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Pezzotti G, Adachi T, Imamura H, Bristol DR, Adachi K, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Marin E, Zhu W, Kawai T, Mazda O, Kariu T, Waku T, Nichols FC, Riello P, Rizzolio F, Limongi T, Okuma K. In Situ Raman Study of Neurodegenerated Human Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Outer-Membrane Vesicles Isolated from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13351. [PMID: 37686157 PMCID: PMC10488263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the chemistry of cellular degeneration in human neuroblastoma cells upon exposure to outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) oral bacteria by monitoring their metabolomic evolution using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Pg-OMVs are a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, as they act as efficient vectors for the delivery of toxins promoting neuronal damage. However, the chemical mechanisms underlying the direct impact of Pg-OMVs on cell metabolites at the molecular scale still remain conspicuously unclear. A widely used in vitro model employing neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (a sub-line of the SK-N-SH cell line) was spectroscopically analyzed in situ before and 6 h after Pg-OMV contamination. Concurrently, Raman characterizations were also performed on isolated Pg-OMVs, which included phosphorylated dihydroceramide (PDHC) lipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the latter in turn being contaminated with a highly pathogenic class of cysteine proteases, a key factor in neuronal cell degradation. Raman characterizations located lipopolysaccharide fingerprints in the vesicle structure and unveiled so far unproved aspects of the chemistry behind protein degradation induced by Pg-OMV contamination of SH-SY5Y cells. The observed alterations of cells' Raman profiles were then discussed in view of key factors including the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau neurofibrillary tangles, and the formation of cholesterol agglomerates that exacerbate AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hayata Imamura
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Davide Redolfi Bristol
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Keiji Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA;
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
| | - Toru Kariu
- Department of Life Science, Shokei University, Chuo-ku, Kuhonji, Kumamoto 862-8678, Japan;
| | - Tomonori Waku
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan;
| | - Frank C. Nichols
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Storrs, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Pietro Riello
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Tania Limongi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
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Zou R, Zhao L, Shen D, Wu Y. TrkA serves as a virulence modulator in Porphyromonas gingivalis by maintaining heme acquisition and pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1012316. [PMID: 36405968 PMCID: PMC9666725 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1012316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth, with polymicrobial infection serving as the major pathogenic factor. As a periodontitis-related keystone pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis can orchestrate polymicrobial biofilm skewing into dysbiosis. Some metatranscriptomic studies have suggested that modulation of potassium ion uptake might serve as a signal enhancing microbiota nososymbiocity and periodontitis progression. Although the relationship between potassium transport and virulence has been elucidated in some bacteria, less is mentioned about the periodontitis-related pathogen. Herein, we centered on the virulence modulation potential of TrkA, the potassium uptake regulatory protein of P. gingivalis, and uncovered TrkA as the modulator in the heme acquisition process and in maintaining optimal pathogenicity in an experimental murine model of periodontitis. Hemagglutination and hemolytic activities were attenuated in the case of trkA gene loss, and the entire transcriptomic profiling revealed that the trkA gene can control the expression of genes in relation to electron transport chain activity and translation, as well as some transcriptional factors, including cdhR, the regulator of the heme uptake system hmuYR. Collectively, these results link the heme acquisition process to the potassium transporter, providing new insights into the role of potassium ion in P. gingivalis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yafei Wu
- *Correspondence: Daonan Shen, ; Yafei Wu,
