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Li X, Quan M, Wei Y, Wang W, Xu L, Wang Q, Jia J. Critical thinking of Alzheimer's transgenic mouse model: current research and future perspective. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2711-2754. [PMID: 37480469 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic models are useful tools for studying the pathogenesis of and drug development for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). AD models are constructed usually using overexpression or knock-in of multiple pathogenic gene mutations from familial AD. Each transgenic model has its unique behavioral and pathological features. This review summarizes the research progress of transgenic mouse models, and their progress in the unique mechanism of amyloid-β oligomers, including the first transgenic mouse model built in China based on a single gene mutation (PSEN1 V97L) found in Chinese familial AD. We further summarized the preclinical findings of drugs using the models, and their future application in exploring the upstream mechanisms and multitarget drug development in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Chassé M, Vasdev N. Synthesis and Preclinical Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the p38 MAPK Inhibitor [ 11C]Talmapimod: Effects of Drug Efflux and Sex Differences. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37186961 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated kinases are targets of interest in neurodegenerative disease due to their involvement in inflammatory signaling and synaptic dysfunction. The p38α kinase has shown clinical and preclinical promise as a druggable target in several neurodegenerative conditions. We report the radiosynthesis and evaluation of the first positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for imaging MAPK p38α/β through radiolabeling of the inhibitor talmapimod (SCIO-469) with carbon-11. [11C]Talmapimod was reliably synthesized by carbon-11 methylation with non-decay corrected radiochemical yields of 3.1 ± 0.7%, molar activities of 38.9 ± 13 GBq/μmol, and >95% radiochemical purity (n = 20). Preclinical PET imaging in rodents revealed a low baseline brain uptake and retention with standardized uptake values (SUV) of ∼0.2 over 90 min; however, pretreatment with the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug efflux transporter inhibitor elacridar enabled [11C]talmapimod to pass the blood-brain barrier (>1.0 SUV) with distinct sex differences in washout kinetics. Blocking studies with a structurally dissimilar p38α/β inhibitor, neflamapimod (VX-745), and displacement imaging studies with talmapimod were attempted in elacridar-pretreated rodents, but neither compound displaced radiotracer uptake in the brain of either sex. Ex vivo radiometabolite analysis revealed substantial differences in the composition of radioactive species present in blood plasma but not in brain homogenates at 40 min post radiotracer injection. Digital autoradiography in fresh-frozen rodent brain tissue confirmed that the radiotracer signal was largely non-displaceable in vitro, where self-blocking and blocking with neflamapimod marginally decreased the total signal by 12.9 ± 8.8% and 2.66 ± 2.1% in C57bl/6 healthy controls and 29.3 ± 2.7% and 26.7 ± 12% in Tg2576 rodent brains, respectively. An MDCK-MDR1 assay suggests that talmapimod is likely to suffer from drug efflux in humans as well as rodents. Future efforts should focus on radiolabeling p38 inhibitors from other structural classes to avoid P-gp efflux and non-displaceable binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chassé
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto M5T-1R8, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto M5T-1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
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Fredi BM, De Labio RW, Rasmussen LT, Chagas EFB, Chen ES, Turecki G, Smith MDAC, Payão SLM. CDK10, CDK11, FOXO1, and FOXO3 Gene Expression in Alzheimer's Disease Encephalic Samples. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01341-9. [PMID: 36988771 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder that affects different regions of the brain. Its pathophysiology includes the accumulation of β-amyloid protein, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and inflammatory processes. Genetic factors are involved in the onset of AD, but they are not fully elucidated. Identification of gene expression in encephalic tissues of patients with AD may help elucidate its development. Our objectives were to characterize and compare the gene expression of CDK10, CDK11, FOXO1, and FOXO3 in encephalic tissue samples from AD patients and elderly controls, from the auditory cortex and cerebellum. RT-qPCR was used on samples from 82 individuals (45 with AD and 37 controls). We observed a statistically significant increase in CDK10 (p = 0.029*) and CDK11 (p = 0.048*) gene expression in the AD group compared to the control, which was most evident in the cerebellum. Furthermore, the Spearman test demonstrated the presence of a positive correlation of gene expression both in the auditory cortex in the AD group (r = 0.046/p = 0.004) and control group (r = 0.454/p = 0.005); and in the cerebellum in the AD group (r = 0.654 /p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference and correlation in the gene expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3 in the AD group and the control. In conclusion, CDK10 and CDK11 have high expression in AD patients compared to control, and they present a positive correlation of gene expression in the analyzed groups and tissues, which suggests that they play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Suchi Chen
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- The Douglas-Bell Canada Brain Bank, Douglas Mental Health University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Karikari AA, Wruck W, Adjaye J. Transcriptome-based analysis of blood samples reveals elevation of DNA damage response, neutrophil degranulation, cancer and neurodegenerative pathways in Plasmodium falciparum patients. Malar J 2021; 20:383. [PMID: 34565410 PMCID: PMC8474955 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum results in severe complications including cerebral malaria (CM) especially in children. While the majority of falciparum malaria survivors make a full recovery, there are reports of some patients ending up with neurological sequelae or cognitive deficit. METHODS An analysis of pooled transcriptome data of whole blood samples derived from two studies involving various P. falciparum infections, comprising mild malaria (MM), non-cerebral severe malaria (NCM) and CM was performed. Pathways and gene ontologies (GOs) elevated in the distinct P. falciparum infections were determined. RESULTS In all, 2876 genes were expressed in common between the 3 forms of falciparum malaria, with CM having the least number of expressed genes. In contrast to other research findings, the analysis from this study showed MM share similar biological processes with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, NCM is associated with drug resistance and glutathione metabolism and CM is correlated with endocannabinoid signalling and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). GO revealed the terms biogenesis, DNA damage response and IL-10 production in MM, down-regulation of cytoskeletal organization and amyloid-beta clearance in NCM and aberrant signalling, neutrophil degranulation and gene repression in CM. Differential gene expression analysis between CM and NCM showed the up-regulation of neutrophil activation and response to herbicides, while regulation of axon diameter was down-regulated in CM. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study reveal that P. falciparum-mediated inflammatory and cellular stress mechanisms may impair brain function in MM, NCM and CM. However, the neurological deficits predominantly reported in CM cases could be attributed to the down-regulation of various genes involved in cellular function through transcriptional repression, axonal dysfunction, dysregulation of signalling pathways and neurodegeneration. It is anticipated that the data from this study, might form the basis for future hypothesis-driven malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akua A. Karikari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Baranowski BJ, Allen MD, Nyarko JN, Rector RS, Padilla J, Mousseau DD, Rau CD, Wang Y, Laughlin MH, Emter CA, MacPherson RE, Olver TD. Cerebrovascular insufficiency and amyloidogenic signaling in Ossabaw swine with cardiometabolic heart failure. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143141. [PMID: 34027891 PMCID: PMC8262360 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with heart failure (HF) frequently present with comorbidities, including obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Many patients with HF experience cardiogenic dementia, yet the pathophysiology of this disease remains poorly understood. Using a swine model of cardiometabolic HF (Western diet+aortic banding; WD-AB), we tested the hypothesis that WD-AB would promote a multidementia phenotype involving cerebrovascular dysfunction alongside evidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. The results provide evidence of cerebrovascular insufficiency coupled with neuroinflammation and amyloidosis in swine with experimental cardiometabolic HF. Although cardiac ejection fraction was normal, indices of arterial compliance and cerebral blood flow were reduced, and cerebrovascular regulation was impaired in the WD-AB group. Cerebrovascular dysfunction occurred concomitantly with increased MAPK signaling and amyloidogenic processing (i.e., increased APP, BACE1, CTF, and Aβ40 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) in the WD-AB group. Transcriptomic profiles of the stellate ganglia revealed the WD-AB group displayed an enrichment of gene networks associated with MAPK/ERK signaling, AD, frontotemporal dementia, and a number of behavioral phenotypes implicated in cognitive impairment. These provide potentially novel evidence from a swine model that cerebrovascular and neuronal pathologies likely both contribute to the dementia profile in a setting of cardiometabolic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Baranowski
- Department of Health Sciences and.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matti D Allen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Nk Nyarko
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christoph D Rau
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebecca Ek MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences and.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010159. [PMID: 33396470 PMCID: PMC7795577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The EDR peptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) has been previously established to possess neuroprotective properties. It activates gene expression and synthesis of proteins, involved in maintaining the neuronal functional activity, and reduces the intensity of their apoptosis in in vitro and in vivo studies. The EDR peptide interferes with the elimination of dendritic spines in neuronal cultures obtained from mice with Alzheimer’s (AD) and Huntington’s diseases. The tripeptide promotes the activation of the antioxidant enzyme synthesis in the culture of cerebellum neurons in rats. The EDR peptide normalizes behavioral responses in animal studies and improves memory issues in elderly patients. The purpose of this review is to analyze the molecular and genetics aspects of the EDR peptide effect on gene expression and synthesis of proteins involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The EDR peptide is assumed to enter cells and bind to histone proteins and/or ribonucleic acids. Thus, the EDR peptide can change the activity of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, the synthesis of proapoptotic proteins (caspase-3, p53), proteins of the antioxidant system (SOD2, GPX1), transcription factors PPARA, PPARG, serotonin, calmodulin. The abovementioned signaling pathway and proteins are the components of pathogenesis in AD. The EDR peptide can be AD.
