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Koinuma S, Shimozawa N, Yasutomi Y, Kimura N. Aging induces abnormal accumulation of Aβ in extracellular vesicle and/or intraluminal membrane vesicle-rich fractions in nonhuman primate brain. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 106:268-281. [PMID: 34329965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aβ metabolism in the brain is mediated by endocytosis, one part of the intracellular membrane trafficking system. We previously showed that aging attenuates the interaction of dynein with dynactin, which disrupts the endosomal/lysosomal trafficking pathway involved in Aβ metabolism, resulting in intracellular accumulation of Aβ. Several studies have shown that in Alzheimer's disease (AD), intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ precedes extracellular Aβ depositions. However, it is unclear what accounts for this transition from intracellular to extracellular depositions. Accumulating evidence suggest that autophagy has an important role in AD pathology, and we observed that autophagy-related protein levels began to decrease before amyloid plaque formation in cynomolgus monkey brains. Surprisingly, experimental induction of autophagosome formation in Neuro2a cells significantly increased intracellular Aβ and decreased extracellular release of Aβ, accompanied by the prominent reduction of extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion. RNAi study confirmed that EV secretion affected intracellular and extracellular Aβ levels, and siRNA-induced downregulation of autophagosome formation enhanced EV secretion to ameliorate intracellular Aβ accumulation induced by dynein knockdown. In aged cynomolgus monkeys, Aβ levels in EV/intraluminal membrane vesicle (ILV)-rich fractions isolated from temporal lobe parenchyma were drastically increased. Moreover, EV/ILV marker proteins overlapped spatially with amyloid plaques. These findings suggest that EV would be an important carrier of Aβ in brain and abnormal accumulation of Aβ in EVs/ILVs may be involved in the transition of age-dependent Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Koinuma
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Obu, Aichi, Japan; Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Shimozawa
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kimura
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Obu, Aichi, Japan; Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Research and Development Management Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan; Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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2
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Burrinha T, Martinsson I, Gomes R, Terrasso AP, Gouras GK, Almeida CG. Up-regulation of APP endocytosis by neuronal aging drives amyloid dependent-synapse loss. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:240244. [PMID: 33910234 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal aging increases the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. During normal aging, synapses decline, and β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates intraneuronally. However, little is known about the underlying cell biological mechanisms. We studied normal neuronal aging using normal aged brain and aged mouse primary neurons that accumulate lysosomal lipofuscin and show synapse loss. We identify the up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) endocytosis as a neuronal aging mechanism that potentiates APP processing and Aβ production in vitro and in vivo. The increased APP endocytosis may contribute to the observed early endosomes enlargement in the aged brain. Mechanistically, we show that clathrin-dependent APP endocytosis requires F-actin and that clathrin and endocytic F-actin increase with neuronal aging. Finally, Aβ production inhibition reverts synaptic decline in aged neurons while Aβ accumulation, promoted by endocytosis up-regulation in younger neurons, recapitulates aging-related synapse decline. Overall, we identify APP endocytosis up-regulation as a potential mechanism of neuronal aging and, thus, a novel target to prevent late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Burrinha
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Gomes
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal.,iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Terrasso
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal.,iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal
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3
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Stonebarger GA, Urbanski HF, Woltjer RL, Vaughan KL, Ingram DK, Schultz PL, Calderazzo SM, Siedeman JA, Mattison JA, Rosene DL, Kohama SG. Amyloidosis increase is not attenuated by long-term calorie restriction or related to neuron density in the prefrontal cortex of extremely aged rhesus macaques. GeroScience 2020; 42:1733-1749. [PMID: 32876855 PMCID: PMC7732935 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As human lifespan increases and the population ages, diseases of aging such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are a major cause for concern. Although calorie restriction (CR) as an intervention has been shown to increase healthspan in many species, few studies have examined the effects of CR on brain aging in primates. Using postmortem tissue from a cohort of extremely aged rhesus monkeys (22-44 years old, average age 31.8 years) from a longitudinal CR study, we measured immunohistochemically labeled amyloid beta plaques in Brodmann areas 32 and 46 of the prefrontal cortex, areas that play key roles in cognitive processing, are sensitive to aging and, in humans, are also susceptible to AD pathogenesis. We also evaluated these areas for cortical neuron loss, which has not been observed in younger cohorts of aged monkeys. We found a significant increase in plaque density with age, but this was unaffected by diet. Moreover, there was no change in neuron density with age or treatment. These data suggest that even in the oldest-old rhesus macaques, amyloid beta plaques do not lead to overt neuron loss. Hence, the rhesus macaque serves as a pragmatic animal model for normative human aging but is not a complete model of the neurodegeneration of AD. This model of aging may instead prove most useful for determining how even the oldest monkeys are protected from AD, and this information may therefore yield valuable information for clinical AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Stonebarger
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - H F Urbanski
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - R L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - K L Vaughan
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH, Dickerson, MD, 20842, USA
- Charles River, Wilmington, MA, 01867, USA
| | - D K Ingram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - P L Schultz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MD, 02218, USA
