1
|
Smith JJ, Brzezinski P, Dziedziula J, Rosenthal E, Klaus M. Partial Ribosomal Nontranscribed Spacer Sequences Distinguish Rhagoletis zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae) From the Apple Maggot, R. pomonella. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:647-661. [PMID: 35048980 PMCID: PMC9007244 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was introduced into the apple-growing regions of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S.A. during the past 60-100 yr. Apple maggot (larvae, puparia, and adults) is difficult to distinguish from its morphologically similar sister species, Rhagoletis zephyria Snow, which is native and abundant in the Pacific Northwest. While morphological identifications are common practice, a simple, inexpensive assay based on genetic differences would be very useful when morphological traits are unclear. Here we report nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion mutations in the nontranscribed spacer (NTS) of the ribosomal RNA gene cistron of R. pomonella and R. zephyria that appear to be diagnostic for these two fly species. Insertion-deletion variation is substantial and results in a 49 base-pair difference in PCR amplicon size between R. zephyria and R. pomonella that can be scored using agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of 766 bp of the NTS region from 38 R. pomonella individuals and 35 R. zephyria individuals from across their geographic ranges led to the expected PCR fragments of approx. 840 bp and 790 bp, respectively, as did amplification and sequencing of a smaller set of 26 R. pomonella and 16 R. zephyria flies from a sympatric site in Washington State. Conversely, 633 bp mitochondrial COI barcode sequences from this set of flies were polyphyletic with respect to R. pomonella and R. zephyria. Thus, differences in NTS PCR products on agarose gels potentially provide a simple way to distinguish between R. pomonella and R. zephyria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Smith
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 244 Farm Lane, Room 243, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48825-1115, USA
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, 919 E. Shaw Lane, Room E-35, East Lansing, MI 48825-3804, USA
| | - P Brzezinski
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, 919 E. Shaw Lane, Room E-35, East Lansing, MI 48825-3804, USA
| | - J Dziedziula
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, 919 E. Shaw Lane, Room E-35, East Lansing, MI 48825-3804, USA
| | - E Rosenthal
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, 919 E. Shaw Lane, Room E-35, East Lansing, MI 48825-3804, USA
| | - M Klaus
- Plant Protection Division, Washington State Department of Agriculture, 21 North 1st Avenue Suite 103, Yakima, WA 98902, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Build-Up of Population Genetic Divergence along the Speciation Continuum during a Recent Adaptive Radiation of Rhagoletis Flies. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020275. [PMID: 35205320 PMCID: PMC8872456 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New species form through the evolution of genetic barriers to gene flow between previously interbreeding populations. The understanding of how speciation proceeds is hampered by our inability to follow cases of incipient speciation through time. Comparative approaches examining different diverging taxa may offer limited inferences, unless they fulfill criteria that make the comparisons relevant. Here, we test for those criteria in a recent adaptive radiation of the Rhagoletis pomonella species group (RPSG) hypothesized to have diverged in sympatry via adaptation to different host fruits. We use a large-scale population genetic survey of 1568 flies across 33 populations to: (1) detect on-going hybridization, (2) determine whether the RPSG is derived from the same proximate ancestor, and (3) examine patterns of clustering and differentiation among sympatric populations. We find that divergence of each in-group RPSG taxon is occurring under current gene flow, that the derived members are nested within the large pool of genetic variation present in hawthorn-infesting populations of R. pomonella, and that sympatric population pairs differ markedly in their degree of genotypic clustering and differentiation across loci. We conclude that the RPSG provides a particularly robust opportunity to make direct comparisons to test hypotheses about how ecological speciation proceeds despite on-going gene flow.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tadeo E, Rull J. Hybridization, Behavioral Patterns, and Pre- and Postzygotic Isolation Between Two Recently Derived Species of Walnut-Infesting Rhagoletis Fruit Flies in the Highlands of Mexico. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:505-514. [PMID: 33765250 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Episodes of isolation and secondary contact among populations of insects of Nearctic origin during Pleistocene glacial/postglacial climatic cycles had a strong evolutionary influence on the diversity of flies in the genus Rhagoletis in mountainous areas of Mexico. As a series of experiments undertaken to gather support for phylogenetic hypotheses on the origin of three walnut-infesting species in the suavis group, we examined pre- and postzygotic isolation between Rhagoletis completa Cresson, 1929 and R. ramosae Hernández-Ortiz, 1985. Despite morphological, biological, and behavioral differences, these two species were found to be capable of hybridization. Mating experiments in large enclosures revealed asymmetric sexual isolation. There were notable differences in male sexual behavior. While R. ramosae males mated exclusively on host fruit, R. completa males used fruit and alternative mating locations. During fruit-guarding and male-male contests, R. completa and R. ramosae males adopted markedly different wing postures. R. completa females were more reluctant to copulate with heterospecific males than R. ramosae females. During no choice crosses in small enclosures, there was a reduction of egg hatch for the hybrid cross of R. completa males × R. ramosae females. Our results and previous studies on reproductive isolation between other species pairs in the suavis group support a clade in which R. ramosae, R. zoqui Bush, 1966, and R. completa are close relatives all still capable of hybridizing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tadeo
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Juan Rull
- LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas, PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Inskeep KA, Doellman MM, Powell THQ, Berlocher SH, Seifert NR, Hood GR, Ragland GJ, Meyers PJ, Feder JL. Divergent diapause life history timing drives both allochronic speciation and reticulate hybridization in an adaptive radiation of Rhagoletis flies. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:4031-4049. [PMID: 33786930 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Divergent adaptation to new ecological opportunities can be an important factor initiating speciation. However, as niches are filled during adaptive radiations, trait divergence driving reproductive isolation between sister taxa may also result in trait convergence with more distantly related taxa, increasing the potential for reticulated gene flow across the radiation. Here, we demonstrate such a scenario in a recent adaptive radiation of Rhagoletis fruit flies, specialized on different host plants. Throughout this radiation, shifts to novel hosts are associated with changes in diapause life history timing, which act as "magic traits" generating allochronic reproductive isolation and facilitating speciation-with-gene-flow. Evidence from laboratory rearing experiments measuring adult emergence timing and genome-wide DNA-sequencing surveys supported allochronic speciation between summer-fruiting Vaccinium spp.-infesting Rhagoletis mendax and its hypothesized and undescribed sister taxon infesting autumn-fruiting sparkleberries. The sparkleberry fly and R. mendax were shown to be genetically discrete sister taxa, exhibiting no detectable gene flow and allochronically isolated by a 2-month average difference in emergence time corresponding to host availability. At sympatric sites across the southern USA, the later fruiting phenology of sparkleberries overlaps with that of flowering dogwood, the host of another more distantly related and undescribed Rhagoletis taxon. Laboratory emergence data confirmed broadly overlapping life history timing and genomic evidence supported on-going gene flow between sparkleberry and flowering dogwood flies. Thus, divergent phenological adaptation can drive the initiation of reproductive isolation, while also enhancing genetic exchange across broader adaptive radiations, potentially serving as a source of novel genotypic variation and accentuating further diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Inskeep
