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Balestreri C, Schroeder DC, Sampedro F, Marqués G, Palowski A, Urriola PE, van de Ligt JLG, Yancy HF, Shurson GC. Unexpected thermal stability of two enveloped megaviruses, Emiliania huxleyi virus and African swine fever virus, as measured by viability PCR. Virol J 2024; 21:1. [PMID: 38172919 PMCID: PMC10765680 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The particle structure of Emiliania huxleyi virus (EhV), an algal infecting member of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs), contains an outer lipid membrane envelope similar to that found in animal viruses such as African swine fever virus (ASFV). Despite both being enveloped NCLDVs, EhV and ASFV are known for their stability outside their host environment. METHOD Here we report for the first time, the application of a viability qPCR (V-qPCR) method to describe the unprecedented and similar virion thermal stability of both EhV and ASFV. This result contradicts the cell culture-based assay method that suggests that virus "infectivity" is lost in a matter of seconds (for EhV) and minutes (for ASFV) at temperature greater than 50 °C. Confocal microscopy and analytical flow cytometry methods was used to validate the V-qPCR data for EhV. RESULTS We observed that both EhV and ASFV particles has unprecedented thermal tolerances. These two NCLDVs are exceptions to the rule that having an enveloped virion anatomy is a predicted weakness, as is often observed in enveloped RNA viruses (i.e., the viruses causing Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), COVID-19, Ebola, or seasonal influenza). Using the V-qPCR method, we confirm that no PRRSV particles were detectable after 20 min of exposure to temperatures up to 100 °C. We also show that the EhV particles that remain after 50 °C 20 min exposure was in fact still infectious only after the three blind passages in bioassay experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study raises the possibility that ASFV is not always eliminated or contained after applying time and temperature inactivation treatments in current decontamination or biosecurity protocols. This observation has practical implications for industries involved in animal health and food security. Finally, we propose that EhV could be used as a surrogate for ASFV under certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Balestreri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Guillermo Marqués
- Department of Neuroscience, University Imaging Centers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Amanda Palowski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | | | - Haile F Yancy
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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2
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Xu S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Li H, Han C, Wei B, Qin Q, Wei S. Development and immune evaluation of LAMP1 chimeric DNA vaccine against Singapore grouper iridovirus in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109218. [PMID: 37977543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Grouper is one of the most important and valuable mariculture fish in China, with a high economic value. As the production of grouper has increased, massive outbreaks of epidemic diseases have limited the development of the industry. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is one of the most serious infectious viral pathogens and has caused huge economic losses to grouper farming worldwide due to its rapid spread and high lethality. To find new strategies for the effective prevention and control of SGIV, we constructed two chimeric DNA vaccines using Lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) fused with major capsid proteins (MCP) against SGIV. In addition, we evaluated the immune protective effects of vaccines including pcDNA3.1-3HA, pcDNA3.1-MCP, pcDNA3.1-LAMP1, chimeric DNA vaccine pcDNA3.1-MLAMP and pcDNA3.1-LAMCP by intramuscular injection. Our results showed that compared with groups injected with PBS, pcDNA3.1-3HA, pcDNA3.1-LAMP1 or pcDNA3.1-MCP, the antibody titer significantly increased in the chimeric vaccine groups. Moreover, the mRNA levels of immune-related factors in groupers, including IRF3, MHC-I, TNF-α, and CD8, showed the same trend. However, MHC-II and CD4 were significantly increased only in the chimeric vaccine groups. After 28 days of vaccination, groupers were challenged with SGIV, and mortality was documented for each group within 14 days. The data showed that two chimeric DNA vaccines provided 87 % and 91 % immune protection for groupers which were significantly higher than the 52 % protection rate of pcDNA3.1-MCP group, indicating that both forms of LAMP1 chimeric vaccines possessed higher immune protection against SGIV, providing the theoretical foundation for the creation of novel DNA vaccines for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuiFeng Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - YueXuan Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - YeWen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - YunXiang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huang Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - ChengZong Han
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - BaoCan Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
| | - Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
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3
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Steel R, Hamed M, Haugom JT, Ho T, Kenner N, Malfavon-Borja J, Morgans S, Salek SA, Seylani A, Jancovich JK. Age- and dose-dependent susceptibility of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) by bath exposure to Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV). Virology 2023; 588:109909. [PMID: 37879268 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are large, dsDNA viruses that have significant ecological and economic impact on cold-blooded vertebrates. However, our understanding of the viral proteins and subsequent host immune response(s) that impact susceptibility to infection and disease is not clear. The ranavirus Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV), originally isolated from the Sonoran tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi), is highly pathogenic at low doses of ATV at all tiger salamander life stages and this model has been used to explore the host-pathogen interactions of ATV infection. However, inconsistencies in the availability of laboratory reared larval tiger salamanders required us to look at the well characterized axolotl (A. mexicanum) as a model for ATV infection. Data obtained from five infection experiments over different developmental timepoints suggest that axolotls are susceptible to ATV in an age- and dose-dependent manner. These data support the use of the ATV-axolotl model to further explore the host-pathogen interactions of ranavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley Steel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Michelle Hamed
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Josefine T Haugom
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Trang Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Nathaniel Kenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Joanna Malfavon-Borja
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Scott Morgans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Savannah A Salek
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Allen Seylani
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - James K Jancovich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA.
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4
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Lei Z, Lian L, Zhang L, Liu C, Zhai S, Yuan X, Wei J, Liu H, Liu Y, Du Z, Gul I, Zhang H, Qin Z, Zeng S, Jia P, Du K, Deng L, Yu D, He Q, Qin P. Detection of Frog Virus 3 by Integrating RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-SPM with Deep Learning. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32555-32564. [PMID: 37720737 PMCID: PMC10500685 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A fast, easy-to-implement, highly sensitive, and point-of-care (POC) detection system for frog virus 3 (FV3) is proposed. Combining recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and CRISPR/Cas12a, a limit of detection (LoD) of 100 aM (60.2 copies/μL) is achieved by optimizing RPA primers and CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). For POC detection, smartphone microscopy is implemented, and an LoD of 10 aM is achieved in 40 min. The proposed system detects four positive animal-derived samples with a quantitation cycle (Cq) value of quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the range of 13 to 32. In addition, deep learning models are deployed for binary classification (positive or negative samples) and multiclass classification (different concentrations of FV3 and negative samples), achieving 100 and 98.75% accuracy, respectively. Without temperature regulation and expensive equipment, the proposed RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a combined with smartphone readouts and artificial-intelligence-assisted classification showcases the great potential for FV3 detection, specifically POC detection of DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Lei
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Lijin Lian
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Likun Zhang
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Changyue Liu
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Shiyao Zhai
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Jiazhang Wei
- Department
of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The
People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi
Academy of Medical Sciences, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Animal
and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technical Centre, Shenzhen Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518045, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Animal
and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technical Centre, Shenzhen Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518045, China
| | - Zhicheng Du
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Ijaz Gul
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Haihui Zhang
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Zhifeng Qin
- Animal
and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518033, China
| | - Shaoling Zeng
- Animal
and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518033, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Quality and
Standards Academy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lin Deng
- Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- School
of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Qian He
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Center
of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley
Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
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Rauniyar K, Bokharaie H, Jeltsch M. Expansion and collapse of VEGF diversity in major clades of the animal kingdom. Angiogenesis 2023; 26:437-461. [PMID: 37017884 PMCID: PMC10328876 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-023-09874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Together with the platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) form the PDGF/VEGF subgroup among cystine knot growth factors. The evolutionary relationships within this subgroup have not been examined thoroughly to date. Here, we comprehensively analyze the PDGF/VEGF growth factors throughout all animal phyla and propose a phylogenetic tree. Vertebrate whole-genome duplications play a role in expanding PDGF/VEGF diversity, but several limited duplications are necessary to account for the temporal pattern of emergence. The phylogenetically oldest PDGF/VEGF-like growth factor likely featured a C-terminus with a BR3P signature, a hallmark of the modern-day lymphangiogenic growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Some younger VEGF genes, such as VEGFB and PGF, appeared completely absent in important vertebrate clades such as birds and amphibia, respectively. In contrast, individual PDGF/VEGF gene duplications frequently occurred in fish on top of the known fish-specific whole-genome duplications. The lack of precise counterparts for human genes poses limitations but also offers opportunities for research using organisms that diverge considerably from humans. Sources for the graphical abstract: 326 MYA and older [1]; 72-240 MYA [2]; 235-65 MYA [3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Rauniyar
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 2, (Viikinkaari 5E), P.O. Box. 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Honey Bokharaie
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 2, (Viikinkaari 5E), P.O. Box. 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 2, (Viikinkaari 5E), P.O. Box. 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
- Helsinki One Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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6
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Qin P, Munang'andu HM, Xu C, Xie J. Megalocytivirus and Other Members of the Family Iridoviridae in Finfish: A Review of the Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control. Viruses 2023; 15:1359. [PMID: 37376659 DOI: 10.3390/v15061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has expanded to become the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world. However, its expansion has come under threat due to an increase in diseases caused by pathogens such as iridoviruses commonly found in aquatic environments used for fish farming. Of the seven members belonging to the family Iridoviridae, the three genera causing diseases in fish comprise ranaviruses, lymphocystiviruses and megalocytiviruses. These three genera are serious impediments to the expansion of global aquaculture because of their tropism for a wide range of farmed-fish species in which they cause high mortality. As economic losses caused by these iridoviruses in aquaculture continue to rise, the urgent need for effective control strategies increases. As a consequence, these viruses have attracted a lot of research interest in recent years. The functional role of some of the genes that form the structure of iridoviruses has not been elucidated. There is a lack of information on the predisposing factors leading to iridovirus infections in fish, an absence of information on the risk factors leading to disease outbreaks, and a lack of data on the chemical and physical properties of iridoviruses needed for the implementation of biosecurity control measures. Thus, the synopsis put forth herein provides an update of knowledge gathered from studies carried out so far aimed at addressing the aforesaid informational gaps. In summary, this review provides an update on the etiology of different iridoviruses infecting finfish and epidemiological factors leading to the occurrence of disease outbreaks. In addition, the review provides an update on the cell lines developed for virus isolation and culture, the diagnostic tools used for virus detection and characterization, the current advances in vaccine development and the use of biosecurity in the control of iridoviruses in aquaculture. Overall, we envision that the information put forth in this review will contribute to developing effective control strategies against iridovirus infections in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | | | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China