| | - S M Calderazzo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MD, 02218, USA
| | - J A Siedeman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MD, 02218, USA
| | - J A Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH, Dickerson, MD, 20842, USA
| | - D L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MD, 02218, USA
| | - S G Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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Han C, Yang Y, Guan Q, Zhang X, Shen H, Sheng Y, Wang J, Zhou X, Li W, Guo L, Jiao Q. New mechanism of nerve injury in Alzheimer's disease: β-amyloid-induced neuronal pyroptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8078-8090. [PMID: 32521573 PMCID: PMC7348172 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the role of β-amyloid (Aβ1-42 ) in inducing neuronal pyroptosis and its mechanism. Mice cortical neurons (MCNs) were used in this study, LPS + Nigericin was used to induce pyroptosis in MCNs (positive control group), and Aβ1-42 was used to interfere with MCNs. In addition, propidium iodide (PI) staining was used to examine cell permeability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay was employed to detect cytotoxicity, immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to investigate the expression level of the key protein GSDMD, Western blot was performed to detect the expression levels of key proteins, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to determine the expression levels of inflammatory factors in culture medium, including IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence the mRNA expression of caspase-1 and GSDMD, and Aβ1-42 was used to induce pyroptosis, followed by investigation of the role of caspase-1-mediated GSDMD cleavage in pyroptosis. In addition, necrosulfonamide (NSA), an inhibitor of GSDMD oligomerization, was used for pre-treatment, and Aβ1-42 was subsequently used to observe the pyroptosis in MCNs. Finally, AAV9-siRNA-caspase-1 was injected into the tail vein of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice (Alzheimer's disease mice) for caspase-1 mRNA inhibition, followed by observation of behavioural changes in mice and measurement of the expression of inflammatory factors and pyroptosis-related protein. As results, Aβ1-42 could induce pyroptosis in MCNs, increase cell permeability and enhance LDH release, which were similar to the LPS + Nigericin-induced pyroptosis. Meanwhile, the expression levels of cellular GSDMD and p30-GSDMD were up-regulated, the levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD-cleaved protein caspase-1 were up-regulated, and the levels of inflammatory factors in the medium were also up-regulated. siRNA intervention in caspase-1 or GSDMD inhibited Aβ1-42 -induced pyroptosis, and NSA pre-treatment also caused the similar inhibitory effects. The behavioural ability of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice was relieved after the injection of AAV9-siRNA-caspase-1, and the expression of pyroptosis-related protein in the cortex and hippocampus was down-regulated. In conclusion, Aβ1-42 could induce pyroptosis by GSDMD protein, and NLRP3-caspase-1 signalling was an important signal to mediate GSDMD cleavage, which plays an important role in Aβ1-42 -induced pyroptosis in neurons. Therefore, GSDMD is expected to be a novel therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of PharmacyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of PharmacyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Qiaobing Guan
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Heping Shen
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Yongjia Sheng
- Department of PharmacyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of PharmacyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Department of PharmacyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of PharmacyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Center LaboratoryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Qingcai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
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Hata S, Omori C, Kimura A, Saito H, Kimura N, Gupta V, Pedrini S, Hone E, Chatterjee P, Taddei K, Kasuga K, Ikeuchi T, Waragai M, Nishimura M, Hu A, Nakaya T, Meijer L, Maeda M, Yamamoto T, Masters CL, Rowe CC, Ames D, Yamamoto K, Martins RN, Gandy S, Suzuki T. Decrease in p3-Alcβ37 and p3-Alcβ40, products of Alcadein β generated by γ-secretase cleavages, in aged monkeys and patients with Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:740-750. [PMID: 31754625 PMCID: PMC6854065 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Neuronal p3-Alcβ peptides are generated from the precursor protein Alcadein β (Alcβ) through cleavage by α- and γ-secretases of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein precursor (APP). To reveal whether p3-Alcβ is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) contributes for the development of novel therapy and/or drug targets. Methods We developed new sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sELISA) systems to quantitate levels of p3-Alcβ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Results In monkeys, CSF p3-Alcβ decreases with age, and the aging is also accompanied by decreased brain expression of Alcβ. In humans, CSF p3-Alcβ levels decrease to a greater extent in those with AD than in age-matched controls. Subjects carrying presenilin gene mutations show a significantly lower CSF p3-Alcβ level. A cell study with an inverse modulator of γ-secretase remarkably reduces the generation of p3-Alcβ37 while increasing the production of Aβ42. Discussion Aging decreases the generation of p3-Alcβ, and further significant decrease of p3-Alcβ caused by aberrant γ-secretase activity may accelerate pathogenesis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.:+81-11-706-3250; Fax: +81-11-706-4991.
| | - Chiori Omori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ayano Kimura
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kimura
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Veer Gupta
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Edith Cowan University, Joodalup, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Steve Pedrini
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kensaku Kasuga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Waragai
- Department of Neurology, Higashi Matsudo Municipal Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Anqi Hu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd. (IBL), Fujioka, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Neurodegeneration Division, The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris C. Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old age, St. George's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Edith Cowan University, Joodalup, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sam Gandy
- Mount Sinai Center for Cognitive Health and NFL Neurological Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.:+81-11-706-3250; Fax: +81-11-706-4991.
