1
|
Shantakumari N, Eldeeb RA, Ibrahim SAM, Sreedharan J, Otoum S. Effect of PUFA on patients with hypertension: a hospital based study. Indian Heart J 2014; 66:408-14. [PMID: 25173198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension affects more than a quarter of the global adult population. Studies conducted worldwide suggest an overall small, yet useful, role of omega-3 PUFAs in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients. However there is no substantial data in this regard from population based in Middle East and Asia. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of (omega-3) PUFA supplementation on the blood pressure of hypertensive patient. To identify if male and female hypertensive patients respond differently to PUFA. To identify if response of hypertensive patients to PUFA varies with the duration of hypertension and co-existence of diabetes/dyslipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This observational study was conducted among hypertensive patients visiting OPD of the Gulf Medical College Hospital, Ajman, UAE, during the period Jan-Dec 2012. A total of 100 hypertensive patients on treatment with their antihypertensive medications, 50 of whom were taking n-3 PUFA supplementation, were followed up for a period of 3 months. Comparisons were drawn between the BP recordings at the time of enrollment in the study and their follow up values 3 months after enrollment. RESULTS There was a statistically significant reduction in both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures after 3 months of PUFA therapy. The BP lowering effect of PUFA was more in males. A statistically significant reduction in BP was noted in non-diabetic patients and patients with long standing hypertension. CONCLUSION Findings of the study suggest that omega-3 PUFA dietary supplements augment the benefits of pharmacotherapy in hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shantakumari
- Asst. Professor, Department of Physiology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, P.O. Box: 4184, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rasha Ali Eldeeb
- Asst. Professor, Department of Physiology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, P.O. Box: 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Sufian Otoum
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bachmair EM, Ostertag LM, Zhang X, de Roos B. Dietary manipulation of platelet function. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:97-113. [PMID: 24858060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Activated platelets contribute to plaque formation within blood vessels in the early and late stages of atherogenesis, and therefore they have been proposed as risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Anti-platelet drugs, such as aspirin, are now the most prescribed pharmacological treatment in Europe. Certain dietary bioactives also beneficially affect platelet function, and with less side effects, albeit that effects are generally more subtle. Therefore, consumption of dietary bioactives could play a role in the prevention of atherothrombotic vascular disease. Here we review the efficacy of dietary treatment strategies, especially those involving certain dietary fatty acids and polyphenols, to modulate platelet function in healthy subjects or in patients with cardiovascular disease. Variation in study populations, small study sizes and lack of comparability between methods to assess platelet function currently limit robust evidence on the efficacy of dietary bioactives in healthy subjects or specific patient groups. Also, limited knowledge of the metabolism of dietary bioactives, and therefore of the bioavailability of bioactive ingredients, restricts our ability to identify the most effective dietary regimes to improve platelet function. Implementation of uniform point-of-care tests to assess platelet function, and enhanced knowledge of the efficacy by which specific dietary compounds and their metabolites affect platelet function, may enable the identification of functional anti-platelet ingredients that are eligible for a health claim, or combined treatment strategies, including both pharmacological anti-platelet treatment as well as dietary intervention, to tackle atherothrombotic vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Bachmair
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - L M Ostertag
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - X Zhang
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - B de Roos
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
BROOKS R, BAUMAN A, DAFFURN K, HILLMAN K. Post-hospital outcome following intensive care. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/tcic.6.3.127.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
4
|
KOCH T, HELLER A, BREIL I, ACKERN KVAN, NEUHOF H. Alterations of pulmonary capillary filtration and leukotriene synthesis due to infusion of a lipid emulsion enriched with Omega-3-fatty acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/tcic.6.3.112.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
5
|
|
6
|