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7
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Cai YJ, He JY, Yang XY, Huang W, Fu XM, Guo SQ, Yang JJ, Dong JD, Zeng HT, Wu YJ, Qin Z, Qin QW, Sun HY. Molecular characterization, expression and function analysis of Epinephelus coioides PKC-ɑ response to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104646. [PMID: 36702214 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) constitutes the main signal transduction pathway, and participates in the signal pathway of cell proliferation and movement in mammals. In this study, PKC-ɑ was obtained from Epinephelus coioides, an important marine fish cultivated in the coastal areas of southern China and Southeast Asia. The full length cDNA of PKC-ɑ was 3362 bp in length containing a 23 bp 5'UTR, a 1719 bp 3'UTR, and a 1620 bp open reading frame encoding 539 amino acids. It contains three conservative domains including protein kinase C conserved region 2 (C2), Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain (S_TKc) and ser/thr-type protein kinases (S_TK_X). Its mRNA can be detected in all 11 tissues examined of E. coioides, and the expression was significantly upregulated response to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection, one of the important pathogens of marine fish. Upregulated E. coioides PKC-ɑ significantly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), and SGIV-induced cell apoptosis. The results indicated that the PKC-ɑ may play an important role in pathogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Cai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jia-Yang He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xin-Yue Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Fu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shi-Qing Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jie-Jia Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jun-De Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, 510301, PR China
| | - Hai-Tian Zeng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Jun Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhou Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yan Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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8
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, An Z, Zhang X, Vakharia VN, Lin L. Isolation, identification and the pathogenicity characterization of a Santee-Cooper ranavirus and its activation on immune responses in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108641. [PMID: 36858328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The largemouth bass virus (LMBV) isolate of Santee-Cooper ranavirus showed evidence of widespread infection in adult fish, but disease presentation caused by different viral strains exhibited considerable difference. In this study, a highly pathogenic LMBV-like resembling Santee-Cooper ranavirus was isolated and identified from juvenile largemouth bass. The pathogenicity and dynamic distribution of LMBV-like strain, histopathological analysis and host immune response of juvenile largemouth bass infected with LMBV-like were investigated. The results show that LMBV-like was highly pathogenic to juvenile fish, and the infected fish showed typical signs of acute haemorrhages and visceral enlargement. LMBV-like positive cells were found in the liver, spleen, kidney, gills, and intestinal tissue, and the virus content in spleen was the highest. Histopathological analysis showed different pathological changes in major tissues of diseased fish, mostly manifested as infiltration of inflammatory cell and histiocyte necrosis. In addition, humoral immune factors such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and acid phosphatase (ACP) were used as serum indicators to evaluate the immune response of juvenile fish after infection. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression patterns of immune-related genes (CD40, IFN-γ, IgM, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12a, Mxd3, TGF-β, and TNFα) in liver, spleen, and head kidney tissues. The results showed that immunological activity of the juvenile largemouth bass was significantly enhanced by LMBV-like infection. This research comprehensively systematically revealed the pathogenic characteristics of LMBV-like separated from juvenile largemouth bass and properties of the host's immune response caused by the virus infection, which providing a basis for further exploring the interaction between the virus and the host, and prevention and treatment of disease caused by Santee-Cooper ranavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zheling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhenhua An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Vikram N Vakharia
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore Country, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
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Coutinho CD, Ford CE, Trafford JD, Duarte A, Rebelo R, Rosa GM. Non-Lethal Detection of Ranavirus in Fish. Viruses 2023; 15:471. [PMID: 36851684 PMCID: PMC9964643 DOI: 10.3390/v15020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergent infectious diseases have an increasing impact on both farmed animals and wildlife. The ability to screen for pathogens is critical for understanding host-pathogen dynamics and informing better management. Ranavirus is a pathogen of concern, associated with disease outbreaks worldwide, affecting a broad range of fish, amphibian, and reptile hosts, but research has been limited. The traditional screening of internal tissues, such as the liver, has been regarded as the most effective for detecting and quantifying Ranavirus. However, such methodology imposes several limitations from ethical and conservation standpoints. Non-lethal sampling methods of viral detection were explored by comparing the efficacy of both buccal swabbing and fin clipping. The study was conducted on two Iberian, threatened freshwater fish (Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum and Cobitis paludica), and all samples were screened using qPCR. While for C. paludica both methods were reliable in detecting Ranavirus, on I. lusitanicum, there was a significantly higher detection rate in buccal swabs than in fin tissue. This study, therefore, reports that fin clipping may yield false Ranavirus negatives when in small-bodied freshwater fish. Overall, buccal swabbing is found to be good as an alternative to more invasive procedures, which is of extreme relevance, particularly when dealing with a threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina D. Coutinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Charlotte E. Ford
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Nuffield Building, Outer Circle, London NW8 7LS, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Joseph D. Trafford
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Nuffield Building, Outer Circle, London NW8 7LS, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ana Duarte
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rui Rebelo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo M. Rosa
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Nuffield Building, Outer Circle, London NW8 7LS, UK
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10
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Yang J, Xu W, Wang W, Pan Z, Qin Q, Huang X, Huang Y. Largemouth Bass Virus Infection Induced Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in MsF Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071568. [PMID: 35891548 PMCID: PMC9321053 DOI: 10.3390/v14071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV), belonging to the genus Ranavirus, causes high mortality and heavy economic losses in largemouth bass aquaculture. In the present study, a novel cell line, designated as MsF, was established from the fin of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and applied to investigate the characteristics of cell death induced by LMBV. MsF cells showed susceptibility to LMBV, evidenced by the occurrence of a cytopathic effect (CPE), increased viral gene transcription, protein synthesis, and viral titers. In LMBV-infected MsF cells, two or more virus assembly sites were observed around the nucleus. Notably, no apoptotic bodies occurred in LMBV-infected MsF cells after nucleus staining, suggesting that cell death induced by LMBV in host cells was distinct from apoptosis. Consistently, DNA fragmentation was not detected in LMBV-infected MsF cells. Furthermore, only caspase-8 and caspase-3 were significantly activated in LMBV-infected MsF cells, suggesting that caspases were involved in non-apoptotic cell death induced by LMBV in host cells. In addition, the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were detected in both LMBV-infected MsF cells and fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Combined with our previous study, we propose that cell death induced by LMBV infection was cell type dependent. Although LMBV-infected MsF cells showed the characteristics of non-apoptotic cell death, the signal pathways might crosstalk and interconnect between apoptosis and other PCD during LMBV infection. Together, our results not only established the in vitro LMBV infection model for the study of the interaction between LMBV and host cells but also shed new insights into the mechanisms of ranavirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Weihua Xu
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Wenji Wang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Zanbin Pan
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Y.H.)
| | - Youhua Huang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Y.H.)
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11
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Wang G, Xu W, Cheng H, Xie J, Bai A, Xu W, Liang Q. Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of red seabream iridovirus isolated from a cage-cultured small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) in China. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2085-2088. [PMID: 35752987 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Iridoviruses are emerging pathogens that are widespread in diverse environments and hosts. Numerous members of the family Iridoviridae are known to cause severe disease in freshwater and marine organisms. Here, we report the complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of iridovirus strain LPIV-ZS-2021, isolated from a small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) in China. The genome sequence comprises 110,560 bp with a G+C content of 53.42%, has 104 putative open reading frames (ORFs), and shares the highest sequence similarity with red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) isolated in Japan (98.61%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it belongs to RSIV clade 1. This is the first fully sequenced RSIV genome from a small yellow croaker. The host range expansion of members of the genus Megalocytivirus warrants further attention to determine its potential economic and ecological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengshen Wang
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, 316021, China.,Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Haoxue Cheng
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Aixu Bai
- Huaian Customs District, Huaian, 223001, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, 316021, China.,Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Qizhang Liang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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12
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Wei H, Guo Z, Long Y, Liu M, Xiao J, Huang L, Yu Q, Li P. Aptamer-Based High-Throughput Screening Model for Efficient Selection and Evaluation of Natural Ingredients against SGIV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061242. [PMID: 35746713 PMCID: PMC9227401 DOI: 10.3390/v14061242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) causes high economic losses in mariculture. Effective drugs for managing SGIV infection are urgently required. Medicinal plant resources are rich in China. Medicinal plants have a long history and significant curative effects in the treatment of many diseases. Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR is the most commonly used method for detecting virus infection and assessing antiviral efficacy with high accuracy. However, their applications are limited due to high reagent costs and complex time-consuming operations. Aptamers have been applied in some biosensors to achieve the accurate detection of pathogens or diseases through signal amplification. This study aimed to establish an aptamer-based high-throughput screening (AHTS) model for the efficient selection and evaluation of medicinal plants components against SGIV infection. Q2-AHTS is an expeditious, rapid method for selecting medicinal plant drugs against SGIV, which was characterized as being dram, high-speed, sensitive, and accurate. AHTS strategy reduced work intensity and experimental costs and shortened the whole screening cycle for effective ingredients. AHTS should be suitable for the rapid selection of effective components against other viruses, thus further promoting the development of high-throughput screening technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Wei
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (H.W.); (M.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Zhongbao Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Breeding, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Science, Nanning 530000, China; (Z.G.); (J.X.)
| | - Yu Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wuzhou Medical College, Wuzhou 543000, China;
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (H.W.); (M.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Jun Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Breeding, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Science, Nanning 530000, China; (Z.G.); (J.X.)
| | - Lin Huang
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (H.W.); (M.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Qing Yu
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (H.W.); (M.L.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Y.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-0771-2503976 (P.L.); Fax: +86-0771-2503976 (P.L.)
| | - Pengfei Li
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (H.W.); (M.L.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Y.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-0771-2503976 (P.L.); Fax: +86-0771-2503976 (P.L.)