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Benn CL, Dawson LA. Clinically Precedented Protein Kinases: Rationale for Their Use in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:242. [PMID: 33117143 PMCID: PMC7494159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases are an intensively studied drug target class in current pharmacological research as evidenced by the large number of kinase inhibitors being assessed in clinical trials. Kinase-targeted therapies have potential for treatment of a broad array of indications including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In addition to the many variables which contribute to identification of a successful therapeutic molecule, drug discovery for CNS-related disorders also requires significant consideration of access to the target organ and specifically crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To date, only a small number of kinase inhibitors have been reported that are specifically designed to be BBB permeable, which nonetheless demonstrates the potential for success. This review considers the potential for kinase inhibitors in the context of unmet medical need for neurodegenerative disease. A subset of kinases that have been the focus of clinical investigations over a 10-year period have been identified and discussed individually. For each kinase target, the data underpinning the validity of each in the context of neurodegenerative disease is critically evaluated. Selected molecules for each kinase are identified with information on modality, binding site and CNS penetrance, if known. Current clinical development in neurodegenerative disease are summarized. Collectively, the review indicates that kinase targets with sufficient rationale warrant careful design approaches with an emphasis on improving brain penetrance and selectivity.
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Zhang T, Pan L, Cao Y, Liu N, Wei W, Li H. Identifying the Mechanisms and Molecular Targets of Yizhiqingxin Formula on Alzheimer's Disease: Coupling Network Pharmacology with GEO Database. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2020; 13:487-502. [PMID: 33116763 PMCID: PMC7571582 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s269726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Yizhiqingxin formula (YZQX) is a promising formula for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with significant clinical effects. Here, we coupled a network pharmacology approach with the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to illustrate comprehensive mechanisms and screen for molecular targets of YZQX for AD treatment. Methods First, active ingredients of YZQX were screened for the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters. Subsequently, putative targets of active ingredients were predicted using the DrugBank database. AD-related targets were retrieved by analyzing published microarray data (accession number GSE5281). Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks of YZQX putative targets and AD-related targets were constructed visually and merged to identify candidate targets for YZQX against AD using Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. We performed gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis to further clarify the biological functions of the candidate targets. The gene-pathway network was established to filter for key target genes. Results Forty-three active ingredients were identified, and 193 putative target genes were predicted. Seven hundred and ten targets related to AD were screened with |log2 FC| > 1 and P < 0.05. Based on the PPI network, 110 target genes of YZQX against AD were identified. Moreover, 32 related pathways including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, apoptosis and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway were significantly enriched. In the gene-pathway network, MAPK1, AKT1, TP53, MDM2, EGFR, RELA, SRC, GRB2, CUL1, and MYC targets are putative core genes for YZQX in AD treatment. Conclusion YZQX against AD may exert its neuroprotective effect via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. YZQX may be a promising drug that can be used in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, ShanDong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geratology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Pan
- Department of Chinese Medicine Literature and Culture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- Geriatric Laboratory, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyang Liu
- Department of Geratology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, ShanDong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geratology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geratology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Wei TH, Hsieh CL. Effect of Acupuncture on the p38 Signaling Pathway in Several Nervous System Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4693. [PMID: 32630156 PMCID: PMC7370084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture is clinically used to treat various diseases and exerts positive local and systemic effects in several nervous system diseases. Advanced molecular and clinical studies have continually attempted to decipher the mechanisms underlying these effects of acupuncture. While a growing understanding of the pathophysiology underlying several nervous system diseases shows it to be related to inflammation and impair cell regeneration after ischemic events, the relationship between the therapeutic mechanism of acupuncture and the p38 MAPK signal pathway has yet to be elucidated. This review discusses the latest advancements in the identification of the effect of acupuncture on the p38 signaling pathway in several nervous system diseases. We electronically searched databases including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from their inception to April 2020, using the following keywords alone or in various combinations: "acupuncture", "p38 MAPK pathway", "signaling", "stress response", "inflammation", "immune", "pain", "analgesic", "cerebral ischemic injury", "epilepsy", "Alzheimer's disease", "Parkinson's disease", "dementia", "degenerative", and "homeostasis". Manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture confer positive therapeutic effects by regulating proinflammatory cytokines, ion channels, scaffold proteins, and transcription factors including TRPV1/4, Nav, BDNF, and NADMR1; consequently, p38 regulates various phenomena including cell communication, remodeling, regeneration, and gene expression. In this review article, we found the most common acupoints for the relief of nervous system disorders including GV20, GV14, ST36, ST37, and LI4. Acupuncture exhibits dual regulatory functions of activating or inhibiting different p38 MAPK pathways, contributing to an overall improvement of clinical symptoms and function in several nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsuan Wei
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Pérez-González M, Mendioroz M, Badesso S, Sucunza D, Roldan M, Espelosín M, Ursua S, Luján R, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, Garcia-Osta A. PLA2G4E, a candidate gene for resilience in Alzheimer´s disease and a new target for dementia treatment. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 191:101818. [PMID: 32380223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies revealed that some aged-individuals accumulate a significant number of histopathological Alzheimer´s disease (AD) lesions in their brain, yet without developing any signs of dementia. Animal models of AD represent suitable tools to identify genes that might promote cognitive resilience and hence, this study first set out to identify cognitively resilient individuals in the aged-Tg2576 mouse model. A transcriptomic analysis of these mice identified PLA2G4E as a gene that might confer resistance to dementia. Indeed, a significant decrease in PLA2G4E is evident in the brain of late-stage AD patients, whereas no such changes are observed in early stage patients with AD neuropathological lesions but no signs of dementia. We demonstrated that adeno-associated viral vector-mediated overexpression of PLA2G4E in hippocampal neurons completely restored cognitive deficits in elderly APP/PS1 mice, without affecting the amyloid or tau pathology. These PLA2G4E overexpressing APP/PS1 mice developed significantly more dendritic spines than sham-injected mice, coinciding with the cognitive improvement observed. Hence, these results support the idea that a loss of PLA2G4E might play a key role in the onset of dementia in AD, highlighting the potential of PLA2G4E overexpression as a novel therapeutic strategy to manage AD and other disorders that course with memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-González
- Alzheimer´s Disease, Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona, Spain; Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Badesso
- Alzheimer´s Disease, Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Sucunza
- Parkinson´s Disease, Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miren Roldan
- IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona, Spain; Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Espelosín
- Alzheimer´s Disease, Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Ursua
- Alzheimer´s Disease, Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Luján
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, Albacete, Spain
| | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Alzheimer´s Disease, Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Ana Garcia-Osta
- Alzheimer´s Disease, Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research) Pamplona, Spain.