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Ouyang F, Chen X, Chen Y, Liang J, Chen Y, Lu T, Huang W, Zeng J. Neuronal loss without amyloid-β deposits in the thalamus and hippocampus in the late period after middle cerebral artery occlusion in cynomolgus monkeys. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:165-178. [PMID: 31278793 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflicting evidence exists regarding whether focal cerebral infarction contributes to cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, as observed in Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the presence of Aβ deposits in the ipsilateral thalamus and hippocampus 12 months post-stroke in non-human primates, whose brains are structurally and functionally similar to that of humans. Four young male cynomolgus monkeys were subjected to unilateral permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and another four sham-operated monkeys served as controls. All monkeys underwent magnetic resonance imaging examination on post-operative day 7 to assess the location and size of the infarction. The numbers of neurons, astrocytes, microglia and the Aβ load in the non-affected thalamus and hippocampus ipsilaterally remote from infarct foci were examined immunohistochemically at sacrifice 12 months after operation. Thioflavin S and Congo Red stainings were used to identify amyloid deposits. Multiple Aβ antibodies recognizing both the N-terminal and C-terminal epitopes of Aβ peptides were used to avoid antibody cross-reactivity. Aβ levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The initial infarct was restricted to the left temporal, parietal, insular cortex and the subcortical white matter, while the thalamus and hippocampus remained intact. Of note, there were fewer neurons and more glia in the ipsilateral thalamus and hippocampus in the MCAO group at 12 months post-stroke compared to the control group (all P < 0.05). However, there was no sign of extracellular Aβ plaques in the thalamus or hippocampus. No statistically significant difference was found in CSF or plasma levels of Aβ40 , Aβ42 or the Aβ40 /Aβ42 ratio between the two groups (P > 0.05). These results suggest that significant secondary neuronal loss and reactive gliosis occur in the non-affected thalamus and hippocampus without Aβ deposits in the late period after MCAO in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubing Ouyang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinran Chen
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yicong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixian Huang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus Accelerates Age-Dependent Aβ Pathology in Cynomolgus Monkey Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1128:133-145. [PMID: 31062328 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3540-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the strongest risk factors for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear how DM accelerates AD pathology in the brain. Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is one of the nonhuman primates used for biomedical research, and we can observe spontaneous formation of AD pathology, such as senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), with the advance of aging. Furthermore, obesity is occasionally observed and frequently leads to development of type II DM (T2DM) in laboratory-housed cynomolgus monkeys. These findings suggest that cynomolgus monkey is a useful species to study the relationship between T2DM and AD pathology. In T2DM-affected monkey brains, SPs were observed in frontal and temporal lobe cortices almost 5 years earlier than healthy control monkeys. Moreover, age-related endocytic pathology, such as intraneuronal accumulation of enlarged endosomes, was exacerbated in T2DM-affected monkey brains. Since accumulating evidences suggest that endocytic dysfunction is involved in Aβ pathology, T2DM may aggravate age-related endocytic dysfunction, leading to the acceleration of Aβ pathology.
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Huang M, Qi W, Fang S, Jiang P, Yang C, Mo Y, Dong C, Li Y, Zhong J, Cai W, Yang Z, Zhou T, Wang Q, Yang X, Gao G. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Plays a Role in Alzheimer's Disease by Negatively Regulating Aβ42. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:728-741. [PMID: 29736859 PMCID: PMC6095778 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a unique neurotrophic protein, decreases with aging. Previous reports have conflicted regarding whether the PEDF concentration is altered in AD patients. In addition, the effect of PEDF on AD has not been documented. Here, we tested serum samples of 31 AD patients and 271 normal controls. We found that compared to PEDF levels in young and middle-aged control subjects, PEDF levels were reduced in old-aged controls and even more so in AD patients. Furthermore, we verified that PEDF expression was much lower and amyloid β-protein (Aβ)42 expression was much higher in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) strain mice than in senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) control strain mice. Accordingly, high levels of Aβ42 were also observed in PEDF knockout (KO) mice. PEDF notably reduced cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze (MWM) and significantly downregulated Aβ42 in SAMP8 mice. Mechanistically, PEDF downregulated presenilin-1 (PS1) expression by inhibiting the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that PEDF negatively regulates Aβ42 and that PEDF deficiency with aging might play a crucial role in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Huang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuhuan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Cong Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yousheng Mo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xia Yang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Gene Manipulation and Biomacromolecular Products, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Chiarini A, Armato U, Liu D, Dal Prà I. Calcium-Sensing Receptors of Human Neural Cells Play Crucial Roles in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 27199760 PMCID: PMC4844916 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In aged subjects, late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) starts in the lateral entorhinal allocortex where a failure of clearance mechanisms triggers an accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-β42 oligomers (Aβ42-os). In neurons and astrocytes, Aβ42-os enhance the transcription of Aβ precursor protein (APP) and β-secretase/BACE1 genes. Thus, by acting together with γ-secretase, the surpluses of APP and BACE1 amplify the endogenous production of Aβ42-os which pile up, damage mitochondria, and are oversecreted. At the plasmalemma, exogenous Aβ42-os bind neurons' and astrocytes' calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) activating a set of intracellular signaling pathways which upkeep Aβ42-os intracellular accumulation and oversecretion by hindering Aβ42-os proteolysis. In addition, Aβ42-os accumulating in the extracellular milieu spread and reach mounting numbers of adjacent and remoter teams of neurons and astrocytes which in turn are recruited, again via Aβ42-os•CaSR-governed mechanisms, to produce and release additional Aβ42-os amounts. This relentless self-sustaining mechanism drives AD progression toward upper cortical areas. Later on accumulating Aβ42-os elicit the advent of hyperphosphorylated (p)-Tau oligomers which acting together with Aβ42-os and other glial neurotoxins cooperatively destroy wider and wider cognition-related cortical areas. In parallel, Aβ42-os•CaSR signals also elicit an excess production and secretion of nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor-A from astrocytes, of Aβ42-os and myelin basic protein from oligodendrocytes, and of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and (likely) Aβ42-os from microglia. Activated astrocytes and microglia survive the toxic onslaught, whereas neurons and oligodendrocytes increasingly die. However, we have shown that highly selective allosteric CaSR antagonists (calcilytics), like NPS 2143 and NPS 89626, efficiently suppress all the neurotoxic effects Aβ42-os•CaSR signaling drives in cultured cortical untransformed human neurons and astrocytes. In fact, calcilytics increase Aβ42 proteolysis and discontinue the oversecretion of Aβ42-os, nitric oxide, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A from both astrocytes and neurons. Seemingly, calcilytics would also benefit the other types of glial cells and cerebrovascular cells otherwise damaged by the effects of Aβ42-os•CaSR signaling. Thus, given at amnestic minor cognitive impairment (aMCI) or initial symptomatic stages, calcilytics could prevent or terminate the propagation of LOAD neuropathology and preserve human neurons' viability and hence patients' cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