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13
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Mandrioli L, Codotto V, D’Annunzio G, Volpe E, Errani F, Eishi Y, Uchida K, Morini M, Sarli G, Ciulli S. Pathological and Tissue-Based Molecular Investigation of Granulomas in Cichlids Reared as Ornamental Fish. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111366. [PMID: 35681830 PMCID: PMC9179505 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The global ornamental fish trade has an estimated value of USD 15–30 billion per year and more than a 10% average annual growth. Despite their economic importance, the management of ornamental fish is challenged by a paucity of information, including data on the fish health status. Pathological and microbiological investigations were conducted on ornamental cichlids sampled during routine management activities held at an aquarium commercial facility, in order to evaluate the presence of granuloma in the organs. Cutibacterium acnes and Mycobacterium spp. were detected by molecular methods and immunohistochemistry. These bacteria represent potential zoonotic agents, and the advancement of their knowledge could significantly improve the management of ornamental fish and reduce the risk of exposure for people, such as hobbyists, fish handlers, aquarists, and dedicated personnel. Abstract Cichlids include hundreds of species with a high economic value for aquaculture. These fish are subjected to intensive trade and farming that expose them to the risk of infectious diseases. This work focuses on ornamental cichlids held in an aquarium commercial facility presenting emaciation, in order to evaluate the presence of lesions in fish skin and organs. The fish were sampled during routine management activities and subjected to pathological and molecular investigations. The presence of lymphocystis disease virus, typically associated with cutaneous nodular disease, was ruled out. Histologically, they presented granulomas in the spleen, sometimes extending to the other visceral organs. Bacterial heat-shock protein 65 PCR products were detected in tissues associated, in the majority of cases, with granulomas; molecular investigation identified Mycobacterium spp. in two cases and Cutibacterium acnes in seven cases. Immunoreactivity to anti-Mycobacterium and anti-C. acnes antibodies was detected within granulomas. The presence of C. acnes within granuloma is elucidated for the first time in fish; however, similarly to what is found in humans, this bacterium could be harmless in normal conditions, whereas other contributing factors would be required to trigger a granulomatogenous response. Further confirmation by bacterial culture, as well as using large-scale studies in more controlled situations, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-207972
| | - Victorio Codotto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Giulia D’Annunzio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Enrico Volpe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Francesca Errani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (Y.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Keisuke Uchida
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (Y.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
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14
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Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) Triggers Mitochondria-Mediated Dynamic Interaction Signals via an Imbalance of Bax/Bak over Bcl-2/Bcl-xL in Fish Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050922. [PMID: 35632664 PMCID: PMC9144193 DOI: 10.3390/v14050922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infections is important but has rarely been studied in connection to host organelle behavior. In the present study, we demonstrated that ISKNV can induce host cell death via a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member imbalance in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP or ΔΨm) regulation in GF-1 cells. The results of our study on ISKNV infection showed that it can induce host cell death by up to 80% at day 5 post-infection. Subsequently, in an apoptotic assay, ISKNV infection was seen to induce an increase in Annexin-V-positive signals by 20% and in propidium iodide (PI) staining-positive signals by up to 30% at day 5 (D5) in GF-1 cells. Then, through our studies on the mechanism of cell death in mitochondria function, we found that ISKNV can induce MMP loss by up to 58% and 78% at days 4 and 5 with a JC1 dye staining assay. Furthermore, we found that pro-apoptotic members Bax and Bak were upregulated from the early replication stage (day one) to the late stage (day 5), but the expression profiles were very dynamically different. On the other hand, by Western blotted analysis, the anti-apoptotic members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were upregulated very quickly at the same time from day one (two-fold) and continued to maintain this level at day five. Finally, we found that pro-apoptotic death signals strongly activated the downstream signals of caspase-9 and -3. Taken together, these results suggest that ISKNV infection can induce Bax/Bak-mediated cell death signaling downstream of caspase-9 and -3 activation. During the viral replication cycle with the cell death induction process, the anti-apoptotic members Bcl-2/Bcl-xL interacted with the pro-apoptotic members Bax/Bak to maintain the mitochondrial function in the dynamic interaction so as to maintain the MMP in GF-1 cells. These findings may provide insights into DNA-virus control and treatment.
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15
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Wang G, Luan Y, Wei J, Li Y, Shi H, Cheng H, Bai A, Xie J, Xu W, Qin P. Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of a New Iridovirus Isolated from Cage-Cultured Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020208. [PMID: 35215802 PMCID: PMC8879442 DOI: 10.3390/v14020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses are an important pathogen of ectothermic vertebrates and are considered a significant threat to aquacultural fish production. Recently, one of the most economically important marine species in China, the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), has been increasingly reported to be the victim of iridovirus disease. In this study, we isolated and identified a novel iridovirus, LYCIV-ZS-2020, from cage-cultured large yellow croaker farms in Zhoushan island, China. Genome sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that LYCIV-ZS-2020 belongs to the genus Megalocytivirus and is closely related to the Pompano iridoviruses isolated in the Dominican Republic. LYCIV-ZS-2020 enriched from selected tissues of naturally infected large yellow croaker was used in an artificial infection trial and the results proved its pathogenicity in large yellow croaker. This is the first systematic research on the genetic and pathogenic characterization of iridovirus in large yellow croakers, which expanded our knowledge of the iridovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Yingjia Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jinping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Haoxue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Aixu Bai
- Huaian Customs District, Huaian 223001, China;
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Shahin K, Subramaniam K, Camus AC, Yazdi Z, Yun S, Koda SA, Waltzek TB, Pierezan F, Hu R, Soto E. Isolation, Identification and Characterization of a Novel Megalocytivirus from Cultured Tilapia ( Oreochromis spp.) from Southern California, USA. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3524. [PMID: 34944299 PMCID: PMC8697977 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring 2019, diseased four-month-old tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from an aquaculture farm in Southern California, USA were received for diagnostic evaluation with signs of lethargy, anorexia, abnormal swimming, and low-level mortalities. At necropsy, non-specific external lesions were noted including fin erosion, cutaneous melanosis, gill pallor, and coelomic distension. Internal changes included ascites, hepatomegaly, renomegaly, splenomegaly, and multifocal yellow-white nodules in the spleen and kidney. Cultures of spleen and kidney produced bacterial colonies identified as Francisella orientalis. Homogenized samples of gill, brain, liver, spleen, and kidney inoculated onto Mozambique tilapia brain cells (OmB) developed cytopathic effects, characterized by rounding of cells and detaching from the monolayer 6-10 days post-inoculation at 25 °C. Transmission electron microscopy revealed 115.4 ± 5.8 nm icosahedral virions with dense central cores in the cytoplasm of OmB cells. A consensus PCR, targeting the DNA polymerase gene of large double-stranded DNA viruses, performed on cell culture supernatant yielded a sequence consistent with an iridovirus. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated full length major capsid protein and DNA polymerase gene sequences supported the tilapia virus as a novel species within the genus Megalocytivirus, most closely related to scale drop disease virus and European chub iridovirus. An intracoelomic injection challenge in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) fingerlings resulted in 39% mortality after 16 days. Histopathology revealed necrosis of head kidney and splenic hematopoietic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
- Aquatic Animal Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Suez P.O. Box 43511, Egypt
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.S.); (S.A.K.); (T.B.W.)
| | - Alvin C. Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Zeinab Yazdi
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Susan Yun
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Samantha A. Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.S.); (S.A.K.); (T.B.W.)
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.S.); (S.A.K.); (T.B.W.)
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil;
| | - Ruixue Hu
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; or (Z.Y.); (S.Y.); (R.H.)