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University (State University of New York), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Stewart H Berlocher
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Seifert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter J Meyers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ruiz-Arce R, Islam MS, Aluja M, McPheron BA. Genetic Variation in Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Highly Diverse Tropical Environment in the Mexican State of Veracruz. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2952-2965. [PMID: 31504627 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in understanding biological, ecological, historical, and evolutionary processes that contribute to the diversification of species and populations among tephritid fruit flies. Only a limited number of studies have examined the genetic diversity and population biology of species belonging to the genus Anastrepha considering fine-scale differentiations associated to locality as well as hosts over an entire fruiting season. To expand our understanding of population structure and genetic diversity in one of the critical Anastrepha fruit flies populations in a highly diverse tropical environment we analyzed Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Mexican state of Veracruz from five host fruit species and 52 geographic collections using sequence data from mtDNA and microsatellite markers from nuclear DNA. Indeed, we examined the population structure of this pest in a micro-geographic region and report on relationships and historical processes for individuals collected within a small portion of the geographic range of its distribution. Analyses of 1055 bp mtDNA sequences from CO1and ND1genes across 400 individuals detected 34 haplotypes. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity was low, with 53% of the individuals exhibiting a single haplotype (OBV1). Host association and fine-scale differentiation at 17 microsatellite markers across 719 individuals from 32 of the 52 geographic collections reveal fragmented A. obliqua populations. These findings have important implications for the implementation of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and other pest management programs used to control this pestiferous fruit fly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Ruiz-Arce
- USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Science & Technology, Edinburg, TX
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Md-Sajedul Islam
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Science & Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Laboratory, Raleigh, NC
| | - Martin Aluja
- Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Bruce A McPheron
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rull J, Lasa R, Aluja M. Differential Response to Photoperiod by Diverging Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations Exploiting Host Plants with Different Fruiting Phenology. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:757-763. [PMID: 31129778 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod has been found to influence the proportion of non-dormant individuals and the duration of dormancy among North American populations of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae). In particular, long days combined with high temperatures can produce a 100% non-dormant generation. There are several genetically distinct populations of R. pomonella in the highlands of Mexico, two of which occur at the same latitude, at different elevations, that exploit hawthorn plants with different fruiting phenology (early (summer-fall) and late (winter)). Flies exploiting such hosts might use day length in different ways as a cue to match adult emergence with fruit availability. Here, we compared responses of pupae from two Mexican populations of R. pomonella to a 12/12 L/D photoperiod, a long-day photoperiod 17/7 L/D, and continuous illumination. Experiments were performed under warm conditions (27°C). Day length had no effect on the proportion of adults emerged from the early-fruiting hawthorn population, while pupae extracted from late-fruiting hawthorns and exposed to long days emerged as adults in lower proportions and engaged in prolonged dormancy in greater proportions than those exposed to a short day. Photoperiod had no effect on the proportion from both Mexican populations foregoing dormancy. Dormancy duration was affected by photoperiod and was longer than previous reports for North American populations. Host plant fruiting phenology may be the driver of these differences. These findings, coupled with previous reports of genetic and biological differences, suggest that the Eje Volcanico Trans-Mexicano R. pomonella population may actually be a distinct species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rull
- LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas, PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - R Lasa
- Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - M Aluja
- Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rull J, Lasa R, Aluja M. The Effect of Seasonal Humidity on Survival and Duration of Dormancy on Diverging Mexican Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations Inhabiting Different Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:1121-1128. [PMID: 31283826 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytophagous insects synchronize emergence with plant phenology by engaging in dormancy during periods of host scarcity and environmental stress. Regulation of dormancy is achieved through response to seasonal cues. While temperature and photoperiod are important cues in temperate latitudes, seasonal humidity, such as the onset of rains, can be a reliable cue to for synchronization of emergence and affects survival of overwintering insects. We compared response of Mexican Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations inhabiting subtropical environments differing in humidity patterns, to seasonal humidity regimes. Both populations emerged as adults in high proportions and suffered lower mortality under humidity regimes ending with a humid summer, but the effect was more pronounced for the Eje Volcanico Trans Mexicano (EVTM) population, which inhabits a dryer environment and undergoes longer dormancy. While there were no differences among pupae from the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) in percent of non-emerged pupae surviving and engaging in prolonged dormancy after a year, EVTM pupae exposed to an initial humid period engaged in prolonged dormancy in higher proportions than those exposed to other regimes. Seasonal humidity had little effect on the duration of dormancy, but EVTM pupae exposed to consecutive dry periods took longer to emerge than those exposed to other regimes. Our results suggest that rather than being used as a token stimulus, humidity affected survival of overwintering R. pomonella, especially at the end of dormancy when energy reserves are depleted and there is an increase in metabolic rate that renders EVTM pupae more susceptible to desiccation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rull
- PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Lasa
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., CP Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Martin Aluja