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Ojennus DD, Bratt NJ, Jones KL, Juers DH. Structural characterization of a prolyl aminodipeptidase (PepX) from Lactobacillus helveticus. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:625-633. [PMID: 31584010 PMCID: PMC6777133 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19011774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl aminodipeptidase (PepX) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds from the N-terminus of substrates when the penultimate amino-acid residue is a proline. Prolyl peptidases are of particular interest owing to their ability to hydrolyze food allergens that contain a high percentage of proline residues. PepX from Lactobacillus helveticus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as an N-terminally His-tagged recombinant construct and was crystallized by hanging-drop vapor diffusion in a phosphate buffer using PEG 3350 as a precipitant. The structure was determined at 2.0 Å resolution by molecular replacement using the structure of PepX from Lactococcus lactis (PDB entry 1lns) as the starting model. Notable differences between the L. helveticus PepX structure and PDB entry 1lns include a cysteine instead of a phenylalanine at the substrate-binding site in the position which confers exopeptidase activity and the presence of a calcium ion coordinated by a calcium-binding motif with the consensus sequence DX(DN)XDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Dahlke Ojennus
- Department of Chemistry, Whitworth University, 300 West Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Bratt
- Department of Chemistry, Whitworth University, 300 West Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251, USA
| | - Kent L. Jones
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Whitworth University, 300 West Hawthorne Road, Spokane, WA 99251, USA
| | - Douglas H. Juers
- Department of Physics and Program in Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99632, USA
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An early report: a modified porphyrin-linked metronidazole targeting intracellular Porphyromonas gingivalis in cultured oral epithelial cells. Int J Oral Sci 2018; 9:167-173. [PMID: 28960193 PMCID: PMC5709547 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) has a strong association with the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Recurrence of periodontal disease following therapy is attributed to numerous factors, and of growing interest is the potential problem of intracellular bacteria that are able to persist and multiply within the host cell, thereby facilitating relapse of infection. The effect of antibiotic therapy in controlling P. gingivalis is questionable. Accordingly, while metronidazole is very effective against anaerobic extracellular P. gingivalis by disrupting the DNA of anaerobic microbial cells, this antibiotic does not effectively penetrate into mammalian cells to inhibit intracellular bacteria. Therefore in the present study, a modified porphyrin-linked metronidazole adducts, developed in our laboratory, was used to kill intracellular P. gingivalis. A series of experiments were performed, including cytotoxicity assays and cellular uptake of adducts by flow cytometry coupled with live cell imaging analysis, P. gingivalis invasion and elimination assays, and the analysis of colocalization of P. gingivalis and porphyrin-linked metronidazole by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Findings indicated that P. gingivalis and porphyrin-linked metronidazole were colocalized in the cytoplasm, and this compound was able to kill P. gingivalis intracellular with a sufficient culture time. This is a novel antimicrobial approach in the elimination of P. gingivalis from the oral cavity.
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Veith PD, Glew MD, Gorasia DG, Reynolds EC. Type IX secretion: the generation of bacterial cell surface coatings involved in virulence, gliding motility and the degradation of complex biopolymers. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:35-53. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Michelle D. Glew
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Dhana G. Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
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Dashper SG, Mitchell HL, Seers CA, Gladman SL, Seemann T, Bulach DM, Chandry PS, Cross KJ, Cleal SM, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis Uses Specific Domain Rearrangements and Allelic Exchange to Generate Diversity in Surface Virulence Factors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:48. [PMID: 28184216 PMCID: PMC5266723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen of chronic periodontitis. The virulence of P. gingivalis is reported to be strain related and there are currently a number of strain typing schemes based on variation in capsular polysaccharide, the major and minor fimbriae and adhesin domains of Lys-gingipain (Kgp), amongst other surface proteins. P. gingivalis can exchange chromosomal DNA between strains by natural competence and conjugation. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variability of P. gingivalis strains sourced from international locations over a 25-year period and to determine if variability in surface virulence factors has a phylogenetic basis. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 13 strains and comparison made to 10 previously sequenced strains. A single nucleotide polymorphism-based phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a shallow tri-lobed phylogeny. There was a high level of reticulation in the phylogenetic network, demonstrating extensive horizontal gene transfer between the strains. Two highly conserved variants of the catalytic domain of the major virulence factor the Kgp proteinase (KgpcatI and KgpcatII) were found. There were three variants of the fourth Kgp C-terminal cleaved adhesin domain. Specific variants of the cell surface proteins FimA, FimCDE, MfaI, RagAB, Tpr, and PrtT were also identified. The occurrence of all these variants in the P. gingivalis strains formed a mosaic that was not related to the SNP-based phylogeny. In conclusion P. gingivalis uses domain rearrangements and genetic exchange to generate diversity in specific surface virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Helen L Mitchell