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17
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Goodman RM, Carter ED, Miller DL. Influence of Herbicide Exposure and Ranavirus Infection on Growth and Survival of Juvenile Red-Eared Slider Turtles ( Trachemys scripta elegans). Viruses 2021; 13:1440. [PMID: 34452306 PMCID: PMC8402795 DOI: 10.3390/v13081440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are an important wildlife pathogen of fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Previous studies have shown that susceptibility and severity of infection can vary with age, host species, virus strain, temperature, population density, and presence of environmental stressors. Experiments are limited with respect to interactions between this pathogen and environmental stressors in reptiles. In this study, we exposed hatchling red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) to herbicide and ranavirus treatments to examine direct effects and interactions on growth, morbidity, and mortality. Turtles were assigned to one of three herbicide treatments or a control group. Turtles were exposed to atrazine, Roundup ProMax®, or Rodeo® via water bath during the first 3 weeks of the experiment. After 1 week, turtles were exposed to either a control (cell culture medium) or ranavirus-infected cell lysate via injection into the pectoral muscles. Necropsies were performed upon death or upon euthanasia after 5 weeks. Tissues were collected for histopathology and detection of ranavirus DNA via quantitative PCR. Only 57.5% of turtles exposed to ranavirus tested positive for ranaviral DNA at the time of death. Turtles exposed to ranavirus died sooner and lost more mass and carapace length, but not plastron length, than did controls. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of herbicides did not impact infection rate, morbidity, or mortality of hatchling turtles due to ranavirus exposure. We also found no direct effects of herbicide or interactions with ranavirus exposure on growth or survival time. Results of this study should be interpreted in the context of the modest ranavirus infection rate achieved, the general lack of growth, and the unplanned presence of an additional pathogen in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Goodman
- Biology Department, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943, USA
| | - Edward Davis Carter
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (E.D.C.); (D.L.M.)
| | - Debra L. Miller
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (E.D.C.); (D.L.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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18
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Deng Z, Wang J, Zhang W, Geng Y, Zhao M, Gu C, Fu L, He M, Xiao Q, Xiao W, He L, Yang Q, Han J, Yan X, Yu Z. The Insights of Genomic Synteny and Codon Usage Preference on Genera Demarcation of Iridoviridae Family. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657887. [PMID: 33868215 PMCID: PMC8044322 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the family Iridoviridae are large, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect various hosts, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. Although great progress has been made in genomic and phylogenetic analyses, the adequacy of the existing criteria for classification within the Iridoviridae family remains unknown. In this study, we redetermined 23 Iridoviridae core genes by re-annotation, core-pan analysis and local BLASTN search. The phylogenetic tree based on the 23 re-annotated core genes (Maximum Likelihood, ML-Tree) and amino acid sequences (composition vector, CV-Tree) were found to be consistent with previous reports. Furthermore, the information provided by synteny analysis and codon usage preference (relative synonymous codon usage, correspondence analysis, ENC-plot and Neutrality plot) also supports the phylogenetic relationship. Collectively, our results will be conducive to understanding the genera demarcation within the Iridoviridae family based on genomic synteny and component (codon usage preference) and contribute to the existing taxonomy methods for the Iridoviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Deng
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingde Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Congwei Gu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manli He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qihai Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wudian Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lvqin He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Han
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zehui Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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19
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Mangus LM, França MS, Shivaprasad HL, Wolf JC. Research-Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions in Common Avian and Aquatic Species. ILAR J 2021; 62:169-202. [PMID: 33782706 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, and amphibians have a long history of contributing to ground-breaking scientific discoveries. Because these species offer several experimental advantages over higher vertebrates and share extensive anatomic and genetic homology with their mammalian counterparts, they remain popular animal models in a variety of fields such as developmental biology, physiology, toxicology, drug discovery, immunology, toxicology, and infectious disease. As with all animal models, familiarity with the anatomy, physiology, and spontaneous diseases of these species is necessary for ensuring animal welfare, as well as accurate interpretation and reporting of study findings. Working with avian and aquatic species can be especially challenging in this respect due to their rich diversity and array of unique adaptations. Here, we provide an overview of the research-relevant anatomic features, non-infectious conditions, and infectious diseases that impact research colonies of birds and aquatic animals, including fish and Xenopus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Monique S França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Tulare, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Wolf
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
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20
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Megalocytivirus Induces Complicated Fish Immune Response at Multiple RNA Levels Involving mRNA, miRNA, and circRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063156. [PMID: 33808870 PMCID: PMC8003733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Megalocytivirus is an important viral pathogen to many farmed fishes, including Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this study, we examined megalocytivirus-induced RNA responses in the spleen of flounder by high-throughput sequencing and integrative analysis of various RNA-seq data. A total of 1327 microRNAs (miRNAs), including 368 novel miRNAs, were identified, among which, 171 (named DEmiRs) exhibited significantly differential expressions during viral infection in a time-dependent manner. For these DEmiRs, 805 differentially expressed target mRNAs (DETmRs) were predicted, whose expressions not only significantly changed after megalocytivirus infection but were also negatively correlated with their paired DEmiRs. Integrative analysis of immune-related DETmRs and their target DEmiRs identified 12 hub DEmiRs, which, together with their corresponding DETmRs, formed an interaction network containing 84 pairs of DEmiR and DETmR. In addition to DETmRs, 19 DEmiRs were also found to regulate six key immune genes (mRNAs) differentially expressed during megalocytivirus infection, and together they formed a network consisting of 21 interactive miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) pairs. Further analysis identified 9434 circular RNAs (circRNAs), 169 of which (named DEcircRs) showed time-specific and significantly altered expressions during megalocytivirus infection. Integrated analysis of the DETmR-DEmiR and DEcircR-DEmiR interactions led to the identification of a group of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) constituted by interacting triplets of circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA involved in antiviral immunity. Together these results indicate that complicated regulatory networks of different types of non-coding RNAs and coding RNAs are involved in megalocytivirus infection.
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21
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Wirth W, Lesbarrères D, Ariel E. Ten years of ranavirus research (2010–2019): an analysis of global research trends. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are large nucleocytoplasmic DNA viruses that infect ectothermic vertebrates. Here we report the results of a scientometric analysis of the field of ranavirology for the last 10 years. Using bibliometric tools we analyse trends, identify top publications and journals, and visualise the ranavirus collaboration landscape. The Web of Science core collection contains 545 ranavirus-related publications from 2010 to 2019, with more publications produced every year and a total of 6830 citations. Research output is primarily driven by the United States and People’s Republic of China, who together account for more than 60% of ranavirus publications. We also observed a positive correlation between the average number of co-authors on ranavirus publications and the year of publication, indicating that overall collaboration is increasing. A keyword analysis of ranavirus publications from 2010 to 2019 reveals several areas of research interest including; ecology, immunology, virology/molecular biology, genetics, ichthyology, and herpetology. While ranavirus research is conducted globally, relatively few publications have co-authors from both European and Asian countries, possibly because closer countries (geographical distance) are more likely to share co-authors. To this end, efforts should be made to foster collaborations across geopolitical and cultural boundaries, especially between countries with shared research interests as ultimately, understanding global pathogens, like ranaviruses, will require global collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wytamma Wirth
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - David Lesbarrères
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
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22
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Johan CAC, Zainathan SC. Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish: A review. Vet World 2020; 13:2565-2577. [PMID: 33363355 PMCID: PMC7750215 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2565-2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses, especially megalocytiviruses, are related to severe disease resulting in high economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. The ornamental fish industry has been affected severely due to Megalocytivirus infections. Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus that has three genera; including red sea bream iridovirus, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, and turbot reddish body iridovirus. Megalocytivirus causes non-specific clinical signs in ornamental fish. Cell culture, histology, immunofluorescence test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay have been used to diagnose megalocytiviruses. Risk factors such as temperature, transportation (export and import), and life stages of ornamental fish have been reported for the previous cases due to Megalocytivirus infections. In addition, other prevention and control methods also have been practiced in farms to prevent Megalocytivirus outbreaks. This is the first review of megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish since its first detection in 1989. This review discusses the occurrences of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish, including the history, clinical signs, detection method, risk factors, and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Azarulzaman Che Johan
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Catherine Zainathan
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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23
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Ramírez-Paredes JG, Paley RK, Hunt W, Feist SW, Stone DM, Field TR, Haydon DJ, Ziddah PA, Nkansa M, Guilder J, Gray J, Duodu S, Pecku EK, Awuni JA, Wallis TS, Verner-Jeffreys DW. First detection of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) associated with massive mortalities in farmed tilapia in Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1550-1563. [PMID: 32920975 PMCID: PMC8246855 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In late 2018, unusual patterns of very high mortality (>50% production) were reported in intensive tilapia cage culture systems across Lake Volta in Ghana. Samples of fish and fry were collected and analysed from two affected farms between October 2018 and February 2019. Affected fish showed darkening, erratic swimming and abdominal distension with associated ascites. Histopathological observations of tissues taken from moribund fish at different farms revealed lesions indicative of viral infection. These included haematopoietic cell nuclear and cytoplasmic pleomorphism with marginalization of chromatin and fine granulation. Transmission electron microscopy showed cells containing conspicuous virions with typical iridovirus morphology, that is enveloped, with icosahedral and/or polyhedral geometries and with a diameter c.160 nm. PCR confirmation and DNA sequencing identified the virions as infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Samples of fry and older animals were all strongly positive for the presence of the virus by qPCR. All samples tested negative for TiLV and nodavirus by qPCR. All samples collected from farms prior to the mortality event were negative for ISKNV. Follow‐up testing of fish and fry sampled from 5 additional sites in July 2019 showed all farms had fish that were PCR‐positive for ISKNV, whether there was active disease on the farm or not, demonstrating the disease was endemic to farms all over Lake Volta by that point. The results suggest that ISKNV was the cause of disease on the investigated farms and likely had a primary role in the mortality events. A common observation of coinfections with Streptococcus agalactiae and other tilapia bacterial pathogens further suggests that these may interact to cause severe pathology, particularly in larger fish. Results demonstrate that there are a range of potential threats to the sustainability of tilapia aquaculture that need to be guarded against.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard K Paley
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK.,OIE Collaborating Centre for Emerging Aquatic Animal Diseases, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK
| | - William Hunt
- Ridgeway Biologicals Limited a Ceva Santé Animale Company, Compton, UK
