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Riffo-Vasquez Y, Kanabar V, Keir SD, E-Lacerda RR, Man F, Jackson DJ, Corrigall V, Coates ARM, Page CP. Modulation of allergic inflammation in the lung by a peptide derived from Mycobacteria tuberculosis chaperonin 60.1. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:508-519. [PMID: 31845415 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that Mycobacteria tuberculosis chaperonin 60.1 inhibits leucocyte diapedesis and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of allergic lung inflammation. METHODS In the present study, we have investigated the effect of a shorter peptide sequence derived from Cpn 60.1, named IRL201104, on allergic lung inflammation induced by ovalbumin (OVA) in mice and by house dust mite (HDM) in guinea pigs, as well as investigating the action of IRL201104 on human cells in vitro. RESULTS Pre-treatment of mice or guinea pigs with IRL201104 inhibits the infiltration of eosinophils to the lung, cytokine release, and in guinea pig skin, inhibits allergen-induced vascular permeability. The protective effect of intranasal IRL201104 against OVA-induced eosinophilia persisted for up to 20 days post-treatment. Moreover, OVA-sensitized mice treated intranasally with 20 ng/kg of IRL201104 show a significant increase in the expression of the anti-inflammatory molecule ubiquitin A20 and significant inhibition of the activation of NF-κB in lung tissue. Our results also show that A20 expression was significantly reduced in blood leucocytes and ASM obtained from patients with asthma compared to cells obtained from healthy subjects which were restored after incubation with IRL201104 in vitro, when added alone, or in combination with LPS or TNF-α in ASM. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a peptide derived from mycobacterial Cpn60.1 has a long-lasting anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity which may help explain some of the protective effects of TB against allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanira Riffo-Vasquez
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Varsha Kanabar
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sandra D Keir
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo R E-Lacerda
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francis Man
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David J Jackson
- Asthma Care Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, MRC & Asthma UK Centre, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valerie Corrigall
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony R M Coates
- Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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2
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Lockwood S, Brayton KA, Daily JA, Broschat SL. Whole Proteome Clustering of 2,307 Proteobacterial Genomes Reveals Conserved Proteins and Significant Annotation Issues. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:383. [PMID: 30873148 PMCID: PMC6403173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We clustered 8.76 M protein sequences deduced from 2,307 completely sequenced Proteobacterial genomes resulting in 707,311 clusters of one or more sequences of which 224,442 ranged in size from 2 to 2,894 sequences. To our knowledge this is the first study of this scale. We were surprised to find that no single cluster contained a representative sequence from all the organisms in the study. Given the minimal genome concept, we expected to find a shared set of proteins. To determine why the clusters did not have universal representation we chose four essential proteins, the chaperonin GroEL, DNA dependent RNA polymerase subunits beta and beta′ (RpoB/RpoB′), and DNA polymerase I (PolA), representing fundamental cellular functions, and examined their cluster distribution. We found these proteins to be remarkably conserved with certain caveats. Although the groEL gene was universally conserved in all the organisms in the study, the protein was not represented in all the deduced proteomes. The genes for RpoB and RpoB′ were missing from two genomes and merged in 88, and the sequences were sufficiently divergent that they formed separate clusters for 18 RpoB proteins (seven clusters) and 14 RpoB′ proteins (three clusters). For PolA, 52 organisms lacked an identifiable sequence, and seven sequences were sufficiently divergent that they formed five separate clusters. Interestingly, organisms lacking an identifiable PolA and those with divergent RpoB/RpoB′ were predominantly endosymbionts. Furthermore, we present a range of examples of annotation issues that caused the deduced proteins to be incorrectly represented in the proteome. These annotation issues made our task of determining protein conservation more difficult than expected and also represent a significant obstacle for high-throughput analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lockwood
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kelly A Brayton
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jeff A Daily
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Shira L Broschat
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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3
