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Li YY, Chen X, Yang JX, Chen Q, Song TY, Ge JQ. Evaluation of housekeeping genes as references for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of European eel, Anguilla anguilla. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:141-154. [PMID: 36222316 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eels are important aquaculture species for which an increasing number of reference genes are being identified and applied. In this study, five housekeeping genes [RPL7 (ribosomal protein L7), 18 S (18 S ribosomal RNA), EF1A (elongation factor 1α), ACTB (β-actin) and GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)] were chosen to evaluate their reliability as reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the study of Anguilla anguilla. The expression of the selected genes in different eel tissues was determined using qPCR at different growth stages or upon challenge by Anguillid herpesvirus (AngHV), and the expression levels of these genes were then compared and evaluated using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. Then, RefFinder was used to comprehensively rank the examined housekeeping genes. Interestingly, the expression of the evaluated housekeeping genes exhibited tissue-dependent and treatment-dependent variations. In different growth periods A. anguilla tissues, the most stable genes were the following: ACTB in mucus; 18 S in skin and kidney; RPL7 in muscle, gill, intestine and brain; EF1A in heart and liver; and GAPDH in spleen. In contrast, in AngHV-challenged A. anguilla tissues, the most stable genes were the following: 18 S in mucus; RPL7 in skin, gill, heart, spleen, kidney and intestine; EF1A in muscle and liver; and ACTB in brain. Further comparison analysis indicated that the expression of RPL7 and EF1A was stable in multiple A. anguilla tissues in different growth periods and in eels challenged by AngHV. Nonetheless, the expression level of GAPDH in eel tissues was lower, and it was unstable in several tissues. These results indicated that the selection of reference genes for qPCR analysis in A. anguilla should be made in accordance with experimental parameters, and both RPL7 and EF1A could be used as reference genes for qPCR study of A. anguilla at different growth stages or upon challenge by AngHV. The reference genes identified in this study could improve the accuracy of qPCR data and facilitate further studies aimed at understanding the biology of eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin-Xian Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tie-Ying Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jun-Qing Ge
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Guo R, Zhang Z, He T, Li M, Zhuo Y, Yang X, Fan H, Chen X. Isolation and Identification of a New Isolate of Anguillid Herpesvirus 1 from Farmed American Eels ( Anguilla rostrata) in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122722. [PMID: 36560731 PMCID: PMC9784739 DOI: 10.3390/v14122722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) is a pathogen that causes hemorrhagic disease in various farmed and wild freshwater eel species, resulting in significant economic losses. Although AngHV-1 has been detected in the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), its pathogenicity has not been well characterized. In this study, an AngHV-1 isolate, tentatively named AngHV-1-FC, was isolated from diseased American eels with similar symptoms as those observed in AngHV-1-infected European eels and Japanese eels. AngHV-1-FC induced severe cytopathic effects in the European eel spleen cell line (EES), and numerous concentric circular virions were observed in the infected EES cells by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, AngHV-1-FC caused the same symptoms as the naturally diseased European eels and Japanese eels through experimental infection, resulting in a 100% morbidity rate and 13.3% mortality rate. The whole genome sequence analyses showed that the average nucleotide identity value between AngHV-1-FC and other AngHV-1 isolates ranged from 99.28% to 99.55%. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed that there was a genetic divergence between AngHV-1-FC and other AngHV-1 isolates, suggesting that AngHV-1-FC was a new isolate of AngHV-1. Thus, our results indicated that AngHV-1-FC can infect farmed American eels, with a high pathogenicity, providing new knowledge in regard to the prevalence and prevention of AngHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fuzhou Ocean and Fisheries Technology Center, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tianliang He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Fujian Provincial Fishery Technical Extension Center, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuchen Zhuo
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yang
- Fuzhou Ocean and Fisheries Technology Center, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Haiping Fan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.F.)