| | - Stephen W Feist
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK.,OIE Collaborating Centre for Emerging Aquatic Animal Diseases, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK
| | - David M Stone
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK.,OIE Collaborating Centre for Emerging Aquatic Animal Diseases, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK
| | - Terence R Field
- Ridgeway Biologicals Limited a Ceva Santé Animale Company, Compton, UK
| | - David J Haydon
- Ridgeway Biologicals Limited a Ceva Santé Animale Company, Compton, UK
| | - Peter A Ziddah
- Fisheries Commission, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mary Nkansa
- Fisheries Commission, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development, Accra, Ghana
| | - James Guilder
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK.,OIE Collaborating Centre for Emerging Aquatic Animal Diseases, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy S Wallis
- Ridgeway Biologicals Limited a Ceva Santé Animale Company, Compton, UK
| | - David W Verner-Jeffreys
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK.,OIE Collaborating Centre for Emerging Aquatic Animal Diseases, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, UK
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24
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von Essen M, Leung WTM, Bosch J, Pooley S, Ayres C, Price SJ. High pathogen prevalence in an amphibian and reptile assemblage at a site with risk factors for dispersal in Galicia, Spain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236803. [PMID: 32730306 PMCID: PMC7392302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are agents of disease, mortality and population declines in ectothermic vertebrates and emergences have been repeatedly linked to human activities. Ranaviruses in the common midwife toad ranavirus lineage are emerging in Europe. They are known to be severe multi-host pathogens of amphibians and can also cause disease in reptiles. Recurrent outbreaks of ranavirus disease and mortality affecting three species have occurred at a small reservoir in north-west Spain but no data were available on occurrence of the pathogen in the other amphibian and reptile species present or at adjacent sites. We sampled nine species of amphibians and reptiles at the reservoir and nearby sites and screened for ranavirus presence using molecular methods. Our results show infection with ranavirus in all nine species, including first reports for Hyla molleri, Pelophylax perezi, Rana iberica, and Podarcis bocagei. We detected ranavirus in all four local sites and confirmed mass mortality incidents involving Lissotriton boscai and Triturus marmoratus were ongoing. The reservoir regularly hosts water sports tournaments and the risks of ranavirus dispersal through the translocation of contaminated equipment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius von Essen
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences (Silwood Park), Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - William T. M. Leung
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit of Biodiversity—CSIC/UO/PA, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio de Investigación, Mieres, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon Pooley
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences (Silwood Park), Ascot, United Kingdom
| | - Cesar Ayres
- Asociación Herpetológica Española, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen J. Price
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Genetics Institute, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Chen KW, Chiu HW, Chiu YW, Wu JL, Hong JR. EPA and DHA can modulate cell death via inhibition of the Fas/tBid-mediated signaling pathway with ISKNV infection in grouper fin cell line (GF-1) cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:608-616. [PMID: 31614198 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play important roles in organisms, including the structure and liquidity of cell membranes, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation. Very little has been done in terms of the effect of PUFAs on cell death, especially on DNA virus. In this study, we demonstrated that the infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) can induce host cell death via the apoptotic cell death pathway, which correlated to modulation by PUFAs in grouper fin cell line (GF-1) cells. We screened the PUFAs, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), for the ability of different dosages to prevent cell death in GF-1 cells with ISKNV infection. In the results, each 10 μM of DHA and EPA treatment enhanced host cell viability up to 80% at day 5 post-infection. Then, in Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay, DHA- and EPA-treated groups reduced TUNEL positive signals 50% in GF-1 cells with ISKNV infection. Then, through studies of the mechanism of cell death, we found that ISKNV can induce both the Bax/caspase-3 and Fas/caspase-8/tBid death signaling pathways in GF-1 cells, especially at day 5 post-infection. Furthermore, we found that DHA and EPA treatment can either prevent caspase-3 activation on 17-kDa form cleavage or Bid cleaved (15-kDa form) for activation by caspase-8, apparently. On the other hand, the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 was upregulated 0.3-fold and 0.15-fold at day 3 and day 5, respectively, compared to ISKNV-infected and DHA-treated cells; that this did not happen in the EPA-treated group showed that different PUFAs trigger different signals. Finally, ISKNV-infected GF-1 cells treated with either DHA or EPA showed a 5-fold difference in viral titer at day 5. Taken together, these results suggest that optimal PUFA treatment can affect cell death signaling through both the intrinsic and extrinsic death pathways, reducing viral expression and viral titer in GF-1 cells. This finding may provide insight in DNA virus infection and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Wen Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsuan-Wen Chiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Wei Chiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. University Road, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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26
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Deng L, Geng Y, Zhao R, Gray MJ, Wang K, Ouyang P, Chen D, Huang X, Chen Z, Huang C, Zhong Z, Guo H, Fang J. CMTV-like ranavirus infection associated with high mortality in captive catfish-like loach, Triplophysa siluorides, in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1330-1335. [PMID: 31904194 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are important emerging pathogens of ectothermic vertebrates that threaten aquaculture and wildlife worldwide. A mortality event occurred in a cultured population of catfish-like loach (Triplophysa siluorides) in Sichuan Province, China. Gross clinical signs of the affected fish included skin lesions and haemorrhagic ulcers, which are often associated with ranaviruses. Inoculation of liver, kidney and spleen tissue homogenates in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells at 25°C resulted in cytopathic effect within 24 hr. Transmission electron microscopy of infected EPC cells revealed hexagonal viral arrays in the cytoplasm and icosahedral geometry of the virions. Following exposure of T. siluroides to the isolated virus, similar clinical signs were observed and the fish experienced 40% and 90% mortality after 21 days at 103.58 and 107.8 TCID50 /0.1 ml doses, respectively, providing evidence the isolated virus was the main causative agent of the mortality event. Diagnostic PCR of the major capsid protein gene of ranavirus showed that all samples of diseased fish and isolated virus were positive. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated virus, designated as FYLl40220, was associated with the Common Midwife Toad Virus (CMTV)-like ranavirus clade. To our knowledge, this case represents the first report of CMTV-associated mortality in a fish species. Collectively, these results suggest that the host range of CMTV-like ranaviruses is greater than previously thought, and this clade of ranaviruses could have significant economic and biodiversity impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Ruoxuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Matthew J Gray
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Chao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
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27
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Maclaine A, Wirth WT, McKnight DT, Burgess GW, Ariel E. Ranaviruses in captive and wild Australian lizards. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranaviral infections have been associated with mass mortality events in captive and wild amphibian, fish, and reptile populations globally. In Australia, two distinct types of ranaviruses have been isolated: epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus in fish and a Frog virus 3-like ranavirus in amphibians. Experimental studies and serum surveys have demonstrated that several Australian native fish, amphibian, and reptile species are susceptible to infection and supported the theory that ranavirus is naturally circulating in Australian herpetofauna. However, ranaviral infections have not been detected in captive or wild lizards in Australia. Oral-cloacal swabs were collected from 42 wild lizards from northern Queensland and 83 captive lizards from private collections held across three states/territories. Samples were tested for ranaviral DNA using a quantitative PCR assay. This assay detected ranaviral DNA in 30/83 (36.1%) captive and 33/42 (78.6%) wild lizard samples. This is the first time molecular evidence of ranavirus has been reported in Australian lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Maclaine
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Wytamma T. Wirth
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Donald T. McKnight
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Graham W. Burgess
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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28
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Harrison XA, Price SJ, Hopkins K, Leung WTM, Sergeant C, Garner TWJ. Diversity-Stability Dynamics of the Amphibian Skin Microbiome and Susceptibility to a Lethal Viral Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2883. [PMID: 31956320 PMCID: PMC6951417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation among animals in their host-associated microbial communities is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of important life history traits including growth, metabolism, and resistance to disease. Quantitative estimates of the factors shaping the stability of host microbiomes over time at the individual level in non-model organisms are scarce. Addressing this gap in our knowledge is important, as variation among individuals in microbiome stability may represent temporal gain or loss of key microbial species and functions linked to host health and/or fitness. Here we use controlled experiments to investigate how both heterogeneity in microbial species richness of the environment and exposure to the emerging pathogen Ranavirus influence the structure and temporal dynamics of the skin microbiome in a vertebrate host, the European common frog (Rana temporaria). Our evidence suggests that altering the bacterial species richness of the environment drives divergent temporal microbiome dynamics of the amphibian skin. Exposure to ranavirus effects changes in skin microbiome structure irrespective of total microbial diversity, but individuals with higher pre-exposure skin microbiome diversity appeared to exhibit higher survival. Higher diversity skin microbiomes also appear less stable over time compared to lower diversity microbiomes, but stability of the 100 most abundant ("core") community members was similar irrespective of microbiome richness. Our study highlights the importance of extrinsic factors in determining the stability of host microbiomes over time, which may in turn have important consequences for the stability of host-microbe interactions and microbiome-fitness correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier A Harrison
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Price
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William T M Leung
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Sergeant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Rosa GM, Bosch J, Martel A, Pasmans F, Rebelo R, Griffiths RA, Garner TWJ. Sex‐biased disease dynamics increase extinction risk by impairing population recovery. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Rosa
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent CanterburyKent UK
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent's ParkLondon UK
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C)Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisboa Portugal
| | - J. Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
| | - A. Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - F. Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - R. Rebelo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C)Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisboa Portugal
| | - R. A. Griffiths
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent CanterburyKent UK
| | - T. W. J. Garner
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent's ParkLondon UK
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30
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Brunner JL, Olson AD, Rice JG, Meiners SE, Le Sage MJ, Cundiff JA, Goldberg CS, Pessier AP. Ranavirus infection dynamics and shedding in American bullfrogs: consequences for spread and detection in trade. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:135-150. [PMID: 31392966 DOI: 10.3354/dao03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
American bullfrogs Lithobates catesbeianus are thought to be important in the global spread of ranaviruses-often lethal viruses of cold-blooded vertebrates-because they are commonly farmed, dominate international trade, and may be 'carriers' of ranavirus infections. However, whether American bullfrogs are easily infected and maintain long-lasting ranavirus infections, or are refractory to or rapidly clear infections, remains unknown. We tracked the dynamics of ranavirus in American bullfrogs through time and with temperature in multiple types of samples and also screened shipments from commercial suppliers to determine whether we could detect subclinical infections. Collectively, we found that tadpoles and juveniles were commonly infected at moderate doses, and while some died, others controlled and appeared to clear their infections. Some individuals, however, harbored subclinical infections for up to 49 d, suggesting that American bullfrogs may be important carriers. Indeed, tadpoles and metamorphosed frogs from 2 of 5 commercial suppliers harbored subclinicial infections. Juveniles at warmer temperatures had less intense but still persistent infections. Because diagnostic performance was strongly related to infection intensity, non-lethal samples (i.e. tail or toe clips, swabs, and environmental DNA) had only a moderate chance of detecting subclinical infections. Even internal tissues may fail to detect subclinical infections. However, viral shedding was correlated with the intensity of infection, so while subclinically infected tadpoles shed virus for 35-49 d, the low levels might lead to little transmission. We suggest that a quantitative focus on virus dynamics within hosts can provide a more nuanced view of ranavirus infections and the risk presented by American bullfrogs in trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Brunner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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31