de Roos B, Mavrommatis Y, Brouwer IA. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: new insights into mechanisms relating to inflammation and coronary heart disease. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:413-28. [PMID: 19422375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from observational studies, prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical intervention studies indicate that moderate doses of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) significantly decrease risk of fatal coronary heart disease (CHD). Higher doses and longer duration of intervention may also protect from non-fatal CHD events. The exact mechanisms through which LC n-3 PUFA has an effect on CHD are not well established but may include a decrease in fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol levels, a decrease in arrhythmias, modulation of platelet aggregation and decreased synthesis of pro-inflammatory agents. The mechanistic relation between LC n-3 PUFA and inflammation has attracted great interest, and in vitro studies have revealed that these fatty acids decrease endothelial activation, affect eicosanoid metabolism (including epoxygenation pathways) and induce inflammatory resolution. However, the effects of LC n-3 PUFA on established biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation in vivo are not strong. Consequently we need new and more sensitive and systemic biomarkers to reveal the effects of LC n-3 PUFA on localized inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baukje de Roos
- University of Aberdeen, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, Aberdeen, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ackman R. Fatty Acids in Fish and Shellfish. FATTY ACIDS IN FOODS AND THEIR HEALTH IMPLICATIONS,THIRD EDITION 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420006902.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
8
|
Harper CR, Jacobson TA. Beyond the Mediterranean Diet: The Role of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 6:136-46. [PMID: 15319583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1520-037x.2003.1332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiologic and clinical secondary prevention trials suggest that the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may have a significant role in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs include fish oils, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, along with plants rich in a-linolenic acid. Randomized secondary prevention clinical trials with fish oils (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid) and a-linolenic acid have demonstrated reductions in risk that compare favorably to those seen in landmark secondary prevention trials with lipid-lowering drugs. Several mechanisms explaining the cardioprotective effect of the n-3 PUFA have been suggested including antiarrhythmic and antithrombotic roles. Although official US guidelines for the dietary intake of n-3 PUFA are not available, several international guidelines have been published. Fish is an important source of the n-3 PUFA in the US diet; however, vegetable sources including grains and oils offer an alternative source for those who are unable to regularly consume fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Harper
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Conde CMS, Cyrino FZGA, Bottino DA, Gardette J, Bouskela E. Longchain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and microvascular reactivity: Observation in the hamster cheek pouch. Microvasc Res 2007; 73:237-47. [PMID: 17196224 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous experiments in our laboratory, using the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation, have shown that precapillary vessels exhibit spontaneous rhythmic luminal variations, termed vasomotion, a myogenic activity sustained by a balance between membrane currents among which polarizing K(+) currents play an important role. In these microvessels, endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) seem to regulate arteriolar diameter [via nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP] and vasomotion [probably via endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)]. Fish or fish oil diet can decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases, probably by modifying the conductance of selective ion channels, such as K(+) and/or Ca(++), and/or increasing the production of vasodilators, such as NO. To investigate its effect on microvascular reactivity, using the same preparation and an intravital microscope coupled to a closed circuit TV system, male hamsters were treated for 14 days, twice a day, with 0.4 mL/100 g body weight with fish or olive oil. An attempt was also undertaken to record in arterioles, in vivo, the membrane potential of smooth muscle cells during their vasomotor activity combining conventional microelectrode and intravital microscopy techniques. The effects of topical application of two vasodilators, acetylcholine [endothelium-dependent one, NO release and membrane hyperpolarization via Ca(++)-activated K(+) channels (K(Ca))] and sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent, NO donor and no