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., CP Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Doellman MM, Schuler H, Jean GS, Hood GR, Egan SP, Powell THQ, Glover MM, Bruzzese DJ, Smith JJ, Yee WL, Goughnour RB, Rull J, Aluja M, Feder JL. Geographic and Ecological Dimensions of Host Plant-Associated Genetic Differentiation and Speciation in the Rhagoletis cingulata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Sibling Species Group. INSECTS 2019; 10:E275. [PMID: 31470668 PMCID: PMC6780410 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ascertaining the causes of adaptive radiation is central to understanding how new species arise and come to vary with their resources. The ecological theory posits adaptive radiation via divergent natural selection associated with novel resource use; an alternative suggests character displacement following speciation in allopatry and then secondary contact of reproductively isolated but ecologically similar species. Discriminating between hypotheses, therefore, requires the establishment of a key role for ecological diversification in initiating speciation versus a secondary role in facilitating co-existence. Here, we characterize patterns of genetic variation and postzygotic reproductive isolation for tephritid fruit flies in the Rhagoletis cingulata sibling species group to assess the significance of ecology, geography, and non-adaptive processes for their divergence. Our results support the ecological theory: no evidence for intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation was found between two populations of allopatric species, while nuclear-encoded microsatellites implied strong ecologically based reproductive isolation among sympatric species infesting different host plants. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggested, however, that cytoplasmic-related reproductive isolation may also exist between two geographically isolated populations within R cingulata. Thus, ecology associated with sympatric host shifts and cytoplasmic effects possibly associated with an endosymbiont may be the key initial drivers of the radiation of the R. cingulata group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Gilbert Saint Jean
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77088, USA
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Mary M Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Daniel J Bruzzese
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - James J Smith
- Michigan State University, Department of Entomology and Lyman Briggs College, East Holmes Hall, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wee L Yee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Robert B Goughnour
- Washington State University Extension, 1919 NE 78th Street, Vancouver, WA 98665, USA
| | - Juan Rull
- PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, T4001MVB San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Martin Aluja
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec no. 351, Congregación el Haya, C.P. 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Doellman MM, Egan SP, Ragland GJ, Meyers PJ, Hood GR, Powell THQ, Lazorchak P, Hahn DA, Berlocher SH, Nosil P, Feder JL. Standing geographic variation in eclosion time and the genomics of host race formation in Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:393-409. [PMID: 30680122 PMCID: PMC6342182 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxa harboring high levels of standing variation may be more likely to adapt to rapid environmental shifts and experience ecological speciation. Here, we characterize geographic and host-related differentiation for 10,241 single nucleotide polymorphisms in Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies to infer whether standing genetic variation in adult eclosion time in the ancestral hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)-infesting host race, as opposed to new mutations, contributed substantially to its recent shift to earlier fruiting apple (Malus domestica). Allele frequency differences associated with early vs. late eclosion time within each host race were significantly related to geographic genetic variation and host race differentiation across four sites, arrayed from north to south along a 430-km transect, where the host races co-occur in sympatry in the Midwest United States. Host fruiting phenology is clinal, with both apple and hawthorn trees fruiting earlier in the North and later in the South. Thus, we expected alleles associated with earlier eclosion to be at higher frequencies in northern populations. This pattern was observed in the hawthorn race across all four populations; however, allele frequency patterns in the apple race were more complex. Despite the generally earlier eclosion timing of apple flies and corresponding apple fruiting phenology, alleles on chromosomes 2 and 3 associated with earlier emergence were paradoxically at lower frequency in the apple than hawthorn host race across all four sympatric sites. However, loci on chromosome 1 did show higher frequencies of early eclosion-associated alleles in the apple than hawthorn host race at the two southern sites, potentially accounting for their earlier eclosion phenotype. Thus, although extensive clinal genetic variation in the ancestral hawthorn race exists and contributed to the host shift to apple, further study is needed to resolve details of how this standing variation was selected to generate earlier eclosing apple fly populations in the North.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas
| | - Gregory J. Ragland
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Environmental Change InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Colorado–DenverDenverColorado
| | - Peter J. Meyers
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
| | - Glen R. Hood
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMichigan
| | - Thomas H. Q. Powell
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of Biological SciencesState University of New York–BinghamtonBinghamtonNew York
| | - Peter Lazorchak
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of Computer ScienceJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Stewart H. Berlocher
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Environmental Change InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Genomic Differentiation during Speciation-with-Gene-Flow: Comparing Geographic and Host-Related Variation in Divergent Life History Adaptation in Rhagoletis pomonella. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9050262. [PMID: 29783692 PMCID: PMC5977202 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal of evolutionary biology is to understand how variation within populations gets partitioned into differences between reproductively isolated species. Here, we examine the degree to which diapause life history timing, a critical adaptation promoting population divergence, explains geographic and host-related genetic variation in ancestral hawthorn and recently derived apple-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella. Our strategy involved combining experiments on two different aspects of diapause (initial diapause intensity and adult eclosion time) with a geographic survey of genomic variation across four sites where apple and hawthorn flies co-occur from north to south in the Midwestern USA. The results demonstrated that the majority of the genome showing significant geographic and host-related variation can be accounted for by initial diapause intensity and eclosion time. Local genomic differences between sympatric apple and hawthorn flies were subsumed within broader geographic clines; allele frequency differences within the races across the Midwest were two to three-fold greater than those between the races in sympatry. As a result, sympatric apple and hawthorn populations displayed more limited genomic clustering compared to geographic populations within the races. The findings suggest that with reduced gene flow and increased selection on diapause equivalent to that seen between geographic sites, the host races may be recognized as different genotypic entities in sympatry, and perhaps species, a hypothesis requiring future genomic analysis of related sibling species to R. pomonella to test. Our findings concerning the way selection and geography interplay could be of broad significance for many cases of earlier stages of divergence-with-gene flow, including (1) where only modest increases in geographic isolation and the strength of selection may greatly impact genetic coupling and (2) the dynamics of how spatial and temporal standing variation is extracted by selection to generate differences between new and discrete units of biodiversity.