates. Strong hemolysis was induced by parasporal inclusion proteins of the two isolates of serovar israelensis (H14). Hemagglutinating (lectin) activity was associated with parasporal proteins of nine isolates. There was little correlation between insecticidal activity and lectin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Noda
- Department of Applied Genetics and Pest Management, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Identification and characterization of a novel cytotoxic protein, parasporin-4, produced by Bacillus thuringiensis A1470 strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(08)00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Armengol G, Escobar MC, Maldonado ME, Orduz S. Diversity of Colombian strains of Bacillus thuringiensis with insecticidal activity against dipteran and lepidopteran insects. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:77-88. [PMID: 17184322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the genetic and molecular diversity and insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from all the natural regions of Colombia. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 445 isolates from a collection of B. thuringiensis were characterized. The parasporal crystal morphology that was most abundant was bipyramidal (60%). Almost 10% of the isolates were toxic to Spodoptera frugiperda and 5.6% against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. cry gene content determined by PCR indicated that 10.6% of the isolates contained cry1 genes and 1.1% contained cry2, cry4 or cry11 genes. Protein content of the parasporal crystal was determined by SDS-PAGE; 25 and 18 different protein profiles were found in isolates active against S. frugiperda and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus thuringiensis presents great genetic and molecular diversity even in isolates from the same soil sample. Moreover, the diversity and activity of the isolates might have a relationship with the geographical origin of the samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results obtained here indicate that some of the B. thuringiensis isolates characterized in this study are potential control agents that could be used in programmes against mosquitoes and S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Armengol
- Biotechnology and Biological Control Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia
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12
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Hayakawa T, Kanagawa R, Kotani Y, Kimura M, Yamagiwa M, Yamane Y, Takebe S, Sakai H. Parasporin-2Ab, a Newly Isolated Cytotoxic Crystal Protein from Bacillus thuringiensis. Curr Microbiol 2007; 55:278-83. [PMID: 17700988 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-006-0351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel crystal protein that exhibited potent cytotoxicity against human leukemic T-cells was cloned from the Bacillus thuringiensis TK-E6 strain. The protein, designated as parasporin-2Ab (PS2Ab), was a polypeptide of 304 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 33,017. The deduced amino acid sequence of PS2Ab showed significant homology (84% identitiy) to parasporin-2Aa (PS2Aa) from the B. thuringiensis A1547 strain. Upon processing of PS2Ab with proteinase K, the active form of 29 kDa was produced. The activated PS2Ab showed potent cytotoxicity against MOLT-4 and Jurkat cells and the EC(50) values were estimated as 0.545 and 0.745 ng/mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity of PS2Ab was significantly higher than that of PS2Aa reported elsewhere. Although both cytotoxins were structurally related, it was thought that the minor differences found were responsible for the different cytotoxicities of PS2Ab and PS2Aa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1-1, Okayama, Japan
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Zhang LL, Lin J, Luo L, Guan CY, Zhang QL, Guan Y, Zhang Y, Ji JT, Huang ZP, Guan X. A novel Bacillus thuringiensis strain LLB6, isolated from bryophytes, and its new cry2Ac-type gene. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 44:301-7. [PMID: 17309508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.02072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate and characterize the novel Bacillus thuringiensis strains from bryophytes collected from Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province of China, and identify new B. thuringiensis strains and toxins active against mosquitoes. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve novel B. thuringiensis strains were isolated from 76 bryophyte samples. According to the results of this preliminary screening, LLB6 was the most toxic to Aedes albopictus. Then phase-contrast as well as scanning electron microscopy, bioassays, cloning, sequencing and expression were performed to characterize the novel isolate LLB6 and its new gene cry2Ac5. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus thuringiensis occurred naturally on bryophytes. LLB6 isolated from Physcomitrium japonicum was toxic to A. albopictus. A new cry2Ac5 gene of LLB6 was detected, cloned and expressed successfully. Bioassays on A. albopictus showed that the expressed Cry2Ac5 was also toxic to the third instar larvae. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report of B. thuringiensis strains isolated from bryophytes. It represents a specific source of new B. thuringiensis strains and is of great importance for the knowledge of the ecology of B. thuringiensis. Novel LLB6 harboring the new gene cry2Ac5 and its expressed Cry2Ac5 protein revealed activity against A. albopictus and became a new member of B. thuringiensis toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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Bizzarri MF, Bishop AH. Recovery of Bacillus thuringiensis in vegetative form from the phylloplane of clover (Trifolium hybridum) during a growing season. J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 94:38-47. [PMID: 17005192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two media were developed which specifically allow the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis while it is in the vegetative as opposed to the spore form. Using these media B. thuringiensis was shown conclusively for the first time to exist in an active form on the phylloplane. The profile of its appearance in vegetative and spore form was followed over a growing season on clover (Trifolium hybridum) in the field. Three simultaneous and sudden rises and declines of both spore and vegetative cell densities were observed. The most common other spore-former on these leaves was Bacillus cereus but the fluctuations in appearance of these two very closely related species were not co-incident. Using specific PCR primers a considerable diversity of cry toxin gene types was found in isolates that had been recovered in vegetative form ('vegetative isolates') with the majority possessing multiple delta-endotoxin genes while some had only one of those tested. Bioassays against a lepidopteran insect of purified delta-endotoxins showed that they were no more potent than those from a laboratory-adapted strain. PCR primers for an internal region of the vip3A gene produced amplification in 70% of the vegetative isolates compared to 25% of the laboratory-adapted strains tested.
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Jara S, Maduell P, Orduz S. Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains in the maize and bean phylloplane and their respective soils in Colombia. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:117-24. [PMID: 16834598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from maize and bean phylloplane and their respective soils. METHODS AND RESULTS B. thuringiensis was isolated from the phylloplane and soil of maize and bean from three municipalities in Antioquia, Colombia. Ninety six samples of phylloplane and 24 of soil were analyzed. A total of 214 isolates were obtained from 96 phylloplane samples while 59 isolates were recovered from 24 soil samples. Sixty five per cent and 12% of the phylloplane and soil isolates, respectively, showed activity against Spodoptera frugiperda. These isolates contained delta-endotoxin proteins of 57 and 130 kDa. The most toxic isolates against S. frugiperda had the genotype cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1B, and cry1D. In contrast, 27% of the phylloplane isolates and 88% of the soil isolates were active against Culex quinquefasciatus and had protein profiles similar to B. thuringiensis serovar. medellin and B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis. The most active isolates contain cry4 and cry11 genes. CONCLUSIONS The predominant population of B. thuringiensis on the phylloplane harbored the cry1 gene and was active against S. frugiperda, whereas in soil, isolates harboring cry11 gene and active against C. quinquefasciatus were the majority. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The predominance of specific B. thuringiensis populations, both on the leaves and in the soil, suggests the presence of selection in B. thuringiensis populations on the studied environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jara
- Unidad de Control Biológico y Biotecnología, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
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Okumura S, Saitoh H, Wasano N, Katayama H, Higuchi K, Mizuki E, Inouye K. Efficient solubilization, activation, and purification of recombinant Cry45Aa of Bacillus thuringiensis expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 47:144-51. [PMID: 16307894 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cytotoxic protein Cry45Aa of Bacillus thuringiensis expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli was solubilized in 10 mM HCl. Protein concentration of saturated solution of the recombinant Cry45Aa in 10 mM HCl was about 25 times higher than that in the buffer of previous method (in 50 mM sodium carbonate buffer, pH 10.5, containing 1 mM EDTA, and 10 mM dithiothreitol). The Cry45Aa solubilized in the acidic solution was activated by pepsin as an alternative to proteinase K in the previous method. Cytotoxic activity against CACO-2 cells of the pepsin-treated Cry45Aa was almost identical to the proteinase K-treated protein. The pepsin-treated Cry45Aa was purified by cation-exchange chromatography. The concentration of the purified protein was 539 microg/ml, which was 27-fold higher than that of the activated Cry45Aa by the previously method. The cytotoxic activity of the purified protein was stable in broad pH region (pH 2.0-11.0) for 3 days, and 97% cytotoxic activity remained after incubation at 30 degrees C for 360 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Okumura
- Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0861, Japan.