| | - Daisong Liu
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
- Proteomics Laboratory, Institute for Burn Research, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
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10
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Okabayashi S, Shimozawa N, Yasutomi Y, Yanagisawa K, Kimura N. Diabetes mellitus accelerates Aβ pathology in brain accompanied by enhanced GAβ generation in nonhuman primates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117362. [PMID: 25675436 PMCID: PMC4326359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the strongest risk factors for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it remains unclear why DM accelerates AD pathology. In cynomolgus monkeys older than 25 years, senile plaques (SPs) are spontaneously and consistently observed in their brains, and neurofibrillary tangles are present at 32 years of age and older. In laboratory-housed monkeys, obesity is occasionally observed and frequently leads to development of type 2 DM. In the present study, we performed histopathological and biochemical analyses of brain tissue in cynomolgus monkeys with type 2 DM to clarify the relationship between DM and AD pathology. Here, we provide the evidence that DM accelerates Aβ pathology in vivo in nonhuman primates who had not undergone any genetic manipulation. In DM-affected monkey brains, SPs were observed in frontal and temporal lobe cortices, even in monkeys younger than 20 years. Biochemical analyses of brain revealed that the amount of GM1-ganglioside-bound Aβ (GAβ)—the endogenous seed for Aβ fibril formation in the brain—was clearly elevated in DM-affected monkeys. Furthermore, the level of Rab GTPases was also significantly increased in the brains of adult monkeys with DM, almost to the same levels as in aged monkeys. Intraneuronal accumulation of enlarged endosomes was also observed in DM-affected monkeys, suggesting that exacerbated endocytic disturbance may underlie the acceleration of Aβ pathology due to DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Okabayashi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Shimozawa
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanagisawa
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Gengo 35, Moriika, Obu, Aichi, 474–8511, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kimura
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Gengo 35, Moriika, Obu, Aichi, 474–8511, Japan
- * E-mail:
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11
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A potential function for neuronal exosomes: Sequestering intracerebral amyloid-β peptide. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Yue F, Lu C, Ai Y, Chan P, Zhang Z. Age-associated changes of cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β and tau in cynomolgus monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1656-9. [PMID: 24581480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are useful for the study of age-associated changes in the brain as a model that is biologically closely related to humans. For example, with age, all NHPs analyzed to date, develop β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques as seen in humans. Nevertheless, it is still unclear if NHPs have human-like age-associated changes in Aβ and tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid. The present study was an attempt to specifically address these issues. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of Aβ and phosphorylated tau were measured in 37 and 22 cynomolgus monkeys, respectively, with ages ranging from 4 to 22-year-old. The result from the present study revealed significant age-associated declines in Aβ42 levels but not in Aβ40 and phosphorylated tau levels. This finding appears to parallel changes seen with human aging, in which decreased levels of Aβ42 can be seen in normal older adults, and supporting that cynomolgus monkeys would be a useful model for studying age-related neurologic disorders associated with Alzheimer-like cerebral proteopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- Department of Neurobiology Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Chunling Lu
- WinconTheraCells Biotechnologies Co, LTD, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Ai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
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13
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Kuwajima M, Spacek J, Harris KM. Beyond counts and shapes: studying pathology of dendritic spines in the context of the surrounding neuropil through serial section electron microscopy. Neuroscience 2013; 251:75-89. [PMID: 22561733 PMCID: PMC3535574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because dendritic spines are the sites of excitatory synapses, pathological changes in spine morphology should be considered as part of pathological changes in neuronal circuitry in the forms of synaptic connections and connectivity strength. In the past, spine pathology has usually been measured by changes in their number or shape. A more complete understanding of spine pathology requires visualization at the nanometer level to analyze how the changes in number and size affect their presynaptic partners and associated astrocytic processes, as well as organelles and other intracellular structures. Currently, serial section electron microscopy (ssEM) offers the best approach to address this issue because of its ability to image the volume of brain tissue at the nanometer resolution. Renewed interest in ssEM has led to recent technological advances in imaging techniques and improvements in computational tools indispensable for three-dimensional analyses of brain tissue volumes. Here we consider the small but growing literature that has used ssEM analysis to unravel ultrastructural changes in neuropil including dendritic spines. These findings have implications in altered synaptic connectivity and cell biological processes involved in neuropathology, and serve as anatomical substrates for understanding changes in network activity that may underlie clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kuwajima
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Josef Spacek
- Charles University Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kristen M. Harris
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin
- Section of Neurobiology, The University of Texas at Austin
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14
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Guilarte TR. Manganese neurotoxicity: new perspectives from behavioral, neuroimaging, and neuropathological studies in humans and non-human primates. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:23. [PMID: 23805100 PMCID: PMC3690350 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal and has important physiological functions for human health. However, exposure to excess levels of Mn in occupational settings or from environmental sources has been associated with a neurological syndrome comprising cognitive deficits, neuropsychological abnormalities and parkinsonism. Historically, studies on the effects of Mn in humans and experimental animals have been concerned with effects on the basal ganglia and the dopaminergic system as it relates to movement abnormalities. However, emerging studies are beginning to provide significant evidence of Mn effects on cortical structures and cognitive function at lower levels than previously recognized. This review advances new knowledge of putative mechanisms by which exposure to excess levels of Mn alters neurobiological systems and produces neurological deficits not only in the basal ganglia but also in the cerebral cortex. The emerging evidence suggests that working memory is significantly affected by chronic Mn exposure and this may be mediated by alterations in brain structures associated with the working memory network including the caudate nucleus in the striatum, frontal cortex and parietal cortex. Dysregulation of the dopaminergic system may play an important role in both the movement abnormalities as well as the neuropsychiatric and cognitive function deficits that have been described in humans and non-human primates exposed to Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás R Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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15