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Christine A Seers
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Simon L Gladman
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Keith J Cross
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Steven M Cleal
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
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7
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Ye P, Yu H, Houshmandi M. Three/four-dimensional (3D/4D) microscopic imaging and processing in clinical dental research. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:84. [PMID: 27586147 PMCID: PMC5009657 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) has been widely employed in our laboratory for structural and functional analysis of clinical dental specimens and live cell imaging of cultured oral epithelial cells. METHODS In this vitro study, a Fluoview 1000 (Olympus) confocal system was utilised to study thick sections of carious lesions (40-100 μm) and periodontal disease tissue samples (20-40 μm) by 2D Z stacking imaging and 3-dimentional (3D) reconstruction. Four-dimensional (4D) imaging when including time or position points was used for live cells to assess penetration/localisation/co-localization of oral pathogen proteins and therapeutic drugs. RESULTS Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction revealed latent features of carious hard tissues (strongly expressed amelogenin proteins in dentin tubules), and soft tissues (increased glial markers GFAP and S100B in pulp components). We also found the oral microbial specific pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis to be widely localised inside the periodontal pocket epithelial tissues as detected by 3D reconstruction from a series of 2D sections from periodontal disease tissue samples. 4D live cell imaging showed the diffusion patterns of fluorescent molecules in response to a bacterial virulence factor, the pathogen (gingipain haemagglutinin) domain that attacked epithelial integrity. This technology also showed uptake of a novel porphyrin-linked metronidazole antibiotic into epithelial cells to kill intracellular oral pathogen, P. gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS Three/four-dimensional (3D/4D) imaging and processing in confocal microscopy is of great interest and benefit to clinical dental researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ye
- Institute of Dental Research, Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia. .,Affiliation of Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Hong Yu
- Microscopy Laboratory, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mojgan Houshmandi
- Institute of Dental Research, Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
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Smalley JW, Olczak T. Heme acquisition mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis - strategies used in a polymicrobial community in a heme-limited host environment. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:1-23. [PMID: 26662717 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a main etiologic agent and key pathogen responsible for initiation and progression of chronic periodontitis requires heme as a source of iron and protoporphyrin IX for its survival and the ability to establish an infection. Porphyromonas gingivalis is able to accumulate a defensive cell-surface heme-containing pigment in the form of μ-oxo bisheme. The main sources of heme for P. gingivalis in vivo are hemoproteins present in saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and erythrocytes. To acquire heme, P. gingivalis uses several mechanisms. Among them, the best characterized are those employing hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and gingipains (Kgp, RgpA, RgpB), TonB-dependent outer-membrane receptors (HmuR, HusB, IhtA), and hemophore-like proteins (HmuY, HusA). Proteins involved in intracellular heme transport, storage, and processing are less well characterized (e.g. PgDps). Importantly, P. gingivalis may also use the heme acquisition systems of other bacteria to fulfill its own heme requirements. Porphyromonas gingivalis displays a novel paradigm for heme acquisition from hemoglobin, whereby the Fe(II)-containing oxyhemoglobin molecule must first be oxidized to methemoglobin to facilitate heme release. This process not only involves P. gingivalis arginine- and lysine-specific gingipains, but other proteases (e.g. interpain A from Prevotella intermedia) or pyocyanin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Porphyromonas gingivalis is then able to fully proteolyze the more susceptible methemoglobin substrate to release free heme or to wrest heme from it directly through the use of the HmuY hemophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Smalley
