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Xu Y, Singer SD, Chen G. Protein interactomes for plant lipid biosynthesis and their biotechnological applications. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1734-1744. [PMID: 36762506 PMCID: PMC10440990 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant lipids have essential biological roles in plant development and stress responses through their functions in cell membrane formation, energy storage and signalling. Vegetable oil, which is composed mainly of the storage lipid triacylglycerol, also has important applications in food, biofuel and oleochemical industries. Lipid biosynthesis occurs in multiple subcellular compartments and involves the coordinated action of various pathways. Although biochemical and molecular biology research over the last few decades has identified many proteins associated with lipid metabolism, our current understanding of the dynamic protein interactomes involved in lipid biosynthesis, modification and channelling is limited. This review examines advances in the identification and characterization of protein interactomes involved in plant lipid biosynthesis, with a focus on protein complexes consisting of different subunits for sequential reactions such as those in fatty acid biosynthesis and modification, as well as transient or dynamic interactomes formed from enzymes in cooperative pathways such as assemblies of membrane-bound enzymes for triacylglycerol biosynthesis. We also showcase a selection of representative protein interactome structures predicted using AlphaFold2, and discuss current and prospective strategies involving the use of interactome knowledge in plant lipid biotechnology. Finally, unresolved questions in this research area and possible approaches to address them are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Stacy D. Singer
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeAlbertaCanada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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Sharma P, Lakra N, Goyal A, Ahlawat YK, Zaid A, Siddique KHM. Drought and heat stress mediated activation of lipid signaling in plants: a critical review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1216835. [PMID: 37636093 PMCID: PMC10450635 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1216835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are a principal component of plasma membrane, acting as a protective barrier between the cell and its surroundings. Abiotic stresses such as drought and temperature induce various lipid-dependent signaling responses, and the membrane lipids respond differently to environmental challenges. Recent studies have revealed that lipids serve as signal mediators forreducing stress responses in plant cells and activating defense systems. Signaling lipids, such as phosphatidic acid, phosphoinositides, sphingolipids, lysophospholipids, oxylipins, and N-acylethanolamines, are generated in response to stress. Membrane lipids are essential for maintaining the lamellar stack of chloroplasts and stabilizing chloroplast membranes under stress. However, the effects of lipid signaling targets in plants are not fully understood. This review focuses on the synthesis of various signaling lipids and their roles in abiotic stress tolerance responses, providing an essential perspective for further investigation into the interactions between plant lipids and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Sharma
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nita Lakra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Alisha Goyal
- Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Yogesh K. Ahlawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Abbu Zaid
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Department of Botany, Government Gandhi Memorial (GGM) Science College, Cluster University Jammu, Jammu, India
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Schwarze J, Carolan JC, Stewart GS, McCabe PF, Kacprzyk J. The boundary of life and death: changes in mitochondrial and cytosolic proteomes associated with programmed cell death of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension culture cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1194866. [PMID: 37593044 PMCID: PMC10431908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1194866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Despite the critical role of programmed cell death (PCD) in plant development and defense responses, its regulation is not fully understood. It has been proposed that mitochondria may be important in the control of the early stages of plant PCD, but the details of this regulation are currently unknown. Methods We used Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension culture, a model system that enables induction and precise monitoring of PCD rates, as well as chemical manipulation of this process to generate a quantitative profile of the alterations in mitochondrial and cytosolic proteomes associated with early stages of plant PCD induced by heat stress. The cells were subjected to PCD-inducing heat levels (10 min, 54°C), with/without the calcium channel inhibitor and PCD blocker LaCl3. The stress treatment was followed by separation of cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions and mass spectrometry-based proteome analysis. Results Heat stress induced rapid and extensive changes in protein abundance in both fractions, with release of mitochondrial proteins into the cytosol upon PCD induction. In our system, LaCl3 appeared to act downstream of cell death initiation signal, as it did not affect the release of mitochondrial proteins, but instead partially inhibited changes occurring in the cytosolic fraction, including upregulation of proteins with hydrolytic activity. Discussion We characterized changes in protein abundance and localization associated with the early stages of heat stress-induced PCD. Collectively, the generated data provide new insights into the regulation of cell death and survival decisions in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schwarze
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gavin S. Stewart
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F. McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ling J, Li L, Lin L, Xie H, Zheng Y, Wan X. Genome-wide identification of acyl-CoA binding proteins and possible functional prediction in legumes. Front Genet 2023; 13:1057160. [PMID: 36704331 PMCID: PMC9871394 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1057160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs), members of a vital housekeeping protein family, are present in various animal and plant species. They are divided into four classes: small ACBPs (class I), ankyrin-repeat ACBPs (class II), large ACBPs (class III), and kelch-ACBPs (class IV). Plant ACBPs play a pivotal role in intracellular transport, protection, and pool formation of acyl-CoA esters, promoting plant development and stress response. Even though legume crops are important for vegetable oils, proteins, vegetables and green manure, legume ACBPs are not well investigated. To comprehensively explore the functions of ACBPs in nine legumes (Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula, Glycine max, Vigna angularis, Vigna radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris, Arachis hypogaea, Arachis duranensis, and Arachis ipaensis), we conducted genome-wide identification of the ACBP gene family. Our evolutionary analyses included phylogenetics, gene structure, the conserved motif, chromosomal distribution and homology, subcellular localization, cis-elements, and interacting proteins. The results revealed that ACBP Orthologs of nine legumes had a high identity in gene structure and conserved motif. However, subcellular localization, cis-acting elements, and interaction protein analyses revealed potentially different functions from previously reported. The predicted results were also partially verified in Arachis hypogaea. We believe that our findings will help researchers understand the roles of ACBPs in legumes and encourage them to conduct additional research.