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Proteomic Profiling Skin Mucus of European Eel Anguilla anguilla Infected with Anguillid Herpesvirus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911283. [PMID: 36232585 PMCID: PMC9570476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV) is an important viral pathogen affecting eel. This study was designed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms and immune response elicited at the protein levels in the skin mucus of AngHV-infected Anguilla anguilla. Tandem mass tag (TMT)-labelling proteomics with the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for performing quantitative identification of the proteins. In addition, the quantitative protein amount was detected by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis. A total of 3486 proteins were identified, of which 2935 were quantified. When a protein fold change was greater than 1.3 or less than 0.76, it indicated a differentially expressed protein (DEP). Overall, 187 up-regulated proteins and 126 down-regulated proteins were detected, and most of the DEPs were enriched in the CAMs pathway, intestinal immune pathway, herpes simplex virus 1 infection pathway, phagosome pathway and p53 signaling pathway. The results of the DEPs detected by PRM were highly consistent with the results of the TMT-labelled quantitative proteomic analysis. The findings of this study provide an important research basis for further understanding the pathogenesis of AngHV.
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Panicz R, Eljasik P, Nguyen TT, Vo Thi KT, Hoang DV. First detection of Herpesvirus anguillae (AngHV-1) associated with mortalities in farmed giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) in Vietnam. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:847-852. [PMID: 33764551 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) farming in Vietnam is a multistage process starting from wild harvest of glass eels through the so-called "hatcheries" and distribution centres from which individuals are transferred to rearing farms and subsequently sold by one eel farm to another every 3-5 months. The information on viral agents spread and persistence in the Vietnamese eel aquaculture is scarce. Therefore, the mortality of A. marmorata at the Van Xuan Farm was the prerequisite to identify the possible aetiologic agent and additionally to formulate first recommendations for viral disease screening in the Vietnamese eel aquaculture. Juvenile giant mottled eels with haemorrhagic lesions in the skin and liver, and hyperaemia of the gut were tested with qPCR and end-point PCR for AngHV-1 presence. Here, we report the first detection of AngHV-1 associated with mortality in giant mottled eel in winter and spring seasons. On the basis of the obtained results, we recommend to test eel seeds in "hatcheries," since tropical eel farms operate in interconnected scheme and monitoring of AngHV-1 prevalence requires well-implemented measures. Disease screening in the rearing centres and on-growing facilities should be based on everyday health checks, including by-catch fish used as a base of the feeding programmes at eel farms in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz Panicz
- Department of Meat Science, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Eljasik
- Department of Meat Science, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tuan Thuc Nguyen
- Department of Aquaculture and Livestock, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vinh University, Vinh city, Vietnam
| | - Kim Thinh Vo Thi
- Department of Aquaculture and Livestock, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vinh University, Vinh city, Vietnam
| | - Duat Van Hoang
- Aquaculture Research Institute 3, 33 Dang Tat street, Nha Trang city, Vietnam
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Chen X, Yang JX, Li YY, Song TY, Ge JQ. Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV) ORF95 encodes a late, structural envelope protein. Virus Genes 2021; 57:280-283. [PMID: 33929643 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV) is one of the vital pathogenic agents found in the wild and cultured eel populations, which has brought significant losses to eel culture industry in China. In this study, AngHV ORF95 was characterized. Bioinformatics analysis showed that ORF95 putatively encodes a structural protein that is homologous to hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). Temporal transcription and expression analysis indicated that ORF95 is a viral late gene. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that ORF95 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. Further, western blot analysis indicated that ORF95 is a structural protein of virion envelope. These results provide a novel basis to make further efforts to clarify the function of ORF95 in the process of AngHV infection and the possibility to use ORF95 as antigen to develop AngHV subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Jin-Xian Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Tie-Ying Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Jun-Qing Ge
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
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European eel restocking programs based on wild-caught glass eels: Feasibility of quarantine stage compatible with implementation of prophylactic measures prior to scheduled reintroduction to the wild. J Nat Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zheng Z, Yang J, Ge J, Chi H, Chen B, Fang Q, Gong H. Development and characterization of a continuous cell line (EL) from the liver of European eel Anguilla anguilla. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:808-820. [PMID: 31814207 PMCID: PMC7028054 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a new hepatic tissue‐origin cell line from European eel Anguilla anguilla has been developed and characterized. This cell line designated EL has been maintained in Leibovitz L‐15 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum over 72 months, and subcultured more than 90 times. The EL cell line consisted predominantly of fibroblast‐like cells, which could survive over 100 days in vitro, and could grow at 15–32°C. The optimum temperature for growth was 27°C. The chromosome analysis revealed a modal diploid karyotype of 2n = 38. The origin of this cell line was confirmed by the 18S recombinant (r)RNA sequencing. The susceptibility test indicated significant cytopathic effects in the EL cells with regard to the Rana grylio virus and the Herpesvirus anguillae. The viral replication was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Following poly (I:C) exposure, the expression levels of the immune‐related molecules interferon regulatory factor‐7 (irf7) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) were downregulated in EL cells, whereas the expression levels of the rf3 and the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) were upregulated. All four genes were significantly upregulated following inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These data suggested the application of EL cell line for viral identification, as well as for immunodiagnosis and pharmacological targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyu Zheng