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pavinato VAC, Michel AP, de Campos JB, Omoto C, Zucchi MI. Influence of historical land use and modern agricultural expansion on the spatial and ecological divergence of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Brazil. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 120:25-37. [PMID: 29234172 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-mediated changes in landscapes can facilitate niche expansion and accelerate the adaptation of insect species. The interaction between the evolutionary history of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius, and historical and modern agricultural activity in Brazil shaped its spatial genetic structure, facilitating ecological divergence and incipient host shifting. Based on microsatellite data, STRUCTURE analyses identified two (K = 2) and three (K = 3) significant genetic clusters that corresponded to: (a) a strong signal of spatial genetic structure and, (b) a cryptic signal of host differentiation. We inferred that K = 2 reflects the footprint of agricultural activity, such as expansion of crop production (sugarcane and maize), unintentional dispersion of pests, and management practices. In contrast, K = 3 indicated incipient host differentiation between larvae collected from sugarcane or maize. Our estimates of population size changes indicated that a historical bottleneck was associated with a reduction of sugarcane production ≈200 years ago. However, a more recent population expansion was detected (>1950s), associated with agricultural expansion of large crop production into previously unfarmed land. Partial Mantel tests supported our hypothesis of incipient host adaptation, and identified isolation-by-environment (e.g., host plant) in São Paulo and Minas Gerais states, where sugarcane has been traditionally produced in Brazil. The impact of agricultural production on D. saccharalis may continue, as the current population structure may hinder the efficacy of refuge plants in delaying insect resistance evolution to Bt toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor A C Pavinato
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Avenida Bertrand Russel, s/n, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 6109, Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Thorne Hall, The Ohio State University, 1680, Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Andrew P Michel
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Thorne Hall, The Ohio State University, 1680, Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Jaqueline B de Campos
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Avenida Bertrand Russel, s/n, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 6109, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso Omoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, CP 9, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria I Zucchi
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Avenida Bertrand Russel, s/n, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 6109, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Agribusiness Technological Development of São Paulo (APTA), Laboratory of Conservation Genetics and Genomics, Rodovia SP 127 km 30, CP 28, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sim SB, Doellman MM, Hood GR, Yee WL, Powell THQ, Schwarz D, Goughnour RB, Egan SP, Jean GS, Smith JJ, Arcella TE, Dzurisin JDK, Feder JL. Genetic Evidence for the Introduction of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) into the Northwestern United States. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2599-2608. [PMID: 29029209 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious quarantine pest in the apple-growing regions of central Washington and Oregon. The fly is believed to have been introduced into the Pacific Northwest via the transport of larval-infested apples near Portland, Oregon, within the last 40 yr. However, R. pomonella also attacks native black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii Lindley (Rosales: Rosaceae), and introduced ornamental hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna Jacquin, in the region. It is, therefore, possible that R. pomonella was not introduced but has always been present on black hawthorn. If true, then the fly may have independently shifted from hawthorn onto apple in the Pacific Northwest within the last 40 yr after apples were introduced. Here, we test the introduction hypothesis through a microsatellite genetic survey of 10 R. pomonella sites in Washington and 5 in the eastern United States, as well as a comparison to patterns of genetic variation between populations of Rhagoletis cingulata Loew and Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, two sister species of cherry-infesting flies known to be native to the eastern and western United States, respectively. We report results based on genetic distance networks, patterns of allelic variation, and estimated times of population divergence that are consistent with the introduction hypothesis for R. pomonella. The results have important implications for R. pomonella management, suggesting that black hawthorn-infesting flies near commercial apple-growing regions of central Washington may harbor sufficient variation to utilize apple as an alternate host, urging careful monitoring, and possible removal of hawthorn trees near orchards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheina B Sim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Wee L Yee
- USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | | | | | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Gilbert St Jean
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - James J Smith
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University
- Lyman Briggs College, East Holmes Hall, Michigan State University
| | - Tracy E Arcella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Jason D K Dzurisin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tadeo E, Muñiz E, Rull J, Yee WL, Aluja M, Lasa R. Development of a Low-Cost and Effective Trapping Device for Apple Maggot Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Monitoring and Control in Mexican Commercial Hawthorn Groves. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1658-1667. [PMID: 28854648 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Few efforts have been made in Mexico to monitor Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in commercial hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) crops. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to evaluate infestation levels of R. pomonella in feral and commercial Mexican hawthorn and to assess the efficacy of different trap-lure combinations to monitor the pest. Wild hawthorn was more infested than commercially grown hawthorn at the sample site. No differences among four commercial baits (Biolure, ammonium carbonate, CeraTrap, and Captor + borax) were detected when used in combination with a yellow sticky gel (SG) adherent trap under field conditions. However, liquid lures elicited a slightly higher, although not statistically different, capture. Cage experiments in the laboratory revealed that flies tended to land more often on the upper and middle than lower-bottom part of polyethylene (PET) bottle traps with color circles. Among red, orange, green, and yellow circles attached to a bottle trap, only yellow circles improved fly captures compared with a colorless trap. A PET bottle trap with a red circle over a yellow background captured more flies than a similar trap with yellow circles. An SG adherent yellow panel trap baited with ammonium carbonate was superior to the improved PET bottle trap (red over a yellow background) baited with different liquid proteins, but a higher proportion of females and no differences in fly detection were measured in PET traps baited with protein lures. These trials open the door for future research into development of a conventional nonadherent trap to monitor or control R. pomonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Tadeo
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, México
| | - E Muñiz
- INIFAP, Programa Sanidad Forestal y Agrícola, Campo Experimental Valle de México, Km.13.5 Carretera los Reyes-Texcoco, Coatlinchan, Texcoco 56250, México
| | - J Rull
- PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, T4001MVB San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - W L Yee
- Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd., Wapato, WA 98951
| | - M Aluja
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, México
| | - R Lasa
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, México
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marquis RJ, Salazar D, Baer C, Reinhardt J, Priest G, Barnett K. Ode to Ehrlich and Raven or how herbivorous insects might drive plant speciation. Ecology 2017; 97:2939-2951. [PMID: 27870033 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Ehrlich and Raven proposed that insect herbivores have driven much of plant speciation, particularly at tropical latitudes. There have been no explicit tests of their hypotheses. Indeed there were no proposed mechanisms either at the time or since by which herbivores might generate new plant species. Here we outline two main classes of mechanisms, prezygotic and postzygotic, with a number of scenarios in each by which herbivore-driven changes in host plant secondary chemistry might lead to new plant lineage production. The former apply mainly to a sympatric model of speciation while the latter apply to a parapatric or allopatric model. Our review suggests that the steps of each mechanism are known to occur individually in many different systems, but no scenario has been thoroughly investigated in any one system. Nevertheless, studies of Dalechampia and its herbivores and pollinators, and patterns of defense tradeoffs in trees on different soil types in the Peruvian Amazon provide evidence consistent with the original hypotheses of Ehrlich and Raven. For herbivores to drive sympatric speciation, our findings suggest that interactions with both their herbivores and their pollinators should be considered. In contrast, herbivores may drive speciation allopatrically without any influence by pollinators. Finally, there is evidence that these mechanisms are more likely to occur at low latitudes and thus more likely to produce new species in the tropics. The mechanisms we outline provide a predictive framework for further study of the general role that herbivores play in diversification of their host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Marquis
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Diego Salazar
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Bldg #3140, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Christina Baer
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Jason Reinhardt
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.,Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Galen Priest
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Kirk Barnett
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rull J, Tadeo E, Lasa R, Aluja M. The effect of winter length on survival and duration of dormancy of four sympatric species of Rhagoletis exploiting plants with different fruiting phenology. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:818-826. [PMID: 27650278 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy has been thoroughly studied for several species of economic importance in the genus Rhagoletis in temperate areas of North America and Europe. Much less is known on life history regulation for species inhabiting high-elevation areas in the subtropics at the southern extreme of their geographical range. Host plant phenology has been found to play a key role in generating allochronic isolation among sibling species and host races of Rhagoletis in the course of sympatric speciation, and has important implications for pest management. We compare the effect of winter length on survival to adult eclosion and dormancy duration among four species of Rhagoletis (three of them sympatric) exploiting hosts with different fruiting phenology in subtropical isolated highlands. Survival and duration of dormancy was found to be different among the four species. At 24°C, a very small proportion (<1%) of R. pomonella, R. turpiniae and R. zoqui completed development without becoming dormant, while in the case of R. solanophaga the majority of the population emerged after development within 40 days of pupation. Also, a large proportion of braconid parasitoids infesting Rhagoletis eggs and larvae emerged as adults without becoming dormant. Greatest survival after artificial winter was obtained for R. pomonella (50-60%) and R. zoqui (30%) after only four weeks at 5°C (a third of the time reported for studies on northern R. pomonella), while R. turpiniae, under identical environmental conditions experienced low adult emergence, and highest survival (11%) was recorded for flies exposed to 5°C during 10 and 12 weeks. For R. pomonella, there was a strong positive relationship between winter length and time to post-winter adult eclosion that was not observed for R. zoqui. In sum, for R. pomonella, mild winters in highland subtropical areas appear to select for flies better able to withstand longer periods of warm temperature before winter than flies exploiting late fruiting hosts and inhabiting northern latitudes. In the case of R. turpiniae and R. zoqui environmental cues such as fluctuations in humidity and/or different temperature thresholds (5°C) may play a more important role than winter length in life history regulation. Continuous host availability for R. solanophaga appears to have selected for non-diapausing flies. From an applied perspective our results are useful for handling flies in the laboratory to conduct research and suggest that non-diapausing strains of flies and parasitoids may be selected for SIT and innundative biological control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rull
- PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas,Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, T4001MVB San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán,Argentina
| | - E Tadeo
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología,A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91070,México
| | - R Lasa
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología,A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91070,México
| | - M Aluja
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología,A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91070,México
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Godefroid M, Cruaud A, Rossi JP, Rasplus JY. Assessing the Risk of Invasion by Tephritid Fruit Flies: Intraspecific Divergence Matters. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135209. [PMID: 26274582 PMCID: PMC4537207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely distributed species often show strong phylogeographic structure, with lineages potentially adapted to different biotic and abiotic conditions. The success of an invasion process may thus depend on the intraspecific identity of the introduced propagules. However, pest risk analyses are usually performed without accounting for intraspecific diversity. In this study, we developed bioclimatic models using MaxEnt and boosted regression trees approaches, to predict the potential distribution in Europe of six economically important Tephritid pests (Ceratitis fasciventris (Bezzi), Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet)). We considered intraspecific diversity in our risk analyses by independently modeling the distributions of conspecific lineages. The six species displayed different potential distributions in Europe. A strong signal of intraspecific climate envelope divergence was observed in most species. In some cases, conspecific lineages differed strongly in potential distributions suggesting that taxonomic resolution should be accounted for in pest risk analyses. No models (lineage- and species-based approaches) predicted high climatic suitability in the entire invaded range of B. oleae—the only species whose intraspecific identity of invading populations has been elucidated—in California. Host availability appears to play the most important role in shaping the geographic range of this specialist pest. However, climatic suitability values predicted by species-based models are correlated with population densities of B. oleae globally reported in California. Our study highlights how classical taxonomic boundaries may lead to under- or overestimation of the potential pest distributions and encourages accounting for intraspecific diversity when assessing the risk of biological invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Godefroid