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Ke F, Wang ZH, Ming CY, Zhang QY. Ranaviruses Bind Cells from Different Species through Interaction with Heparan Sulfate. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070593. [PMID: 31261956 PMCID: PMC6669447 DOI: 10.3390/v11070593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranavirus cross-species infections have been documented, but the viral proteins involved in the interaction with cell receptors have not yet been identified. Here, viral cell-binding proteins and their cognate cellular receptors were investigated using two ranaviruses, Andrias davidianus ranavirus (ADRV) and Rana grylio virus (RGV), and two different cell lines, Chinese giant salamander thymus cells (GSTC) and Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells. The heparan sulfate (HS) analog heparin inhibited plaque formation of ADRV and RGV in the two cell lines by more than 80% at a concentration of 5 μg/mL. In addition, enzymatic removal of cell surface HS by heparinase I markedly reduced plaque formation by both viruses and competition with heparin reduced virus-cell binding. These results indicate that cell surface HS is involved in ADRV and RGV cell binding and infection. Furthermore, recombinant viral envelope proteins ADRV-58L and RGV-53R bound heparin-Sepharose beads implying the potential that cell surface HS is involved in the initial interaction between ranaviruses and susceptible host cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying cell surface HS as ranavirus binding factor and furthers understanding of interactions between ranaviruses and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng-Yue Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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32
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Becker JA, Gilligan D, Asmus M, Tweedie A, Whittington RJ. Geographic Distribution of Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in Freshwater Fish in South Eastern Australia: Lost Opportunity for a Notifiable Pathogen to Expand Its Geographic Range. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040315. [PMID: 30939801 PMCID: PMC6520861 DOI: 10.3390/v11040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) was originally detected in Victoria, Australia in 1984. It spread rapidly over two decades with epidemic mortality events in wild redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) and mild disease in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) being documented across southeastern Australia in New South Wales (NSW), the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Victoria, and South Australia. We conducted a survey for EHNV between July 2007 and June 2011. The disease occurred in juvenile redfin perch in ACT in December 2008, and in NSW in December 2009 and December 2010. Based on testing 3622 tissue and 492 blood samples collected from fish across southeastern Australia, it was concluded that EHNV was most likely absent from redfin perch outside the endemic area in the upper Murrumbidgee River catchment in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), and it was not detected in other fish species. The frequency of outbreaks in redfin perch has diminished over time, and there have been no reports since 2012. As the disease is notifiable and a range of fish species are known to be susceptible to EHNV, existing policies to reduce the likelihood of spreading out of the endemic area are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy A Becker
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
| | - Dean Gilligan
- NSW Industry and Investment, Batemans Bay Fisheries Office, Batemans Bay 2536, Australia.
| | - Martin Asmus
- NSW Industry and Investment, Narrandera Fisheries Centre, Narrandera 2700, Australia.
| | - Alison Tweedie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Ranavirus Infection of Amphibians, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
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33
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Wirth W, Schwarzkopf L, Skerratt LF, Ariel E. Ranaviruses and reptiles. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6083. [PMID: 30581674 PMCID: PMC6295156 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses can infect many vertebrate classes including fish, amphibians and reptiles, but for the most part, research has been focused on non-reptilian hosts, amphibians in particular. More recently, reports of ranaviral infections of reptiles are increasing with over 12 families of reptiles currently susceptible to ranaviral infection. Reptiles are infected by ranaviruses that are genetically similar to, or the same as, the viruses that infect amphibians and fish; however, physiological and ecological differences result in differences in study designs. Although ranaviral disease in reptiles is often influenced by host species, viral strain and environmental differences, general trends in pathogenesis are emerging. More experimental studies using a variety of reptile species, life stages and routes of transmission are required to unravel the complexity of wild ranavirus transmission. Further, our understanding of the reptilian immune response to ranaviral infection is still lacking, although the considerable amount of work conducted in amphibians will serve as a useful guide for future studies in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wytamma Wirth
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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34
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Zheng Q, Ji H, Wei S, Tang J, Lu Y, Cai J, Jian J, Qin Q. Identification of a Bcl-xL homolog from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) involved in SGIV-induced nonapoptotic cell death. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:436-442. [PMID: 30243776 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins play essential roles in modulating immune response and controlling cells' fate. Bcl-xL is one of anti-apoptotic protein in this family. In this study, a new Bcl-xL homolog (EcBcl-xL) was identified and characterized from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. EcBcl-xL encoded a 221 amino acid peptides that shared 86% identity to Larimichthys crocea Bcl-xL protein, contained four conserved BH domains and one transmembrane region. The predicted three-dimensional structure of EcBcl-xL was similar with Homo sapiens Bcl-xL. EcBcl-xL widely expressed in all tested tissues with highest expression in head kidney. Its expression level was significantly up-regulated after SGIV infection in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of EcBcl-xL could inhibit SGIV-induced nonapoptotic cell death and suppressed viral genes transcriptions in GS cells. Our findings suggested that EcBcl-xL might play a role during virus infection through modulating SGIV-induced nonapoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Huasong Ji
- Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biology Medicine Co., Ltd., China
| | - Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China
| | - Jufen Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
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35
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Campbell LJ, Garner TWJ, Tessa G, Scheele BC, Griffiths AGF, Wilfert L, Harrison XA. An emerging viral pathogen truncates population age structure in a European amphibian and may reduce population viability. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5949. [PMID: 30479902 PMCID: PMC6241393 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases can alter the demography of their host populations, reducing their viability even in the absence of mass mortality. Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates globally, and emerging infectious diseases play a large role in their continued population declines. Viruses belonging to the genus Ranavirus are responsible for one of the deadliest and most widespread of these diseases. To date, no work has used individual level data to investigate how ranaviruses affect population demographic structure. We used skeletochronology and morphology to evaluate the impact of ranaviruses on the age structure of populations of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) in the UK. We compared ecologically similar populations that differed most notably in their historical presence or absence of ranavirosis (the acute syndrome caused by ranavirus infection). Our results suggest that ranavirosis may truncate the age structure of R. temporaria populations. One potential explanation for such a shift might be increased adult mortality and subsequent shifts in the life history of younger age classes that increase reproductive output earlier in life. Additionally, we constructed population projection models which indicated that such increased adult mortality could heighten the vulnerability of frog populations to stochastic environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Campbell
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Giulia Tessa
- Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Benjamin C Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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36
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Stilwell NK, Whittington RJ, Hick PM, Becker JA, Ariel E, van Beurden S, Vendramin N, Olesen NJ, Waltzek TB. Partial validation of a TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of ranaviruses. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 128:105-116. [PMID: 29733025 DOI: 10.3354/dao03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are globally emerging pathogens negatively impacting wild and cultured fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Although conventional and diagnostic real-time PCR (qPCR) assays have been developed to detect ranaviruses, these assays often have not been tested against the known diversity of ranaviruses. Here we report the development and partial validation of a TaqMan real-time qPCR assay. The primers and TaqMan probe targeted a conserved region of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene. A series of experiments using a 10-fold dilution series of Frog virus 3 (FV3) MCP plasmid DNA revealed linearity over a range of 7 orders of magnitude (107-101), a mean correlation coefficient (R2) of >0.99, and a mean efficiency of 96%. The coefficient of variation of intra- and inter-assay variability ranged from <0.1-3.5% and from 1.1-2.3%, respectively. The analytical sensitivity was determined to be 10 plasmid copies of FV3 DNA. The qPCR assay detected a panel of 33 different ranaviral isolates originating from fish, amphibian, and reptile hosts from all continents excluding Africa and Antarctica, thereby representing the global diversity of ranaviruses. The assay did not amplify highly divergent ranaviruses, members of other iridovirus genera, or members of the alloherpesvirus genus Cyprinivirus. DNA from fish tissue homogenates previously determined to be positive or negative for the ranavirus Epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus by virus isolation demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of 95% and a diagnostic specificity of 100%. The reported qPCR assay provides an improved expedient diagnostic tool and can be used to elucidate important aspects of ranaviral pathogenesis and epidemiology in clinically and sublinically affected fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Stilwell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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37
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Evaluating the Importance of Environmental Persistence for Ranavirus Transmission and Epidemiology. Adv Virus Res 2018; 101:129-148. [PMID: 29908588 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses persist outside their hosts in a variety of forms, from naked virions to virus protected in sloughed tissues or carcasses, and for a range of times, all of which affect the likelihood and importance of transmission from the environment. This review synthesizes the literature on environmental persistence of viruses in the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae), which are large double-stranded DNA viruses of ectothermic, often aquatic or semiaquatic vertebrates. Ranaviruses have been associated with mass mortality events in natural and captive settings around the world, and with population and community-wide declines in Europe. Early work suggested ranaviruses are environmentally robust and transmission from the environment should be common. More recent work has shown a large effect of temperature and microbial action on persistence times, although other aspects of the environment (e.g., water chemistry) and aquatic communities (e.g., zooplankton) may also be important. Ranaviruses may persist in the carcasses of animals that have died of infection, and so decomposing organisms and invertebrate scavengers may reduce these persistence times. The question is, do persistence times vary enough to promote or preclude substantial transmission from the environment. We built an epidemiological model with transmission from contacts, free virus in water, and carcasses, to explore the conditions in which environmental persistence could be important for ranavirus epidemiology. Based on prior work, we expected a substantial amount of transmission from the water and that longer persistence times would make this route of transmission dominant. However, neither water-borne nor transmission from carcasses played an important role in the simulated epidemics except under fairly restrictive conditions, such as when there were high rates of virus shedding or high rates of scavenging on highly infectious carcasses. While many aspects of environmental persistence of ranaviruses are being resolved by experiments, key parameters such as viral shedding rates are virtually unknown and will need to be empirically constrained if we are to determine whether environmental persistence and transmission from the environment are essential or insignificant features of Ranavirus epidemiology. We conclude by emphasizing the need to place environmental persistence research in an epidemiological framework.
