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Wang X, Wang X, Cao J. Environmental Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030420. [PMID: 36986342 PMCID: PMC10056321 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors significantly influence the transmission of intestinal protozoan diseases. Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are important zoonotic diseases characterized by diarrhea, and are mainly water or foodborne diseases caused by fecal-borne oocysts. The One Health approach effectively addresses environmentally influenced zoonotic diseases. However, the impact of environmental factors on the survival of Cryptosporidium/Giardia (oo)cysts or disease transmission is mostly uncharacterized. Associations between cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis incidence and environmental variables (e.g., climatic conditions, soil characteristics, and water characteristics) have been reported; however, the identified relationships are not consistently reported. Whether these are country-specific or global observations is unclear. Herein, we review the evidence for the influence of environmental factors on Cryptosporidium/Giardia and corresponding diseases from three perspectives: climatic, soil, and water characteristics. The (oo)cyst concentration or survival of Cryptosporidium/Giardia and the incidence of corresponding diseases are related to environmental variables. The associations identified varied among studies and have different levels of importance and lag times in different locations. This review summarizes the influence of relevant environmental factors on Cryptosporidium/Giardia from the One Health perspective and provides recommendations for future research, monitoring, and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Wang
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
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2
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Nasser AM. Transmission of Cryptosporidium by Fresh Vegetables. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1737-1744. [PMID: 36048914 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is increasing thanks to a greater awareness of the human health benefits. Vegetables may become contaminated by enteric pathogens (protozoan parasites, bacteria, and viruses) by irrigation with contaminated water, fertilization with fresh animal manure, or by infected food handlers. Cryptosporidium spp. are fecal-oral protozoan parasites, known to be highly persistent in the environment. Efficient methods were developed for releasing and concentrating Cryptosporidium oocysts from leafy vegetables, and sensitive and specific methods were applied for detection. The aims of this review are to discuss the development and optimization of methods applied to elute, concentrate, and detect oocysts from leafy vegetables, to review the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts on fresh leafy vegetables from various parts of the world, and to discuss cryptosporidiosis outbreaks resulting from the consumption of leafy vegetables. Three solutions were used with comparable efficiency to release oocysts from leafy vegetables: 1 M glycine solution; 0.1% Alconox; and filter elution buffer, with an efficiency of 36.2, 72.6, and 44%, respectively. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was reported in developed, as well as from developing countries, although simple detection methods were applied. Most of the cryptosporidiosis outbreaks were reported in developed countries, which can be related to the efficient surveillance system. Transmission of infectious pathogens, such as Cryptosporidium, may be facilitated by fresh vegetables, which are imported and transferred from less developed to highly developed countries and consumed uncooked. Monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts by sensitive detection methods may enhance measures to prevent transmission by freshly consumed vegetables. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidelfatah M Nasser
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, 69 Ben Zvi Road, Tel Aviv-Jaffa 6810416, Israel
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3
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Hasnain A, Naqvi SAH, Ayesha SI, Khalid F, Ellahi M, Iqbal S, Hassan MZ, Abbas A, Adamski R, Markowska D, Baazeem A, Mustafa G, Moustafa M, Hasan ME, Abdelhamid MMA. Plants in vitro propagation with its applications in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries; current scenario and future approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1009395. [PMID: 36311115 PMCID: PMC9606719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1009395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissue culture technique employed for the identification and isolation of bioactive phytocompounds has numerous industrial applications. It provides potential benefits for different industries which include food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. Various agronomic crops i.e., cereals, fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants and forest trees are currently being used for in vitro propagation. Plant tissue culture coupled with biotechnological approaches leads towards sustainable agricultural development providing solutions to major food security issues. Plants are the rich source of phytochemicals with medicinal properties rendering them useful for the industrial production of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Furthermore, there are numerous plant compounds with application in the cosmetics industry. In addition to having moisturizing, anti-ageing, anti-wrinkle effects; plant-derived compounds also possess pharmacological properties such as antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergy characteristics. The in vitro propagation of industrially significant flora is gaining attention because of its several advantages over conventional plant propagation methods. One of the major advantages of this technique is the quick availability of food throughout the year, irrespective of the growing season, thus opening new opportunities to the producers and farmers. The sterile or endangered flora can also be conserved by plant micro propagation methods. Hence, plant tissue culture is an extremely efficient and cost-effective technique for biosynthetic studies and bio-production, biotransformation, or bioconversion of plant-derived compounds. However, there are certain limitations of in-vitro plant regeneration system including difficulties with continuous operation, product removal, and aseptic conditions. For sustainable industrial applications of in-vitro regenerated plants on a large scale, these constraints need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammarah Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (FAST), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Iqra Ayesha
