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Sengupta A, Al-Otaibi N, Hinkula J. Sex-Specific Immune Responses to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Diabetic Individuals: Implications for Vaccine Efficacy. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:3111351. [PMID: 37881338 PMCID: PMC10597737 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccination has different implications on the immune response depending on the comorbidities. Diabetes is one such critical disease that increases the patient's susceptibility to influenza and suppresses vaccine efficacy and immunity. The sex of the individuals also plays a definitive role in the immune responses to both the vaccine and the infection. This study aims to understand the efficacy of the seasonal vaccine against influenza in diabetic groups and undergoing immune mechanisms in different sexes (females and males). In this study, we are reporting about a switching of the immune response of the infected and vaccinated diabetic females towards stronger Th1/Th17 responses with suppressed humoral immunity. They show increased cDC1, enhanced proinflammatory activities within T cells, CD8T activation, Th17 proliferation, and the majority of IgG2 antibody subtypes with reduced neutralization potential. Males with diabetes exhibit enhanced humoral Th2-immunity than the nondiabetic group. They exhibit higher cDC2, and DEC205 levels within them with an increase in plasma B lymphocytes, higher IgG1 subtypes in plasma cells, and influenza-hemagglutinin-specific IgG titer with stronger virus neutralization potential. Males with diabetes recovered better than the females as observed from the changes in their body weight. This study highlights the critical immune mechanisms and sex-specific swapping of their preferred immune response pathways against influenza after vaccination during diabetes. We propose a need for a sex-specific customized vaccine regimen to be implemented against influenza for individuals having diabetes to exploit the manifested strength and weakness in their protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
| | - Noha Al-Otaibi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyad 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
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2
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Araujo IL, Piraine REA, Fischer G, Leite FPL. Recombinant BoHV-5 glycoprotein (rgD5) elicits long-lasting protective immunity in cattle. Virology 2023; 584:44-52. [PMID: 37244054 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BoHV-5 is a worldwide distributed pathogen usually associated with a lethal neurological disease in dairy and beef cattle resulting in important economic losses due to the cattle industry. Using recombinant gD5, we evaluated the long-duration humoral immunity of the recombinant vaccines in a cattle model. Here we report that two doses of intramuscular immunization, particularly with the rgD5ISA vaccine, induce long-lasting antibody responses. Recombinant gD5 antigen elicited tightly mRNA transcription of the Bcl6 and the chemokine receptor CXCR5 which mediate memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells in germinal centers. In addition, using an in-house indirect ELISA we observed higher and earlier responses of rgD5-specific IgG antibody and the upregulation of mRNA transcription of IL2, IL4, IL10, IL15, and IFN-γ in rgD5 vaccinated cattle, indicating a mixed immune response. We further show that rgD5 immunization protects against both BoHV -1 and -5. Our findings indicate that the rgD5-based vaccine represents an effective vaccine strategy to induce an efficient control of herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itauá L Araujo
- Biotechnology Unit, Technological Development Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Renan E A Piraine
- Biotechnology Unit, Technological Development Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Geferson Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Federal University of Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fábio P L Leite