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38
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Mashkour N, Maclaine A, Burgess GW, Ariel E. Discovery of an Australian Chelonia mydas papillomavirus via green turtle primary cell culture and qPCR. J Virol Methods 2018; 258:13-23. [PMID: 29630942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The number of reptilian viruses detected are continuously increasing due to improvements and developments of new diagnostic techniques. In this case we used primary cell culture and qPCR to describe the first Australian Chelonia mydas papillomavirus. Commercial chelonian cell lines are limited to one cell line from a terrestrial turtle (Terrapene Carolina). To establish primary cultures from green turtles (Chelonia mydas), turtle eggs were collected from Heron Island, Queensland, Australia. From day 35 of incubation at 29°, the embryos were harvested to establish primary cultures. The primary cell cultures were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, 90% and foetal bovine serum, 10%. The cells became uniformly fibroblastic-shaped after 15 passages. The growth rate resembled that of cells originating from other cold-blooded animals and the average doubling time was ∼5 days from the 20th passage. Karyotyping and molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA D-loop gene were carried out for cell authentication. The primary cell cultures were screened to exclude mycoplasma contamination. Two primary cell lineages were found to be susceptible to Bohle iridovirus. The primary cell cultures were used to screen samples from green turtles foraging along the East Coast of Queensland for the presence of viruses. Homogenates from eight skin tumour samples caused cytopathic effects and were confirmed by qPCR to be infected with papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mashkour
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia.
| | - Alicia Maclaine
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia
| | - Graham W Burgess
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, QLD, Australia
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39
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Campbell LJ, Hammond SA, Price SJ, Sharma MD, Garner TWJ, Birol I, Helbing CC, Wilfert L, Griffiths AGF. A novel approach to wildlife transcriptomics provides evidence of disease-mediated differential expression and changes to the microbiome of amphibian populations. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1413-1427. [PMID: 29420865 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are responsible for a lethal, emerging infectious disease in amphibians and threaten their populations throughout the world. Despite this, little is known about how amphibian populations respond to ranaviral infection. In the United Kingdom, ranaviruses impact the common frog (Rana temporaria). Extensive public engagement in the study of ranaviruses in the UK has led to the formation of a unique system of field sites containing frog populations of known ranaviral disease history. Within this unique natural field system, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to compare the gene expression profiles of R. temporaria populations with a history of ranaviral disease and those without. We have applied a RNA read-filtering protocol that incorporates Bloom filters, previously used in clinical settings, to limit the potential for contamination that comes with the use of RNA-Seq in nonlaboratory systems. We have identified a suite of 407 transcripts that are differentially expressed between populations of different ranaviral disease history. This suite contains genes with functions related to immunity, development, protein transport and olfactory reception among others. A large proportion of potential noncoding RNA transcripts present in our differentially expressed set provide first evidence of a possible role for long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in amphibian response to viruses. Our read-filtering approach also removed significantly more bacterial reads from libraries generated from positive disease history populations. Subsequent analysis revealed these bacterial read sets to represent distinct communities of bacterial species, which is suggestive of an interaction between ranavirus and the host microbiome in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Campbell
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Stewart A Hammond
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen J Price
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.,UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manmohan D Sharma
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | | | - Inanc Birol
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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Ke F, Gui JF, Chen ZY, Li T, Lei CK, Wang ZH, Zhang QY. Divergent transcriptomic responses underlying the ranaviruses-amphibian interaction processes on interspecies infection of Chinese giant salamander. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:211. [PMID: 29558886 PMCID: PMC5861657 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae, nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses) have been reported as promiscuous pathogens of cold-blooded vertebrates. Rana grylio virus (RGV, a ranavirus), from diseased frog Rana grylio with a genome of 105.79 kb and Andrias davidianus ranavirus (ADRV), from diseased Chinese giant salamander (CGS) with a genome of 106.73 kb, contains 99% homologous genes. Results To uncover the differences in virus replication and host responses under interspecies infection, we analyzed transcriptomes of CGS challenged with RGV and ADRV in different time points (1d, 7d) for the first time. A total of 128,533 unigenes were obtained from 820,858,128 clean reads. Transcriptome analysis revealed stronger gene expression of RGV than ADRV at 1 d post infection (dpi), which was supported by infection in vitro. RGV replicated faster and had higher titers than ADRV in cultured CGS cell line. RT-qPCR revealed the RGV genes including the immediate early gene (RGV-89R) had higher expression level than that of ADRV at 1 dpi. It further verified the acute infection of RGV in interspecies infection. The number of differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways from RGV were lower than that from ADRV, which reflected the variant host responses at transcriptional level. No obvious changes of key components in pathway “Antigen processing and presentation” were detected for RGV at 1 dpi. Contrarily, ADRV infection down-regulated the expression levels of MHC I and CD8. The divergent host immune responses revealed the differences between interspecies and natural infection, which may resulted in different fates of the two viruses. Altogether, these results revealed the differences in transcriptome responses among ranavirus interspecies infection of amphibian and new insights in DNA virus-host interactions in interspecies infection. Conclusion The DNA virus (RGV) not only expressed self-genes and replicated quickly after entry into host under interspecies infection, but also avoided the over-activation of host responses. The strategy could gain time for the survival of interspecies pathogen, and may provide opportunity for its adaptive evolution and interspecies transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4596-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Cun-Ke Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zi-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Chen Y, Shi M, Cheng Y, Zhang W, Tang Q, Xia XQ. FVD: The fish-associated virus database. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 58:23-26. [PMID: 29126995 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the expanding of marine and freshwater aquaculture, the outbreaks of aquatic animal diseases have increasingly become the major threats to the healthy development of aquaculture industries. Notably, viral infections lead to massive fish deaths and result in great economic loss every year across the world. Hence, it is meaningful to clarify the biodiversity, geographical distribution and host specificity of fish-associated viruses. In this study, viral sequences detected in fish samples were manually collected from public resources, along with the related metadata, such as sampling time, location, specimen type and fish species. Moreover, the information regarding the host fish, including aliases, diet type and geographic distribution were also integrated into a database (FVD). To date, FVD covers the information of 4860 fish-associated viruses belonging to 15 viral families, which were detected from 306 fish species in 57 countries. Meanwhile, sequence alignment, live data statistics and download function are available. Through the user-friendly interface, FVD provides a practical platform that would not only benefit virologists who want to disclose the spread of fish-associated viruses, but also zoologists who focus on the health of domestic and wild animals. Furthermore, it may facilitate the surveillance and prevention of fish viral diseases. Database URL: http://bioinfo.ihb.ac.cn/fvd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mijuan Shi
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yingyin Cheng
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wanting Zhang
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qin Tang
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Mishra A, Nam GH, Gim JA, Lee HE, Jo A, Yoon D, Oh S, Kim S, Kim A, Kim DH, Kim YC, Jeong HD, Cha HJ, Choi YH, Kim HS. Comparative evaluation of MCP gene in worldwide strains of Megalocytivirus (Iridoviridae family) for early diagnostic marker. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:105-116. [PMID: 28914452 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Iridoviridae family have been considered as aetiological agents of iridovirus diseases, causing fish mortalities and economic losses all over the world. Virus identification based on candidate gene sequencing is faster, more accurate and more reliable than other traditional phenotype methodologies. Iridoviridae viruses are covered by a protein shell (capsid) encoded by the important candidate gene, major capsid protein (MCP). In this study, we investigated the potential of the MCP gene for use in the diagnosis and identification of infections caused Megalocytivirus of the Iridoviridae family. We selected data of 66 Iridoviridae family isolates (53 strains of Megalocytivirus, eight strains of iridoviruses and five strains of Ranavirus) infecting various species of fish distributed all over the world. A total of 53 strains of Megalocytivirus were used for designing the complete primer sets for identifying the most hypervariable region of the MCP gene. Further, our in silico analysis of 102 sequences of related and unrelated viruses reconfirms that primer sets could identify strains more specifically and offers a useful and fast alternative for routine clinical laboratory testing. Our findings suggest that phenotype observation along with diagnosis using universal primer sets can help detect infection or carriers at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mishra
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - G-H Nam
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - J-A Gim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - H-E Lee
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - A Jo
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - D Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - S Oh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - A Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - D-H Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Y C Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - H D Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - H-J Cha
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, Korea
| | - Y H Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - H-S Kim
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Development of cross-priming amplification coupled with vertical flow visualization for rapid detection of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. J Virol Methods 2017; 253:38-42. [PMID: 29288074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) has been recognized as the causative agent of the most serious disease in cultured mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, in China. Disease outbreaks have resulted in substantial losses to the aquaculture industry. Currently, reliable laboratory detection and identification methods are available for this virus. However, rapid detection methods applicable for on-site diagnosis of this infectious agent are unavailable. To address this need, a nearly instrument-free, cost-effective and simple detection method was developed and optimized and incorporates cross priming amplification coupled with vertical flow visualization for rapid identification of ISKNV (ISKNV-CPA-VF). Results show that cross circulation amplification targeting the conserved region of the major capsid protein (MCP) regiment of the ISKNV genome had a sensitivity 10 times greater than traditional PCR at 64 °C within 60 min. The optimized concentration of dNTPs and the concentration for Mg2+ were 1.0 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L, respectively. No cross-reactions with other viruses or bacteria were observed. When combined with the nucleic acid strip detection technology, visual detection of ISKNV amplified products was realized within 3-5 min following amplification. The simplicity and nearly instrument-free method for this ISKNV-CPA-VF assay shows great potential for on-site diagnostics of ISKNV infection in Siniperca chuatsi.