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Wong HE, Irwin JA, Kwon I. Halogenation generates effective modulators of amyloid-Beta aggregation and neurotoxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57288. [PMID: 23468958 PMCID: PMC3585355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogenation of organic compounds plays diverse roles in biochemistry, including selective chemical modification of proteins and improved oral absorption/blood-brain barrier permeability of drug candidates. Moreover, halogenation of aromatic molecules greatly affects aromatic interaction-mediated self-assembly processes, including amyloid fibril formation. Perturbation of the aromatic interaction caused by halogenation of peptide building blocks is known to affect the morphology and other physical properties of the fibrillar structure. Consequently, in this article, we investigated the ability of halogenated ligands to modulate the self-assembly of amyloidogenic peptide/protein. As a model system, we chose amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), which is implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, and a novel modulator of Aβ aggregation, erythrosine B (ERB). Considering that four halogen atoms are attached to the xanthene benzoate group in ERB, we hypothesized that halogenation of the xanthene benzoate plays a critical role in modulating Aβ aggregation and cytotoxicity. Therefore, we evaluated the modulating capacities of four ERB analogs containing different types and numbers of halogen atoms as well as fluorescein as a negative control. We found that fluorescein is not an effective modulator of Aβ aggregation and cytotoxicity. However, halogenation of either the xanthenes or benzoate ring of fluorescein substantially enhanced the inhibitory capacity on Aβ aggregation. Such Aβ aggregation inhibition by ERB analogs except rose bengal correlated well to the inhibition of Aβ cytotoxicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that halogenation of aromatic rings substantially enhance inhibitory capacities of small molecules on Aβ-associated neurotoxicity via Aβ aggregation modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Edward Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Unites States of America
| | - Jacob A. Irwin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Unites States of America
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Unites States of America
- Institutes on Aging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Unites States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Irwin JA, Wong HE, Kwon I. Different Fates of Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid-β Fibrils Remodeled by Biocompatible Small Molecules. Biomacromolecules 2012; 14:264-74. [DOI: 10.1021/bm3016994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Irwin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and 2Institutes on Aging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United
States
| | - H. Edward Wong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and 2Institutes on Aging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United
States
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and 2Institutes on Aging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United
States
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17
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Ndung'u M, Härtig W, Wegner F, Mwenda JM, Low RWC, Akinyemi RO, Kalaria RN. Cerebral amyloid β(42) deposits and microvascular pathology in ageing baboons. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:487-99. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Kimura N, Okabayashi S, Ono F. Dynein dysfunction disrupts intracellular vesicle trafficking bidirectionally and perturbs synaptic vesicle docking via endocytic disturbances a potential mechanism underlying age-dependent impairment of cognitive function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:550-61. [PMID: 22182700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although genetic studies have demonstrated that β-amyloid protein (Aβ) plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, how aging contributes to AD onset remains unclear. Moreover, growing evidence suggests that Aβ-independent mechanisms, such as altered intracellular signaling cascades and impaired neurotransmitter release, also are likely involved in this process. Cytoplasmic dynein, a microtubule-based motor protein, mediates minus end-directed vesicle transport via interactions with dynactin, another microtubule-associated protein. We previously showed that normal aging attenuates the interaction between dynein-dynactin complexes in monkey brain and that dynein dysfunction reproduces age-dependent endocytic disturbances, resulting in intracellular Aβ accumulation. In this study, we report that dynein dysfunction disrupts not only retrograde transport of neurotrophic receptors but also anterograde transport of synaptic vesicles, which occurs concomitantly with an increase in Rab3 GTPase levels. Additionally, synaptic vesicle docking was perturbed via enhanced endocytosis. Dynein dysfunction also induced neuritic swelling, which is accompanied by a significant accumulation of neurofilaments. Moreover, we also confirmed that the dynein dysfunction-related disturbances are associated with aging in monkey brains and that age-dependent endocytic disturbances precede Aβ abnormality. These findings suggest that dynein dysfunction can alter neuronal activity via endocytic disturbances and may underlie age-dependent impairment of cognitive function. Moreover, in the presence of other risk factors, such as intracellular Aβ accumulation, dynein dysfunction may contribute to the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kimura
- Laboratory of Disease Control, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Japan.
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19
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Wong HE, Qi W, Choi HM, Fernandez EJ, Kwon I. A safe, blood-brain barrier permeable triphenylmethane dye inhibits amyloid-β neurotoxicity by generating nontoxic aggregates. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:645-57. [PMID: 22860159 DOI: 10.1021/cn200056g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that on-pathway amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are primary neurotoxic species and have a direct correlation with the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One promising therapeutic strategy to block AD progression is to reduce the levels of these neurotoxic Aβ species using small molecules. While several compounds have been shown to modulate Aβ aggregation, compounds with such activity combined with safety and high blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability have yet to be reported. Brilliant Blue G (BBG) is a close structural analogue of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved food dye and has recently garnered prominent attention as a potential drug to treat spinal cord injury due to its neuroprotective effects along with BBB permeability and high degree of safety. In this work, we demonstrate that BBG is an effective Aβ aggregation modulator, which reduces Aβ-associated cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner by promoting the formation of off-pathway, nontoxic aggregates. Comparative studies of BBG and three structural analogues, Brilliant Blue R (BBR), Brilliant Blue FCF (BBF), and Fast Green FCF (FGF), revealed that BBG is most effective, BBR is moderately effective, and BBF and FGF are least effective in modulating Aβ aggregation and cytotoxicity. Therefore, the two additional methyl groups of BBG and other structural differences between the congeners are important in the interaction of BBG with Aβ leading to formation of nontoxic Aβ aggregates. Our findings support the hypothesis that generating nontoxic aggregates using small molecule modulators is an effective strategy for reducing Aβ cytotoxicity. Furthermore, key structural features of BBG identified through structure-function studies can open new avenues into therapeutic design for combating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyung-Min Choi
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 156-743
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20