- Biotechnology Unit, Technological Development Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Federal University of Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Panasiuk M, Zimmer K, Czarnota A, Narajczyk M, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Chraniuk M, Hovhannisyan L, Żołędowska S, Nidzworski D, Żaczek AJ, Gromadzka B. Chimeric virus-like particles presenting tumour-associated MUC1 epitope result in high titers of specific IgG antibodies in the presence of squalene oil-in-water adjuvant: towards safe cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:160. [PMID: 35351156 PMCID: PMC8961490 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy is emerging as a powerful treatment approach for several types of cancers. Modulating the immune system to specifically target cancer cells while sparing healthy cells, is a very promising approach for safer therapies and increased survival of cancer patients. Tumour-associated antigens are favorable targets for cancer immunotherapy, as they are exclusively expressed by the cancer cells, minimizing the risk of an autoimmune reaction. The ability to initiate the activation of the immune system can be achieved by virus-like particles (VLPs) which are safe and potent delivery tools. VLP‐based vaccines have evolved dramatically over the last few decades and showed great potential in preventing infectious diseases. Immunogenic potency of engineered VLPs as a platform for the development of effective therapeutic cancer vaccines has been studied extensively. This study involves recombinant VLPs presenting multiple copies of tumour-specific mucin 1 (MUC1) epitope as a potentially powerful tool for future immunotherapy. Results In this report VLPs based on the structural protein of Norovirus (NoV VP1) were genetically modified to present multiple copies of tumour-specific MUC1 epitope on their surface. Chimeric MUC1 particles were produced in the eukaryotic Leishmania tarentolae expression system and used in combination with squalene oil-in-water emulsion MF59 adjuvant to immunize BALB/c mice. Sera from vaccinated mice demonstrated high titers of IgG and IgM antibodies which were specifically recognizing MUC1 antigen. Conclusions The obtained results show that immunization with recombinant chimeric NoV VP1- MUC1 VLPs result in high titers of MUC1 specific IgG antibodies and show great therapeutic potential as a platform to present tumour-associated antigens. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Panasiuk
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.,NanoExpo Sp. z o.o., Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of in vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Zimmer
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Anna Czarnota
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Peszyńska-Sularz
- Tri-City Central Animal Laboratory Research and Service Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Milena Chraniuk
- Department of in vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lilit Hovhannisyan
- Department of in vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sabina Żołędowska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dawid Nidzworski
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna J Żaczek
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Gromadzka
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland. .,NanoExpo Sp. z o.o., Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Department of in vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland.
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4
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Immunogenicity of a DNA-Based Sindbis Replicon Expressing Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Nucleoprotein. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121491. [PMID: 34960237 PMCID: PMC8703447 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infrequently causes hemorrhagic fever in humans with a case fatality rate of 30%. Currently, there is neither an internationally approved antiviral drug nor a vaccine against the virus. A replicon based on the Sindbis virus vector encoding the complete open reading frame of a CCHFV nucleoprotein from a South African isolate was prepared and investigated as a possible candidate vaccine. The transcription of CCHFV RNA and recombinant protein production by the replicon were characterized in transfected baby hamster kidney cells. A replicon encoding CCHFV nucleoprotein inserted in plasmid DNA, pSinCCHF-52S, directed transcription of CCHFV RNA in the transfected cells. NIH-III heterozygous mice immunized with pSinCCHF-52S generated CCHFV IgG specific antibodies with notably higher levels of IgG2a compared to IgG1. Splenocytes from mice immunized with pSinCCHF-52S secreted IFN-γ and IL-2, low levels of IL-6 or IL-10, and no IL-4. No specific cytokine production was registered in splenocytes of mock-immunized mice (p < 0.05). Thus, our study demonstrated the expression of CCHFV nucleoprotein by a Sindbis virus vector and its immunogenicity in mice. The spectrum of cytokine production and antibody profile indicated predominantly Th1-type of an anti-CCHFV immune response. Further studies in CCHFV-susceptible animals are necessary to determine whether the induced immune response is protective.