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Khalid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Manahil Ellahi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shehzad Iqbal
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Hassan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (FAST), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Aqleem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Robert Adamski
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Markowska
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Agriculture (Extension and Adoptive Research), Agriculture Extension Department of Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. Hasan
- Bioinformatics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. A. Abdelhamid
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Sadeghi S, Nikaeen M, Mohammadi F, Hossein Nafez A, Gholipour S, Shamsizadeh Z, Hadi M. Microbial characteristics of municipal solid waste compost: Occupational and public health risks from surface applied compost. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 144:98-105. [PMID: 35334387 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Land application of MSW compost promotes the soil fertility and productivity, but there is concern about its chemical and microbial quality. Although, current microbial indicators of MSW compost are generally considered to be protective of human health, the use of these indicators doesn't adequately represent the presence of pathogens that might be more resistant to inactivation during composting process. This work aims evaluation of the microbial characteristics of MSW compost and estimation of the health risks associated with exposure to pathogens of potential concern in MSW compost. Although the recommended standards for fecal coliforms and Salmonella were met in a relatively high percentage of samples, there were detectable levels of microbial pathogens. The highest daily infection risk was estimated for Cryptosporidium (1.25 × 10-3 per person) followed by Salmonella and Campylobacter, while the lowest related to adenovirus. Infection risks were low for both farmers and children in one-time exposure and all pathogen risks were decreased with increasing waiting time to near insignificant levels. However, the median annual risk of cryptosporidiosis or gastroenteritis was above the recommended value of 10-3 per person per year. Because of potential presence of pathogens in MSW compost, some level of pathogen monitoring beyond conventional indicators may be required to estimate potential risks. The findings of this study could provide information to governments and local authorities in making decisions on measures to reduce risk from application of MSW compost. Further research is needed to obtain the reliable information about the inactivation of microorganisms in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Nafez
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Gholipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Shamsizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hadi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Biogas Wastewater: Management of Manure Livestock and Hygiene Aspects Using Influent, Effluent, Sewage Canal Samples, Vegetable, and Soil Samples. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020174. [PMID: 35215118 PMCID: PMC8875155 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two water- and foodborne protozoan parasites that can cause diarrheal diseases. Poor microbial quality, sanitation conditions, and hygiene practices at exposure to biogas wastewater are important risk factors for human and animal infection. This study highlights the presence and level of both parasites in the environment in relation to biogas waste reuse in Vietnam. A total of 239 samples were collected from different types of samples in the studied districts in Bac Giang province in 2020 via direct immunofluorescent detection to study the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts. Among the samples, Cryptosporidium was found in 19 (7.9%) with concentration from 1.104 to 3.105 oocysts/100 mL, while Giardia in 40 (16.7%) with concentration from 1.104 to 2.106 cysts/100 mL, respectively. In detail, the results show that the percentages of positive detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in influent, effluent, sewage canal, and vegetables were 13.1% (11/84), 6.0% (5/83), 15.4% (2/13) and 5.9% (1/17) and 26.2% (22/84), 7.2% (6/83), 7.7% (1/13) and 5.9% (1/17), respectively. The results show a trend of decreasing Cryptosporidium and Giardia densities, without statistical significance. Although these parasites decreased after biogas treatment, the remaining loads observed in biogas effluent can reach the watercourses and soil receiving it. Further investigations are needed to contribute to a general understanding of the risk of protozoan parasites, as well as strategies to control and reduce the contamination of environmental water sources and plants and reduce the burden of the pathogens in biogas wastewater in Vietnam.
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Petterson S, Bradford-Hartke Z, Leask S, Jarvis L, Wall K, Byleveld P. Application of QMRA to prioritise water supplies for Cryptosporidium risk in New South Wales, Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147107. [PMID: 34088069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) framework was applied to assess 312 drinking water supply systems across regional New South Wales (NSW). The framework was needed to support the implementation of a recommendation in the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) for appropriate treatment barriers to be operating in systems 'at risk' for Cryptosporidium. The objective was to prioritise systems so that those with the highest risk could be identified and addressed first. The framework was developed in a pilot study of 30 systems, selected to represent the range of water supplies across regional NSW. From these, source water categories were defined to represent local conditions with reference to the literature and Cryptosporidium risk factors. Values for Cryptosporidium oocyst concentration were assigned to the categories to allow quantification of the health risk from those water sources. The framework was then used to assess the risks in all 312 regional drinking water supply systems. Combining the disciplined approach of QMRA with simple catchment and treatment information and categorical risk outputs provided a useful and transparent method for prioritising systems for further investigation and potential risk management intervention. The risk rankings for drinking water supplies from this QMRA process have been used to set priorities for a large State Government funding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petterson
- Water& Health Pty Ltd, North Sydney, Australia; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Australia.