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China
| | - Jinxian Yang
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China
| | - Junqing Ge
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China
| | - Hongshu Chi
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China.,Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Ltd., Ningde, Fujian, China
| | - Qinmei Fang
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, China
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8
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Chen B, Zheng Z, Yang J, Chi H, Huang H, Gong H. Development and characterization of a new cell line derived from European eel Anguilla anguilla kidney. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.037507. [PMID: 30429125 PMCID: PMC6361207 DOI: 10.1242/bio.037507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cell line derived from the kidney of European eel, Anguilla anguilla, has been established and characterized. This cell line, designated as EK (eel kidney), has been maintained in Leibovitz's L-15 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum for over 24 months, and subcultured more than 60 times. This cell line consists predominantly of fibroblast-like cells, and can grow at 15–37°C under an optimum temperature of 26°C. The origin of this cell line was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and 18s recombinant (r)RNA sequencing. The chromosome analysis of EK cells at passage 58 revealed an ananeuploid karyotype. The EK cells were successfully transfected with the Pegfp-N1 plasmid, suggesting its potential in genetic studies. The susceptibility test showed a significant cytopathic effect (CPE) in EK cells for Rana grylio virus, and the viral replication was evidenced with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. After poly (I:C) stimulation, the expression of the immune-related molecules including interferon regulatory factor-3 (irf3), interferon regulatory factor-7 (irf7) and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) were significantly upregulated in EK cells, while the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF-β) was downregulated. These results suggested the potential of EK cell line as a model in gene engineering, virus identification and environmental toxicology. Summary: The first visceral cell line of an endangered species, Anguilla anguilla has been established; this aneuploid cell line is fibroblast-like, and suitable for gene expression and virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, High-tech building 1506, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Zaiyu Zheng
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, High-tech building 1506, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Jinxian Yang
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, High-tech building 1506, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Hongshu Chi
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, High-tech building 1506, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - He Huang
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, High-tech building 1506, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Biotechnology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, High-tech building 1506, Wusi Road 247, Fuzhou 350003, Fujian, China
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McConville J, Fringuelli E, Evans D, Savage P. First examination of the Lough Neagh European eel (Anguilla anguilla) population for eel virus European, eel virus European X and Anguillid Herpesvirus-1 infection by employing novel molecular techniques. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1783-1791. [PMID: 30144086 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lough Neagh is home to the largest wild-caught European eel (Anguilla anguilla) commercial fishery in the EU, producing 14% of the EU catch and worth £3.2 million to the local economy. Viral infections have been suggested to play a contributory role in the decline of the worldwide eel stock, but previous studies of the Lough Neagh European eel population had not observed either acute or chronic viral signs. Eel virus European (EVE), Eel virus European X (EVEX) and Anguillid herpesvirus-1 (HVA) have been detected throughout Europe and as the Lough Neagh eel fishery is supplemented by re-stocking of eels from France, Spain and the United Kingdom and these viral infections may be asymptomatic, it is vital that the viral pathogen prevalence in the Lough is accurately determined. This study aimed to ascertain the presence of these viruses in the Lough Neagh European eel population by employing novel molecular techniques testing specifically for the presence of EVE, EVEX and HVA. No evidence was found of HVA infection, whereas EVE and EVEX were found, albeit at a very low prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McConville
- Disease Surveillance and Investigation Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Elena Fringuelli
- Fish Disease Unit, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Derek Evans
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems, Sustainable Agri-food Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul Savage
- Fish Disease Unit, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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10