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Sivasankar P, John KR, George MR, Mageshkumar P, Manzoor MM, Jeyaseelan MJP. Characterization of a virulent ranavirus isolated from marine ornamental fish in India. Virusdisease 2017; 28:373-382. [PMID: 29291228 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A viral agent implicated in the mortality of marine ornamental "Similar Damselfish" (Pomacentrus similis Allen, 1991) was isolated and characterized. The virus grew well in marine and freshwater fish cell lines from seabass and snakehead. The virus was sensitive to chloroform, acidic pH (3.0) and heat treatment at 56 °C. Biochemical characterisation indicated that the virus had double stranded DNA genome. Transmission electron microscopic analysis of ultrathin sections of infected cell pellets showed iridovirus-like icosahedral virus particles of 120-130 nm. Purified virus had six structural protein bands that ranged from of 44 to 132 kDa. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of viral DNA in infected cell cultures and sequence analysis of the major capsid protein gene showed an identity of 99.82% to that of largemouth bass virus. Serum neutralization studies involving the viral agent and koi ranavirus (KIRV) indicated partial homogeneity between the two isolates. Experimental infection of seabass (Lates calcarifer) and similar damselfish (P. similis) fingerlings with the similar damselfish virus showed cumulative mortalities of 68.75 and 93.33%. The biophysical and biochemical properties of the viral agent isolated, serological characteristics, size of major capsid proteins and the sequence similarity of the MCP gene proved that the virus belongs to the genus Ranavirus of the family Iridoviridae. Ability of the virus to grow in marine and freshwater fish cell lines and its pathogenicity to one of the cultivable marine fish shows the wide host range of the virus. This is the first report of ranavirus induced mortality in marine fish in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sivasankar
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - K Riji John
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - M Rosalind George
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - P Mageshkumar
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - M Mohamed Manzoor
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
| | - M J Prince Jeyaseelan
- Department of Fish Pathology and Health Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, 628008 India
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Chinchar V, Waltzek TB, Subramaniam K. Ranaviruses and other members of the family Iridoviridae: Their place in the virosphere. Virology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Kayansamruaj P, Rangsichol A, Dong HT, Rodkhum C, Maita M, Katagiri T, Pirarat N. Outbreaks of ulcerative disease associated with ranavirus infection in barcoo grunter, Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1341-1350. [PMID: 28111768 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, an outbreak of ulcerative disease associated with ranavirus infection occurred in barcoo grunter, Scortum barcoo (McCulloch & Waite), farms in Thailand. Affected fish exhibited extensive haemorrhage and ulceration on skin and muscle. Microscopically, the widespread haemorrhagic ulceration and necrosis were noted in gill, spleen and kidney with the presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies. When healthy barcoo grunter were experimentally challenged via intraperitoneal and oral modes with homogenized tissue of naturally infected fish, gross and microscopic lesions occurred with a cumulative mortality of 70-90%. Both naturally and experimentally infected fish yielded positive results to the ranavirus-specific PCR. The full-length nucleotide sequences of major capsid protein gene of ranaviral isolates were similar to largemouth bass virus (LMBV) and identical to largemouth bass ulcerative syndrome virus (LBUSV), previously reported in farmed largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides L.), which also produced lethal ulcerative skin lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a LMBV-like infection associated with skin lesions in barcoo grunter, adding to the known examples of ranavirus infection associated with skin ulceration in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kayansamruaj
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Rangsichol
- Department of Fish Disease Diagnosis, Aquatic Animal Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - H T Dong
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Maita
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Katagiri
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Pirarat
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Pathology- Special Task Force for Activating Research, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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47
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From fish to frogs and beyond: Impact and host range of emergent ranaviruses. Virology 2017; 511:272-279. [PMID: 28860047 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are pathogens of ectothermic vertebrates, including amphibians. We reviewed patterns of host range and virulence of ranaviruses in the context of virus genotype and postulate that patterns reflect significant variation in the historical and current host range of three groups of Ranavirus: FV3-like, CMTV-like and ATV-like ranaviruses. Our synthesis supports previous hypotheses about host range and jumps: FV3s are amphibian specialists, while ATVs are predominantly fish specialists that switched once to caudate amphibians. The most recent common ancestor of CMTV-like ranaviruses and FV3-like forms appears to have infected amphibians but CMTV-like ranaviruses may circulate in both amphibian and fish communities independently. While these hypotheses are speculative, we hope that ongoing efforts to describe ranavirus genetics, increased surveillance of host species and targeted experimental assays of susceptibility to infection and/or disease will facilitate better tests of the importance of hypothetical evolutionary drivers of ranavirus virulence and host range.
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Hick PM, Subramaniam K, Thompson PM, Waltzek TB, Becker JA, Whittington RJ. Molecular epidemiology of Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV). Virology 2017; 511:320-329. [PMID: 28818331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low genetic diversity of Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) was determined for the complete genome of 16 isolates spanning the natural range of hosts, geography and time since the first outbreaks of disease. Genomes ranged from 125,591-127,487 nucleotides with 97.47% pairwise identity and 106-109 genes. All isolates shared 101 core genes with 121 potential genes predicted within the pan-genome of this collection. There was high conservation within 90,181 nucleotides of the core genes with isolates separated by average genetic distance of 3.43 × 10-4 substitutions per site. Evolutionary analysis of the core genome strongly supported historical epidemiological evidence of iatrogenic spread of EHNV to naïve hosts and establishment of endemic status in discrete ecological niches. There was no evidence of structural genome reorganization, however, the complement of non-core genes and variation in repeat elements enabled fine scale molecular epidemiological investigation of this unpredictable pathogen of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Hick
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Ranavirus Infection of Amphibians, Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Disease and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Patrick M Thompson
- Department of Infectious Disease and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Disease and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joy A Becker
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Ranavirus Infection of Amphibians, Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Ranavirus Infection of Amphibians, Sydney School of Veterinary Science and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
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Cai J, Wei S, Yu D, Song R, Lu Y, Wu Z, Qin Q, Jian J. BNIP3, a cell pro-apoptotic protein, involved in response to viral infection in orange spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:407-413. [PMID: 28359943 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BNIP3 is a kind of BH3-only protein that induces both cell death and autophagy. Here, a BNIP3 gene (EcBNIP3) was identified from orange spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. EcBNIP3 possessed 236 amino acids residues, contained a conservative BNIP3 domain and a transmembrane region. Besides, EcBNIP3 expressed at a relative high level in heart and spleen. EcBNIP3 transcript was up-regulated after SGIV infection in vitro. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that EcBNIP3 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm and co-localized with mitochondria. In addition, overexpression EcBNIP3 accelerated SGIV infection induced cell death but inhibited viral genes transcription. Taken together, these results provided new evidence that fish BNIP3 might involved in response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Rui Song
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, PR China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Zaohe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China.
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50
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Dong C, wang Z, Weng S, He J. Occurrence of a lethal ranavirus in hybrid mandarin ( Siniperca scherzeri × Siniperca chuatsi ) in Guangdong, South China. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:28-33. [PMID: 28619157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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