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Okumura S, Akao T, Higuchi K, Saitoh H, Mizuki E, Ohba M, Inouye K. Bacillus thuringiensis serovar shandongiensis strain 89-T-34-22 produces multiple cytotoxic proteins with similar molecular masses against human cancer cells. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 39:89-92. [PMID: 15189293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2004.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To prove that Bacillus thuringiensis serovar shandongiensis strain 89-T-34-22 produces several novel cytotoxic proteins against human leukaemic T cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Parasporal inclusion protein was solubilized and processed by proteinase K and was separated by anion-exchange chromatography. Cytopathic effects of each fraction against MOLT-4 and Jurkat cells were monitored. CONCLUSIONS Existence of at least two novel cytotoxic proteins was suggested and N-terminal sequences of the newly identified proteins were determined to be QSTTDVIREY and X (Y or I) (P or I) NLANELA (X indicates uncertain amino acids). Molecular masses of the two proteins were approx. 27-28 kDa. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In this study, we demonstrated that the strain 89-T-34-22 produces at least two novel cytotoxic proteins with similar molecular masses against human cancer cells. This is the first strain of B. thuringiensis which produces multiple cytotoxic proteins against human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okumura
- Fukuoka Industrial Technology Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Lee DH, Cha IH, Woo DS, Ohba M. Microbial ecology of Bacillus thuringiensis: fecal populations recovered from wildlife in Korea. Can J Microbiol 2004; 49:465-71. [PMID: 14569287 DOI: 10.1139/w03-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 34 fecal samples, collected from 14 species of wild mammals in Korea, were examined for the occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis. The organism was detected in 18 (53%) samples. Among the three food-habit groups, herbivorous animals yielded the highest frequency (69%) of samples positive for B. thuringiensis, followed by omnivorous animals (50%). Of the six fecal samples from carnivorous animals, only one sample contained B. thurin giensis. Among 527 isolates belonging to the Bacillus cereus - B. thuringiensis group, 43 (8%) were assigned to B. thurin giensis on the basis of the formation of parasporal inclusions. Of the 43 isolates, 13 were serologically allocated to the nine H-antigenic serotypes: H3ad (serovar sumiyoshiensis), H15 (dakota), H17/27 (tohokuensis/ mexicanensis), H19 (tochigiensis), H21 (colmeri), H29 (amagiensis), H31/49 (toguchini/muju), H42 (jinghongiensis), and H44 (higo). Other isolates were untestable or untypable by the 55 reference H antisera available. Insecticidal activity was associated with 23% of the fecal populations: three isolates killed larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera), and seven exhibited larvicidal activity against the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera). There was no larvicidal activity against the three lepidopterous insects: Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera exigua, and Spodoptera litura. The overall results suggest that wild animals in Korea are in contact with naturally occurring B. thuringiensis at high frequencies through the daily food intake of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Lee
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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19
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Maeda M, Mizuki E, Hara M, Tanaka R, Akao T, Yamashita S, Ohba M. Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from intertidal brackish sediments in mangroves. Microbiol Res 2002; 156:195-8. [PMID: 11572461 DOI: 10.1078/0944-5013-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intertidal brackish sediments in mangroves were examined for isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis strains with novel toxicity spectra. A total of 18 B. thuringiensis isolates were recovered from eight sediment samples (36.4%) out of 22 samples tested. The frequency of B. thuringiensis was 1.3% among the colonies of Bacillus cereus/B. thuringiensis group. While five isolates were allocated to the four H serogroups, the majority of the isolates were serologically untypable or untestable. Two isolates belonging to the serovar israelensis/tochigiensis (H14/19) exhibited strong toxicities against larvae of the mosquito, Culex pipiens molestus, and mammalian cells (sheep erythrocyte and two human cancer cell lines) in vitro. The other 16 isolates showed no toxicity against the mosquito and mammalian cells. None of the isolates showed larvicidal activity against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Strong lectin activities against sheep erythrocytes were associated with two serologically untestable isolates and an H3 isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maeda