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Wong HE, Kwon I. Xanthene food dye, as a modulator of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptide aggregation and the associated impaired neuronal cell function. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25752. [PMID: 21998691 PMCID: PMC3187789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD is a degenerative brain disorder that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. It has been suggested that aggregation of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is closely linked to the development of AD pathology. In the search for safe, effective modulators, we evaluated the modulating capabilities of erythrosine B (ER), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved red food dye, on Aβ aggregation and Aβ-associated impaired neuronal cell function. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to evaluate the modulating ability of ER on Aβ aggregation, we employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay, and immunoassays using Aβ-specific antibodies. TEM images and ThT fluorescence of Aβ samples indicate that protofibrils are predominantly generated and persist for at least 3 days. The average length of the ER-induced protofibrils is inversely proportional to the concentration of ER above the stoichiometric concentration of Aβ monomers. Immunoassay results using Aβ-specific antibodies suggest that ER binds to the N-terminus of Aβ and inhibits amyloid fibril formation. In order to evaluate Aβ-associated toxicity we determined the reducing activity of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with Aβ aggregates formed in the absence or in the presence of ER. As the concentration of ER increased above the stoichiometric concentration of Aβ, cellular reducing activity increased and Aβ-associated reducing activity loss was negligible at 500 µM ER. Conclusions/Significance Our findings show that ER is a novel modulator of Aβ aggregation and reduces Aβ-associated impaired cell function. Our findings also suggest that xanthene dye can be a new type of small molecule modulator of Aβ aggregation. With demonstrated safety profiles and blood-brain permeability, ER represents a particularly attractive aggregation modulator for amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Edward Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Institute on Aging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Mohamed A, Posse de Chaves E. Aβ internalization by neurons and glia. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:127984. [PMID: 21350608 PMCID: PMC3042623 DOI: 10.4061/2011/127984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) exists extracellularly and inside neurons. The intracellular accumulation of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease brain has been questioned for a long time. However, there is now sufficient strong evidence indicating that accumulation of Aβ inside neurons plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Intraneuronal Aβ originates from intracellular cleavage of APP and from Aβ internalization from the extracellular milieu. We discuss here the different molecular mechanisms that are responsible for Aβ internalization in neurons and the links between Aβ internalization and neuronal dysfunction and death. A brief description of Aβ uptake by glia is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
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22
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APLP1, Alzheimer's-like pathology and neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex of manganese-exposed non-human primates. Neurotoxicology 2010; 31:572-4. [PMID: 20188756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic manganese (Mn) exposure produces a neurological syndrome with psychiatric, cognitive and parkinsonian features. Gene expression studies in the frontal cortex of Cynomolgus macaques exposed to different doses of Mn showed gene expression changes associated with cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, apoptosis, ubiquitin-proteasome system, protein folding, cholesterol homeostasis, axonal/vesicular transport and inflammation. Amyloid-beta (A-beta) precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1), a member of the amyloid precursor family, was the most highly up-regulated gene. Immunohistochemistry confirmed increased APLP1 expression and revealed the presence of A-beta diffuse plaques. Cortical neurons and white matter fibers from Mn-exposed animals exhibited accumulation of silver grains indicative of on-going degeneration. Cortical neurons also expressed nuclear hypertrophy, intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and apoptotis stigmata. The levels of p53 were increased in neurons and glial cells in Mn-exposed tissue. Analysis of another amyloidogenic protein, alpha-synuclein, also exhibited aggregation in the gray and white matter from Mn-exposed animals. In summary, chronic Mn exposure in non-human primates produces a cellular stress response leading to neurodegenerative changes, diffuse A-beta plaques and alpha-synuclein aggregation in the frontal cortex. These changes may help explain the cognitive and working memory deficits expressed by these animals.
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Kodama R, Yang X, Saski Y, Iwashige S, Tanigawa Y, Yoshikawa T, Nagaoka T, Kamimura Y, Maeda H. Age-Related Lesions in the Cerebrum in Middle-Aged Female Cynomolgus Monkeys. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:303-11. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623309358904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in humans is a progressive neurogenic disease that can be linked with such characteristic pathological findings in the cerebrum as senile plaques (SPs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and neuronal loss. In the present study, the authors investigated the age-related morphological changes in 12 middle-aged and 12 young cynomolgus monkeys. Low numbers of neurons and astrocytes in the hippocampal region in cynomolgus monkeys accompanied ageing, and there was a high number of microglial cells; however, no clearly neurotoxic abnormalities due to β-amyloid were noted before the age of 20 years. The onset of SPs and CAA in the cerebrum in cynomolgus monkeys can occur before the age of 20 years. SPs were almost all categorized as diffuse plaques (DPs); they did not have amyloid cores and were unaccompanied by neuritic degeneration. In cynomolgus monkeys, SPs (DPs) occur before the appearance of CAA. From the above, it was concluded that cynomolgus monkeys showed pathological changes due to ageing similar to those related to Alzheimer’s disease in humans, even before they were 20 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinya Kodama
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.—Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.—Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Saski
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.—Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Iwashige
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.—Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yohei Tanigawa
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.—Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yoshikawa
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.—Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takaharu Nagaoka
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.—Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamimura
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.—Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.—Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Kagoshima, Japan
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24
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Kimura N, Inoue M, Okabayashi S, Ono F, Negishi T. Dynein dysfunction induces endocytic pathology accompanied by an increase in Rab GTPases: a potential mechanism underlying age-dependent endocytic dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31291-302. [PMID: 19758999 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.012625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that endocytic dysfunction is intimately involved in early stage Alzheimer disease pathology, such as the accumulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein in enlarged early endosomes. However, it remains unclear how endocytic dysfunction is induced in an age-dependent manner. Cytoplasmic dynein, a microtubule-based motor protein, interacts with another microtubule-associated protein, dynactin. The resulting dynein-dynactin complex mediates minus end-directed vesicle transport, including endosome trafficking. We have previously shown that the interaction between dynein-dynactin complexes is clearly attenuated in aged monkey brains, suggesting that dynein-mediated transport dysfunction exists in aged brains. Our immunohistochemical analyses revealed that age-dependent endocytic pathology was accompanied by an increase in Rab GTPases in aged monkey brains. Here, we demonstrated that siRNA-induced dynein dysfunction reproduced the endocytic pathology accompanied by increased Rab GTPases seen in aged monkey brains and significantly disrupted exosome release. Moreover, it also resulted in endosomal beta-amyloid precursor protein accumulation characterized by increased beta-site cleavage. These findings suggest that dynein dysfunction may underlie age-dependent endocytic dysfunction via the up-regulation of Rab GTPases. In addition, this vicious circle may worsen endocytic dysfunction, ultimately leading to Alzheimer disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kimura
- Laboratory of Disease Control, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan.