| | - Z Bradford-Hartke
- Water Unit, Environmental Health Branch, NSW Health, St Leonards, Australia
| | - S Leask
- Water Unit, Environmental Health Branch, NSW Health, St Leonards, Australia
| | - L Jarvis
- Water Unit, Environmental Health Branch, NSW Health, St Leonards, Australia
| | - K Wall
- Water Unit, Environmental Health Branch, NSW Health, St Leonards, Australia
| | - P Byleveld
- Water Unit, Environmental Health Branch, NSW Health, St Leonards, Australia
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7
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Barnes AN, Davaasuren A, Baasandavga U, Lantos PM, Gonchigoo B, Gray GC. Zoonotic enteric parasites in Mongolian people, animals, and the environment: Using One Health to address shared pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009543. [PMID: 34237083 PMCID: PMC8266129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important zoonotic enteric pathogens of One Health concern for humans, animals, and the environment. For this study, we investigated parasite prevalence and risk factors among rural, peri-urban, and urban households and environments of Mongolia. METHODS This cross-sectional study implemented a household risk factor survey at 250 home sites along with sample collection from humans, animals, flies, and drinking water. Multiplex real-time PCR analysis was conducted to look for Cryptosporidium spp. and/or Giardia duodenalis within household samples. RESULTS Lab analysis found one or both zoonotic parasites at 20% of the participating households (51/250). Human samples had a parasite prevalence of 6.4% (27/419), domestic animals at 3.3% (19/570), pooled filth flies at 14.8% (17/115), and drinking water samples at 2% (5/250). Parasite presence at the household was significantly associated with a household's use of an improved drinking water source (OR 0.27; CI 0.12-0.61; p = < 0.01), having an indoor handwashing site (OR 0.41; CI 0.19-0.92; p = 0.03), domestic animal ownership (OR 2.40; CI 1.02-5.65; p = 0.05), and rural location (OR 0.50; CI 0.25-0.98; p = 0.04). Household use of an improved drinking water source remained significant in the multivariate model (OR 0.16; CI 0.04-0.68; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION In Mongolia, public and veterinary health are intertwined, particularly for rural herding households. Increased access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure could help prevent further transmission of zoonotic enteric parasites. Public health interventions, policy and messaging should utilize a One Health framework employing joint leadership from local human and animal health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Barnes
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anu Davaasuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- National Center for Communicable Disease, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Uyanga Baasandavga
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- National Center for Zoonotic Disease, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Paul M. Lantos
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Gregory C. Gray
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Global Health Research Institute, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Javanmard E, Mirsamadi ES, Olfatifar M, Ghasemi E, Saki F, Mirjalali H, Zali MR, Karanis P. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in vegetables in Iran: a nineteen-years meta-analysis review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:1629-1641. [PMID: 33312667 PMCID: PMC7721826 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two major protozoa reported from vegetables and environment. The prevalence of these parasites supposes to be different regarding the climate zones. This review aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in vegetables according to the major climate zones in Iran. The results showed pooled prevalence 7% (95% CI: 2%, 14%) and 4% (95% CI: 3%, 6%) for Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp., respectively. The prevalence of Giardia spp. in mountain, desert and semi-desert, and Mediterranean regions was 4% (95% CI: 2%, 6%), 5% (95% CI: 3%, 8%) and 7% (95% CI: 1%, 18%), respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. was reported 8% (95% CI: 0%, 65%), 6% (95% CI: 0%, 18%) and 4% (95% CI: 0%, 77%) from mountain, desert and semi-desert, and Mediterranean climate zones, respectively. This review suggests the higher prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Mediterranean and mountain regions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Javanmard
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saki
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Teacher Education, Farhangian University, Alborz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Nicosia University Medical School, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Detection methods and prevalence of transmission stages of Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in fresh vegetables: a review. Parasitology 2020; 147:516-532. [PMID: 31965956 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the ways of human parasitic infection is the accidental ingestion of vegetables contaminated with parasites, which represents a major human health hazard. This non-exhaustive review aims to evaluate studies carried out on five types of vegetables (lettuce, parsley, coriander, carrot and radish) since 2000, particularly the methods used for recovery, concentration, detection and identification of protozoan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., and the results of each work. Various studies have determined the presence of pathogenic parasites in fresh vegetables with different rates; this variation in rate depends particularly on the detection method used which is related to each parasite and each vegetable type. The variation in parasitic prevalence in food could be due to different factors such as the geographical location, the size of analysed samples and the methods used for parasite detection.