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Pao HY, Wu CY, Huang CH, Wen CM. Development, characterization and virus susceptibility of a continuous cell line from the caudal fin of marbled eel (Anguilla marmorata). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1331-1338. [PMID: 30003544 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A continuous cell line consisting mostly of epithelioid cells was established from the caudal fin of marbled eels (Anguilla marmorata) and designated as marbled eel caudal fin (MECF)-1. The cells multiplied well in Leibovitz's L-15 medium containing 2% to 15% foetal bovine serum at temperatures of 20°C to 35°C and were subcultured for >90 passages during a 5-year period from 2012 to 2017. Transcripts of ictacalcin, keratin 13, cd146, nestin, ncam1 and myod1 were demonstrated in the cells using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that MECF-1 was composed of epidermal and mesenchyme stem and progenitor cells including myoblasts. MECF-1 was susceptible to Japanese eel herpesvirus HVA980811, marbled eel polyoma-like virus (MEPyV), aquabirnavirus MEIPNV1310 and aquareovirus CSV. By contrast, MECF-1 was noted refractory to megalocytiviruses RSIV-Ku and GSIV-K1 infection. Moreover, the cells were resistant to betanodavirus infection. In conclusion, MECF-1 derived from marbled eel is suitable for studies on anguillid viruses and interaction with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Pao
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C Y Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C H Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C M Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Nguyen TT, Jin Y, Kiełpińska J, Bergmann SM, Lenk M, Panicz R. Detection of Herpesvirus anguillae (AngHV-1) in European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) originating from northern Poland-assessment of suitability of selected diagnostic methods. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1717-1723. [PMID: 28836663 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Community Action Plan requests EU member states to implement measures that ensure the recovery of the severely depleted European eel stocks. One of the main threats is posed by Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) leading to increased mortality in both wild and farmed eels. Following recommendations of the OIE to minimize the risk of obtaining false-negative results, the main aim of the study was to optimize diagnostic methods for AngHV-1 detection using conventional PCR, nested PCR and in situ hybridization assay. While 53.3% of the individual organ samples were tested positive for AngHV-1 by PCR, the additional virus analysis via nested PCR revealed that the actual prevalence was 93.3%. In the cell cultivation passages, a cytopathic effect was hardly found in the first two rounds. In the third passage onto cell cultures, a lytic CPE was detected. The identification and confirmation of the viruses obtained from cell cultures as well as directly from the organ tissues were proceeded by PCR, nested PCR and sequencing of the PCR products. While no positive signal was detectable in the first round by PCR using samples from the third cell culture passages, the nested PCR provided weak but visible positive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Thuc Nguyen
- Department of Aquaculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Faculty of Agriculture-Forestry-Fisheries, Vinh University, Vinh City, Nghe An province, Vietnam
| | - Yeonhwa Jin
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jolanta Kiełpińska
- Department of Aquaculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Matthias Lenk
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Remigiusz Panicz
- Department of Meat Sciences, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Kullmann B, Adamek M, Steinhagen D, Thiel R. Anthropogenic spreading of anguillid herpesvirus 1 by stocking of infected farmed European eels, Anguilla anguilla (L.), in the Schlei fjord in northern Germany. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1695-1706. [PMID: 28452055 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Schlei fjord in northern Germany is the recipient water of a comprehensive eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), stocking programme. Since 2015, stocked eels become alizarin red S marked, but to date no control mechanism is implemented in this stock enhancement measure to prevent anthropogenic spreading of diseases. Consequentially, it was possible that farmed stocking cohorts of 2015 and 2016 (in total ca. 1040 kg) were subsequently tested positive for anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV 1). For this study, 100 eels [total length (TL) 24.3-72.9 cm, age ca. 1-6 years] were caught in 2016 and investigated with regard to AngHV 1 infection, parasite load (Anguillicoloides crassus) and body conditions. 68% of the eels were found to be virus positive while larger specimens were more often infected. In addition, a fitted generalized linear model (area under the curve = 0.741) demonstrated that an increase in individual TL is accompanied with an increased risk of clinically relevant virus loads. Anguillicoloides crassus turned out to be an important stressor for eels, because parasite and virus load revealed a significant positive correlation. The results of this study evidently show the urgent need of a disease containment strategy for eel stocking programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kullmann
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - D Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Thiel
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Complete Genome Sequence of Herpesvirus anguillae Strain HVA980811 Isolated in Chiayi, Taiwan. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/8/e01677-16. [PMID: 28232450 PMCID: PMC5323629 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01677-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus anguillae (HVA), also known as anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1), is one of the relevant viruses in wild and cultured anguillid eels. Here, the complete genome sequence of strain HVA980811, isolated in Chiayi, Taiwan, is reported. The genotype of the eel herpesviruses in Taiwan is supposed to be identical to the Japanese AngHV1.