- School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Liu LY, McGregor N, Wong BKJ, Butt H, Darby IB. The association between clinical periodontal parameters and free haem concentration within the gingival crevicular fluid: a pilot study. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:86-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Y. Liu
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - N. McGregor
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- BioScreen Medical; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - B. K. J. Wong
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - H. Butt
- BioScreen Medical; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - I. B. Darby
- Melbourne Dental School; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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10
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Benedyk M, Byrne DP, Glowczyk I, Potempa J, Olczak M, Olczak T, Smalley JW. Pyocyanina contributory factor in haem acquisition and virulence enhancement of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the lung [corrected]. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118319. [PMID: 25706529 PMCID: PMC4338185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies show that the lungs infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are often co-colonised by oral bacteria including black-pigmenting anaerobic (BPA) Porphyromonas species. The BPAs have an absolute haem requirement and their presence in the infected lung indicates that sufficient haem, a virulence up-regulator in BPAs, must be present to support growth. Haemoglobin from micro-bleeds occurring during infection is the most likely source of haem in the lung. Porphyromonas gingivalis displays a novel haem acquisition paradigm whereby haemoglobin must be firstly oxidised to methaemoglobin, facilitating haem release, either by gingipain proteolysis or capture via the haem-binding haemophore HmuY. P. aeruginosa produces the blue phenazine redox compound, pyocyanin. Since phenazines can oxidise haemoglobin, it follows that pyocyanin may also facilitate haem acquisition by promoting methaemoglobin production. Here we show that pyocyanin at concentrations found in the CF lung during P. aeruginosa infections rapidly oxidises oxyhaemoglobin in a dose-dependent manner. We demonstrate that methaemoglobin formed by pyocyanin is also susceptible to proteolysis by P. gingivalis Kgp gingipain and neutrophil elastase, thus releasing haem. Importantly, co-incubation of oxyhaemoglobin with pyocyanin facilitates haem pickup from the resulting methemoglobin by the P. gingivalis HmuY haemophore. Mice intra-tracheally challenged with viable P. gingivalis cells plus pyocyanin displayed increased mortality compared to those administered P. gingivalis alone. Pyocyanin significantly elevated both methaemoglobin and total haem levels in homogenates of mouse lungs and increased the level of arginine-specific gingipain activity from mice inoculated with viable P. gingivalis cells plus pyocyanin compared with mice inoculated with P. gingivalis only. These findings indicate that pyocyanin, by promoting haem availability through methaemoglobin formation and stimulating of gingipain production, may contribute to virulence of P. gingivalis and disease severity when co-infecting with P. aeruginosa in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Benedyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominic P Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Izabela Glowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, United States of America
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - John W Smalley
- School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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11
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Calcium binding proteins and calcium signaling in prokaryotes. Cell Calcium 2014; 57:151-65. [PMID: 25555683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
With the continued increase of genomic information and computational analyses during the recent years, the number of newly discovered calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) in prokaryotic organisms has increased dramatically. These proteins contain sequences that closely resemble a variety of eukaryotic calcium (Ca(2+)) binding motifs including the canonical and pseudo EF-hand motifs, Ca(2+)-binding β-roll, Greek key motif and a novel putative Ca(2+)-binding domain, called the Big domain. Prokaryotic CaBPs have been implicated in diverse cellular activities such as division, development, motility, homeostasis, stress response, secretion, transport, signaling and host-pathogen interactions. However, the majority of these proteins are hypothetical, and only few of them have been studied functionally. The finding of many diverse CaBPs in prokaryotic genomes opens an exciting area of research to explore and define the role of Ca(2+) in organisms other than eukaryotes. This review presents the most recent developments in the field of CaBPs and novel advancements in the role of Ca(2+) in prokaryotes.