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Mahdevar E, Kefayat A, Safavi A, Behnia A, Hejazi SH, Javid A, Ghahremani F. Immunoprotective effect of an in silico designed multiepitope cancer vaccine with BORIS cancer-testis antigen target in a murine mammary carcinoma model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23121. [PMID: 34848739 PMCID: PMC8632969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, immunoinformatic tools were used to design a novel multiepitope cancer vaccine based on the most immunodominant regions of BORIS cancer-testis antigen. The final vaccine construct was an immunogenic, non-allergenic, and stable protein consisted of multiple cytotoxic T lymphocytes epitopes, IFN-γ inducing epitopes, and B cell epitopes according to bioinformatic analyzes. Herein, the DNA sequence of the final vaccine construct was placed into the pcDNA3.1 vector as a DNA vaccine (pcDNA3.1-VAC). Also, the recombinant multiepitope peptide vaccine (MPV) was produced by a transfected BL21 E. coli strain using a recombinant pET-28a vector and then, purified and screened by Fast protein liquid chromatography technique (FPLC) and Western blot, respectively. The anti-tumor effects of prophylactic co-immunization with these DNA and protein cancer vaccines were evaluated in the metastatic non-immunogenic 4T1 mammary carcinoma in BALB/c mice. Co-immunization with the pcDNA3.1-VAC and MPV significantly (P < 0.001) increased the serum levels of the MPV-specific IgG total, IgG2a, and IgG1. The splenocytes of co-immunized mice exhibited a significantly higher efficacy to produce interleukin-4 and interferon-γ and proliferation in response to MPV in comparison with the control. The prophylactic co-immunization regime caused significant breast tumors' growth inhibition, tumors' weight decrease, inhibition of metastasis formation, and enlarging tumor-bearing mice survival time, without any considerable side effects. Taking together, this cancer vaccine can evoke strong immune response against breast tumor and inhibits its growth and metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/chemistry
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Computational Biology
- Computer Simulation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes
- Female
- Immunity, Humoral
- Interferon-gamma/chemistry
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/prevention & control
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mahdevar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Kefayat
- Department of Oncology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Safavi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Behnia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of the Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amaneh Javid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghahremani
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiotherapy, School of Paramedicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
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6
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Influence of adjuvants on the amount, specificity and functional activity of antibody response to human influenza vaccine in mice. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:398-407. [PMID: 34022515 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It's been almost a century since immunologists started using adjuvants as tools to develop more effective vaccines. Despite the rising number of adjuvanted vaccines in the last decades, we still lack knowledge of the adjuvants' effects on antibody response. This study was aimed to test the effect of immunizing mice with the human Inactivated Influenza vaccine (IIV), either alone or combined with different widely used adjuvants on the specific antibody response induced. Differential levels of IgM and IgG subclasses were found with the different adjuvants tested. Higher levels of antibodies did not always correspond with a higher efficacy to interfere with the virus infectivity. Differences in neutralization properties are possibly mediated by the specificity of the repertoire of antibodies induced. The repertoire was studied using a phage display 7-mer peptide library to screen for epitopes/mimotopes recognized by serum pools from vaccinated mice. The selected phage clones included peptides that corresponded to conformational mimotopes since they have no homology with lineal sequences of the Influenza strains' proteins. Five peptides were identified as recognized by sera from mice immunized with the IIV vaccine alone, including peptides from the hemagglutinin stalk domain, and by sera from mice immunized with the vaccine plus the different adjuvants employed. Adjuvants elicited a more diverse repertoire of epitope-recognizing antibodies that recognized epitopes of the HA recombinant globular head. Mimotopes were theoretically located at the neutralizing antigenic sites of the globular head of Influenza A H1N1pdm09, Influenza A H3N2, and Influenza B hemagglutinin. This study illustrates how different adjuvants can modify the extent and quality of humoral immunity against the IIV vaccine and the effectiveness of vaccination.
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7
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Shanko A, Shuklina M, Kovaleva A, Zabrodskaya Y, Vidyaeva I, Shaldzhyan A, Fadeev A, Korotkov A, Zaitceva M, Stepanova L, Tsybalova L, Kordyukova L, Katlinski A. Comparative Immunological Study in Mice of Inactivated Influenza Vaccines Used in the Russian Immunization Program. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040756. [PMID: 33322762 PMCID: PMC7768547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of commercial inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) used in the Russian National Immunization Program were characterized to evaluate their protective properties on an animal model. Standard methods for quantifying immune response, such as hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay and virus neutralization (VN) assay, allowed us to distinguish the immunogenic effect of various IIVs from that of placebo. However, these standard approaches are not suitable to determine the role of various vaccine components in immune response maturation. The expanded methodological base including an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neuraminidase ELISA (NA-ELISA) helped us to get wider characteristics and identify the effectiveness of various commercial vaccines depending on the antigen content. Investigations conducted showed that among the IIVs tested, Ultrix®, Ultrix® Quadri and VAXIGRIP® elicit the most balanced immune response, including a good NA response. For Ultrix®, Ultrix® Quadri, and SOVIGRIPP® (FORT LLC), the whole-virus specific antibody subclass IgG1, measured in ELISA, seriously prevailed over IgG2a, while, for VAXIGRIP® and SOVIGRIPP® (NPO Microgen JSC) preparations, the calculated IgG1/IgG2a ratio was close to 1. So, the immune response varied drastically across different commercial IIVs injected in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Shanko
- Research and Development Department, FORT LLC, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-916-196-24-21
| | - Marina Shuklina
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Anna Kovaleva
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Yana Zabrodskaya
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
- Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnical University, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Inna Vidyaeva
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Aram Shaldzhyan
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Artem Fadeev
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Alexander Korotkov
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Marina Zaitceva
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Liudmila Stepanova
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Liudmila Tsybalova
- WHO National Influenza Center, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (A.K.); (Y.Z.); (I.V.); (A.S.); (A.F.); (A.K.); (M.Z.); (L.S.); (L.T.)