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Roncarati D, Scarlato V. Regulation of heat-shock genes in bacteria: from signal sensing to gene expression output. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:549-574. [PMID: 28402413 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat-shock response is a mechanism of cellular protection against sudden adverse environmental growth conditions and results in the prompt production of various heat-shock proteins. In bacteria, specific sensory biomolecules sense temperature fluctuations and transduce intercellular signals that coordinate gene expression outputs. Sensory biomolecules, also known as thermosensors, include nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and proteins. Once a stress signal is perceived, it is transduced to invoke specific molecular mechanisms controlling transcription of genes coding for heat-shock proteins. Transcriptional regulation of heat-shock genes can be under either positive or negative control mediated by dedicated regulatory proteins. Positive regulation exploits specific alternative sigma factors to redirect the RNA polymerase enzyme to a subset of selected promoters, while negative regulation is mediated by transcriptional repressors. Interestingly, while various bacteria adopt either exclusively positive or negative mechanisms, in some microorganisms these two opposite strategies coexist, establishing complex networks regulating heat-shock genes. Here, we comprehensively summarize molecular mechanisms that microorganisms have adopted to finely control transcription of heat-shock genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Roncarati
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Scarlato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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4
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Colaco CA, MacDougall A. Mycobacterial chaperonins: the tail wags the dog. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 350:20-4. [PMID: 24102684 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are defined as proteins that assist the noncovalent assembly of other protein-containing structures in vivo, but which are not components of these structures when they are carrying out their normal biological functions. There are numerous families of protein that fit this definition of molecular chaperones, the most ubiquitous of which are the chaperonins and the Hsp70 families, both of which are required for the correct folding of nascent polypeptide chains and thus essential genes for cell viability. The groE genes of Escherichia coli were the first chaperonin genes to be discovered, within an operon comprising two genes, groEL and groES, that function together in the correct folding of nascent polypeptide chains. The identification of multiple groEL genes in mycobacteria, only one of which is operon-encoded with a groES gene, has led to debate about the functions of their encoded proteins, especially as the essential copies are surprisingly often not the operon-encoded genes. Comparisons of these protein sequences reveals a consistent functional homology and identifies an actinomycete-specific chaperonin family, which may chaperone the folding of enzymes involved in mycolic acid synthesis and thus provide a unique target for the development of a new class of broad-spectrum antimycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo A Colaco
- ImmunoBiology Limited, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Miotto P, Forti F, Ambrosi A, Pellin D, Veiga DF, Balazsi G, Gennaro ML, Di Serio C, Ghisotti D, Cirillo DM. Genome-wide discovery of small RNAs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51950. [PMID: 23284830 PMCID: PMC3526491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Only few small RNAs (sRNAs) have been characterized in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their role in regulatory networks is still poorly understood. Here we report a genome-wide characterization of sRNAs in M. tuberculosis integrating experimental and computational analyses. Global RNA-seq analysis of exponentially growing cultures of M. tuberculosis H37Rv had previously identified 1373 sRNA species. In the present report we show that 258 (19%) of these were also identified by microarray expression. This set included 22 intergenic sRNAs, 84 sRNAs mapping within 5′/3′ UTRs, and 152 antisense sRNAs. Analysis of promoter and terminator consensus sequences identified sigma A promoter consensus sequences for 121 sRNAs (47%), terminator consensus motifs for 22 sRNAs (8.5%), and both motifs for 35 sRNAs (14%). Additionally, 20/23 candidates were visualized by Northern blot analysis and 5′ end mapping by primer extension confirmed the RNA-seq data. We also used a computational approach utilizing functional enrichment to identify the pathways targeted by sRNA regulation. We found that antisense sRNAs preferentially regulated transcription of membrane-bound proteins. Genes putatively regulated by novel cis-encoded sRNAs were enriched for two-component systems and for functional pathways involved in hydrogen transport on the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Miotto
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Forti
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ambrosi
- University Statistical Center for Biomedical Sciences – Università Vita-Salute S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo Pellin
- University Statistical Center for Biomedical Sciences – Università Vita-Salute S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Diogo F. Veiga
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabor Balazsi
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria L. Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Clelia Di Serio
- University Statistical Center for Biomedical Sciences – Università Vita-Salute S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela M. Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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6