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12
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de Diego I, Veillard F, Sztukowska MN, Guevara T, Potempa B, Pomowski A, Huntington JA, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structure and mechanism of cysteine peptidase gingipain K (Kgp), a major virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32291-32302. [PMID: 25266723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine peptidases are key proteolytic virulence factors of the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, which causes chronic periodontitis, the most prevalent dysbiosis-driven disease in humans. Two peptidases, gingipain K (Kgp) and R (RgpA and RgpB), which differ in their selectivity after lysines and arginines, respectively, collectively account for 85% of the extracellular proteolytic activity of P. gingivalis at the site of infection. Therefore, they are promising targets for the design of specific inhibitors. Although the structure of the catalytic domain of RgpB is known, little is known about Kgp, which shares only 27% sequence identity. We report the high resolution crystal structure of a competent fragment of Kgp encompassing the catalytic cysteine peptidase domain and a downstream immunoglobulin superfamily-like domain, which is required for folding and secretion of Kgp in vivo. The structure, which strikingly resembles a tooth, was serendipitously trapped with a fragment of a covalent inhibitor targeting the catalytic cysteine. This provided accurate insight into the active site and suggested that catalysis may require a catalytic triad, Cys(477)-His(444)-Asp(388), rather than the cysteine-histidine dyad normally found in cysteine peptidases. In addition, a 20-Å-long solvent-filled interior channel traverses the molecule and links the bottom of the specificity pocket with the molecular surface opposite the active site cleft. This channel, absent in RgpB, may enhance the plasticity of the enzyme, which would explain the much lower activity in vitro toward comparable specific synthetic substrates. Overall, the present results report the architecture and molecular determinants of the working mechanism of Kgp, including interaction with its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki de Diego
- Proteolysis Lab, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Florian Veillard
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Maryta N Sztukowska
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Lab, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Anja Pomowski
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - James A Huntington
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Potempa
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202,; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,.
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13
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Li N, Collyer CA. Gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis - Complex domain structures confer diverse functions. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 1:41-58. [PMID: 24466435 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.1.2011.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingipains, a group of arginine or lysine specific cysteine proteinases (also known as RgpA, RgpB and Kgp), have been recognized as major virulence factors in Porphyromonas gingivalis. This bacterium is one of a handful of pathogens that cause chronic periodontitis. Gingipains are involved in adherence to and colonization of epithelial cells, haemagglutination and haemolysis of erythrocytes, disruption and manipulation of the inflammatory response, and the degradation of host proteins and tissues. RgpA and Kgp are multi-domain proteins composed of catalytic domains and haemagglutinin/adhesin (HA) regions. The structure of the HA regions have previously been defined by a gingipain domain structure hypothesis which is a set of putative domain boundaries derived from the sequences of fragments of these proteins extracted from the cell surface. However, multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models predict an alternative domain architecture for the HA regions of gingipains. In this alternate model, two or three repeats of the so-called "cleaved adhesin" domains (and one other undefined domain in some strains) are the modules which constitute the substructure of the HA regions. Recombinant forms of these putative cleaved adhesin domains are indeed stable folded protein modules and recently determined crystal structures support the hypothesis of a modular organisation of the HA region. Based on the observed K2 and K3 structures as well as multiple sequence alignments, it is proposed that all the cleaved adhesin domains in gingipains will share the same β-sandwich jelly roll fold. The new domain model of the structure for gingipains and the haemagglutinin (HagA) proteins of P. gingivalis will guide future functional studies of these virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Li
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - C A Collyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney NSW Australia
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14
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Veith PD, Chen YY, Gorasia DG, Chen D, Glew MD, O’Brien-Simpson NM, Cecil JD, Holden JA, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles Exclusively Contain Outer Membrane and Periplasmic Proteins and Carry a Cargo Enriched with Virulence Factors. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2420-32. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401227e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Yu-Yen Chen
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Dhana G. Gorasia
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Glew
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica D. Cecil
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James A. Holden
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health
CRC, Melbourne
Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston
Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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15