| | - Larisa Kordyukova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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8
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Identification of Novel Adjuvants for Ebola Virus-Like Particle Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020215. [PMID: 32397625 PMCID: PMC7349346 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease is a severe disease, often fatal, with a mortality rate of up to 90%. Presently, effective treatment and safe prevention options for Ebola virus disease are not available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop control measures to prevent or limit future Ebola virus outbreaks. Ebola virus protein-based virus-like particle (VLP) and inactivated whole virion vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in animal models, and the addition of appropriate adjuvants may provide additional benefits to these vaccines, including enhanced immune responses. In this study, we screened 24 compounds from injectable excipients approved for human use in Japan and identified six compounds that significantly enhanced the humoral response to Ebola VLP vaccine in a murine model. Our novel adjuvant candidates for Ebola VLP vaccine have already been demonstrated to be safe when administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and therefore, they are closer to clinical trials than adjuvants whose safety profiles are unknown.
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9
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Feng H, Nakajima N, Wu L, Yamashita M, Lopes TJS, Tsuji M, Hasegawa H, Watanabe T, Kawaoka Y. A Glycolipid Adjuvant, 7DW8-5, Enhances the Protective Immune Response to the Current Split Influenza Vaccine in Mice. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2157. [PMID: 31620111 PMCID: PMC6759631 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy to control influenza disease. Adjuvants enhance the efficacy of vaccines, but few adjuvants are approved for human use, so novel, safe, and effective adjuvants are urgently needed. The glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 has shown adjuvanticity to malaria vaccine; however, its adjuvant effect for seasonal influenza vaccine remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the adjuvanticity of 7DW8-5 to a quadrivalent split influenza vaccine in a mouse model. 7DW8-5 significantly enhanced virus-specific antibody production when administrated with influenza vaccine compared with that of vaccine alone; 10 μg of 7DW8-5 induced similar antibody levels to those induced by alum. Mouse body weight loss was reduced and, notably, the survival rate was increased in the vaccine plus 7DW8-5 group compared with that in the vaccine plus alum group. Our results indicate that the glycolipid 7DW8-5 is a promising adjuvant for influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Feng
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, The National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Li Wu
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tiago J S Lopes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of the Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, The National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Rhodes SJ, Guedj J, Fletcher HA, Lindenstrøm T, Scriba TJ, Evans TG, Knight GM, White RG. Using vaccine Immunostimulation/Immunodynamic modelling methods to inform vaccine dose decision-making. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:36. [PMID: 30245860 PMCID: PMC6141590 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike drug dose optimisation, mathematical modelling has not been applied to vaccine dose finding. We applied a novel Immunostimulation/Immunodynamic mathematical modelling framework to translate multi-dose TB vaccine immune responses from mice, to predict most immunogenic dose in humans. Data were previously collected on IFN-γ secreting CD4+ T cells over time for novel TB vaccines H56 and H1 adjuvanted with IC31 in mice (1 dose groups (0.1-1.5 and 15 μg H56 + IC31), 45 mice) and humans (1 dose (50 μg H56/H1 + IC31), 18 humans). A two-compartment mathematical model, describing the dynamics of the post-vaccination IFN-γ T cell response, was fitted to mouse and human data, separately, using nonlinear mixed effects methods. We used these fitted models and a vaccine dose allometric scaling assumption, to predict the most immunogenic human dose. Based on the changes in model parameters by mouse H56 + IC31 dose and by varying the H56 dose allometric scaling factor between mouse and humans, we established that, at a late time point (224 days) doses of 0.8-8 μg H56 + IC31 in humans may be the most immunogenic. A 0.8-8 μg of H-series TB vaccines in humans, may be as, or more, immunogenic, as larger doses. The Immunostimulation/Immunodynamic mathematical modelling framework is a novel, and potentially revolutionary tool, to predict most immunogenic vaccine doses, and accelerate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J. Rhodes