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Links MG, Dumonceaux TJ, Hemmingsen SM, Hill JE. The chaperonin-60 universal target is a barcode for bacteria that enables de novo assembly of metagenomic sequence data. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189159 PMCID: PMC3506640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Barcoding with molecular sequences is widely used to catalogue eukaryotic biodiversity. Studies investigating the community dynamics of microbes have relied heavily on gene-centric metagenomic profiling using two genes (16S rRNA and cpn60) to identify and track Bacteria. While there have been criteria formalized for barcoding of eukaryotes, these criteria have not been used to evaluate gene targets for other domains of life. Using the framework of the International Barcode of Life we evaluated DNA barcodes for Bacteria. Candidates from the 16S rRNA gene and the protein coding cpn60 gene were evaluated. Within complete bacterial genomes in the public domain representing 983 species from 21 phyla, the largest difference between median pairwise inter- and intra-specific distances (“barcode gap”) was found from cpn60. Distribution of sequence diversity along the ∼555 bp cpn60 target region was remarkably uniform. The barcode gap of the cpn60 universal target facilitated the faithful de novo assembly of full-length operational taxonomic units from pyrosequencing data from a synthetic microbial community. Analysis supported the recognition of both 16S rRNA and cpn60 as DNA barcodes for Bacteria. The cpn60 universal target was found to have a much larger barcode gap than 16S rRNA suggesting cpn60 as a preferred barcode for Bacteria. A large barcode gap for cpn60 provided a robust target for species-level characterization of data. The assembly of consensus sequences for barcodes was shown to be a reliable method for the identification and tracking of novel microbes in metagenomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Links
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tim J. Dumonceaux
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sean M. Hemmingsen
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Janet E. Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
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7
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Riffo-Vasquez Y, Coates ARM, Page CP, Spina D. Mycobacterium tuberculosisChaperonin 60.1 Inhibits Leukocyte Diapedesis in a Murine Model of Allergic Lung Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:245-52. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0412oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Fan M, Rao T, Zacco E, Ahmed MT, Shukla A, Ojha A, Freeke J, Robinson CV, Benesch JL, Lund PA. The unusual mycobacterial chaperonins: evidence for in vivo oligomerization and specialization of function. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:934-44. [PMID: 22834700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses two chaperonins, one (Cpn60.1) dispensable and one (Cpn60.2) essential. These proteins have been reported not to form oligomers despite the fact that oligomerization of chaperonins is regarded as essential for their function. We show here that the Cpn60.2 homologue from Mycobacterium smegmatis also fails to oligomerize under standard conditions. However, we also show that the Cpn60.2 proteins from both organisms can replace the essential groEL gene of Escherichia coli, and that they can function with E. coli GroES cochaperonin, as well as with their cognate cochaperonin proteins, strongly implying that they form oligomers in vivo. We show that the Cpn60.1 proteins, but not the Cpn60.2 proteins, can complement for loss of the M. smegmatis cpn60.1 gene. We investigated the oligomerization of the Cpn60.2 proteins using analytical ultracentrifugation and mass spectroscopy. Both form monomers under standard conditions, but they form higher order oligomers in the presence of kosmotropes and ADP or ATP. Under these conditions, their ATPase activity is significantly enhanced. We conclude that the essential mycobacterial chaperonins, while unstable compared to many other bacterial chaperonins, do act as oligomers in vivo, and that there has been specialization of function of the mycobacterial chaperonins following gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingQi Fan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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9
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Rao T, Lund PA. Differential expression of the multiple chaperonins of Mycobacterium smegmatis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 310:24-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Cehovin A, Coates ARM, Hu Y, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Tormay P, Botanch C, Altare F, Henderson B. Comparison of the moonlighting actions of the two highly homologous chaperonin 60 proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3196-206. [PMID: 20421377 PMCID: PMC2897374 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01379-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that the two chaperonin (Cpn) 60 proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cpn60.1 and Cpn60.2, have moonlighting actions that may contribute to the pathology of tuberculosis. We studied the release of Cpn60.1 from M. tuberculosis and infected macrophage like cells and compared recombinant Cpn60.1 and Cpn60.2 in a range of cell-based assays to determine how similar the actions of these highly homologous proteins are. We now establish that Cpns are similar as follows: (i) Cpn60.1, as it has been shown for Cpn60.2, is released by M. tuberculosis in culture, and Cpn60.1 is furthermore released when the bacterium is in quiescent, but not activated, macrophage like cells, and (ii) both proteins only