change on membrane potential) and two vasoconstrictors which elicited membrane depolarization via Ca(++) channels, phenylephrine (alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor agonist) and serotonin (5-hydroxi-tryptamine) on mean internal diameter of arterioles and venules, arteriolar blood flows, spontaneous arteriolar vasomotion frequency and amplitude and functional capillary density (FCD, number of capillaries with flowing red blood cells per unit area of tissue) were determined. Anesthesia was induced by sodium pentobarbital (i.p.) and maintained with alpha-chloralose through the femoral vein. In the presence of vasomotion, the membrane potentials are slowly oscillating by about 20 mV around values of approximately -50 mV in perfect synchrony with vasomotor movements and depolarizing phases coincide with vasoconstrictions while polarizing ones with vasodilatations. Comparing all parameters, in control conditions, only the spontaneous vasomotion frequency was significantly higher (2.37 times higher) on the group treated with fish oil and persisted as such throughout all experiments. With topical application of the drugs mentioned above, the group treated with fish oil showed, for each drug concentration, a balance towards vasodilatation with consequent increase on arteriolar blood flow and on FCD, compared with the olive oil treated one. No significant changes on mean arterial pressure, spontaneous arteriolar vasomotion amplitude or venular diameter could be detected in the two groups. Our results support the concept that, in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation, fish oil supplementation activates K(+) channels which act as the EDHF and might also increase the production of vasodilators, probably NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane M S Conde
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Microcirculação, Pavilhão Reitor Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha, térreo, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are a subset of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in marine sources as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and in some leafy vegetables, nuts, and oils as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). The metabolism of omega-3's may explain the cardioprotective effects observed in epidemiologic and experimental studies. Although most data for cardioprotective effects come from studies of marine sources, vegetable sources of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid) may have similar effects through in vivo conversion to eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This document will provide an overview of omega-3 fatty acids with a focus on specific sources, metabolism, safety issues, and their potential indication for cardiovascular prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P DeFilippis
- Division of General Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
ACKMAN RG, MCLEOD C, MISRA KK, RAKSHIT S. LIPIDS AND FATTY ACIDS OF FIVE FRESHWATER FOOD FISHES OF INDIA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2002.tb00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Lipids in Parenteral Nutrition: Benefits in Critically Ill Patients? Intensive Care Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5551-0_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Frieri G, Pimpo MT, Palombieri A, Melideo D, Marcheggiano A, Caprilli R, D'Alessandro A, Seri S. Polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary supplementation: An adjuvant approach to treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Nutr Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(00)00182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
14
|
Schmidt EB, Skou HA, Christensen JH, Dyerberg J. N-3 fatty acids from fish and coronary artery disease: implications for public health. Public Health Nutr 2000; 3:91-8. [PMID: 10786728 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and discuss the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish in the prevention and, primarily, in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN Overview of the literature. SETTING Denmark. RESULTS There is good evidence that fish consumption may reduce the risk of CAD. CONCLUSIONS Fish can be recommended to reduce the risk of CAD both in healthy subjects and in patients with a high risk of CAD or with documented CAD. The use of fish oil concentrates can not be recommended in general, but may be considered in patients after a myocardial infarction or in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia. An increased intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish may have substantial implications for public health and health economy by decreasing the risk of coronary events and sudden cardiac death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Hjørring/Brønderslev Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Murphy MG, Wright V, Scott J, Timmins A, Ackman RG. Dietary menhaden, seal, and corn oils differentially affect lipid and ex vivo eicosanoid and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances generation in the guinea pig. Lipids 