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montferriez-sur-Lez, France
| | - Astrid Cruaud
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montferriez-sur-Lez, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Rossi
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montferriez-sur-Lez, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montferriez-sur-Lez, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Reineke A, Assaf HA, Kulanek D, Mori N, Pozzebon A, Duso C. A novel set of microsatellite markers for the European Grapevine Moth Lobesia botrana isolated using next-generation sequencing and their utility for genetic characterization of populations from Europe and the Middle East. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:408-416. [PMID: 25850369 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing approach a novel set of microsatellite markers was developed for one of the key grapevine insect pests, the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). 20 primer pairs flanking a microsatellite motif were designed based on the sequences obtained and were subsequently evaluated in a sample of 14 L. botrana populations from Europe and the Middle East. 11 markers showed stable and reproducible amplification patterns; however, one of the 11 markers was monomorphic in all L. botrana populations analysed. Estimated frequencies of null alleles of more than 20% were evident for two of the markers tested, but varied substantially depending on the respective L. botrana population. In 12 of the 14 L. botrana populations observed heterozygosities were lower to those expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, indicating a deficiency of heterozygotes in the respective populations. The overall F ST value of 0.075 suggested a moderate but significant genetic differentiation between the L. botrana populations included in this study. In addition, a clear geographic structure was detected in the set of samples, evident through a significant isolation by distance and through results from structure analysis. In structure analysis, L. botrana populations were grouped in two clearly separated clusters according to their European (Spain, Italy, Germany) or Middle Eastern (Israel, Syria, Turkey) origin. This novel set of microsatellite markers can now be applied to study the evolutionary ecology of this species including host shifts and host adaptation as well as spread of individuals across worldwide viticulture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Reineke
- Department of Phytomedicine,Geisenheim University,D-65366 Geisenheim,Germany
| | - H A Assaf
- Department of Phytomedicine,Geisenheim University,D-65366 Geisenheim,Germany
| | - D Kulanek
- Department of Phytomedicine,Geisenheim University,D-65366 Geisenheim,Germany
| | - N Mori
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment,University of Padova,35020 Legnaro (Padova),Italy
| | - A Pozzebon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment,University of Padova,35020 Legnaro (Padova),Italy
| | - C Duso
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment,University of Padova,35020 Legnaro (Padova),Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Augustinos AA, Asimakopoulou AK, Moraiti CA, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Papadopoulos NT, Bourtzis K. Microsatellite and Wolbachia analysis in Rhagoletis cerasi natural populations: population structuring and multiple infections. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1943-62. [PMID: 24963388 PMCID: PMC4063487 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major pest of sweet and sour cherries in Europe and parts of Asia. Despite its economic significance, there is a lack of studies on the genetic structure of R. cerasi populations. Elucidating the genetic structure of insects of economic importance is crucial for developing phenological-predictive models and environmental friendly control methods. All natural populations of R. cerasi have been found to harbor the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis, which widely affects multiple biological traits contributing to the evolution of its hosts, and has been suggested as a tool for the biological control of insect pests and disease vectors. In the current study, the analysis of 18 R. cerasi populations collected in Greece, Germany, and Russia using 13 microsatellite markers revealed structuring of R. cerasi natural populations, even at close geographic range. We also analyzed the Wolbachia infection status of these populations using 16S rRNA-, MLST- and wsp-based approaches. All 244 individuals screened were positive for Wolbachia. Our results suggest the fixation of the wCer1 strain in Greece while wCer2, wCer4, wCer5, and probably other uncharacterized strains were also detected in multiply infected individuals. The role of Wolbachia and its potential extended phenotypes needs a thorough investigation in R. cerasi. Our data suggest an involvement of this symbiont in the observed restriction in the gene flow in addition to a number of different ecological factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios A Augustinos
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Western GreeceAgrinio, Greece
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of ThessalyLarissa, Greece
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureVienna, Austria
| | | | - Cleopatra A Moraiti
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of ThessalyN. Ionia (Volos), Magnesia, Greece
| | - Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos T Papadopoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of ThessalyN. Ionia (Volos), Magnesia, Greece
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Western GreeceAgrinio, Greece
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureVienna, Austria
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. FlemingVari, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rull J, Aluja M, Tadeo E, Guillen L, Egan S, Glover M, Feder JL. Distribution, host plant affiliation, phenology, and phylogeny of walnut-infestingRhagoletisflies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mexico. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rull
- Instituto de Ecología A.C; Carretera Antigua a Coatepec no. 351 Col. El Haya Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexcio
| | - Martin Aluja
- Instituto de Ecología A.C; Carretera Antigua a Coatepec no. 351 Col. El Haya Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexcio
| | - Eduardo Tadeo
- Instituto de Ecología A.C; Carretera Antigua a Coatepec no. 351 Col. El Haya Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexcio
| | - Larissa Guillen
- Instituto de Ecología A.C; Carretera Antigua a Coatepec no. 351 Col. El Haya Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexcio
| | - Scott Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; Galvin Life Science Bld. Notre Dame IN 46530 USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46530 USA