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"Olfactory Three-Needle" Enhances Spatial Learning and Memory Ability in SAMP8 Mice. Behav Neurol 2020; 2020:2893289. [PMID: 32377265 PMCID: PMC7199563 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2893289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important therapies in complementary and alternative medicine, acupuncture has been used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Acupuncture of “olfactory three-needle” manipulation can improve the cognitive ability of AD patients. However, the mechanism of “olfactory three-needle” in AD remains largely unknown. Here, we identified that the “olfactory three-needle” therapy and eugenol olfactory stimulation both reduced the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein and increased the expression of synaptophysin (SYP), but only the “olfactory three-needle” enhanced the spatial learning and memory ability of SAMP8. Remarkably, the “olfactory three-needle” inhibited the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and the excessive activation of microglia (MG) in the hippocampus. Our study demonstrates that the “olfactory three-needle” enhances spatial learning and memory ability by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and the excessive activation of MG to reduce the neuroinflammatory response and neurotoxicity of Aβ and promote synaptic regeneration, but it was not completely consistent with the stimulation of the olfactory system.
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Ahn KC, Learman CR, Baker GB, Weaver CL, Chung PS, Kim HG, Song MS. Regulation of Diabetes: a Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease? J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e297. [PMID: 31779058 PMCID: PMC6882941 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that sporadic cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) make up more than 95% of total AD patients, and diabetes has been implicated as a strong risk factor for the development of AD. Diabetes shares pathological features of AD, such as impaired insulin signaling, increased oxidative stress, increased amyloid-beta (Aβ) production, tauopathy and cerebrovascular complication. Due to shared pathologies between the two diseases, anti-diabetic drugs may be a suitable therapeutic option for AD treatment. In this article, we will discuss the well-known pathologies of AD, including Aβ plaques and tau tangles, as well as other mechanisms shared in AD and diabetes including reactive glia and the breakdown of blood brain barrier in order to evaluate the presence of any potential, indirect or direct links of pre-diabetic conditions to AD pathology. In addition, clinical evidence of high incidence of diabetic patients to the development of AD are described together with application of anti-diabetic medications to AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Chan Ahn
- NeuroVIS, Cheonan, Korea
- EnviroBrain, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cameron R Learman
- Chapman University Physician Assistant Studies Program, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Glen B Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurochemical Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charles L Weaver
- Department of Health Sciences, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI, USA
| | - Phil Sang Chung
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Faculty of Medical School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyung Gun Kim
- NeuroVIS, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Mee Sook Song
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Faculty of Medical School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea.
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Beta-Amyloid Increases the Expression Levels of Tid1 Responsible for Neuronal Cell Death and Amyloid Beta Production. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:1099-1114. [PMID: 31686372 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress play important roles in the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which also involves the aberrant expression levels of mitochondrial proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression levels of these proteins in the pathogenesis of AD are still not completely understood. Tid1 (DnaJA3/mtHsp40), a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila tumor suppressor Tid56, is reported to induce mitochondrial fragmentation associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, resulting in cell death in some cancer cells. However, the involvement of Tid1 in AD pathogenesis is as yet unknown. In this study, we found that the Tid1 protein levels were upregulated in the hippocampus of AD patients and Tg2576 mice. Our in vitro studies showed that Aβ42 increased the expression levels of Tid1 in primary rat cortical neurons. The knockdown of Tid1 protected against neuronal cell death induced by Aβ42, and Tid1-mediated neuronal cell death, was dependent on the increased ROS generation and caspase-3 activity. The overexpression of Tid1 in HEK293-APP cells increased the BACE1 levels, resulting in increased Aβ production. Conversely, Tid1 knockdown in HEK293-APP cells and primary cultured neurons decreased Aβ production through the reduction in the BACE1 levels. We also found that the overexpression of Tid1 activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) leading to increased Aβ production. Taken together, our results suggest that upregulated Tid1 levels in the hippocampus of patients with AD and Tg2576 mice induce apoptosis and increase Aβ production, and Tid1 may therefore be a suitable target in therapeutic interventions for AD.
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14
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Tan C, Dong Y, Wang J, Yang X. Vanadyl acetylacetonate attenuates Aβ pathogenesis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice depending on the intervention stage. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
VAC treatment caused different Grp75 responses before and after Aβ plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Tan
- The State Key Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yaqiong Dong
- The State Key Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Jing Wang
- The State Key Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xiaoda Yang
- The State Key Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
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15
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Baranowski BJ, Bott KN, MacPherson REK. Evaluation of neuropathological effects of a high-fat high-sucrose diet in middle-aged male C57BL6/J mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13729. [PMID: 29890051 PMCID: PMC5995310 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction related to diet-induced obesity has recently been linked to the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms linking obesity and AD remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine early alterations in brain insulin signaling, inflammatory/stress markers, and energetic stress in a model of diet-induced obesity during middle age. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomized to either a control diet (AGE n = 12) or high-fat and sucrose diet (AGE-HFS n = 12) for 13-weeks from 20-weeks of age. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampal samples were collected at 20-weeks of age (BSL n = 11) and at 33-weeks of age (AGE and AGE-HFS). The HFS diet resulted in increased body weight (30%; P = 0.0001), increased %fat mass (28%; P = 0.0001), and decreased %lean mass (33%; P = 0.0001) compared to aged controls. In the prefrontal cortex, AGE-HFS resulted in increased 5' adenosine monophosphate - activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation (P = 0.045). In the hippocampus, AGE-HFS resulted in increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and protein kinase B (Akt) serine473 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) phosphorylation (P < 0.05). Results from this study demonstrate that aging combined with a HFS diet results in increased inflammation (pERK and pJNK) and energetic stress (pAMPK) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, respectively. Together these novel results provide important information for future targets in early AD pathogenesis.