- Section of Microbiology, Kyushu Medical Co., Ltd., Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Wasano N, Imura S, Ohba M. Failure to recoverBacillus thuringiensisfrom the Lützow‐Holm Bay region of Antarctica. Lett Appl Microbiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.1999.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Wasano
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka and
| | - S. Imura
- National Institute of Polar Research, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Ohba
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka and
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21
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Mizuki E, Ichimatsu T, Hwang S‐H, Park YS, Saitoh H, Higuchi K, Ohba M. Ubiquity ofBacillus thuringiensison phylloplanes of arboreous and herbaceous plants in Japan. J Appl Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Mizuki
- Biotechnology & Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, and
| | - T. Ichimatsu
- Biotechnology & Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, and
| | - S. ‐H. Hwang
- Biotechnology & Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, and
| | - Y. S. Park
- Biotechnology & Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, and
| | - H. Saitoh
- Biotechnology & Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, and
| | - K. Higuchi
- Biotechnology & Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, and
| | - M. Ohba
- Institute of Biological Control, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Lee D, Katayama H, Akao T, Maeda M, Tanaka R, Yamashita S, Saitoh H, Mizuki E, Ohba M. A 28 kDa protein of the Bacillus thuringiensis serovar shandongiensis isolate 89-T-34-22 induces a human leukemic cell-specific cytotoxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1547:57-63. [PMID: 11343791 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 28 kDa protein that exhibits cytocidal activity specific for human leukemic T (MOLT-4) cells was purified from proteinase K-digested parasporal inclusion of a Bacillus thuringiensis serovar shandongiensis isolate. The N-terminal sequence of the protein was identical with that of the 32 kDa protein, regarded as a protoxin, of the inclusion proteins. The median effective concentration of this protein was 0.23 microg/ml against MOLT-4 cells and its specific activity was 7.9 times greater than that of the whole inclusion proteins. The 28 kDa protein induced necrosis-like cytotoxicity against MOLT-4 cells and the cytopathic effect with the passage of time was characterized by cell swelling, nuclear membrane isolation and chromatin condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee
- Biotechnology and Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Center, Kurume, Japan
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23
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Yamashita S, Akao T, Mizuki E, Saitoh H, Higuchi K, Park YS, Kim HS, Ohba M. Characterization of the anti-cancer-cell parasporal proteins of aBacillus thuringiensisisolate. Can J Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/w00-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An unusual activity, associated with non-insecticidal and non-haemolytic parasporal inclusion proteins of a Bacillus thuringiensis soil isolate, designated 89-T-26-17, was characterized. The parasporal inclusion of this isolate was bipyramidal, rounded at both ends, containing proteins of 180, 150, 120, 100, and 88 kDa. No homologies with the Cry and Cyt proteins of B. thuringiensis were detected based on N-terminal sequences. Proteolytic processing of the inclusion proteins by proteinase K, trypsin, and chymotrypsin produced a major protein of 64 kDa exhibiting cytocidal activity against human leukaemic T cells and uterus cervix cancer (HeLa) cells. The protease-activated proteins showed no cytotoxicity to normal T cells.Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal inclusion, non-insecticidal, non-haemolytic, cytocidal activity, human cancer cell.