showed a partial requirement for MyD88 for the induction of proinflammatory cytokine production compared to lipopolysaccharide. However, we also found major differences in the cellular action of Cpns. (i) Cpn60.2 proved to be a more potent stimulator of whole blood leukocytes than Cpn60.1 and was the only one to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha synthesis. (ii) Cpn60.1 bound to ca. 90% of circulating monocytes compared to Cpn60.2, which bound <50% of these cells. Both chaperonins bound to different cell surface receptors, while monocyte activation by both proteins was completely abrogated in TLR4-/- mice, although Cpn60.2 also showed significant requirement for TLR2. Finally, an isogenic mutant lacking cpn60.1, but containing intact cpn60.2, was severely inhibited in generating multinucleate giant cells in an in vitro human granuloma assay. These results clearly show that, despite significant sequence homology, M. tuberculosis Cpn60 proteins interact in distinct ways with human or murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cehovin
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom, Medical Microbiology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Health Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Helperby Therapeutics Group plc, c/o Earlsfield Business Centre, 9 Lydden Road, London SW18 4LT, United Kingdom, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 892, Institut de Recherche Therapeutique, Nantes, France
| | - Anthony R. M. Coates
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom, Medical Microbiology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Health Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Helperby Therapeutics Group plc, c/o Earlsfield Business Centre, 9 Lydden Road, London SW18 4LT, United Kingdom, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 892, Institut de Recherche Therapeutique, Nantes, France
| | - Yanmin Hu
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom, Medical Microbiology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Health Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Helperby Therapeutics Group plc, c/o Earlsfield Business Centre, 9 Lydden Road, London SW18 4LT, United Kingdom, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 892, Institut de Recherche Therapeutique, Nantes, France
| | - Yanira Riffo-Vasquez
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom, Medical Microbiology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Health Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Helperby Therapeutics Group plc, c/o Earlsfield Business Centre, 9 Lydden Road, London SW18 4LT, United Kingdom, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 892, Institut de Recherche Therapeutique, Nantes, France
| | - Peter Tormay
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom, Medical Microbiology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Health Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Helperby Therapeutics Group plc, c/o Earlsfield Business Centre, 9 Lydden Road, London SW18 4LT, United Kingdom, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 892, Institut de Recherche Therapeutique, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Botanch
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom, Medical Microbiology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Health Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Helperby Therapeutics Group plc, c/o Earlsfield Business Centre, 9 Lydden Road, London SW18 4LT, United Kingdom, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 892, Institut de Recherche Therapeutique, Nantes, France
| | - Frederic Altare
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom, Medical Microbiology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Health Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Helperby Therapeutics Group plc, c/o Earlsfield Business Centre, 9 Lydden Road, London SW18 4LT, United Kingdom, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 892, Institut de Recherche Therapeutique, Nantes, France
| | - Brian Henderson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom, Medical Microbiology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Health Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, Helperby Therapeutics Group plc, c/o Earlsfield Business Centre, 9 Lydden Road, London SW18 4LT, United Kingdom, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 892, Institut de Recherche Therapeutique, Nantes, France
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Abstract
A significant proportion of bacteria express two or more chaperonin genes. Chaperonins are a group of molecular chaperones, defined by sequence similarity, required for the folding of some cellular proteins. Chaperonin monomers have a mass of c. 60 kDa, and are typically found as large protein complexes containing 14 subunits arranged in two rings. The mechanism of action of the Escherichia coli GroEL protein has been studied in great detail. It acts by binding to unfolded proteins and enabling them to fold in a protected environment where they do not interact with any other proteins. GroEL can assist the folding of many proteins of different sizes, sequences, and structures, and homologues from many different bacteria can functionally replace GroEL in E. coli. What then are the functions of multiple chaperonins? Do they provide a mechanism for cells to increase their general chaperoning ability, or have they become specialized to take on specific novel cellular roles? Here I will review the genetic, biochemical, and phylogenetic evidence that has a bearing on this question, and show that there is good evidence for at least some specificity of function in multiple chaperonin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Lund