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16
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Ferrer I. Sisyphus in Neverland. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:1023-1047. [PMID: 29154280 PMCID: PMC5870014 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of life and living organisms and the way in which these interact and organize to form social communities have been central to my career. I have been fascinated by biology, neurology, and neuropathology, but also by history, sociology, and art. Certain current historical, political, and social events, some occurring proximally but others affecting people in apparently distant places, have had an impact on me. Epicurus, Seneca, and Camus shared their philosophical positions which I learned from. Many scientists from various disciplines have been exciting sources of knowledge as well. I have created a world of hypothesis and experiments but I have also got carried away by serendipity following unexpected observations. It has not been an easy path; errors and wanderings are not uncommon, and opponents close to home much more abundant than one might imagine. Ambition, imagination, resilience, and endurance have been useful in moving ahead in response to setbacks. In the end, I have enjoyed my dedication to science and I am grateful to have glimpsed beauty in it. These are brief memories of a Spanish neuropathologist born and raised in Barcelona, EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona; Service of Pathological Anatomy, Bellvitge University Hospital; CIBERNED; Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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JNK inhibitor alleviates apoptosis of fetal neural stem cells induced by emulsified isoflurane. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94009-94019. [PMID: 29212205 PMCID: PMC5706851 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane can provide both neuroprotection and neurotoxicity in various culture models and in rodent developing brains. Emulsified Isoflurane (EI) is an emulsion formulation of isoflurane, while its underlying molecular mechanism of developemental nerve toxicity largely remains unclear. We hypothesized that EI induced fetal neural stem cells (FNSCs) apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. FNSCs were isolated from the cortex of SD rats during 14 days of gestation. The cell viability, cell apoptotic rates and the expression of apoptosis-related protein Caspase3, inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Bax, Bcl-2, JNK, p-JNK and XBP1 were determined. Specific inhibition was performed by siRNA-targeting of JNK in FNSCs. EI could increase the p-JNK, JNK and caspase3 protein expression, the JNK pathway was activated by EI, and EI-induced apoptosis was blocked by inhibiting JNK pathway with SP600125 or JNK-small interfering RNA (siRNA), EI enhanced the level of IRE1, PARP, Bax/Bcl-2 and XBP1, which led FNSCs to apoptosis and ER stress. Meanwhile, dilatation of the ER lumens in FNSCs treated by EI for 24 h was significant. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive cell ratios were significantly decreased by FNSCs transfecting with JNK gene silencing. JNK was efficiently silenced in siRNA-JNK1 group. The results provided in-vitro evidence which supports that the underlying mechanisms of EI-induced apoptosis are the induction of ER stress and sequent JNK activation. Together, these data suggest that JNK inhibiting might be applied for improving therapeutic outcomes in anesthestics-induced neurotoxicity. Highlights: 1. Prolonged treatment with high-dose EI decreased the survival level of FNSCs by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation via the JNK signaling pathway. 2. EI induced ER stress and sequent JNK activation. 3. JNK inhibiting might be applied for improving therapeutic outcomes in anesthestics-induced neurotoxicity
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18
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Ferrero K, Silver M, Cocchetto A, Masliah E, Langford D. CNS findings in chronic fatigue syndrome and a neuropathological case report. J Investig Med 2017; 65:974-983. [PMID: 28386034 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized as a persistent, debilitating complex disorder of unknown etiology, whereby patients suffer from extreme fatigue, which often presents with symptoms that include chronic pain, depression, weakness, mood disturbances, and neuropsychological impairment. In this mini review and case report, we address central nervous system (CNS) involvement of CFS and present neuropathological autopsy findings from a patient who died with a prior diagnosis of CFS. Among the most remarkable pathological features of the case are focal areas of white matter loss, neurite beading, and neuritic pathology of axons in the white matter with axonal spheroids. Atypical neurons displaying aberrant sprouting processes in response to injury are observed throughout cortical gray and white matter. Abundant amyloid deposits identical to AD plaques with accompanying intracellular granular structures are observed as well. Neurofibrillary tangles are also present in the white matter of the frontal cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia. Taken together, these neuropathological findings warrant further studies into CNS disease associated with CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Ferrero
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mitchell Silver
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- State University of New York at Alfred, Engineering Technologies, Alfred, New York, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dianne Langford
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Zhou Q, Wang M, Du Y, Zhang W, Bai M, Zhang Z, Li Z, Miao J. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation reverses Alzheimer disease phenotypes in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Ann Neurol 2015; 77:637-54. [PMID: 25611954 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growing evidence indicates that the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is implicated in the multiple major pathological features of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, whether specific inhibition of JNK activation could prevent disease progression in adult transgenic AD models at moderate stage remains unknown. Here we first investigated the potential disease-modifying therapeutic effect of systemic administration of SP600125, a small-molecule JNK-specific inhibitor, in middle-aged APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. METHODS Using behavioral, histological, and biochemical methods, outcomes of SP600125 treatment on neuropathology and cognitive deficits were studied in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. RESULTS Compared with vehicle-treated APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, chronic treatment of SP600125 for 12 weeks potently inhibited JNK activation, which resulted in a marked improvement of behavioral measures of cognitive deficits and a dramatic reduction in amyloid plaque burden, β-amyloid production, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammatory responses, and synaptic loss in these transgenic animals. In particular, we found that SP600125 treatment strongly promoted nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and inhibited amyloidogenic APP processing via regulating APP-cleavage secretase expression (ie, ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1) in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate that chronic SP600125 treatment is powerfully effective in slowing down disease progression by markedly reducing multiple pathological features and ameliorating cognitive deficits associated with AD. This study highlights the concept that active JNK actually contributes to the development of the disease, and provides critical preclinical evidence that specific inhibition of JNK activation by SP600125 treatment may be a novel promising disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Guglielmotto M, Monteleone D, Piras A, Valsecchi V, Tropiano M, Ariano S, Fornaro M, Vercelli A, Puyal J, Arancio O, Tabaton M, Tamagno E. Aβ1-42 monomers or oligomers have different effects on autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy 2014; 10:1827-43. [PMID: 25136804 DOI: 10.4161/auto.30001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy and its relationship with apoptosis in Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis is poorly understood. Disruption of autophagy leads to buildup of incompletely digested substrates, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide accumulation in vacuoles and cell death. Aβ, in turn, has been found to affect autophagy. Thus, Aβ might be part of a loop in which it is both the substrate of altered autophagy and its cause. Given the relevance of different soluble forms of Aβ1-42 in AD, we have investigated whether monomers and oligomers of the peptide have a differential role in causing altered autophagy and cell death. Using differentiated SK-N-BE neuroblastoma cells, we found that monomers hamper the formation of the autophagic BCL2-BECN1/Beclin 1 complex and activate the MAPK8/JNK1-MAPK9/JNK2 pathway phosphorylating BCL2. Monomers also inhibit apoptosis and allow autophagy with intracellular accumulation of autophagosomes and elevation of levels of BECN1 and LC3-II, resulting in an inhibition of substrate degradation due to an inhibitory action on lysosomal activity. Oligomers, in turn, favor the formation of the BCL2-BECN1 complex favoring apoptosis. In addition, they cause a less profound increase in BECN1 and LC3-II levels than monomers without affecting the autophagic flux. Thus, data presented in this work show a link for autophagy and apoptosis with monomers and oligomers, respectively. These studies are likely to help the design of novel disease modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Guglielmotto
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Torino, Italy
| | - Debora Monteleone
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Piras
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Tropiano
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Ariano
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Torino; Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Torino, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Torino, Italy
| | - Julien Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery; Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; Columbia University; New York, NY USA
| | - Massimo Tabaton
- Department of Internal Medicine; Unit of Geriatric Medicine; University of Genoa; Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Tamagno
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Torino; Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO); University of Torino; Torino, Italy
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21
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Ghasemi R, Zarifkar A, Rastegar K, maghsoudi N, Moosavi M. Insulin protects against Aβ-induced spatial memory impairment, hippocampal apoptosis and MAPKs signaling disruption. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:113-20. [PMID: 24881967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular deposits of beta amyloid (Aβ) and neuronal loss particularly in the hippocampus. Accumulating evidences have implied that insulin signaling impairment plays a key role in the pathology of AD; as much as it is considered as type 3 Diabetes. MAPKs are a group of signaling molecules which are involved in pathobiology of AD. Therefore this study was designed to investigate if intrahippocampal insulin hinders Aβ-related memory deterioration, hippocampal apoptosis and MAPKs signaling alteration induced by Aβ. Adult male Sprague-Dawely rats weighing 250-300 g were used in this study. The canules were implanted bilaterally into CA1 region. Aβ25-35 was administered during first 4 days after surgery (5 μg/2.5 μL/daily). Insulin treatment (0.5 or 6 mU) was done during days 4-9. The animal's learning and memory capability was assessed on days 10-13 using Morris water maze. After finishing of behavioral studies the hippocampi was isolated and the amount of hippocampal cleaved caspase 3 (the landmark of apoptosis) and the phosphorylated (activated) forms of P38, JNK and ERK was analyzed by western blot. The results showed that insulin in 6 but not 0.5 mU reversed the memory loss induced by Aβ25-35. Western blot analysis revealed that Aβ25-35 induced elevation of caspase-3 and all 3 MAPks subfamily activity, while insulin in 6 mu restored ERK and P38 activation but has no effect on JNK. This study disclosed that intrahippocampal insulin treatment averts not only Aβ-induced memory deterioration but also hippocampal caspase-3, ERK and P38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology and Shiraz Neuroscience Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Department of Physiology and Shiraz Neuroscience Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Karim Rastegar