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24
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Mizuki E, Park YS, Saitoh H, Yamashita S, Akao T, Higuchi K, Ohba M. Parasporin, a human leukemic cell-recognizing parasporal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:625-34. [PMID: 10882663 PMCID: PMC95925 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.4.625-634.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An unusual property, human leukemic cell-recognizing activity, associated with parasporal inclusions of a noninsecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis soil isolate was investigated, and a protein (named parasporin in this study) responsible for the activity was cloned. The parasporin, encoded by a gene 2,169 bp long, was a polypeptide of 723 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 81, 045. The sequence of parasporin contained the five conserved blocks commonly found in B. thuringiensis Cry proteins; however, only very low homologies (<25%) between parasporin and the existing classes of Cry and Cyt proteins were detected. Parasporin exhibited cytocidal activity only when degraded by proteases into smaller molecules of 40 to 60 kDa. Trypsin and proteinase K activated parasporin, while chymotrypsin did not. The activated parasporin showed strong cytocidal activity against human leukemic T cells (MOLT-4) and human uterus cervix cancer cells (HeLa) but not against normal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mizuki
- Biotechnology & Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
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25
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Kim HS, Yamashita S, Akao T, Saitoh H, Higuchi K, Park YS, Mizuki E, Ohba M. In vitro cytotoxicity of non-cyt inclusion proteins of a Bacillus thuringiensis isolate against human cells, including cancer cells. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 89:16-23. [PMID: 10945774 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A soil isolate designated 90-F-45-14, belonging to Bacillus thuringiensis serovar dakota (H15), was examined for characterization of in vitro cytotoxicity, associated with parasporal inclusion proteins, against human cells. When activated with proteolytic processing, inclusion proteins of the isolate 90-F-45-14 exhibited a moderate cytotoxicity against the human uterus cervix cancer cells (HeLa) with an EC(50) value of 60.8 microg ml(-1), while showing extremely high activities on the human leukaemic T cells (MOLT-4) and the normal T cells with EC(50) values of 0.27 and 0.20 microg ml(-1), respectively. Anti-leukaemic cell activity of the 90-F-45-14 proteins was eight to nine times greater than that of the B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis proteins containing the Cyt1 protein, a broad-spectrum cytolysin. The cytopathy by the 90-F-45-14 proteins was characterized by marked cell-ballooning, while the israelensis proteins induced early breakdown of the cells due to cytolysis. Inclusions of the isolate consisted of five major polypeptides of 170, 103, 73, 40 and 32 kDa. A 100% homology was observed in the sequence of 15 N-terminal amino acids between the proteins of 170 and 103 kDa. There was no N-terminal sequence homology between 90-F-45-14 proteins and the existing Cry/Cyt proteins of B. thuringiensis. Proteolytic processing by proteinase K yielded several proteins with molecular masses ranging from 40 to 28 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kim
- Biotechnology and Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, Japan
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26
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Ohba M, Wasano N, Mizuki E. Bacillus thuringiensis soil populations naturally occurring in the Ryukyus, a subtropic region of Japan. Microbiol Res 2000; 155:17-22. [PMID: 10830895 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(00)80017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Of 809 soil samples collected from the seven islands of the Ryukyus, Japan, 107 samples (13.2%) contained Bacillus thuringiensis. The frequency of B. thuringiensis among the B. cereus group was 1.1% (235/21842) on the average. The B. thuringiensis soil populations of the Ryukyus consisted of more than 22 H serogroups. The predominant H serotype was the H5ac/21 (serovar canadensis/colmeri), followed by the H3ad (serovar sumiyoshiensis) and H16 (serovar indiana). Geographically, most widely distributed H serogroups were the H16 and H10ac (serovar londrina); the former was recovered from five islands and the latter from three islands. Parasporal inclusions of the isolates were morphologically heterogeneous, roughly grouped into four categories: bipyramidal/cuboidal, spherical/ovoid, irregularly-pointed, and irregular-shaped. About 53% of the isolates formed spherical to ovoid parasporal inclusions. None of the isolates exhibited larvicidal activity against the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Only four isolates belonging to four different serotypes killed larvae of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. These mosquito-specific isolates all produced spherical parasporal inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohba
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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27
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Akao T, Mizuki E, Yamashita S, Saitoh H, Ohba M. Lectin activity of Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal inclusion proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 179:415-21. [PMID: 10518745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasporal inclusion proteins from a total of 151 Bacillus thuringiensis strains, consisting of 139 Japanese isolates and the type strains of 12 H serovars, were screened for haemagglutination (HA) activity against sheep erythrocytes. Of 58 B. thuringiensis strains with HA activity, nine strains exhibited high activity and the remaining 49 strains were moderately active. The strains with high HA activity were derived from phylloplanes and soils of five geographically different localities, and belonged to H serovars kurstaki and other undefined serotype(s). The HA activities in the four selected strains were generated only when alkali-solubilised parasporal inclusion proteins were proteolytically processed. Furthermore, the lectin activity of the four strains was strongly inhibited by preincubation with N-acetylgalactosamine. The lectin-producing B. thuringiensis strains were heterogeneous in other biological activities of parasporal inclusions: insecticidal activity and cytocidal action on human leukaemia T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akao