- TB Modelling Group, CMMID, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jeremie Guedj
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Gwenan M. Knight
- TB Modelling Group, CMMID, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Richard G. White
- TB Modelling Group, CMMID, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Shieh SJ, Varkey P, Chen PY, Chang SY, Huang LLH. Counting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the spleen: a novel in vivo method for assessing biomaterial immunotoxicity. Regen Biomater 2014; 1:11-6. [PMID: 26816621 PMCID: PMC4669000 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As immunotoxicity assessments of newly developed biomaterials are often restricted to use in assessment of local tissue response at the implantation site, they do not always show an immune response acceptable to qualify them for clinical use. We tested a new method to assess systemic toxicity: counting the CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the spleen. Three different biomaterials were subcutaneously implanted in three groups of rats for the same time period. After 31 days, their spleens were harvested, and CD4+ and CD8+ cells were counted. The mean CD4+/CD8+ cell counts were 24.5 ± 3.6/19.8 ± 4.0 (porous collagen matrix group), 25.5 ± 7.1/21.6 ± 3.8 [synthetic collagen matrix (Duragen®) group] and 28.1 ± 4.1/19.6 ± 3.7 (porcine dermis group). Differences in cell counts were not significant. The immunotoxic response generated against porous collagen matrix was comparable to that produced by a similar biomaterial already used clinically. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study on cytotoxic lymphocytes in the spleen to quantify systemic immune response to a biomaterial; however, such studies have been conducted with bacterial and viral antigens, and with vaccines. We believe that the present study provides a viable method for larger studies to confirm our current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Jou Shieh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Research Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Prashanth Varkey
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Research Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yang Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Research Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ya Chang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Research Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lynn L H Huang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Research Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, International Research Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan and Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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12
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Effects of different adjuvants in the context of intramuscular and intranasal routes on humoral and cellular immune responses induced by detergent-split A/H3N2 influenza vaccines in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 19:209-18. [PMID: 22190392 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05441-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A/H3N2 viruses have caused the most severe epidemics since 1968 despite current immunization programs with inactivated vaccines. We undertook a side-by-side preclinical evaluation of different adjuvants (Alum, AS03, and Protollin) and routes of administration (intramuscular [i.m.] and intranasal [i.n.]) for assessing their effect on the immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of inactivated split vaccines (A/H3N2/New York/55/2004). Humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against the homologous virus and a heterologous drifted strain (A/H3N2/Wisconsin/67/2005) were measured in BALB/c mice at 2, 6, and 19 weeks postboost. The AS03- and Alum-adjuvanted i.m. vaccines induced at least an 8-fold increase over the nonadjuvanted vaccine in functional antibody titers against both the homotypic and heterotypic strains and low IgG2a and high IgG1 levels, suggesting a mixed Th1/Th2 response with a Th2 trend. The Protollin-adjuvanted i.n. vaccine induced the lowest IgG1/IgG2a ratio, which is indicative of a mixed Th1/Th2-type profile with a Th1 trend. This adjuvanted vaccine was the only vaccine to stimulate a mucosal IgA response. Whatever the timing after the boost, both hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) titers were higher with the AS03-adjuvanted i.m. vaccine than with the protollin-adjuvanted i.n. vaccine. Finally, the Alum-adjuvanted i.m. vaccine and the lower-dose Protollin-adjuvanted i.n. vaccine elicited significantly higher CD4(+) Th1 and Th2 responses and more gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8(+) T cells than the nonadjuvanted vaccine. Our data indicate that the adjuvanted vaccines tested in this study can elicit stronger, more persistent, and broader immune responses against A/H3N2 strains than nonadjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccines.