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Montecino-Latorre D, Li X, Xiao C, Atwill ER. Elevation and vegetation determine Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding by yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:171-7. [PMID: 25834788 PMCID: PMC4365143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Yellow-bellied marmots of Sierra Nevada Mountain shed Cryptosporidium oocysts. Oocysts loads are low compared to other mammals in California. Shedding of oocysts is associated with altitude and vegetation type. Cryptosporidium oocysts were 99.9%–100% match to Cryptosporidium parvum.
Wildlife are increasingly recognized as important biological reservoirs of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium that might contaminate water and cause human exposure to this protozoal parasite. The habitat range of the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) overlaps extensively with the watershed boundaries of municipal water supplies for California communities along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study to estimate the fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts by yellow-bellied marmots and to quantify the environmental loading rate and determine risk factors for Cryptosporidium fecal shedding in this montane wildlife species. The observed proportion of Cryptosporidium positive fecal samples was 14.7% (33/224, positive number relative to total number samples) and the environmental loading rate was estimated to be 10,693 oocysts animal-1 day-1. Fecal shedding was associated with the elevation and vegetation status of their habitat. Based on a portion of the 18s rRNA gene sequence of 2 isolates, the Cryptosporidium found in Marmota flaviventris were 99.88%–100% match to multiple isolates of C. parvum in the GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Montecino-Latorre
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA ; Current address: Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xunde Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA ; Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Chengling Xiao
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA ; Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Taran-Benshoshan M, Ofer N, Dalit VO, Aharoni A, Revhun M, Nitzan Y, Nasser AM. Cryptosporidium and Giardia removal by secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:1265-1273. [PMID: 26301853 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1055152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater disposal may be a source of environmental contamination by Cryptosporidium and Giardia. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw and treated wastewater effluents. A prevalence of 100% was demonstrated for Giardia cysts in raw wastewater, at a concentration range of 10 to 12,225 cysts L(-1), whereas the concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw wastewater was 4 to 125 oocysts L(-1). The removal of Giardia cysts by secondary and tertiary treatment processes was greater than those observed for Cryptosporidium oocysts and turbidity. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were present in 68.5% and 76% of the tertiary effluent samples, respectively, at an average concentration of 0.93 cysts L(-1) and 9.94 oocysts L(-1). A higher detection limit of Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater was observed for nested PCR as compared to immune fluorescent assay (IFA). C. hominis was found to be the dominant genotype in wastewater effluents followed by C. parvum and C. andersoni or C. muris. Giardia was more prevalent than Cryptosporidium in the studied community and treatment processes were more efficient for the removal of Giardia than Cryptosporidium. Zoonotic genotypes of Cryptosporidium were also present in the human community. To assess the public health significance of Cryptosporidium oocysts present in tertiary effluent, viability (infectivity) needs to be assessed.
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Impact of environmental conditions on the survival of cryptosporidium and giardia on environmental surfaces. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2014; 2014:210385. [PMID: 25045350 PMCID: PMC4087255 DOI: 10.1155/2014/210385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to find out the impact of environmental conditions on the survival of intestinal parasites on environmental surfaces commonly implicated in the transmission of these parasites. The study was performed by incubating Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts on environmentally relevant surfaces such as brushed stainless steel, formica, ceramic, fabric, and skin. Parallel experiments were conducted using clean and soiled coupons incubated under three temperatures. The die-off coefficient rates (K) were calculated using first-order exponential formula. For both parasites, the fastest die-off was recorded on fabric, followed by ceramic, formica, skin, and steel. Die-off rates were directly correlated to the incubation temperatures and surface porosity. The presence of organic matter enhanced the survivability of the resting stages of test parasites. The decay rates calculated in this study can be used in models for public health decision-making process and highlights the mitigation role of hand hygiene agents in their prevention and control.