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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12
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Lewthwaite JC, Clarkin CE, Coates ARM, Poole S, Lawrence RA, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Pitsillides AA, Singh M, Henderson B. Highly homologous Mycobacterium tuberculosis chaperonin 60 proteins with differential CD14 dependencies stimulate cytokine production by human monocytes through cooperative activation of p38 and ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:230-40. [PMID: 17178391 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic inflammatory and destructive disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We have previously shown that the mycobacterial chaperonin (Cpn)60.1 and 60.2 proteins stimulate human monocytes to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Identification of the cellular mechanisms that contribute to the chronic inflammation characterised by myobacterial infection is therefore of potential therapeutic benefit. In the present study we have investigated the role of the extracellular signal-regulated (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) families in Cpn60-induced cytokine synthesis, and have compared the effects of the bacterial proteins with those of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Exposure to Cpn60.1, Cpn60.2 or LPS enhanced ERK1/2 activation with increases in phosphorylation evident between 10 and 30 min and maximal after 60-90 min stimulation. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in Cpn60-stimulated monocytes was maintained whereas ERK1/2 was rapidly dephosphorylated in LPS-stimulated cells. Exposure to the chaperonins also caused rapid activation of p38(mapk) with kinetics of phosphorylation comparable to those observed in response to LPS. Selective inhibitors of p38(mapk) (SB203580) or of MEK1/2, the direct upstream activator of ERK1/2 (PD98059), reduced the synthesis of IL-1beta, TNFalpha, IL-6 and IL-8 induced by either the chaperonins or LPS. Experiments in which cells were exposed to a combination of both inhibitors led to a nearly complete abrogation of agonist-induced cytokine synthesis. These results show that the p38(mapk) and ERK1/2 signalling pathways are important regulators of the cellular response to mycobacterial chaperonins and that these pathways cooperate to regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production by human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo C Lewthwaite
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UK
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Gould P, Maguire M, Lund PA. Distinct mechanisms regulate expression of the two major groEL homologues in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Arch Microbiol 2006; 187:1-14. [PMID: 16944097 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-006-0164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the regulation of the two of the three groE operons (cpn.1 and cpn.2) of the root-nodulating bacterium R. leguminosarum strain A34. Both are heat inducible, and both have a CIRCE sequence in their upstream regions, suggesting regulation by an HrcA repressor. Mutagenesis of the CIRCE sequence upstream of cpn.1 led to an increase in the levels of cpn.1 mRNA, and knock-out of the hrcA gene increased the level of Cpn60.1 protein (the GroEL homologue encoded by the cpn.1 operon). Inactivation of the hrcA gene also caused increased expression of a 29 kDa protein that was identified as RhiA, a component of a quorum-sensing system. However, neither loss of the upstream CIRCE sequence, nor loss of HrcA function, had any effect on expression from the cpn.2 promoter. Further analysis of the cpn.2 upstream region suggested regulation could be mediated by an RpoH system, and this was confirmed by deleting the rpoH gene from the chromosome, which led to a decreased level of Cpn60.2 expression. Inactivation of RpoH led to a reduction in growth rate which could be partly compensated for by inactivation of HrcA, indicating an overlap in the in vivo function of the proteins regulated by these two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Gould
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK,
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Rodríguez-Quiñones F, Maguire M, Wallington EJ, Gould PS, Yerko V, Downie JA, Lund PA. Two of the three groEL homologues in Rhizobium leguminosarum are dispensable for normal growth. Arch Microbiol 2005; 183:253-65. [PMID: 15830189 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although many bacteria contain only a single groE operon encoding the essential chaperones GroES and GroEL, examples of bacteria containing more than one groE operon are common. The root-nodulating bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum contains at least three operons encoding homologues to Escherichia coli GroEL, referred to as Cpn60.1, Cpn60.2 and Cpn60.3, respectively. We report here a detailed analysis of the requirement for and relative levels of these three proteins. Cpn60.1 is present at higher levels than Cpn60.2, and Cpn60.3 protein could not be detected under any conditions although the cpn60.3 gene is transcribed under anaerobic conditions. Insertion mutations could not be constructed in cpn60.1 unless a complementing copy was present, showing that this gene is essential for growth under the conditions used here. Both cpn60.2 and cpn60.3 could be inactivated with no loss of viability, and a double cpn60.2 cpn60.3 mutant was also constructed which was fully viable. Thus only Cpn60.1 is required for growth of this organism.