| | - Mary Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; Galvin Life Science Bld. Notre Dame IN 46530 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; Galvin Life Science Bld. Notre Dame IN 46530 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Green E, Almskaar K, Sim SB, Arcella T, Yee WL, Feder JL, Schwarz D. Molecular species identification of cryptic apple and snowberry maggots (Diptera: Tephritidae) in western and central Washington. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:1100-1109. [PMID: 24331621 DOI: 10.1603/en13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In Washington state, identification of the quarantine apple pest Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) is complicated by the presence of the cryptic species Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae). Distinguishing the two flies is important because there is a zero tolerance policy for R. pomonella in apple production for export. Here, we attempt to distinguish the two species by scoring R. pomonella and R. zephyria populations from western and south-central Washington for a set of 11 nuclear markers, including four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed for rapid and inexpensive genotyping using Taqman real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction. We show that the four SNPs may be adequate in most cases for distinguishing whether a fly originated from apple or black hawthorn (the two major host plants for R. pomonella representing an economic risk) versus snowberry (the major host for R. zephyria, and not a commercial threat). However, directional introgression of R. zephyria alleles into R. pomonella can complicate the identification of flies of mixed ancestry based only on the four SNPs. Moreover, this problem is more acute in the sensitive apple-growing regions of central Washington where our results imply hybridization is common. Consequently, application of the four SNP quantitative-polymerase chain reaction assay can immediately assist ongoing apple maggot monitoring, while the development of additional genetic markers through next-generation sequencing would be valuable for increasing confidence in species identification and for assessing the threat posed by hybridization as R. pomonella further spreads into the more arid apple-growing regions of central Washington.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Green
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, 516 High St., MS 9160, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hereward JP, Walter GH, Debarro PJ, Lowe AJ, Riginos C. Gene flow in the green mirid, Creontiades dilutus (Hemiptera: Miridae), across arid and agricultural environments with different host plant species. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:807-21. [PMID: 23610626 PMCID: PMC3631396 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Creontiades dilutus (Stål), the green mirid, is a polyphagous herbivorous insect endemic to Australia. Although common in the arid interior of Australia and found on several native host plants that are spatially and temporally ephemeral, green mirids also reach pest levels on several crops in eastern Australia. These host-associated dynamics, distributed across a large geographic area, raise questions as to whether (1) seasonal fluctuations in population size result in genetic bottlenecks and drift, (2) arid and agricultural populations are genetically isolated, and (3) the use of different host plants results in genetic differentiation. We sequenced a mitochondrial COI fragment from individuals collected over 24 years and screened microsatellite variation from 32 populations across two seasons. The predominance of a single COI haplotype and negative Tajima D in samples from 2006/2007 fit with a population expansion model. In the older collections (1983 and 1993), a different haplotype is most prevalent, consistent with successive population contractions and expansions. Microsatellite data indicates recent migration between inland sites and coastal crops and admixture in several populations. Altogether, the data suggest that long-distance dispersal occurs between arid and agricultural regions, and this, together with fluctuations in population size, leads to temporally dynamic patterns of genetic differentiation. Host-associated differentiation is evident between mirids sampled from plants in the genus Cullen (Fabaceae), the primary host, and alternative host plant species growing nearby in arid regions. Our results highlight the importance of jointly assessing natural and agricultural environments in understanding the ecology of pest insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Hereward
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia ; Cotton Catchment Communities CRC, Australian Cotton Research Institute Locked Mail Bag 1001, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Genetically differentiated races and speciation-with-gene-flow in the sunflower maggot, Strauzia longipennis. Evol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-012-9622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Powell THQ, Cha DH, Linn CE, Feder JL. ON THE SCENT OF STANDING VARIATION FOR SPECIATION: BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE FOR NATIVE SYMPATRIC HOST RACES OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. Evolution 2012; 66:2739-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
Genetic and cytogenetic analysis of the American cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Genetica 2012; 139:1449-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
25
|
Aluja M, Guillén L, Rull J, Höhn H, Frey J, Graf B, Samietz J. Is the alpine divide becoming more permeable to biological invasions? - Insights on the invasion and establishment of the Walnut Husk Fly, Rhagoletis completa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Switzerland. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 101:451-465. [PMID: 21320363 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Walnut Husk Fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae), is native to North America (Midwestern US and north-eastern Mexico) and has invaded several European countries in the past decades by likely crossing the alpine divide separating most parts of Switzerland from Italy. Here, we determined its current distribution in Switzerland by sampling walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in ecologically and climatically distinct regions along potential invasion corridors. R. completa was found to be firmly established in most low altitude areas of Switzerland where walnuts thrive, but notably not a single parasitoid was recovered from any of the samples. Infested fruit was recovered in 42 of the 71 localities that were surveyed, with mean fruit infestation rate varying greatly among sites. The incidence of R. completa in Switzerland is closely related to meteorological mean spring temperature patterns influencing growing season length, but not to winter temperatures, reflecting survival potential during hibernation. Importantly, areas in which the fly is absent correspond with localities where the mean spring temperatures fall below 7°C. Historical data records show that the natural cold barrier around the Alpine divide in the central Swiss Alps corresponding to such minimal temperatures has shrunk significantly from a width of more than 40 km before 1990 to around 20 km after 2000. We hypothesize on possible invasion/expansion routes along alpine valleys, dwell on distribution patterns in relation to climate, and outline future research needs as the incursion of R. completa into Switzerland; and, more recently, other European countries, such as Germany, Austria, France and Slovenia, represent an example of alien species that settle first in the Mediterranean Basin and from there become invasive by crossing the Alps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aluja
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Downey MH, Nice CC. Experimental evidence of host race formation in Mitoura butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.19290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
27
|
Augustinos AA, Asimakopoulou AK, Papadopoulos NT, Bourtzis K. Cross-amplified microsatellites in the European cherry fly, Rhagoletis cerasi: medium polymorphic-highly informative markers. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 101:45-52. [PMID: 20609274 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485310000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a major pest of cherries in Europe and parts of Asia. Despite its big economic significance, there is a lack of studies on the genetic structure of its natural populations. Knowledge about an insect pest on molecular, genetic and population levels facilitates the development of environmentally friendly control methods. In this study, we present the development of 13 microsatellite markers for R. cerasi, through cross-species amplification. These markers have been used for the genotyping of 130 individuals from five different sampling sites in Greece. Our results indicate that (i) cross-species amplification is a versatile and rapid tool for developing microsatellite markers in Rhagoletis spp., (ii) the microsatellite markers presented here constitute an important tool for population studies on this pest, and (iii) there is clear structuring of natural European cherry fly populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Augustinos