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Ganuelas LA, Li N, Yun P, Hunter N, Collyer CA. The lysine gingipain adhesin domains from Porphyromonas gingivalis interact with erythrocytes and albumin: Structures correlate to function. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3:152-62. [PMID: 24265933 PMCID: PMC3832095 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the K1 domain, an adhesin module of the lysine gingipain (Kgp) expressed on the cell surface by the periodontopathic anaerobic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis W83, is compared to the previously determined structures of homologues K2 and K3, all three being representative members of the cleaved adhesin domain family. In the structure of K1, the conformation of the most extensive surface loop is unexpectedly perturbed, perhaps by crystal packing, and is displaced from a previously reported arginine-anchored position observed in K2 and K3. This displacement allows the loop to become free to interact with other proteins; the alternate flipped-out loop conformation is a novel mechanism for interacting with target host proteins, other bacteria, or other gingipain protein domains. Further, the K1 adhesin module, like others, is found to be haemolytic in vitro, and so, functions in erythrocyte recognition thereby contributing to the haemolytic function of Kgp. K1 was also observed to selectively bind to haem-albumin with high affinity, suggesting this domain may be involved in gingipain-mediated haem acquisition from haem-albumin. Therefore, it is most likely that all cleaved adhesin domains of Kgp contribute to the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis in more complex ways than simply mediating bacterial adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Ganuelas
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of
SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - N. Li
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of
SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - P. Yun
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and
Centre for Oral Health, Westmead HospitalSydney, NSWAustralia
| | - N. Hunter
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and
Centre for Oral Health, Westmead HospitalSydney, NSWAustralia,Faculty of Dentistry, The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - C. A. Collyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of
SydneySydneyAustralia
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16
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Bondy-Carey JL, Galicia J, Bagaitkar J, Potempa JS, Potempa B, Kinane DF, Veillard F, Scott DA. Neutrophils alter epithelial response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in a gingival crevice model. Mol Oral Microbiol 2013; 28:102-13. [PMID: 23193955 PMCID: PMC3594541 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A gingival crevice model (epithelial cell-Porphyromonas gingivalis-neutrophil) was established and used to profile gingipain, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), MMP mediators [neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1)] and cytokine networks. Smoking is the primary environmental risk factor for periodontitis. Therefore, the influence of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was also monitored in the same model. Porphyromonas gingivalis alone induced low levels of interleukin-1β and interleukin-8 from epithelial cells, but high levels of both cytokines were produced on the addition of neutrophils. Exposure to CSE (100 and 1000 ng ml(-1) nicotine equivalency) significantly compromised P. gingivalis-induced cytokine secretion (both P < 0.05). P. gingivalis induced impressive secretion of NGAL (P < 0.05) that was not influenced by CSE. The influence of CSE on gingipain production was strain-specific. Purified gingipains effectively and rapidly degraded both TIMP-1 and MMP-9. Induction of large amounts of NGAL, degradation of TIMP-1, and increased gingipain activity would each be expected to prolong collagen degradation and promote disease progression. However, gingipains also degrade MMP-9. Hence, P. gingivalis exerts a complex influence on the proteolytic balance of a gingival crevice model. Exposure to CSE reduces the proinflammatory cytokine burden, which may be expected to promote P. gingivalis survival. In addition to novel findings that provide mechanistic insight into periodontal disease progression, these results are in keeping with the recognized clinical dogma of decreased inflammation/increased disease in smokers. This straightforward gingival crevice model is established as a suitable vehicle for the elucidation of mechanisms that contribute to susceptibility to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Bondy-Carey
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Johnah Galicia
- School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jan S. Potempa
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Denis F. Kinane
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Florian Veillard
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David A. Scott
- Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY, USA
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17
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The K1K2 region of Lys-gingipain of Porphyromonas gingivalis blocks induction of HLA expression by gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3733-41. [PMID: 22802347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00528-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of periodontal disease, cysteine proteinases or gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis have been implicated in the hydrolysis of cytokines, including gamma interferon (IFN-γ). This cytokine plays a crucial role in host defenses, in part, by regulating expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules. Our recent analysis has identified three structurally defined modules, K1, K2, and K3, of the hemagglutinin region of the lysine gingipain Kgp. These three structurally homologous domains have a common β-sandwich topology that is similar to that found in a superfamily of adhesins and carbohydrate binding domains. The three Kgp hemagglutinin modules are distinguished by variation in some of the loops projecting from the β-sandwich core. Recombinant products corresponding to both single and multidomain regions as well as native Kgp bound IFN-γ with similar affinities. Among the adhesin domain constructs, only the K1K2 polypeptide inhibited the upregulation of HLA-1 expression in a human erythroleukemia (K562) line induced by both recombinant and native IFN-γ. The K1K2 polypeptide also inhibited HLA-DR expression induced by IFN-γ in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These effects were competitively inhibited by coincubation with sodium or potassium chloride solution. The N-terminal residues of IFN-γ were implicated in mediating the effect of K1K2, while antibody binding to loop 1 of K2 blocked the action of K1K2. The findings indicate the potential significance of structurally defined Kgp adhesin modules in the inactivation of IFN-γ but also the potential of K1K2 in locating the target for the catalytic domain of Kgp.