- Department of Physiology and Shiraz Neuroscience Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader maghsoudi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Moosavi
- Department of Physiology and Shiraz Neuroscience Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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22
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Role of methylglyoxal in Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:238485. [PMID: 24734229 PMCID: PMC3966409 DOI: 10.1155/2014/238485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common and lethal neurodegenerative disorder. The major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease are extracellular aggregation of amyloid β peptides and, the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by precipitation/aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The etiology of Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial and a full understanding of its pathogenesis remains elusive. Some years ago, it has been suggested that glycation may contribute to both extensive protein cross-linking and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Glycation is an endogenous process that leads to the production of a class of compounds known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Interestingly, increased levels of AGEs have been observed in brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Methylglyoxal, a reactive intermediate of cellular metabolism, is the most potent precursor of AGEs and is strictly correlated with an increase of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Many studies are showing that methylglyoxal and methylglyoxal-derived AGEs play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Solas M, Aisa B, Tordera RM, Mugueta MC, Ramírez MJ. Stress contributes to the development of central insulin resistance during aging: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2332-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin, an Inflammatory Protein Overexpressed in the Brains of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease, Induces Tau Hyperphosphorylation through c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activation. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 2013:606083. [PMID: 24175110 PMCID: PMC3794555 DOI: 10.1155/2013/606083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of inflammatory proteins with neuritic plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has led to the hypothesis that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of pathology in AD. Earlier studies have shown that alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) enhances amyloid beta fibrillization and accelerated plaque formation in APP transgenic mice. Later studies from our laboratory have shown that purified ACT induces tau hyperphosphorylation and degeneration in neurons. In order to understand the mechanisms by which inflammatory proteins enhance tau hyperphosphorylation, we injected interleukin-1β (IL-1β) intracerebroventricularly into mice expressing human ACT, human tau, or both transgenes. It was found that the hyperphosphorylation of tau in ACT and ACT/htau mice after IL-1β injection correlated with increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We verified the involvement of JNK in ACT-induced tau phosphorylation by utilizing JNK inhibitors in cultured primary neurons treated with ACT, and we found that the inhibitor showed complete prevention of ACT-induced tau phosphorylation. These results indicate that JNK is one of the major kinases involved in the ACT-mediated tau hyperphosphorylation and suggest that inhibitors of this kinase may protect against inflammation-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration associated with AD.
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25
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Lương KVQ, Nguyen LTH. The role of Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers in Alzheimer's disease: potential genetic and cellular signaling mechanisms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:427-39. [PMID: 23689075 PMCID: PMC10852699 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513488924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to genetic studies, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade through numerous factors, including human leukocyte antigen genes, the renin-angiotensin system, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade is also implicated in AD due to its effects on matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may also have a significant role in AD, although the role is controversial. Behavioral symptoms, sex, or genetic factors, including Beta 2-adrenergic receptor variants, apolipoprotein E, and cytochrome P450 CYP2D6, may contribute to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade modulation in AD. Thus, the characterization of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in patients with AD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh vinh quoc Lương
- Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, California, CA 92683, USA.
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26
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Tamagno E, Guglielmotto M, Monteleone D, Vercelli A, Tabaton M. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of β-secretase. IUBMB Life 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Aso E, Lomoio S, López‐González I, Joda L, Carmona M, Fernández‐Yagüe N, Moreno J, Juvés S, Pujol A, Pamplona R, Portero‐Otin M, Martín V, Díaz M, Ferrer I. Amyloid generation and dysfunctional immunoproteasome activation with disease progression in animal model of familial Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2012; 22:636-53. [PMID: 22188425 PMCID: PMC8057644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-transgenic amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice express a chimeric mouse/human APP bearing the Swedish mutation (Mo/HuAPP695swe) and a mutant human PS1-dE9 both causative of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Transgenic mice show impaired memory and learning performance from the age of 6 months onwards. Double-transgenic APP/PS1 mice express altered APP and PS1 mRNAs and proteins, reduced β-secretase 1 (BACE1) mRNA and normal BACE1 protein, all of which suggest a particular mechanism of amyloidogenesis when compared with sporadic AD. The first β-amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 mice appear at 3 months, and they increase in number and distribution with disease progression in parallel with increased levels of brain soluble β-amyloid 1-42 and 1-40, but also with reduced 1-42/1-40 ratio with age. Amyloid deposition in plaques is accompanied by altered mitochondria and increased oxidative damage, post-translational modifications and accumulation of altered proteins at the dystrophic neurites surrounding plaques. Degradation pathways are also modified with disease progression including activation of the immunoproteasome together with variable alterations of the different protease activities of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Present observations show modifications in the production of β-amyloid and activation and malfunction of the subcellular degradation pathways that have general implications in the pathogenesis of AD and more particularly in specificities of FAD amyloidogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Alzheimer Disease/complications
- Alzheimer Disease/genetics
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Animals
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/genetics
- Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Avoidance Learning/physiology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/ultrastructure
- Cognition Disorders/etiology
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Mutation/genetics
- Neuropsychological Tests
- Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism
- Plaque, Amyloid/pathology
- Plaque, Amyloid/ultrastructure
- Presenilin-1/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recognition, Psychology/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase-1
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/metabolism
- alpha-Synuclein/metabolism
- tau Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Aso
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Selene Lomoio
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene López‐González
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Joda
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Fernández‐Yagüe
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Moreno
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Juvés
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Centre de Genètica Mèdica i Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Departament de Medicina Experimental, Universitat de Lleida‐IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero‐Otin
- Departament de Medicina Experimental, Universitat de Lleida‐IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Virginia Martín
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biofísica de Membranas, Departamento de Biología Animal e Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biofísica de Membranas, Departamento de Biología Animal e Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL‐Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
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Ferrer I. Defining Alzheimer as a common age-related neurodegenerative process not inevitably leading to dementia. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sclip A, Antoniou X, Colombo A, Camici GG, Pozzi L, Cardinetti D, Feligioni M, Veglianese P, Bahlmann FH, Cervo L, Balducci C, Costa C, Tozzi A, Calabresi P, Forloni G, Borsello T. c-Jun N-terminal kinase regulates soluble Aβ oligomers and cognitive impairment in AD mouse model. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43871-43880. [PMID: 22033930 PMCID: PMC3243502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.297515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment that starts with memory loss to end in dementia. Loss of synapses and synaptic dysfunction are closely associated with cognitive impairment in AD patients. Biochemical and pathological evidence suggests that soluble Aβ oligomers correlate with cognitive impairment. Here, we used the TgCRND8 AD mouse model to investigate the role of JNK in long term memory deficits. TgCRND8 mice were chronically treated with the cell-penetrating c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor peptide (D-JNKI1). D-JNKI1, preventing JNK action, completely rescued memory impairments (behavioral studies) as well as the long term potentiation deficits of TgCRND8 mice. Moreover, D-JNKI1 inhibited APP phosphorylation in Thr-668 and reduced the amyloidogenic cleavage of APP and Aβ oligomers in brain parenchyma of treated mice. In conclusion, by regulating key pathogenic mechanisms of AD, JNK might hold promise as innovative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sclip
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Xanthi Antoniou
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Alessio Colombo
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Laura Pozzi
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Daniele Cardinetti
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Marco Feligioni
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Ferdinand H Bahlmann
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Saarland University Medical Centre, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Luigi Cervo
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Clinica Neurologica Division, Università di Perugia, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia 06156, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Clinica Neurologica Division, Università di Perugia, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia 06156, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica Division, Università di Perugia, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia 06156, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano 20156, Italy.