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van Beurden SJ, Voorbergen-Laarman MA, Roozenburg I, van Tellingen J, Haenen OLM, Engelsma MY. Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of anguillid herpesvirus 1. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:95-104. [PMID: 25588414 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1) causes a haemorrhagic disease with increased mortality in wild and farmed European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.) and Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, Temminck & Schlegel). Detection of AngHV1 is currently based on virus isolation in cell culture, antibody-based typing assays or conventional PCR. We developed, optimized and concisely validated a diagnostic TaqMan probe based real-time PCR assay for the detection of AngHV1. The primers and probe target AngHV1 open reading frame 57, encoding the capsid protease and scaffold protein. Compared to conventional PCR, the developed real-time PCR is faster, less labour-intensive and has a reduced risk of cross-contamination. The real-time PCR assay was shown to be analytically sensitive and specific and has a high repeatability, efficiency and r(2) -value. The diagnostic performance of the assay was determined by testing 10% w/v organ suspensions and virus cultures from wild and farmed European eels from the Netherlands by conventional and real-time PCR. The developed real-time PCR assay is a useful tool for the rapid and sensitive detection of AngHV1 in 10% w/v organ suspensions from wild and farmed European eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J van Beurden
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M A Voorbergen-Laarman
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - I Roozenburg
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J van Tellingen
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - O L M Haenen
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - M Y Engelsma
- Laboratory for Fish, Crustacean and Shellfish Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Bandín I, Souto S, Cutrín JM, López-Vázquez C, Olveira JG, Esteve C, Alcaide E, Dopazo CP. Presence of viruses in wild eels Anguilla anguilla L, from the Albufera Lake (Spain). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:597-607. [PMID: 24846700 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A virological analysis was conducted on wild eels from the Albufera Lake (Spain). A total of 179 individuals at different growth stages were collected in two different surveys (2004 and 2008). Presence of anguillid herpesvirus (AngHV-1), aquabirnavirus and betanodavirus was confirmed by PCR procedures in both surveys, although the number of detections was clearly higher in 2008 (83% of the eels analysed resulted positive for virus presence). AngHV-1 was the viral agent most frequently detected, followed by aquabirnaviruses. Betanodaviruses were detected by the first time in wild eels, and although the detections were only made by nested PCR, high percentage of positives were achieved. In addition, in 2008, seven aquabirnaviruses were isolated. Phylogenetic analysis performed using partial sequences of both genomic segments of aquabirnaviruses indicated that the seven isolates could be typed as WB (genogroup I) on the basis of segment A sequences, but when segment B was used six of them clustered with C1 strain (genogroup V) and one was typed as Ab (genogroup II). These results indicate natural reassortment between different strains of aquabirnaviruses in the eels. Although betanodaviruses were not isolated in cell culture, the analysis of the sequence of the nested PCR product indicated that they clustered with SJNNV genotype. The diversity of viral agents and the high level of viral detections suggest that viral infections may play a more prominent role in the decline of the European eel than initially thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bandín
- Unidad de Ictiopatología -Patología Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Fish herpesviruses can cause significant economic losses in aquaculture, and some of these viruses are oncogenic. The virion morphology and genome organization of fish herpesviruses are generally similar to those of higher vertebrates, but the phylogenetic connections between herpesvirus families are tenuous. In accordance with new taxonomy, fish herpesviruses belong to the family Alloherpesviridae in the order Herpesvirales. Fish herpesviruses can induce diseases ranging from mild, inapparent infections to serious ones that cause mass mortality. The aim of this work was to summarize the present knowledge about fish herpesvirus diseases.