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, 2, Seferi St., 30100 Agrinio, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
RULL JUAN, ALUJA MARTÍN, FEDER JEFFREYL. Evolution of intrinsic reproductive isolation among four North American populations of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
Schwarz D, Robertson HM, Feder JL, Varala K, Hudson ME, Ragland GJ, Hahn DA, Berlocher SH. Sympatric ecological speciation meets pyrosequencing: sampling the transcriptome of the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:633. [PMID: 20035631 PMCID: PMC2807884 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The full power of modern genetics has been applied to the study of speciation in only a small handful of genetic model species - all of which speciated allopatrically. Here we report the first large expressed sequence tag (EST) study of a candidate for ecological sympatric speciation, the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella, using massively parallel pyrosequencing on the Roche 454-FLX platform. To maximize transcript diversity we created and sequenced separate libraries from larvae, pupae, adult heads, and headless adult bodies. Results We obtained 239,531 sequences which assembled into 24,373 contigs. A total of 6810 unique protein coding genes were identified among the contigs and long singletons, corresponding to 48% of all known Drosophila melanogaster protein-coding genes. Their distribution across GO classes suggests that we have obtained a representative sample of the transcriptome. Among these sequences are many candidates for potential R. pomonella "speciation genes" (or "barrier genes") such as those controlling chemosensory and life-history timing processes. Furthermore, we identified important marker loci including more than 40,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and over 100 microsatellites. An initial search for SNPs at which the apple and hawthorn host races differ suggested at least 75 loci warranting further work. We also determined that developmental expression differences remained even after normalization; transcripts expected to show different expression levels between larvae and pupae in D. melanogaster also did so in R. pomonella. Preliminary comparative analysis of transcript presences and absences revealed evidence of gene loss in Drosophila and gain in the higher dipteran clade Schizophora. Conclusions These data provide a much needed resource for exploring mechanisms of divergence in this important model for sympatric ecological speciation. Our description of ESTs from a substantial portion of the R. pomonella transcriptome will facilitate future functional studies of candidate genes for olfaction and diapause-related life history timing, and will enable large scale expression studies. Similarly, the identification of new SNP and microsatellite markers will facilitate future population and quantitative genetic studies of divergence between the apple and hawthorn-infesting host races.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Schwarz
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S, Goodwin Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rull J, Wharton R, Feder JL, Guillén L, Sivinski J, Forbes A, Aluja M. Latitudinal variation in parasitoid guild composition and parasitism rates of North American hawthorn infesting Rhagoletis. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:588-599. [PMID: 19508767 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations in North America have diverged by exploiting host plants with varying fruiting phenologies in environments that differ markedly in temperature and humidity. As a result, four genetically and ecologically distinct R. pomonella populations that display partial reproductive isolation have evolved. Host shifting by Rhagoletis and similar evolutionary histories could have had cascading effects across trophic levels, influencing the diversity and distribution of associated parasitoid guilds. To establish the basis for a future understanding of the possible effect of divergence in R. pomonella populations on the parasitoids attacking these flies, we surveyed parasitoids from five different species of hawthorns distributed over 15 states in México and 2 states in the midwestern United States. Emerging parasitoids were identified, parasitism rates were calculated, and regional fly and parasitoid emergence schedules were determined. Parasitism rate, emergence schedules, Shannon-Weiner diversity indexes, and species accumulation curves were compared across three main geographical regions. Parasitism levels varied greatly among regions from an overall high of 27.2% in the United States to 5.5% in the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) mountains of Mexico, to as low as 0.19% in the Eje Volcánico Trans Mexicano (EVTM). Shannon-Weiner diversity indexes showed that parasitoid species diversity was similar across the distribution range of R. pomonella in Mexico and the United States because of the fact that total parasitism was dominated by only two species, one of them recovered across the whole North American range of hawthorn infesting Rhagoletis. Nevertheless, eight parasitoids were found attacking R. pomonella in Mexico compared with only four collected in the United States. Only two diapausing parasitoid species were shared between the U.S. and Mexican R. pomonella populations: Utetes canaliculatus and Diachasmimorpha mellea. Interestingly, many subtropical parasitoid species, usually associated to flies in the subtropical genus Anastrepha, were recovered in the SMO in low numbers. The wide distribution of U. canaliculatus and D. mellea offers an ideal opportunity to test for a shared biogeography and co-evolution between fly and parasitoids. In this regard, one factor contributing to the success of U. canaliculatus seems to be the wasp's ability to modulate its eclosion time to track regional variation in hawthorn fruiting phenology and host (i.e., fly larvae) availability. Both R. pomonella and U. canaliculatus from southern sites emerged later than insects from northern populations, mirroring seasonal differences in hawthorn fruiting times across Mexico and the United States. These results suggest that molecular studies and crossing experiments could show, as they have for Rhagoletis, recent speciation events for parasitoid species of Nearctic origin that were found to be ecologically tracking environmentally driven divergence of their tephritid hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rull
- Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Km 2.5 Carretera Antigua Carretera a Coatepec, No. 257, Congregación El Haya, C.P. 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
JOHANNESEN JES, TRITSCH CHRISTIAN, SEITZ ALFRED, DIEGISSER THORSTEN. Genetic structure of Cirsium palustre (Asteraceae) and its role in host diversification of Tephritis conura (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
XIE X, MICHEL AP, SCHWARZ D, RULL J, VELEZ S, FORBES AA, ALUJA M, FEDER JL. Radiation and divergence in the Rhagoletis Pomonella species complex: inferences from DNA sequence data. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:900-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Ortiz-Barrientos D, Kane NC. Meeting review: American Genetics Association Symposium on the genetics of speciation. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:2852-4. [PMID: 17614901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Yeast can be engineered to carry human chromosomes; highly diverged ducks can produce viable, fertile offspring; and mitochondrial genes can move between widely divergent groups of plants. Some sunflower or oak species have porous genomes; mice, crickets, birds, and butterflies form hybrid zones; and bacterial lineages have been exchanging genes for several billion years. Even so, nature is discrete and full of species. Here, we discuss some of the ingredients that make nature discrete and can lead to clustering even in the presence of gene flow. Many of these results have been recently published, in this issue and elsewhere, and were discussed at the Genetics of Speciation Symposium held at the annual meeting of the American Genetics Association, Vancouver, Canada, in 2006.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6804 SW Marine Drive, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
| | | |
Collapse
|