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Nonfibrillar Abeta 1-42 inhibits glutamate uptake and phosphorylates p38 in human fibroblasts. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2011; 25:164-72. [PMID: 20921877 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e3181f9860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by an increased deposition of β-amyloid (Abeta) within the central nervous system, leading to neuronal death. The availability of effective models, in which confirming novel pathogenic hypotheses and developing therapeutic targets, represents a very important goal for the field of AD. Fibroblasts from these patients may be relevant models in which addressing these issues, as they display biochemical alterations mirroring SNC ones. In this work, fibroblasts obtained from controls were studied after exposure to nonfibrillar Abeta 1-42, showing decreased glutamate uptake, similar to that observed in AD cells, in absence of transporters modifications. Nonfibrillar Abeta 1-42 was able to induce in control cells mitochondrial alterations and p38-phosphorylation, mirroring similar alterations found in AD fibroblasts. Under our experimental conditions, this treatment induced neither apoptosis nor necrosis. To investigate a putative role of p38-modulation in mediating nonfibrillar Abeta 1-42 toxicity, fibroblasts from controls were pretreated with retinoic-acid, and SB203580, a p38-inhibitor. These pretreatments prevented both p38-phosphorylation and glutamate uptake inhibition. Our results suggest that nonfibrillar Abeta 1-42 downregulates glutamate transporters activity interfering with p38-activation and mitochondrial stress. Thus, modulating complex kinase signaling pathway might represent a future therapeutic target in AD.
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Amyloid-β Production: Major Link Between Oxidative Stress and BACE1. Neurotox Res 2011; 22:208-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Simpson JE, Ince PG, Shaw PJ, Heath PR, Raman R, Garwood CJ, Gelsthorpe C, Baxter L, Forster G, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Wharton SB. Microarray analysis of the astrocyte transcriptome in the aging brain: relationship to Alzheimer's pathology and APOE genotype. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:1795-807. [PMID: 21705112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to a variety of functions in the brain, including homeostasis, synapse formation, plasticity, and metabolism. Astrocyte dysfunction may disrupt their normal role, including neuronal support, thereby contributing to neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To understand the role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of age-related disorders, we isolated astrocytes by laser capture microdissection, using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as a marker, and characterized the astrocyte transcriptome at different Braak neurofibrillary tangle stages in postmortem temporal cortex samples derived from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS) cohort, using microarray analysis. The largest number of significant, differentially expressed genes were identified when the expression profile of astrocytes from isocortical stages of neurofibrillary tangle pathology (Braak stages V-VI) were compared with entorhinal stages (Braak stages I-II). Dysregulation of genes associated with the actin cytoskeleton, proliferation, apoptosis, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis occurred at low Braak stages, while altered regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, including insulin, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were primarily associated with high levels of Alzheimer-type pathology, and occurred at lower Braak stages in individuals with the APOEε4 allele. Our findings implicate astrocyte dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative pathology in the aging brain, and provide a basis for future candidate studies based on specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Simpson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Lu TH, Hsieh SY, Yen CC, Wu HC, Chen KL, Hung DZ, Chen CH, Wu CC, Su YC, Chen YW, Liu SH, Huang CF. Involvement of oxidative stress-mediated ERK1/2 and p38 activation regulated mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signals in methylmercury-induced neuronal cell injury. Toxicol Lett 2011; 204:71-80. [PMID: 21549813 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is well-known for causing irreversible damage in the central nervous system as well as a risk factor for inducing neuronal degeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms of MeHg-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects and possible mechanisms of MeHg in the mouse cerebrum (in vivo) and in cultured Neuro-2a cells (in vitro). In vivo study showed that the levels of LPO in the plasma and cerebral cortex significantly increased after administration of MeHg (50μg/kg/day) for 7 consecutive weeks. MeHg could also decrease glutathione level and increase the expressions of caspase-3, -7, and -9, accompanied by Bcl-2 down-regulation and up-regulation of Bax, Bak, and p53. Moreover, treatment of Neuro-2a cells with MeHg significantly reduced cell viability, increased oxidative stress damage, and induced several features of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signals, including increased sub-G1 hypodiploids, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and the activation of PARP, and caspase cascades. These MeHg-induced apoptotic-related signals could be remarkably reversed by antioxidant NAC. MeHg also increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, but not JNK. Pharmacological inhibitors NAC, PD98059, and SB203580 attenuated MeHg-induced cytotoxicity, ERK1/2 and p38 activation, MMP loss, and caspase-3 activation in Neuro-2a cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the signals of ROS-mediated ERK1/2 and p38 activation regulated mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways that are involved in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Hui Lu
- Graduate Institute of Drug Safety, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Chlan-Fourney J, Zhao T, Walz W, Mousseau DD. The increased density of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-immunoreactive microglia in the sensorimotor cortex of aged TgCRND8 mice is associated predominantly with smaller dense-core amyloid plaques. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1433-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Smith KDB, Paylor R, Pautler RG. R-flurbiprofen improves axonal transport in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease as determined by MEMRI. Magn Reson Med 2010; 65:1423-9. [PMID: 21500269 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Axonal pathology is a prevalent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is thought to occur predominantly due to the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ). However, it remains unclear whether therapeutics geared toward reducing Aβ improves axonal deficits. We have previously used Manganese Enhanced MRI to demonstrate that axonal transport deficits occur before plaque formation in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Here we tested whether axonal transport deficits in the Tg2576 mouse model improve in response to the Aβ42 selective lowering agent R-Flurbiprofen (R-F). We demonstrated that in young animals (before Aβ plaque formation), R-F treatment reduced Aβ42 levels and coincided with a significant improvement in axonal transport (P = 0.0186). However, in older animals (after plaque formation had occurred), we observed that R-F treatment did not reduce Aβ42 levels although we still observed a significant improvement in axonal transport as assessed with MEMRI (P = 0.0329). We then determined that R-F treatment reduced tau hyper-phosphorylation in the older animals. These data indicate that both Aβ42 and tau comprise a role in axonal transport rate deficits in the Tg2576 model of Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D B Smith
- Dept. Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
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Insulin deficiency exacerbates cerebral amyloidosis and behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse model. Mol Neurodegener 2010; 5:46. [PMID: 21044348 PMCID: PMC2987993 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-5-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although increasing evidence has indicated that brain insulin dysfunction is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), the underlying mechanisms by which insulin deficiency may impact the development of AD are still obscure. Using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced insulin deficient diabetic AD transgenic mouse model, we evaluated the effect of insulin deficiency on AD-like behavior and neuropathology. Results Our data showed that administration of STZ increased the level of blood glucose and reduced the level of serum insulin, and further decreased the phosphorylation levels of insulin receptors, and increased the activities of glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the APP/PS1 mouse brain. We further showed that STZ treatment promoted the processing of amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein resulting in increased Aβ generation, neuritic plaque formation, and spatial memory deficits in transgenic mice. Conclusions Our present data indicate that there is a close link between insulin deficient diabetes and cerebral amyloidosis in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Smith KDB, Peethumnongsin E, Lin H, Zheng H, Pautler RG. Increased Human Wildtype Tau Attenuates Axonal Transport Deficits Caused by Loss of APP in Mouse Models. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2010; 4:11-18. [PMID: 20798780 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s5237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is implicated in axonal elongation, synaptic plasticity, and axonal transport. However, the role of APP on axonal transport in conjunction with the microtubule associated protein tau continues to be debated. Here we measured in vivo axonal transport in APP knockout mice with Manganese Enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to determine whether APP is necessary for maintaining normal axonal transport. We also tested how overexpression and mutations of tau affect axonal transport in the presence or absence of APP. In vivo axonal transport reduced significantly in the absence of functional APP. Overexpression of human wildtype tau maintained normal axonal transport and resulted in a transient compensation of axonal transport deficits in the absence of APP. Mutant R406Wtau in combination with the absence of APP compounded axonal transport deficits and these deficits persisted with age. These results indicate that APP is necessary for axonal transport, and overexpression of human wildtype tau can compensate for the absence of APP at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D B Smith
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Inhibition of c-Jun kinase provides neuroprotection in a model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:311-7. [PMID: 20451607 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway potentially links together the three major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD): development of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain atrophy. As activation of the JNK pathway has been observed in amyloid models of AD in association with peri-plaque regions and neuritic dystrophy, as we confirm here for Tg2576/PS(M146L) transgenic mice, we directly tested whether JNK inhibition could provide neuroprotection in a novel brain slice model for amyloid precursor protein (APP)-induced neurodegeneration. We found that APP/amyloid beta (Abeta)-induced neurodegeneration is blocked by both small molecule and peptide inhibitors of JNK, and provide evidence that this neuroprotection occurs downstream of APP/Abeta production and processing. Our findings demonstrate that Abeta can induce neurodegeneration, at least in part, through the JNK pathway and suggest that inhibition of JNK may be of therapeutic utility in the treatment of AD.