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17
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Outbreak of Anguillid herpesvirus-1 (AngHV-1) infection in cultured shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor) in Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7847/jfp.2012.25.3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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van Beurden SJ, Engelsma MY, Roozenburg I, Voorbergen-Laarman MA, van Tulden PW, Kerkhoff S, van Nieuwstadt AP, Davidse A, Haenen OLM. Viral diseases of wild and farmed European eel Anguilla anguilla with particular reference to the Netherlands. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 101:69-86. [PMID: 23047193 DOI: 10.3354/dao02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are an important cause of losses and decreased production rates in freshwater eel farming, and have been suggested to play a contributory role in the worldwide decline in wild freshwater eel stocks. Three commonly detected pathogenic viruses of European eel Anguilla anguilla are the aquabirnavirus eel virus European (EVE), the rhabdovirus eel virus European X (EVEX), and the alloherpesvirus anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1). In general, all 3 viruses cause a nonspecific haemorrhagic disease with increased mortality rates. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the aetiology, prevalence, clinical signs and gross pathology of these 3 viruses. Reported experimental infections showed the temperature dependency and potential pathogenicity of these viruses for eels and other fish species. In addition to the published literature, an overview of the isolation of pathogenic viruses from wild and farmed A. anguilla in the Netherlands during the past 2 decades is given. A total of 249 wild A. anguilla, 39 batches of glass eels intended for farming purposes, and 239 batches of farmed European eels were necropsied and examined virologically. AngHV1 was isolated from wild yellow and silver A. anguilla from the Netherlands from 1998 until the present, while EVEX was only found sporadically, and EVE was never isolated. In farmed A. anguilla AngHV1 was also the most commonly isolated virus, followed by EVE and EVEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J van Beurden
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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19
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Kim HJ, Yu JH, Kim DW, Kwon SR, Park SW. Molecular evidence of anguillid herpesvirus-1 (AngHV-1) in the farmed Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, in Korea. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:315-319. [PMID: 27082949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Jungbu Regional Office, Incheon, Korea Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Honam Regional Office, Gunsan, Korea Dongkyung Microbial Technology, Iksan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - J-H Yu
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Jungbu Regional Office, Incheon, Korea Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Honam Regional Office, Gunsan, Korea Dongkyung Microbial Technology, Iksan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - D-W Kim
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Jungbu Regional Office, Incheon, Korea Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Honam Regional Office, Gunsan, Korea Dongkyung Microbial Technology, Iksan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - S R Kwon
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Jungbu Regional Office, Incheon, Korea Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Honam Regional Office, Gunsan, Korea Dongkyung Microbial Technology, Iksan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - S-W Park
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Jungbu Regional Office, Incheon, Korea Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Honam Regional Office, Gunsan, Korea Dongkyung Microbial Technology, Iksan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan, Korea Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
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An infection of Gyrodactylus anguillae Ergens, 1960 (Monogenea) associated with the mortality of glass eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) on the north-western Mediterranean Sea board of Spain. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:323-31. [PMID: 21482028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The association of Gyrodactylus anguillae Ergens, 1960 with the glass eel stage of Anguilla anguilla (L.) (total body length 61.4 ± 4.9 mm; range 55-70) is reported from the north-western Mediterranean coast of Spain for the first time. A sample of 12,600 glass eels, caught by professional fishermen operating in the mouth of the rivers Fluvià, La Muga and Ter (north-east Spain), was subject to mortalities of ∼ 1.75% of stock/day following transfer to a research facility. Subsequent losses over a 31-day period amounted to 56% of the initial stocked biomass. Although the moderate burdens of G. anguillae/host (20.2 ± 6; range 11-32) were the primary reason for a subsequent treatment, a simultaneous infection with Trichodina jadranica Raabe, 1958, Trichodina anguillae Wu, 1961 and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876, makes it impossible to attribute the high mortality of glass eels in this case to a single pathogen. A histopathological examination of the gills of moribund fish showed them to be swollen, hyperplastic and necrotic. This study also redescribes G. anguillae, providing for the first time a full 27 character morphometric description of the attachment hooks, and importantly, a photographic record of the armature of the haptor and the male copulatory organ.
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van Beurden SJ, Bossers A, Voorbergen-Laarman MHA, Haenen OLM, Peters S, Abma-Henkens MHC, Peeters BPH, Rottier PJM, Engelsma MY. Complete genome sequence and taxonomic position of anguillid herpesvirus 1. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:880-7. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.016261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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