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25
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van Helmond Z, Miners JS, Kehoe PG, Love S. Oligomeric Abeta in Alzheimer's disease: relationship to plaque and tangle pathology, APOE genotype and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:468-80. [PMID: 19725829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence of a central role for oligomeric amyloid beta (Abeta) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), there is scant information on the relationship between the levels and distribution of oligomeric Abeta and those of other neurodegenerative abnormalities in AD. In the present study, we have found oligomeric Abeta to be associated with both diffuse and neuritic plaques (mostly co-localized with Abeta(1-42)) and with cerebrovascular deposits of Abeta in paraffin sections of formalin-fixed human brain tissue. The amount of oligomeric Abeta that was labeled in the sections correlated with total Abeta plaque load, but not phospho-tau load, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) severity or APOE genotype. Although soluble, oligomeric and insoluble Abeta levels were all significantly increased in AD brain homogenates, case-to-case variation and overlap between AD and controls were considerable. Over the age-range studied (43-98 years), the levels of soluble Abeta, oligomeric Abeta(42), oligomeric Abeta(40) and insoluble Abeta did not vary significantly with age. Oligomeric Abeta(1-42) and insoluble Abeta levels were significantly higher in women. Overall, the level of insoluble Abeta, but neither oligomeric nor soluble Abeta, was associated with Braak stage, CAA severity and APOEepsilon4 frequency, raising questions as to the role of soluble and oligomeric Abeta in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë van Helmond
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical Science at North Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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26
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Classification and basic pathology of Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118:5-36. [PMID: 19381658 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lesions of Alzheimer disease include accumulation of proteins, losses of neurons and synapses, and alterations related to reactive processes. Extracellular Abeta accumulation occurs in the parenchyma as diffuse, focal or stellate deposits. It may involve the vessel walls of arteries, veins and capillaries. The cases in which the capillary vessel walls are affected have a higher probability of having one or two apoepsilon 4 alleles. Parenchymal as well as vascular Abeta deposition follows a stepwise progression. Tau accumulation, probably the best histopathological correlate of the clinical symptoms, takes three aspects: in the cell body of the neuron as neurofibrillary tangle, in the dendrites as neuropil threads, and in the axons forming the senile plaque neuritic corona. The progression of tau pathology is stepwise and stereotyped from the entorhinal cortex, through the hippocampus, to the isocortex. The neuronal loss is heterogeneous and area-specific. Its mechanism is still discussed. The timing of the synaptic loss, probably linked to Abeta peptide itself, maybe as oligomers, is also controversial. Various clinico-pathological types of Alzheimer disease have been described, according to the type of the lesions (plaque only and tangle predominant), the type of onset (focal onset), the cause (genetic or sporadic) and the associated lesions (Lewy bodies, vascular lesions, hippocampal sclerosis, TDP-43 inclusions and argyrophilic grain disease).
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27
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Guilarte TR, Burton NC, Verina T, Prabhu VV, Becker KG, Syversen T, Schneider JS. Increased APLP1 expression and neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex of manganese-exposed non-human primates. J Neurochem 2008; 105:1948-59. [PMID: 18284614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic manganese (Mn) exposure produces a neurological syndrome with psychiatric, cognitive, and parkinsonian features. Gene expression profiling in the frontal cortex of Cynomologous macaques receiving 3.3-5.0 mg Mn/kg weekly for 10 months showed that 61 genes were increased and four genes were decreased relative to controls from a total of 6766 genes. Gene changes were associated with cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, apoptosis, ubiquitin-proteasome system, protein folding, cholesterol homeostasis, axonal/vesicular transport, and inflammation. Amyloid-beta (Abeta) precursor-like protein 1, a member of the amyloid precursor protein family, was the most highly up-regulated gene. Immunohistochemistry confirmed increased amyloid precursor-like protein 1 protein expression and revealed the presence of diffuse Abeta plaques in Mn-exposed frontal cortex. Cortical neurons and white matter fibers from Mn-exposed animals accumulated silver grains indicative of on-going degeneration. Cortical neurons also exhibited nuclear hypertrophy, intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and apoptosis stigmata. p53 immunolabeling was increased in the cytoplasm of neurons and in the nucleus and processes of glial cells in Mn-exposed tissue. In summary, chronic Mn exposure produces a cellular stress response leading to neurodegenerative changes and diffuse Abeta plaques in the frontal cortex. These changes may explain the subtle cognitive deficits previously demonstrated in these same animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás R Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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28
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Brock B, Basha MR, DiPalma K, Anderson A, Harry GJ, Rice DC, Maloney B, Lahiri DK, Zawia NH. Co-localization and distribution of cerebral APP and SP1 and its relationship to amyloidogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2008; 13:71-80. [PMID: 18334759 PMCID: PMC5862394 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2008-13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)-loaded plaques in the brain. Abeta is a cleavage fragment of amyloid-beta protein precursor (APP) and over production of APP may lead to amyloidogenesis. The regulatory region of the APP gene contains consensus sites recognized by the transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (SP1), which has been shown to be required for the regulation of APP and Abeta. To understand the role of SP1 in APP biogenesis, herein we have characterized the relative distribution and localization of SP1, APP, and Abeta in various brain regions of rodent and primate models using immunohistochemistry. We observed that overall distribution and cellular localization of SP1, APP, and Abeta are similar and neuronal in origin. Their distribution is abundant in various layers of neocortex, but restricted to the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, and the pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus. These findings suggest that overproduction of Abeta in vivo may be associated with transcriptional pathways involving SP1 and the APP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Brock
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Md. Riyaz Basha
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Katie DiPalma
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Amy Anderson
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - G. Jean Harry