1999; 34:115-24. [PMID: 10102237 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was carried out to characterize the effects of specific dietary marine oils on tissue and plasma fatty acids and their capacity to generate metabolites (prostanoids, lipid peroxides). Young male guinea pigs were fed nonpurified diet (NP), or NP supplemented (10%, w/w) with menhaden fish oil (MO), harp seal oil (SLO), or corn oil (CO, control diet) for 23 to 28 d. Only the plasma showed significant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-induced reductions in triacylglycerol (TAG) or total cholesterol concentration. Proportions of total n-3 PUFA in organs and plasma were elevated significantly in both MO and SLO dietary groups (relative to CO), and in all TAG fractions levels were significantly higher in MO- than SLO-fed animals. The two marine oil groups differed in their patterns of incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In guinea pigs fed MO, the highest levels of EPA were in the plasma TAG, whereas in SLO-fed animals, maximal incorporation of EPA was in the heart polar lipids (PL). In both marine oil groups, the greatest increases in both docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3, DPA), relative to the CO group, were in plasma TAG, although the highest proportions of DHA and DPA were in liver PL and heart TAG, respectively. In comparing the MO and SLO groups, the greatest difference in levels of DHA was in heart TAG (MO > SLO, P < 0.005), and in levels of DPA was in heart PL (SLO > MO, P < 0.0001). The only significant reduction in proportions of the major n-6 PUFA, arachidonic acid (AA), was in the heart PL of the SLO group (SLO > MO = CO, P < 0.005). Marine oil feeding altered ex vivo generation of several prostanoid metabolites of AA, significantly decreasing thromboxane A2 synthesis in homogenates of hearts and livers of guinea pigs fed MO and SLO, respectively (P < 0.04 for both, relative to CO). Lipid peroxides were elevated to similar levels in MO- and SLO-fed animals in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue, but not in heart preparations. This study has shown that guinea pigs respond to dietary marine oils with increased organ and plasma n-3 PUFA, and changes in potential synthesis of metabolites. They also appear to respond to n-3 PUFA-enriched diets in a manner that is different from that of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Murphy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
GHOSH MITA. PRINCIPAL FATTY ACIDS OF PHOSPHOLIPID CLASSES OF AN INDIAN FRESH WATER FISH (C. pabda). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1997.tb00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
al-Shabanah OA. Effect of evening primrose oil on gastric ulceration and secretion induced by various ulcerogenic and necrotizing agents in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1997; 35:769-75. [PMID: 9350221 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The evening primrose oil (EPO) commercially known as Callanish evening primrose oil (omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid) is linoleic acid (LA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)-enriched oil obtained from the seeds of Oenothera biennis L. (Fam. Onagraceae). EPO was investigated for its ability to protect the gastric mucosa against injuries caused by pylorus ligation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; aspirin, indomethacin and phenylbutazone), hypothermic restraint stress and necrotizing agents [0.6 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH, 25% NaCl or 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol]. It was administered by gastric intubation at doses of 5 and 10 ml/kg body weight to rats fed standard chow diet. An additional group of animals was given the same amount of corn oil in each experimental model studied. The results showed that EPO at the doses of 5 and 10 ml/kg body weight provided significant protection in various experimental models used. It produced a significant inhibition of gastric mucosal damage induced by pylorus ligation, NSAIDs, or hypothermic restraint ulcers. EPO also had a marked cytoprotective effective effect against all necrotizing agents used in this study. The results suggest that EPO rich in LA and GLA possesses both antisecretory and anti-ulcerogenic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O A al-Shabanah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Belling GB, Abbey M, Campbell JH, Campbell GR. Lipid content and fatty acid composition of 11 species of Queensland (Australia) fish. Lipids 1997; 32:621-5. [PMID: 9208391 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of 11 species of fish caught of the northeast coast of Australia was determined. No fatty acid profiles have been previously published for fish from this area nor for nine of these species. Although the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was the same as the calculated average for Australian fish (42.3%), the percentage of n-3 fatty acids was lower (24.4 +/- 5.4% vs. 30.7 +/- 10.1%) and the n-6 fatty acids higher (16.5 +/- 4.5% vs. 11.2 +/- 5.9%), P < 0.001 in each case. The major n-3 PUFA were docosahexaenoic (15.6 +/- 6.3%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (4.3 +/- 1.1%) while the major n-6 PUFA were arachidonic (8.3 +/- 3.2%) and n-6 docosatetraenoic acid (3.1 +/- 1.3%). The second-most abundant class of fatty acid was the saturates (31.6 +/- 3.5%) while the monounsaturates accounted for 17.4 +/- 4.3% of the total fatty acids. The monounsaturate with the highest concentration was octadecenoic acid (11.8 +/- 2.6%). There was a positive correlation between the total lipid content and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (r = 0.675 and 0.567, respectively) and a negative correlation between the total lipid content and PUFA (r = 0.774).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G B Belling