- Biotechnology and Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, 1465-5 Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Lecadet MM, Frachon E, Dumanoir VC, Ripouteau H, Hamon S, Laurent P, Thiéry I. Updating the H-antigen classification of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 86:660-72. [PMID: 10212410 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The classification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains has been revised and updated based on flagellar antigens which have been in use for many years. Sixty-nine serotypes and 13 sub-antigenic groups have now been identified, giving 82 serovars among the 3500 B. thuringiensis isolates of the IEBC Collection. The number of serovars has gradually increased with the total number of strains. The biochemical characters used have also been investigated and their value assessed for identification of B. thuringiensis at the subspecies level. A crystal analysis was carried out in terms of morphology, delta-endotoxin profiles and larvicidal activity for the newly identified serovars. It was found that atypical crystals, some with novel components, are becoming more common. No insect susceptible to these serovars has been discovered among known target species. The number of cross-reacting H-antigens among B. cereus strains is increasing and may be of biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Lecadet
- Unité des Bactéries Entomopathogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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29
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Mizuki E, Ohba M, Akao T, Yamashita S, Saitoh H, Park YS. Unique activity associated with non-insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal inclusions: in vitro cell-killing action on human cancer cells. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 86:477-86. [PMID: 10196753 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasporal inclusion proteins from a total of 1744 Bacillus thuringiensis strains, consisting of 1700 Japanese isolates and 44 reference type strains of existing H serovars, were screened for cytocidal activity against human leukaemia T cells and haemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes. Of 1684 B. thuringiensis strains having no haemolytic activity, 42 exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against leukaemia T cells. These non-haemolytic but leukaemia cell-toxic strains belonged to several H-serovars including dakota, neoleonensis, shandongiensis, coreanensis and other unidentified serogroups. Purified parasporal inclusions of the three selected strains, designated 84-HS-1-11, 89-T-26-17 and 90-F-45-14, exhibited no haemolytic activity and no insecticidal activity against dipteran and lepidopteran insects, but were highly cytocidal against leukaemia T cells and other human cancer cells, showing different toxicity spectra and varied activity levels. Furthermore, the proteins from 84-HS-1-11 and 89-T-26-17 were able to discriminate between leukaemia and normal T cells, specifically killing the former cells. These findings may lead to the use of B. thuringiensis inclusion proteins for medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mizuki
- Biotechnology & Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, Kurume, Japan.
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30
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Watanabe K, Hara W, Sato M. Evidence for growth of strains of the plant epiphytic bacterium Erwinia herbicola and transconjugation among the bacterial strains in guts of the silkworm Bombyx mori. J Invertebr Pathol 1998; 72:104-11. [PMID: 9709009 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1998.4764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth of plant epiphytic bacteria Erwinia herbicola and Pseudomonas syringae in guts of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was studied. Fifth instar silkworm larvae were fed artificial diets supplemented with these bacteria for 6 to 12 h followed by uncontaminated diets. At 1, 3, and 6 days after feeding, bacteria were isolated from insect guts and feces. A much larger population of E. herbicola was detected in the samples collected 3 and 6 days after the inoculation than in samples collected after 1 day, indicating that these bacteria grew in the insect gut, while P. syringae was unable to survive. Transconjugation between E. herbicola strains in the insect gut was also examined. First, either a donor or a recipient strain was fed to the insects in artificial diets containing the bacteria during 12 h, and then pairing strains were fed during 12 h after starvation for 12 h. The conjugative plasmid pBPW1::Tn7 was transferred into recipient cells at very high frequencies (10(-1)/recipient after 3 days and 10(-3) after 6 days) in insect guts. Indigenous plasmids of E. herbicola mobilized RSF1010 plasmid into recipient cells at frequencies of 10(-4) in insect guts. These transconjugants were detected in the feces of the insects. Thus, plasmid-mediated gene transfer among the epiphytic bacteria in insect guts was demonstrated. The results obtained suggest that in insecta gene transfer may play an important role in the evolution of plant epiphytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watanabe
- National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305, Japan
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31
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Smith RA, Barry JW. Environmental persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis spores following aerial application. J Invertebr Pathol 1998; 71:263-7. [PMID: 9538032 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1997.4738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Soil and leaf populations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were monitored following aerial application of commercial Bt formulations at the rate of 72 billion international units per acre per year during a 5-year period. Data from soil sample spore counts suggested that Bt spores persisted in Wasatch forest soils for up to 2 years but they did not proliferate. Bt isolates were recovered from leaf samples 12 months post application from sprayed, previously sprayed and from nonsprayed areas. The frequency and diversity of Bt isolates recovered from leaves was independent of sample area spray history. In accordance with U.S. Forest Service criteria, aerial application of Bt during a 5-year period resulted in the eradication of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, L) from the Wasatch Front region of the Wasatch Mountain Range, Utah.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Smith
- Chemical and Agricultural Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Long Grove, Illinois 60047, USA.