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18
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Suzuki N, Fukamachi H, Arimoto T, Yamamoto M, Igarashi T. Contribution of hly homologs to the hemolytic activity of Prevotella intermedia. Anaerobe 2012; 18:350-6. [PMID: 22554902 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia is a periodontal pathogen that requires iron for its growth. Although this organism has hemolytic activity, the precise nature of its hemolytic substances and their associated hemolytic actions are yet to be fully determined. In the present study, we identified and characterized several putative hly genes in P. intermedia ATCC25611 which appear to encode hemolysins. Six hly genes (hlyA, B, C, D, E, and hlyI) of P. intermedia were identified by comparing their nucleotide sequences to those of known hly genes of Bacteroides fragilis NCTC9343. The hlyA-E, and hlyI genes were overexpressed individually in the non-hemolytic Escherichia coli strain JW5181 and examined its contribution to the hemolytic activity on sheep blood agar plates. E. coli cells expressing the hlyA and hlyI genes exhibited hemolytic activity under anaerobic conditions. On the other hand, only E. coli cells stably expressing the hlyA gene were able to lyse the red blood cells when cultured under aerobic conditions. In addition, expression of the hlyA and hlyI genes was significantly upregulated in the presence of red blood cells. Furthermore, we found that the growth of P. intermedia was similar in an iron-limited medium supplemented with either red blood cells or heme. Taken together, our results indicate that the hlyA and hlyI genes of P. intermedia encode putative hemolysins that appear to be involved in the lysis of red blood cells, and suggest that these hemolysins might play important roles in the iron-dependent growth of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Suzuki
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Bélanger M, Kozarov E, Song H, Whitlock J, Progulske-Fox A. Both the unique and repeat regions of the Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutin A are involved in adhesion and invasion of host cells. Anaerobe 2012; 18:128-34. [PMID: 22100486 PMCID: PMC3278541 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major etiologic agents of adult periodontitis and has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. It expresses multiple hemagglutinins that are significant virulence factors and play an important role in bacterial attachment and invasion of host cells. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of P. gingivalis hemagglutinin A (HagA) on the attachment to and invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and gingival epithelial cells (GEC). Bacterial strains expressing the HagA protein (or subunits), including Escherichia coli carrying plasmid pEKS5, E. coli carrying plasmid ST2, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with plasmid pNM1.1 were used in this study. The strains were tested for their ability to attach to and invade HCAEC and GEC using antibiotic protection assays. In addition, the unique 5' N-terminal non-repeated segment of HagA was purified in recombinant form and a monoclonal antibody was created against the polypeptide. The monoclonal antibody against the unique portion of HagA was tested for inhibitory activity in these assays. The attachment of both E. coli strains expressing HagA fragment to host cells was significantly increased compared to their respective controls. However, they did not invade GEC or HCAEC. Interestingly, HagA expression in the Salmonella strain increased both adherence to and invasion of HCAEC, which may be due to the presence of the entire hagA ORF. A monoclonal antibody against the unique 5' N-terminal portion of HagA reduced invasion. Further experiments are needed to determine the role of the unique and the repeat segments of P. gingivalis HagA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Bélanger
- University of Florida, Center for Molecular Microbiology and Department of Oral Biology, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
| | - Emil Kozarov
- University of Florida, Center for Molecular Microbiology and Department of Oral Biology, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
| | - Hong Song
- University of Florida, Center for Molecular Microbiology and Department of Oral Biology, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
| | - Joan Whitlock
- University of Florida, Center for Molecular Microbiology and Department of Oral Biology, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
| | - Ann Progulske-Fox