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Masuno K, Fukuda Y, Kubo M, Ikarashi R, Kuraishi T, Hattori S, Kimura J, Kai C, Yanai T, Nakai Y. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium muris to normal and immunosuppressive cynomolgus monkeys. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:169-72. [PMID: 24132296 PMCID: PMC3982829 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium muris infections have been found in the mice and/or cattle. The oocysts of C. andersoni and C. muris have been sporadically detected in human feces, but the infectious capacity and features have been unknown, because of the scarcity of reports involving human infections. To assess the infectivity and the clinical and pathological features of C. andersoni and C. muris in primates, an experimental infectious study was conducted using cynomolgus monkeys. The monkeys were orally inoculated with oocysts of two different C. andersoni Kawatabi types and C. muris RN-66 under normal and immunosuppressive conditions. The feces of the monkeys were monitored for about 40 days after the administration of oocysts using the flotation method, but no shedding oocysts were observed under either both normal or immunosuppressive conditions. Gross and histopathological examinations were performed on the immunosuppressive monkeys, but these revealed no evidence of Cryptosporidium infections, even though the monkeys were subjected to immunosuppressive conditions. It is hypothesized that C. andersoni and C. muris pose little danger of infection in primates even under immunosuppressive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Masuno
- Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-Cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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Participatory probabilistic assessment of the risk to human health associated with cryptosporidiosis from urban dairying in Dagoretti, Nairobi, Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44 Suppl 1:S33-40. [PMID: 22886443 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a participatory risk assessment to estimate the risk (negative consequences and their likelihood) from zoonotic Cryptosporidium originating in dairy farms in urban Dagoretti, Nairobi to dairy farm households and their neighbours. We selected 20 households at high risk for Cryptosporidium from a larger sample of 300 dairy households in Dagoretti based on risk factors present. We then conducted a participatory mapping of the flow of the hazard from its origin (cattle) to human potential victims. This showed three main exposure pathways (food and water borne, occupational and recreational). This was used to develop a fault tree model which we parameterised using information from the study and literature. A stochastic simulation was used to estimate the probability of exposure to zoonotic cryptosporidiosis originating from urban dairying. Around 6 % of environmental samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. Probability of exposure to Cryptosporidium from dairy cattle ranged from 0.0055 for people with clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in non-dairy households to 0.0102 for children under 5 years from dairy households. Most of the estimated health burden was born by children. Although dairy cattle are the source of Cryptosporidium, the model suggests consumption of vegetables is a greater source of risk than consumption of milk. In conclusion, by combining participatory methods with quantitative microbial risk assessment, we were able to rapidly, and with appropriate 'imprecision', investigate health risk to communities from Cryptosporidium and identify the most vulnerable groups and the most risky practices.
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Forslund A, Markussen B, Toenner-Klank L, Bech TB, Jacobsen OS, Dalsgaard A. Leaching of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Escherichia coli, and a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteriophage through intact soil cores following surface application and injection of slurry. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8129-38. [PMID: 21948848 PMCID: PMC3208979 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05675-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing amounts of livestock manure are being applied to agricultural soil, but it is unknown to what extent this may be associated with contamination of aquatic recipients and groundwater if microorganisms are transported through the soil under natural weather conditions. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate how injection and surface application of pig slurry on intact sandy clay loam soil cores influenced the leaching of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteriophage 28B, Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. All three microbial tracers were detected in the leachate on day 1, and the highest relative concentration was detected on the fourth day (0.1 pore volume). Although the concentration of the phage 28B declined over time, the phage was still found in leachate at day 148. C. parvum oocysts and chloride had an additional rise in the relative concentration at a 0.5 pore volume, corresponding to the exchange of the total pore volume. The leaching of E. coli was delayed compared with that of the added microbial tracers, indicating a stronger attachment to slurry particles, but E. coli could be detected up to 3 months. Significantly enhanced leaching of phage 28B and oocysts by the injection method was seen, whereas leaching of the indigenous E. coli was not affected by the application method. Preferential flow was the primary transport vehicle, and the diameter of the fractures in the intact soil cores facilitated transport of all sizes of microbial tracers under natural weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Forslund
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 15, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Lim YA, Jex AR, Smith HV, Gasser RB. Cryptosporidiosis in Southeast Asia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(10)71003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Recent advances in the microbial safety of fresh fruits and vegetables. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2009; 57:155-208. [PMID: 19595387 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(09)57004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness outbreaks linked to fresh produce are becoming more frequent and widespread. High impact outbreaks, such as that associated with spinach contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, resulted in almost 200 cases of foodborne illness across North America and >$300 m market losses. Over the last decade there has been intensive research into gaining an understanding on the interactions of human pathogens with plants and how microbiological safety of fresh produce can be improved. The following review will provide an update on the food safety issues linked to fresh produce. An overview of recent foodborne illness outbreaks linked to fresh produce. The types of human pathogens encountered will be described and how they can be transferred from their normal animal or human host to fresh produce. The interaction of human pathogens with growing plants will be discussed, in addition to novel intervention methods to enhance the microbiological safety of fresh produce.
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Evaluation of the effect of temperature on the die-off rate for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water, soils, and feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:7101-7. [PMID: 18849452 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01442-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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