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Deborah C. Rice
- Maine Department of Health and Human Services, 11 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333
| | - Bryan. Maloney
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Nasser H. Zawia
- Neurotoxicology and Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
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29
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Endosomal accumulation of GM1 ganglioside-bound amyloid beta-protein in neurons of aged monkey brains. Neuroreport 2008; 18:1669-73. [PMID: 17921865 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f0d2ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the GM1 ganglioside-bound amyloid beta-protein (GAbeta), an endogenous seed of Alzheimer amyloids, in sections of cerebral cortices of cynomolgus monkeys of different ages from 4 to 36 years old. Here, we show that neuronal GAbeta immunostaining significantly increases in the sections obtained from animals at ages below 19 years, even without senile plaque formation, and that GAbeta accumulation exclusively occurs in organelles involved in the endocytic pathway, including early, late, and recycling endosomes, not in those involved in the secretory pathway. Together with previous findings that Abeta generation likely occurs in early endosomes and that GM1 accumulation in early endosomes is induced by endocytic pathway abnormalities, our results provide further evidence that endosomes are intimately involved in the Abeta-associated pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
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30
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Okabayashi S, Kimura N. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses of LGI3 in monkey brain: LGI3 accumulates in aged monkey brains. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:819-30. [PMID: 17786549 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich glioma inactivated (LGI) 3 encodes a leucine-rich repeat protein. The precise function of LGI3, however, remains unknown. We have previously shown that amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) upregulates LGI3 and that Abeta and LGI3 colocalize on plasma membranes of cultured rat astrocytes. In the present study, we performed immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses of LGI3 using various aged monkey brains. Immunohistochemistry showed that LGI3 was present in almost all neural cells and mainly localized at plasma membranes and nuclei. In aged monkey brains, we found that LGI3 accumulated on or near the plasma membranes of neurons, and colocalized with endocytosis-associated proteins and lipid raft markers. Double immunohistochemistry also showed that LGI3 colocalized with Abeta in astrocytes of aged brains. Moreover, Western blot analyses revealed that LGI3 may be cleaved in brain. Additionally, in aged monkeys LGI3 accumulated in microsomal and nuclear brain fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Okabayashi
- Laboratory of Disease Control, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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31
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LaFerla FM, Green KN, Oddo S. Intracellular amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8:499-509. [PMID: 17551515 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1425] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The primal role that the amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide has in the development of Alzheimer's disease is now almost universally accepted. It is also well recognized that Abeta exists in multiple assembly states, which have different physiological or pathophysiological effects. Although the classical view is that Abeta is deposited extracellularly, emerging evidence from transgenic mice and human patients indicates that this peptide can also accumulate intraneuronally, which may contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, and Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4545, USA.
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32
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Guidolin D, Zunarelli E, Genedani S, Trentini GP, De Gaetani C, Fuxe K, Benegiamo C, Agnati LF. Opposite patterns of age-associated changes in neurons and glial cells of the thalamus of human brain. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:926-36. [PMID: 17258840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In an autopsy series of 19 individuals, age-ranged 24-94, a relatively age-spared region, the anterior-ventral thalamus, was analyzed by immunohistochemical techniques to visualize neurons (neurofilament protein), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein), microglial cells (CD68) and amyloid precursor protein. The pattern of immunoreactivity was determined by surface fractal dimension and lacunarity, the size by the field area (FA) and the spatial uniformity by the uniformity index. From the normalized FA values of immunoreactivity for the four markers studied, a global parameter was defined to give an overall characterization of the age-dependent changes in the glio-neuronal networks. A significant exponential decline of the GP was observed with increasing age. This finding suggests that early in life (age<50 years) an adaptive response might be triggered, involving the glio-neuronal networks in plastic adaptive adjustments to cope with the environmental challenges and the continuous wearing off of the neuronal structures. The slow decay of the GP observed in a later phase (age>70 years) could be due to the non-trophic reserve still available.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guidolin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
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33
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Kimura N, Imamura O, Ono F, Terao K. Aging attenuates dynactin–dynein interaction: Down-regulation of dynein causes accumulation of endogenous tau and amyloid precursor protein in human neuroblastoma cells. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2909-16. [PMID: 17628503 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Impaired axonal transport may promote pathogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously showed that tau, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and intracellular amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) accumulate in the nerve-ending fraction of aged monkey brains, perhaps because of impaired axonal transport. In the present study, we assessed age-related changes of axonal transport motor proteins in aged monkey brains. Western blotting showed that kinesin, dynein, and dynactin (DYN) localizations dramatically changed with aging, and dynein level in nerve-ending fractions increased significantly. Coimmunoprecipitation analyses showed that DYN-dynein intermediate chain (DIC) interactions decreased, suggesting that age-related attenuation of this interaction may cause the impairment of dynein function. Moreover, RNAi-induced down-regulation of DIC in human neuroblastoma cells caused endogenous tau and APP to accumulate, and their subcellular localizations were also affected. Our findings suggest that aging attenuates DYN-DIC interaction, representing one of the risk factors for age-related impaired dynein function and even for accumulation of disease proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kimura
- Laboratory of Disease Control, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Japan.
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