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Tormay P, Coates ARM, Henderson B. The intercellular signaling activity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis chaperonin 60.1 protein resides in the equatorial domain. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14272-7. [PMID: 15677470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The major heat shock protein, chaperonin 60, has been established to have intercellular signaling activity in addition to its established protein-folding function. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of a small proportion of bacteria to encode two chaperonin 60 proteins. We have demonstrated that chaperonin 60.1 from this bacterium is a very active stimulator of human monocytes. To determine structure/function relationships of chaperonin 60.1 we have cloned and expressed the apical, equatorial, and intermediate domains of this protein. We have found that the signaling activity of M. tuberculosis chaperonin 60.1 resides in the equatorial domain. This activity of the recombinant equatorial domain was completely blocked by treating the protein with proteinase K, ruling out lipopolysaccharide contamination as the cause of the cell activation. Blockade of the activity of the equatorial domain by anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies reveals that this domain activates monocytes by binding to CD14. Looking at the oligomeric state of the active proteins, using native gel electrophoresis and protein cross-linking we found that recombinant M. tuberculosis chaperonin 60.1 fails to form the prototypic tetradecameric structure of chaperonin 60 proteins under the conditions tested and only forms dimers. It is therefore concluded that the monocyte-stimulating activity of M. tuberculosis Cpn60.1 resides in the monomeric subunit and within this subunit the biological activity is due to the equatorial domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tormay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London.
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16
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Lewthwaite JC, Coates AR, Tormay P, Singh M, Mascagni P, Poole S, Roberts M, Sharp L, Henderson B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis chaperonin 60.1 is a more potent cytokine stimulator than chaperonin 60.2 (Hsp 65) and contains a CD14-binding domain. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7349-55. [PMID: 11705907 PMCID: PMC98821 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.12.7349-7355.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much attention has focused on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis molecular chaperone chaperonin (Cpn) 60.2 (Hsp 65) in the pathology of tuberculosis because of its immunogenicity and ability to directly activate human monocytes and vascular endothelial cells. However, M. tuberculosis is one of a small group of bacteria that contain multiple genes encoding Cpn 60 proteins. We have now cloned and expressed both M. tuberculosis proteins and report that the novel chaperonin 60, Cpn 60.1, is a more potent inducer of cytokine synthesis than is Cpn 60.2. This is in spite of 76% amino acid sequence similarity between the two mycobacterial chaperonins. The M. tuberculosis Cpn 60.2 protein activates human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by a CD14-independent mechanism, whereas Cpn 60.1 is partially CD14 dependent and contains a peptide sequence whose actions are blocked by anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies. The cytokine-inducing activity of both chaperonins is extremely resistant to heat. Cpn 60.1 may be an important virulence factor in tuberculosis, able to activate cells by diverse receptor-driven mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lewthwaite
- Cellular Microbiology Research Group, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Kopecek P, Altmannová K, Weigl E. Stress proteins: nomenclature, division and functions. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2001; 145:39-47. [PMID: 12426770 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2001.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response, characterized by increased expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) is induced by exposure of cells and tissues to extreme conditions that cause acute or chronic stress. Hsps function as molecular chaperones in regulating cellular homeostasis and promoting survival. If the stress is too severe, a signal that leads to programmed cell death, apoptosis, is activated, thereby providing a finely tuned balance between survival and death. In addition to extracellular stimuli, several nonstressfull conditions induce Hsps during normal cellular growth and development. The enhanced heat shock gene expression in response to various stimuli is regulated by heat shock transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kopecek
- Department of Biology, Medical Faculty, Palacký University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Coates
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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Reddi K, Meghji S, Nair SP, Arnett TR, Miller AD, Preuss M, Wilson M, Henderson B, Hill P. The Escherichia coli chaperonin 60 (groEL) is a potent stimulator of osteoclast formation. J Bone Miner Res 1998; 13:1260-6. [PMID: 9718194 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.8.