- CSIRO Division of Human Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
GHOSH MITA, R.D. DUA. PRINCIPAL FATTY ACIDS OF LIPID CLASSES FROM FRESH WATER FISH (CALLICHROUS PABDA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1997.tb00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Breil I, Koch T, Heller A, Schlotzer E, Grünert A, van Ackern K, Neuhof H. Alteration of n-3 fatty acid composition in lung tissue after short-term infusion of fish oil emulsion attenuates inflammatory vascular reaction. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:1893-902. [PMID: 8917042 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199611000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether modulation of the fatty acid profile can be achieved by the short-term infusion of a fish oil emulsion which may attenuate the pulmonary response to inflammatory stimulation. Changes of fatty acid pattern in-lung tissue and perfusate were analyzed and correlated with physiologic data after a 3-hr infusion of fish oil in comparison with a soybean oil preparation. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING Experimental laboratory in a university teaching hospital. SUBJECTS Forty standard breed rabbits of either gender. INTERVENTIONS Isolated lungs from anesthetized rabbits were ventilated and recirculation-perfused (200 mL/min) with 200 mL of cell-free buffer solution to which either 2 mL of saline (control, n = 6), 2 mL of a 10% soybean oil preparation (n = 6), or 2 mL of a 10% fish oil emulsion (n = 6) were added. Samples of perfusate and lung tissue were collected for analysis of fatty acid composition. Tissue and perfusate fatty acid composition were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. To study metabolic alterations in states of inflammatory stimulation, lungs of each group were stimulated with small doses of the calcium ionophore, A23187 (10(-8) M), during the 180-min lipid perfusion period and again after washing out the lipids by exchanging the perfusion fluid. Pulmonary arterial pressure and lung weight gain were monitored, and eicosanoids were analyzed in the perfusate. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Free eicosapentaenoic acids increased several-fold in lung tissue and perfusate during a 3-hr infusion with fish oil. The intravenously administered n-3 fatty acids were rapidly hydrolyzed, as indicated by the appearance of substantial quantities of eicosapentaenoic acid in the perfusate free fatty acid fraction. This increase of perfusion levels of eicosapentaenoic acid was paralleled by an attenuated pressure increase and edema formation due to calcium ionophore challenge and an altered eicosanoid spectrum determined in the perfusate compared with soybean oil-treated lungs. CONCLUSION Short-term n-3 lipid application (fish oil emulsion) exerts anti-inflammatory effects on lung vasculature, which may be due to the metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid resulting in the generation of less potent inflammatory eicosanoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Breil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty for Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is more common in temperate latitudes, and migration studies indicate the involvement of an aetiological environmental factor in pre-pubertal life; the precise nature of this factor has never been identified and may perhaps have been overlooked. Here we suggest a simple explanation for the latitude gradient of multiple sclerosis, i.e. that it can be explained by the immunosuppressant effects of sunlight mediated via suppression of the secretion of the immunostimulatory neurohormone melatonin from the pineal gland. The effects of dietary fatty acids in multiple sclerosis also indicate the involvement of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids in its pathogenesis. We further suggest that the exceptions to the latitude gradient (e.g. Japan), which have previously been attributed to genetic factors, may in fact have a dietary basis. Since sunlight also influences the metabolism of fatty acids in the retina, it may also influence the development of retrobulbar optic neuritis-a common antecedent of multiple sclerosis. We suggest a re-examination of the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis based on an understanding of the immunological consequences of illumination of the retina by sunlight.