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Pathological roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1521] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Das A, McDowell M, Pava MJ, Smith JA, Reiter RJ, Woodward JJ, Varma AK, Ray SK, Banik NL. The inhibition of apoptosis by melatonin in VSC4.1 motoneurons exposed to oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, or TNF-alpha toxicity involves membrane melatonin receptors. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:157-69. [PMID: 20082663 PMCID: PMC2862889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Loss of motoneurons may underlie some of the deficits in motor function associated with the central nervous system (CNS) injuries and diseases. We tested whether melatonin, a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger, would prevent motoneuron apoptosis following exposure to toxins and whether this neuroprotection is mediated by melatonin receptors. Exposure of VSC4.1 motoneurons to either 50 microm H(2)O(2), 25 microm glutamate (LGA), or 50 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) for 24 h caused significant increases in apoptosis, as determined by Wright staining and ApopTag assay. Analyses of mRNA and proteins showed increased expression and activities of stress kinases and cysteine proteases and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential during apoptosis. These insults also caused increases in intracellular free [Ca(2+)] and activities of calpain and caspases. Cells exposed to stress stimuli for 15 min were then treated with 200 nm melatonin. Post-treatment of cells with melatonin attenuated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of p38, MAPK, and JNK1, prevented cell death, and maintained whole-cell membrane potential, indicating functional neuroprotection. Melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) were upregulated following treatment with melatonin. To confirm the involvement of MT1 and MT2 in providing neuroprotection, cells were post-treated (20 min) with 10 microm luzindole (melatonin receptor antagonist). Luzindole significantly attenuated melatonin-induced neuroprotection, suggesting that melatonin worked, at least in part, via its receptors to prevent VSC4.1 motoneuron apoptosis. Results suggest that neuroprotection rendered by melatonin to motoneurons is receptor mediated and melatonin may be an effective neuroprotective agent to attenuate motoneuron death in CNS injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurosciences (Division of Neurology), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Misty McDowell
- Department of Neurosciences (Division of Neurology), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Matthew J Pava
- Department of Neurosciences (Division of Neurology), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - John J. Woodward
- Department of Neurosciences (Division of Neurology), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Abhay K. Varma
- Department of Neurosciences (Division of Neurology), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences (Division of Neurology), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Correspondence to: Naren L. Banik, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425. Phone: (843) 792-8570; Fax: (843) 792-8626; Naren L. Banik ()
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Tamagno E, Guglielmotto M, Giliberto L, Vitali A, Borghi R, Autelli R, Danni O, Tabaton M. JNK and ERK1/2 pathways have a dual opposite effect on the expression of BACE1. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:1563-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Vogel J, Anand VS, Ludwig B, Nawoschik S, Dunlop J, Braithwaite SP. The JNK pathway amplifies and drives subcellular changes in tau phosphorylation. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57:539-50. [PMID: 19628001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau are a major hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease. This phosphorylated tau may be a root cause of the disorder and therefore understanding its regulation is important for therapeutic intervention. To model this pathology, Okadaic acid (OA) has been used in primary cultured hippocampal neurons to investigate effects on tau, and the role of the JNK pathway in tau phosphorylation. The use of high content screening has allowed us to quantitatively assess the profound spatiotemporal profile of these proteins, finding dramatic and inhibitable changes. Furthermore, in vitro phosphorylation experiments show that the JNK3 isoform, which is predominantly expressed in the brain, can strongly autophosphorylate itself. This has profound implications on the importance of JNK3 in the CNS and its ability to sustain signaling both towards tau and other apoptotic targets. Together these data provide novel insights into the JNK pathway and a high resolution perspective on how this pathway influences tau phosphorylation and dynamics in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vogel
- Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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Ma QL, Yang F, Rosario ER, Ubeda OJ, Beech W, Gant DJ, Chen PP, Hudspeth B, Chen C, Zhao Y, Vinters HV, Frautschy SA, Cole GM. Beta-amyloid oligomers induce phosphorylation of tau and inactivation of insulin receptor substrate via c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling: suppression by omega-3 fatty acids and curcumin. J Neurosci 2009; 29:9078-89. [PMID: 19605645 PMCID: PMC3849615 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1071-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both insulin resistance (type II diabetes) and beta-amyloid (Abeta) oligomers are implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigate the role of Abeta oligomer-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation leading to phosphorylation and degradation of the adaptor protein insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). IRS-1 couples insulin and other trophic factor receptors to downstream kinases and neuroprotective signaling. Increased phospho-IRS-1 is found in AD brain and insulin-resistant tissues from diabetics. Here, we report Abeta oligomers significantly increased active JNK and phosphorylation of IRS-1 (Ser616) and tau (Ser422) in cultured hippocampal neurons, whereas JNK inhibition blocked these responses. The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) similarly inhibited JNK and the phosphorylation of IRS-1 and tau in cultured hippocampal neurons. Feeding 3xTg-AD transgenic mice a diet high in saturated and omega-6 fat increased active JNK and phosphorylated IRS-1 and tau. Treatment of the 3xTg-AD mice on high-fat diet with fish oil or curcumin or a combination of both for 4 months reduced phosphorylated JNK, IRS-1, and tau and prevented the degradation of total IRS-1. This was accompanied by improvement in Y-maze performance. Mice fed with fish oil and curcumin for 1 month had more significant effects on Y-maze, and the combination showed more significant inhibition of JNK, IRS-1, and tau phosphorylation. These data indicate JNK mediates Abeta oligomer inactivation of IRS-1 and phospho-tau pathology and that dietary treatment with fish oil/DHA, curcumin, or a combination of both has the potential to improve insulin/trophic signaling and cognitive deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Lan Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Pérez M, Morán MA, Ferrer I, Avila J, Gómez-Ramos P. Phosphorylated tau in neuritic plaques of APP(sw)/Tau (vlw) transgenic mice and Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:409-18. [PMID: 18679696 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that double-transgenic APP(SW)/Tau(VLW) mice show enhanced amyloid deposition, stronger tau hyperphosphorylation, increased sarkosyl tau polymers, and wider tau filaments when compared to simple mutant models. To validate these transgenic mice as models of Alzheimer disease pathology, in the present study we analyze tau phosphorylation at 12E8 and AT-8 epitopes in amyloid plaques. In APP(SW) mice, phospho-tau in plaque-associated neurites suggests a local direct effect of plaque-amyloid (and/or APP(SW)) on tau phosphorylation. In vitro, attempts to identify which kinases are induced by fibrillar amyloid reveal to Protein Kinase C as responsible for phosphorylation at the 12E8 epitope. Tau(VLW) mice, without plaques, show increased tau phosphorylation at the 12E8 epitope, particularly in pyramidal neurons. APP(SW)/Tau(VLW) mice show earlier and stronger 12E8 tau phosphorylation. Ultrastructurally, the same two types of neurites are found in plaques from APP(SW)/Tau(VLW) and Alzheimer disease (AD) brains: (a) dystrophic giant neurites filled with degenerating organelles and/or phospho-tau-positive filaments and (b) non-dystrophic phospho-tau-positive small punctiform neurites. Both types of plaque-associated neurites are AT-8 positive in APP(SW)/Tau(VLW) mice and AD, but 12E8-positive dystrophic neurites are only detected in AD. We conclude that the simultaneous presence of human mutated Tau(VLW) and plaque-amyloid (and/or APP(SW)) potentiates and anticipates tau phosphorylation at the 12E8 epitope, intensifying pyramidal neuron immunostaining and tau filament formation in this double-transgenic model. Thus, the APP(SW)/Tau(VLW) mouse is a useful model to study neuritic plaques, since they reproduce most of the characteristics that these structures have in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo s/n, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Tsirigotis M, Baldwin RM, Tang MY, Lorimer IAJ, Gray DA. Activation of p38MAPK contributes to expanded polyglutamine-induced cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2130. [PMID: 18461158 PMCID: PMC2330164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The signaling pathways that may modulate the pathogenesis of diseases induced by expanded polyglutamine proteins are not well understood. Methodologies/Principal Findings Herein we demonstrate that expanded polyglutamine protein cytotoxicity is mediated primarily through activation of p38MAPK and that the atypical PKC iota (PKCι) enzyme antagonizes polyglutamine-induced cell death through induction of the ERK signaling pathway. We show that pharmacological blockade of p38MAPK rescues cells from polyglutamine-induced cell death whereas inhibition of ERK recapitulates the sensitivity observed in cells depleted of PKCι by RNA interference. We provide evidence that two unrelated proteins with expanded polyglutamine repeats induce p38MAPK in cultured cells, and demonstrate induction of p38MAPK in an in vivo model of neurodegeneration (spinocerebellar ataxia 1, or SCA-1). Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our data implicate activated p38MAPK in disease progression and suggest that its inhibition may represent a rational strategy for therapeutic intervention in the polyglutamine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsirigotis
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Mitchell Baldwin
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Y. Tang
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian A. J. Lorimer
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas A. Gray
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Begum AN, Jones MR, Lim GP, Morihara T, Kim P, Heath DD, Rock CL, Pruitt MA, Yang F, Hudspeth B, Hu S, Faull KF, Teter B, Cole GM, Frautschy SA. Curcumin structure-function, bioavailability, and efficacy in models of neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:196-208. [PMID: 18417733 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.137455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin can reduce inflammation and neurodegeneration, but its chemical instability and metabolism raise concerns, including whether the more stable metabolite tetrahydrocurcumin (TC) may mediate efficacy. We examined the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or anti-amyloidogenic effects of dietary curcumin and TC, either administered chronically to aged Tg2576 APPsw mice or acutely to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected wild-type mice. Despite dramatically higher drug plasma levels after TC compared with curcumin gavage, resulting brain levels of parent compounds were similar, correlating with reduction in LPS-stimulated inducible nitric-oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, F2 isoprostanes, and carbonyls. In both the acute (LPS) and chronic inflammation (Tg2576), TC and curcumin similarly reduced interleukin-1beta. Despite these similarities, only curcumin was effective in reducing amyloid plaque burden, insoluble beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta), and carbonyls. TC had no impact on plaques or insoluble Abeta, but both reduced Tris-buffered saline-soluble Abeta and phospho-c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). Curcumin but not TC prevented Abeta aggregation. The TC metabolite was detected in brain and plasma from mice chronically fed the parent compound. These data indicate that the dienone bridge present in curcumin, but not in TC, is necessary to reduce plaque deposition and protein oxidation in an Alzheimer's model. Nevertheless, TC did reduce neuroinflammation and soluble Abeta, effects that may be attributable to limiting JNK-mediated transcription. Because of its favorable safety profile and the involvement of misfolded proteins, oxidative damage, and inflammation in multiple chronic degenerative diseases, these data relating curcumin dosing to the blood and tissue levels required for efficacy should help translation efforts from multiple successful preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynun N Begum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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De Filippis D, Iuvone T, Esposito G, Steardo L, Arnold GH, Paul AP, De Man Joris G, De Winter Benedicte Y. Melatonin reverses lipopolysaccharide-induced gastro-intestinal motility disturbances through the inhibition of oxidative stress. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:45-51. [PMID: 18078447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of reports demonstrate that a pro-inflammatory and oxidative condition is related to the pathogenesis and the progression of endotoxin-induced septic shock and that antioxidants may have therapeutic potential in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. Melatonin has been shown to possess potent antioxidant properties in several models of inflammation in mice and rats. In the present study we focused on the possible protective mechanism of melatonin in preventing gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances induced by LPS in mice. In fact, mice treated with LPS showed a reduced gastric emptying of solid beads. Also the geometric center, representing the relative distribution of the solid beads throughout the entire GI tract, was significantly reduced in LPS-treated mice confirming that sepsis leads to a disturbed GI motility in mice. Melatonin completely reversed the LPS-induced motility disturbance. This beneficial effect of melatonin is associated with a reduction in lipid peroxidation, MAPK activation, NF-kappaB activation, iNOS transcription and expression and nitrite production in intestinal tissue from septic mice. These results demonstrate that melatonin prevents the LPS-induced GI disturbances in mice switching off the pro-oxidant pathways induced by the endotoxin. Therefore, it is reasonable to propose melatonin as a molecule with therapeutic potential for the treatment of systemic inflammation by interfering at the earliest steps of activation of the oxidative and pro-inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Apoptosis mediates the precise and programmed natural death of neurons and is a physiologically important process in neurogenesis during maturation of the central nervous system. However, premature apoptosis and/or an aberration in apoptosis regulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, a multifaceted process that leads to various chronic disease states, such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's (HD) diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and diabetic encephalopathy. The current review focuses on two major areas (a) the fundamentals of apoptosis, which includes elements of the apoptotic machinery, apoptosis inducers, and emerging concepts in apoptosis research, and (b) apoptotic involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, neuroprotective treatment strategies/modalities, and the mechanisms of, and signaling in, neuronal apoptosis. Current and new experimental models for apoptosis research in neurodegenerative diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okouchi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulation, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Smith KDB, Kallhoff V, Zheng H, Pautler RG. In vivo axonal transport rates decrease in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2007; 35:1401-8. [PMID: 17369054 PMCID: PMC2063432 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonopathy is a pronounced attribute of many neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), axonal swellings and degeneration are prevalent and may contribute to the symptoms of AD senile dementia. Current limitations in identifying the contribution of axonal damage to AD include the inability to detect when this damage occurs in relation to other identifiers of AD because of the invasiveness of existing methods. To overcome this, we further developed the MRI methodology Manganese Enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to assess in vivo axonal transport rates. Prior to amyloid-beta (Abeta) deposition, the axonal transport rates in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD were normal. As Abeta levels increased and before plaque formation, we observed a significant decrease in axonal transport rates of the Tg2576 mice compared to controls. After plaque formation, the decline in the transport rate in the Tg2576 mice became even more pronounced. These data indicate that in vivo axonal transport rates decrease prior to plaque formation in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena Kallhoff
- Dept. Molecular and Human Genetics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hui Zheng
- Dept. Molecular and Human Genetics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Huffington Center on Aging, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. Neuroscience, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Robia G. Pautler
- Dept. Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. Radiology, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. Neuroscience, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- ** To whom correspondence should be addressed. Robia G. Pautler, Ph.D., One Baylor Plaza, BCM: 335, Houston, TX 77030, e-mail: , phone: 713–798–3892
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