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chaperonins (cpns) are intracellular oligomeric protein complexes that fold and refold proteins in a catalytic manner and aid in the transmembrane transport of cellular proteins. We reported previously that the lipopolysaccharide-free recombinant cpn60 of Escherichia coli (groEL) is able to stimulate the breakdown of murine calvarial bone in culture and showed that such resorption is potently inhibited by an inhibitor of the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase and to a lesser extent by inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. In this study, we have investigated the effects of groEL on the resorptive activity and formation of osteoclasts in culture. In low density, osteoclast-containing cultures from neonatal rats incubated for 24 or 96 h on dentine discs, groEL (1-1000 ng/ml) stimulated resorption pit formation up to 4-fold, but this effect was essentially dependent on cell number. Using 12-day cultures of mouse bone marrow to assess osteoclast recruitment, groEL (1-1000 ng/ml) caused a dramatic dose-dependent stimulation of the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells and the resorption of the dentine on which bone marrow cells were cultured. Osteoclast formation elicited by groEL was almost completely abolished by indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase, but was unaffected by inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, suggesting that prostaglandins but not leukotrienes may mediate the action of groEL on osteoclastogenesis. It is possible that bacterial cpn60s such as groEL may play a role in the osteolysis associated with bone infections. Whether endogenous ("self") chaperonins have a role in other bone loss disorders, such as osteoporosis, is an intriguing possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Reddi
- Maxillofacial Surgery Research Unit, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, United Kingdom
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Coates
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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Nair SP, Meghji S, Wilson M, Reddi K, White P, Henderson B. Bacterially induced bone destruction: mechanisms and misconceptions. Infect Immun 1996; 64:2371-80. [PMID: 8698454 PMCID: PMC174085 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.7.2371-2380.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal bone remodelling requires the coordinated regulation of the genesis and activity of osteoblast and osteoclast lineages. Any interference with these integrated cellular systems can result in dysregulation of remodelling with the consequent loss of bone matrix. Bacteria are important causes of bone pathology in common conditions such as periodontitis, dental cysts, bacterial arthritis, and osteomyelitis. It is now established that many of the bacteria implicated in bone diseases contain or produce molecules with potent effects on bone cells. Some of these molecules, such as components of the gram-positive cell walls (lipoteichoic acids), are weak stimulators of bone resorption in vitro, while others (PMT, cpn60) are as active as the most active mammalian osteolytic factors such as cytokines like IL-1 and TNF. The complexity of the integration of bone cell lineage development means that there are still question marks over the mechanism of action of many well-known bone-modulatory molecules such as parathyroid hormone. The key questions which must be asked of the now-recognized bacterial bone-modulatory molecules are as follows: (i) what cell population do they bind to, (ii) what is the nature of the receptor and postreceptor events, and (iii) is their action direct or dependent on the induction of secondary extracellular bone-modulating factors such as cytokines, eicosanoids, etc. In the case of LPS, this ubiquitous gram-negative polymer probably binds to osteoblasts or other cells in bone through the CD14 receptor and stimulates them to release cytokines and eicosanoids which then induce the recruitment and activation of osteoclasts. This explains the inhibitor effects of nonsteroidal and anticytokine agents on LPS-induced bone resorption. However, other bacterial factors such as the potent toxin PMT may act by blocking the normal maturation pathway of the osteoblast lineage, thus inducing dysregulation in the tightly regulated process of resorption and replacement of bone matrix. At the present time, it is not possible to define a general mechanism by which bacteria promote loss of bone matrix. Many bacteria are capable of stimulating bone matrix loss, and the information available would suggest that each organism possesses different factors which interact with bone in different ways. With the rapid increase in antibiotic resistance, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus and M. tuberculosis, organisms responsible for much bone pathology in developed countries only two generations ago, we would urge that much greater attention should be focused on the problem of bacterially induced bone remodelling in order to define pathogenetic mechanisms which could be therapeutic targets for the development of new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Nair
- Maxillofacial Surgery Research Unit, Eastman Dental Insitute, University College London, United Kingdom
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Andersson SGE, Sharp PM. Codon usage in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 4):915-925. [PMID: 8936318 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-142-4-915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The usage of alternative synonymous codons in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (and M. bovis) genes has been investigated. This species is a member of the high-G+C Gram-positive bacteria, with a genomic G+C content around 65 mol%. This G+C-richness is reflected in a strong bias towards C- and G-ending codons for every amino acid: overall, the G+C content at the third positions of codons is 83%. However, there is significant variation in codon usage patterns among genes, which appears to be associated with gene expression level. From the variation among genes, putative optimal codons were identified for 15 amino acids. The degree of bias towards optimal codons in an M. tuberculosis gene is correlated with that in homologues from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The set of selectively favoured codons seems to be quite highly conserved between M. tuberculosis and another high-G+C Gram-positive bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, even though the genome and overall codon usage of the latter are much less G+C-rich.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv G E Andersson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, S-75124, Sweden
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Department of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goodwin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain
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