- University of Florida, Center for Molecular Microbiology and Department of Oral Biology, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
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20
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Li N, Yun P, Jeffries CM, Langley D, Gamsjaeger R, Church WB, Hunter N, Collyer CA. The modular structure of haemagglutinin/adhesin regions in gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:1358-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Rigden DJ, Woodhead DD, Wong PWH, Galperin MY. New structural and functional contexts of the Dx[DN]xDG linear motif: insights into evolution of calcium-binding proteins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21507. [PMID: 21720552 PMCID: PMC3123361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of calcium ions (Ca2+) to proteins can have profound effects on their structure and function. Common roles of calcium binding include structure stabilization and regulation of activity. It is known that diverse families – EF-hands being one of at least twelve – use a Dx[DN]xDG linear motif to bind calcium in near-identical fashion. Here, four novel structural contexts for the motif are described. Existing experimental data for one of them, a thermophilic archaeal subtilisin, demonstrate for the first time a role for Dx[DN]xDG-bound calcium in protein folding. An integrin-like embedding of the motif in the blade of a β-propeller fold – here named the calcium blade – is discovered in structures of bacterial and fungal proteins. Furthermore, sensitive database searches suggest a common origin for the calcium blade in β-propeller structures of different sizes and a pan-kingdom distribution of these proteins. Factors favouring the multiple convergent evolution of the motif appear to include its general Asp-richness, the regular spacing of the Asp residues and the fact that change of Asp into Gly and vice versa can occur though a single nucleotide change. Among the known structural contexts for the Dx[DN]xDG motif, only the calcium blade and the EF-hand are currently found intracellularly in large numbers, perhaps because the higher extracellular concentration of Ca2+ allows for easier fixing of newly evolved motifs that have acquired useful functions. The analysis presented here will inform ongoing efforts toward prediction of similar calcium-binding motifs from sequence information alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rigden
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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22
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The Lysine-Specific Gingipain of Porphyromonas gingivalis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:15-29. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Bemis DA, Greenacre CB, Bryant MJ, Jones RD, Kania SA. Isolation of a Variant Porphyromonas Sp. from Polymicrobial Infections in Central Bearded Dragons (Pogona Vitticeps). J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:99-104. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolates of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria from reptiles have only occasionally been identified to the genus and species level in the veterinary medical literature. In particular, reports identifying Porphyromonas spp. from infections in reptiles are scarce. The present report describes unique Porphyromonas isolates obtained from necrosuppurative infections in central bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps). The isolates grew in the presence of oxygen, were strongly hemolytic, and did not produce detectable black, iron porphyrin pigment. Biochemical identification kit numeric biocodes gave high but unreliable probabilities (>99.9%) for identification as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the isolates were identical to each other and shared 91% identity with those of Porphyromonas gulae. The isolates may represent a new reptile-associated Porphyromonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Bemis
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Cheryl B. Greenacre
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Mary Jean Bryant
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Rebekah D. Jones
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Stephen A. Kania
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Guo Y, Nguyen KA, Potempa J. Dichotomy of gingipains action as virulence factors: from cleaving substrates with the precision of a surgeon's knife to a meat chopper-like brutal degradation of proteins. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:15-44. [PMID: 20712631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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