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Rosenkrands I, Vingsbo-Lundberg C, Bundgaard TJ, Lindenstrøm T, Enouf V, van der Werf S, Andersen P, Agger EM. Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after immunization with trivalent influenza vaccine adjuvanted with cationic liposomes. Vaccine 2011; 29:6283-91. [PMID: 21722683 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by new influenza A (H1N1) has emphasized the need for improved influenza vaccines with enhanced immune responses that ideally include longlived humoral and CMI responses and mediate a broad protection. This study demonstrates that administration of trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) with the cationic liposome adjuvant system CAF01 enhances the humoral immune response as measured by hemagglutinin inhibition titers and influenza-specific serum antibody titers, and promote a strong Th1 response with augmented levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Furthermore, high levels of IL-17 are detected in agreement with CAF01's ability to promote TH17 responses. Importantly, the Th1/Th17 cytokine profile is still maintained 20 weeks after the last vaccination. The CAF01 adjuvanted influenza vaccine reduces weight loss and temperature decrease and results in complete survival of mice challenged with the drifted H1N1 influenza strain A/PR/8/34. Overall, the results suggest that CAF01 is a potent adjuvant system for future, improved influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Orestads Boulevard, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Madhun AS, Haaheim LR, Nilsen MV, Cox RJ. Intramuscular Matrix-M-adjuvanted virosomal H5N1 vaccine induces high frequencies of multifunctional Th1 CD4+ cells and strong antibody responses in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:7367-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Eriksson JC, Cox RJ, Szyszko E, Davidsson A, Brokstad KA. Local and systemic cytokine and chemokine responses after parenteral influenza vaccination. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2009; 1:139-46. [PMID: 19432630 PMCID: PMC4634537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2007.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective In this study we investigated the levels of cytokines and chemokines produced locally and systemically after influenza vaccination of patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Methods Blood and saliva were collected prior to, and 1 or 2 weeks after vaccination at the time of the tonsillectomy. The cytokine and chemokine concentrations were determined in both unstimulated (whole blood, serum and saliva) and in vitro influenza stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and tonsillar lymphocyte (TMC) cultures. Results We found that influenza vaccination elicited protective levels of serum haemagglutination inhibition antibodies and a significant local antibody response in the saliva. No significant differences were observed in the cytokine or chemokine levels 1 or 2 weeks post‐vaccination in either the serum or saliva. Similarly, no significant differences were found in the gene expression levels in PBMC after vaccination, but interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, γ‐interferon and transforming growth factor‐β were slightly elevated at 1 week post‐vaccination but decreased by 2 weeks post‐vaccination. In contrast, increased concentrations of a mixture of type 1, type 2 and inflammatory cytokines were produced 1 and 2 weeks after influenza vaccination by in vitro‐stimulated PBMC and TMC. Conclusion We show that cytokine responses can be measured after influenza vaccination in in vitro‐stimulated lymphocytes but not directly in the blood or saliva. These results will provide a useful baseline that can be used for comparison of the immune response in human volunteers involved in clinical trials of novel influenza vaccines.