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32
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Hansen BM, Damgaard PH, Eilenberg J, Pedersen JC. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from leaves and insects. J Invertebr Pathol 1998; 71:106-14. [PMID: 9500938 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1997.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from the phylloplane of organically cultivated cabbage were characterized using molecular and phenotypic methods. Of the 58 isolates under study, 31 belonged to serovar kurstaki, 16 did not react with any of the currently recognized antisera, 7 reacted with known antisera, and 4 could not be serotyped as they were nonmotile. Round crystals were found in 26 isolates, while bipyramidal crystals were found in the remaining 32 isolates, all of which had activity to lepidopteran larvae. Further, one isolate with unknown serotype and round crystals had lepidopteran activity. Colony hybridization was found to be a useful tool for screening the isolates for specific gene homologies and showed good correlation with the phenotypic observations. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for confirmation of the colony hybridization data, in most cases with concordant results. However, in one case some of the colony hybridization data could not be confirmed by PCR, due to DNA sequence variations in the binding area of one of the primers. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed that isolates otherwise indistinguishable could be distinguished by this method. However, the method was not able to distinguish the 31 kurstaki isolates. Further, the kurstaki isolates could not be distinguished from the B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki HD-1 strain used in commercial products for lepidopteran control. One of the isolates was a serovar israelensis, but no genes encoding dipteran activity could be detected, and the RAPD analysis revealed that the DNA fingerprint of this israelensis isolate deviated from the israelensis ONR60A isolate used in commercial products. In conclusion we find that a molecular method like colony hybridization is suitable for screening large collections of bacteria. When colony hybridization data are combined with RAPD analyses isolates can be grouped based on genetic potential and DNA fingerprint, whereby further characterizations by PCR and the more labourious phenotypic methods can be performed more effectively. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- BM Hansen
- Department of Marine Ecology and Microbiology, National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark
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33
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Damgaard P, Hansen B, Pedersen J, Eilenberg J. Natural occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis on cabbage foliage and in insects associated with cabbage crops. J Appl Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1997.tb03581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Damgaard P, Hansen B, Pedersen J, Eilenberg J. Natural occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis on cabbage foliage and in insects associated with cabbage crops. J Appl Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1997.tb02859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Ohba M. ThreeBacillus thuringiensis flagellar serovars widely occurring in natural environments of Japan. J Basic Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620370110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Ohba M. Identification of flagellar (H) antigenic subfactors in Bacillus thuringiensis H serotypes 10, 18 and 24 isolated in Japan. Lett Appl Microbiol 1996; 23:287-9. [PMID: 8987706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1996.tb00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 95 Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from Japan and belonging to H serotypes 10, 18 and 24, were examined for their H antigenic subfactors. Of 84 H serotype 10 isolates, 83 were identified as the H serotype 10a: 10b (serovar darmstadiensis) and only one isolate was assigned to the H serotype 10a: 10c (serovar londrina). Among five isolates belonging to the H serotype 18, three were allocated to the H serotype 18a: 18b (serovar kumamotoensis), while two isolates did not react to antisera against the two known H antigenic subfactors, 18b and 18c. All of the six H serotype 24 isolates were assigned to the H serotype 24a: 24b (serovar neoleonensis).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohba
- Institute of Biological Control, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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