Collapse
|
22
|
O'Keefe S, Proudfoot F, Ackman R. Lipid oxidation in meats of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched broiler chickens. Food Res Int 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0963-9969(95)00021-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
Brown ER, Subbaiah PV. Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on human skin fibroblasts. Lipids 1994; 29:825-9. [PMID: 7854007 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the mode of action of omega 3 fatty acids in cell membranes, human foreskin fibroblasts were grown in serum-free medium supplemented with 50 microM oleic acid linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the effects on membrane composition, fluorescence polarization and enzyme activities were followed. The cells were enriched with EPA and DHA up to 7 and 13% of total lipids, respectively, of which > 95% was associated with phospholipids. In addition, the concentration of 22:5n-3 increased with both EPA and DHA to 7.5, and 2.1% of the total fatty acids, respectively. When compared to controls (oleic acid), cells treated with DHA showed a decrease in cholesterol, phospholipids, arachidonic acid (AA) and free cholesterol/phospholipid ratio (P < 0.05). In the presence of EPA, only decreases in AA and cholesterol were significant (P < 0.05). Membrane fluidity, assessed by fluorescence anisotropy, was increased 16% in cells enriched with DHA (P < 0.05), but showed no change with EPA or linoleic acid. There was an increase in membrane-associated 5'-nucleotidase (+27%) and adenylate cyclase (+19%) activities (P < 0.05), in DHA-enriched, but not in EPA-enriched cells, when compared with oleate controls. The studies show that incorporation of DHA, but not EPA, into cell membranes of fibroblasts alters membrane biophysical characteristics and function. We suggest that these two major n-3 fatty acids of fish oils have differential effects on cell membranes, and this may be related to the known differences in their physiological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Semplicini A, Valle R. Fish oils and their possible role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 1994; 61:385-97. [PMID: 7938179 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(94)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The multifactorial origin of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseases is well recognized. It recently has been shown that n-3 fatty acids (FA), contained in fish oils, may correct some of the most important cardiovascular risk factors and may interfere with key steps in the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque. These findings have raised such interest that many reports have been published with somewhat conflicting results. In hypertensive patients, randomized controlled studies have confirmed that n-3 FA may reduce systolic blood pressure by 5 mmHg and diastolic by 4 mmHg. The decrease in pressure, which could be larger if dietary sodium restriction is added, is probably due to the shift of balance between vasoconstrictive and vasodilator eicosanoids toward vasodilatation. n-3 FA correct endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, but the effects on low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are less clear cut, since an increase in low-density lipoprotein and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein may be observed in selected patients. As far as the glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus is concerned, inhibition of the beta cell by n-3 FA has been reported. n-3 FA reduce platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, plasma levels of fibrinogen, PF4 and beta-thromboglobulin and increase capillary flow and red cell membrane fluidity, but their long-term effects on cardiovascular mortality are largely unknown. Medium-term studies, however, have shown a decreased risk of myocardial reinfarction and of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with n-3 FA supplementation. Pure, highly concentrated triglycerides and ethyl esters of n-3 FA are available and will allow further investigations on the dose-response ratio in humans.
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Abstract
Evidence on aetiology in multiple sclerosis suggests that the prevalence depends on the interaction of two factors, diet and exposure to visible sunlight. The dietary features which may be beneficial include supplementation with fish oils, avoidance of saturated fats, and the associated intake of antioxidants with unsaturated fatty acids. Inhibition, by antioxidants, of the enzyme lipoxygenase inhibits leukotriene synthesis, and the presence of fish oils leads to the production of leukotrienes with less inflammatory properties. This is of particular importance in the retina where leukotrienes might be the underlying cause of retrobulbar neuritis. The antioxidant properties of vitamin A may also lead to inhibition of leukotriene synthesis. Visible solar radiation could be of benefit therefore by releasing vitamin A from visual pigment rhodopsin. The interaction of these two factors may explain the epidemiological observations on the prevalence of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Weber C, Aepfelbacher M, Lux I, Zimmer B, Weber PC. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits PAF and LTD4 stimulated [Ca2+]i-increase in differentiated monocytic U937 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1133:38-45. [PMID: 1836359 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(91)90239-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the n-6 and n-3 family on the PAF and LTD4 stimulated increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+)-concentration [Ca2+]i in retinoic acid (RA) differentiated, human monocytic U937 cells. Docosahexaenoic acid (10 microM DHA) reduced the PAF induced increase in [Ca2+]i from 455 +/- 25 nM to 319 +/- 24 nM (P less than 0.01). DHA also significantly attenuated the LTD4 induced increase in [Ca2+]. However [Ca2+]i-increase stimulated by f-MLP, ATP, or ionophore A 23187 was not affected by DHA. Other PUFAs like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (LnA), arachidonic acid (AA) or gamma-linoleic acid (LA) were ineffective. Cellular differentiation as assessed by nitrobluetetrazolium reduction and enhanced expression of specific PAF binding sites in RA treated cells were not altered by DHA. Fatty acid composition in cellular phospholipids revealed effective incorporation of each PUFA. The DHA-effect on [Ca2+]i was time dependent and occurred at 48 h, whereas the DHA-content in phospholipids reached a plateau already at 24 h. The antioxidant vitamin E, the lipoxygenase inhibitor NDGA and the cytochrome P-450 inhibitor SKF 525A completely prevented the DHA induced reduction of PAF stimulated [Ca2+]i-increase. In contrast, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin had no effect. Our results indicate that DHA selectively reduces intracellular [Ca2+]i-increases induced by PAF and LTD4 in RA-treated U937 cells, presumably involving an oxidative modification of DHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Weber
- Institut für Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie, Kreislaufkrankheiten b.d. Universität Münichen, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of n-3 fatty acids on acute-phase proteins and response. Healthy male volunteers were submitted to standard bicycle ergometry once without supplementation and a second time after 3-weeks supplementation with highly purified n-3 fatty acids (1.75 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.05 g docosahexaenoic acid per day). Acute-phase proteins (immunoglobulin M, complement C4, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, alpha 2-macroglobulin, coerulopasmin, fibrinogen, alpha 1-glycoprotein) were measured before, immediately after, 24 and 72 h after exercise. There were significantly lower values of immunoglobulin M (pre-exercise and at 72 h) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (pre-exercise) when cross-sectionally comparing the baseline data with and without n-3 supplementation. Longitudinal comparisons show that the ergometric test induced a discrete acute-phase reaction, which is evident with and without n-3 fatty acids. Yet the kinetics of the response seem to be altered by n-3 supplementation. The relative increase of most acute-phase proteins is numerically larger and the rise persists longer, which is particularly evident for fibrinogen and alpha 1-glycoprotein. The findings suggest that n-3 fatty acids lower acute-phase proteins at baseline and alter the pattern of change following acute exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ernst
- Department of Physical Medicine, LM University, Munich
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wojenski CM, Silver MJ, Walker J. Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester as an antithrombotic agent: comparison to an extract of fish oil. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1081:33-8. [PMID: 1991153 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90246-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggesting that dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease the risk of thrombosis comes mainly from studies involving supplementation with large amounts (15-20 g/day) of fish oil extract. We investigated the inhibition of platelet function by a moderate amount (4 g/d) of ethyl eicosapentaenoate (E-EPA) compared to a concentrated fish oil extract (6 g/d) when given as a supplement to an ordinary diet. We also determined the effects of these supplements on platelet EPA incorporation, thromboxane synthesis, calcium mobilization and fibrinogen binding. After 4 weeks, both omega-3 supplements increased the amount of EPA in platelet phospholipids. The fish oil extract, which contained docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), had increased the amount of DHA also. The total increase in omega-3 fatty acids was similar for both supplements. E-EPA decreased serum cholesterol by 13% and triacylglycerols, 35%; increased the bleeding time by 57% and the threshold dose of collagen needed to induce platelet aggregation by 46%. Thromboxane synthesis in response to collagen was decreased 65% by E-EPA. Thus, the dietary supplement of pure E-EPA was more effective in limiting platelet reactivity than a concentrated fish oil extract providing an equivalent amount of omega-3 fatty acids. As an antithrombotic agent, E-EPA should allow for reasonable daily doses in long-term treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Wojenski
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5099
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|