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Cox RJ, Major D, Hauge S, Madhun AS, Brokstad KA, Kuhne M, Smith J, Vogel FR, Zambon M, Haaheim LR, Wood J. A cell-based H7N1 split influenza virion vaccine confers protection in mouse and ferret challenge models. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2009; 3:107-17. [PMID: 19453487 PMCID: PMC4634691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, several avian influenza subtypes (H5, H7 and H9) have transmitted directly from birds to man, posing a pandemic threat. OBJECTIVES We have investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a cell based candidate pandemic influenza H7 vaccine in pre-clinical animal models. METHODS Mice and ferrets were immunised with two doses of the split virus vaccine (12-24 microg haemagglutinin) with or without aluminium hydroxide adjuvant and challenged 3 weeks after second dose with the highly pathogenic A/chicken/Italy/13474/99 (H7N1) virus. The H7N1-specific serum antibody response was also measured. After challenge, viral shedding, weight loss, disease signs and death (only mice) were recorded. RESULTS Low-to-modest serum antibody titres were detected after vaccination. Nevertheless, the vaccine induced significant protection from disease after challenge with the wild-type virus. In the murine lethal challenge model, vaccination effectively prevented death and, furthermore, formulation with adjuvant reduced excessive weight loss and viral shedding. In ferrets, vaccination reduced viral shedding and protected against systemic spread of the virus. CONCLUSIONS We have extended to the H7 subtype the finding that protective efficacy may not be directly correlated with the pre-challenge levels of serum antibodies, a finding which could be of great importance in assessing the potential effectiveness of pandemic influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Hauge S, Madhun AS, Major D, Brokstad KA, Vogel FR, Zambon M, Wood J, Haaheim LR, Cox RJ. The immunogenicity of a cell-derived H7N1 split influenza virion vaccine in mice. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:576-8. [PMID: 19439020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kinetics of immune responses to influenza virus-like particles and dose-dependence of protection with a single vaccination. J Virol 2009; 83:4489-97. [PMID: 19211762 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02035-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The format of influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) as a nonreplicating particulate vaccine candidate is a promising alternative to conventional egg-based vaccines. In this study, we have investigated the detailed kinetics of immune responses and protective efficacy after a single intranasal immunization with different doses of VLPs alone or in the presence of an Escherichia coli mutant heat-labile enterotoxin [mLT(R192G)] or cholera toxin subunit B as adjuvants. Analysis of immune responses showed differential kinetics in a VLP antigen dose-dependent manner and dynamic changes in the ratios of antibody immunoglobulin G isotypes over the time course. Protection against lethal challenge was observed with a single immunization with influenza VLPs even without adjuvant. The addition of adjuvant showed significant antigen-sparing effects with improved protective efficacy. The protective immune responses, efficacies of protection, and antigen-sparing effects were significantly improved by a second immunization as determined by the levels of neutralizing antibodies, morbidity postchallenge, lung viral titers, and inflammatory cytokines. Our results are informative for a better understanding of the protective immunity induced by a single dose or two doses of influenza VLPs, which is dependent on antigen dosage and the presence of adjuvant, and will provide insights into designing effective vaccines based on VLPs.
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Hauge S, Madhun A, Cox RJ, Haaheim LR. Quality and kinetics of the antibody response in mice after three different low-dose influenza virus vaccination strategies. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:978-83. [PMID: 17596426 PMCID: PMC2044485 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00033-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The threat of a new influenza pandemic has led to renewed interest in dose-sparing vaccination strategies such as intradermal immunization and the use of adjuvanted vaccines. In this study we compared the quality and kinetics of the serum antibody response elicited in mice after one or two immunizations with a split influenza A (H3N2) virus, using three different low-dose vaccination strategies. The mice were divided into four groups, receiving either a low-dose vaccine (3 microg hemagglutinin [HA]) intradermally or intramuscularly with or without aluminum adjuvant or the normal human vaccine dose (15 microg HA) intramuscularly. Sera were collected weekly after vaccination and tested in the hemagglutination inhibition, virus neutralization, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The antibody responses induced after intradermal or intramuscular low-dose vaccinations were similar and lower than those observed after the human vaccine dose. However, low-dose adjuvanted vaccine elicited a serum antibody response comparable to that elicited by the human dose, although the second immunization did not result in any increase in cross-reactive hemagglutination inhibition antibodies, and the peak serum antibody response was observed 1 week later than in the other vaccination groups. Our murine data suggest that the low-dose intradermal route does not show any obvious advantage over the low-dose intramuscular route in inducing a serum antibody response and that none of the low-dose vaccination strategies is as effective as intramuscular vaccination with the normal human dose. However, the low-dose aluminum-adjuvanted vaccine could present a feasible alternative in case of limited vaccine supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Hauge
- Influenza Center, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Armauer Hansen Building, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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