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C3H Expression Is Crucial for Methyl Jasmonate Induction of Chicoric Acid Production by Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Cell Suspension Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911179. [PMID: 36232482 PMCID: PMC9570471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is one of the most economically important medicinal plants, cultivated worldwide for its high medicinal value and with several industrial applications in both pharmaceutical and food industries. Thanks to its various phytochemical contents, including caffeic acid derivatives (CADs), E. purpurea extracts have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immuno-stimulating properties. Among CADs, chicoric acid is one of the most important compounds which have shown important pharmacological properties. The present research was aimed at optimizing the production of chicoric acid in E. purpurea cell culture. Methyl jasmonate (MeJa) at different concentrations and for different duration of treatments was utilized as elicitor, and the content of total polyphenols and chicoric acid was measured. Several genes involved in the chicoric acid biosynthetic pathway were selected, and their expression evaluated at different time points of cell culture growth. This was performed with the aim of identifying the most suitable putative molecular markers to be used as a proxy for the early prediction of chicoric acid contents, without the need of expensive quantification methods. A correlation between the production of chicoric acid in response to MeJa and an increased response to oxidative stress was also proposed.
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Fang L, Zhang Z, Zhao T, Zhou N, Mei H, Huang X, Wang F, Si Z, Han Z, Lu S, Hu Y, Guan X, Zhang T. Retrieving a disrupted gene encoding phospholipase A for fibre enhancement in allotetraploid cultivated cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1770-1785. [PMID: 35633313 PMCID: PMC9398350 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
After polyploidization originated from one interspecific hybridization event in Gossypium, Gossypium barbadense evolved to produce extra-long staple fibres than Gossypium hirsutum (Upland cotton), which produces a higher fibre yield. The genomic diversity between G. barbadense and G. hirsutum thus provides a genetic basis for fibre trait variation. Recently, rapid accumulation of gene disruption or deleterious mutation was reported in allotetraploid cotton genomes, with unknown impacts on fibre traits. Here, we identified gene disruptions in allotetraploid G. hirsutum (18.14%) and G. barbadense (17.38%) through comparison with their presumed diploid progenitors. Relative to conserved genes, these disrupted genes exhibited faster evolution rate, lower expression level and altered gene co-expression networks. Within a module regulating fibre elongation, a hub gene experienced gene disruption in G. hirsutum after polyploidization, with a 2-bp deletion in the coding region of GhNPLA1D introducing early termination of translation. This deletion was observed in all of the 34 G. hirsutum landraces and 36 G. hirsutum cultivars, but not in 96% of 57 G. barbadense accessions. Retrieving the disrupted gene GhNPLA1D using its homoeolog GhNPLA1A achieved longer fibre length in G. hirsutum. Further enzyme activity and lipids analysis confirmed that GhNPLA1A encodes a typical phospholipase A and promotes cotton fibre elongation via elevating intracellular levels of linolenic acid and 34:3 phosphatidylinositol. Our work opens a strategy for identifying disrupted genes and retrieving their functions in ways that can provide valuable resources for accelerating fibre trait enhancement in cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research InstituteNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ting Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Na Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research InstituteNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Huan Mei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xingqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research InstituteNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhanfeng Si
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zegang Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yan Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Xueying Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
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Su K, Sun J, Han J, Zheng T, Sun B, Liu S. Combined morphological and multi-omics analyses to reveal the developmental mechanism of Zanthoxylum bungeanum prickles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:950084. [PMID: 36072325 PMCID: PMC9441855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. as an important economic forest, its epidermis bears prickles which complicate the harvesting process and increase the labor costs. To explore the developmental mechanism of prickles, three varieties of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (PZB, SZB, GSZB) were selected for morphological and multi-omics analyses. The absorption spectra of prickles and stems were detected using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and they were found different at 1617, 1110, 3319, and 1999 cm-1. The morphology of prickles and stems were observed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The growth direction of cells on the prickle side and stem side were perpendicular to each other, and there was a resembling abscission zone (RAZ) between them. The vacuolar deposits of prickle cells were much more than stem cells, indicating that the lignification degree of prickles was higher than stems. In addition, 9 candidate genes (ZbYABBY2, ZbYABBY1, ZbYABBY5, ZbWRKY, ZbLOG5, ZbAZG2, ZbGh16, ZbIAA33, and ZbGh16X1) were screened out and validated base on transcriptome and qRT-PCA. As well as, 30 key metabolites were found related to prickle development base on metabolome analysis. Among them, 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate, trans-2-hydroxy-cinnamate, trans-cinnamate, polyhydroxy-fatty acid, 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate, cinnamic acid were related to the biosynthesis of cutin, suberine and wax. Indole-3-acetate, tryptamine, anthranilate, fromylanthranilate, N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adenine were related to plant hormone signal transduction. Generally, this is the first study to reveal the developmental mechanism of prickles. The results of this study lay the foundation for the breeding of non-prickle Zanthoxylum bungeanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexing Su
- College of Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiaqian Sun
- Powerchina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Union Research Center of University and Enterprise for River and Lake Ecosystems Protection and Restoration, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun Han
- Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Xunhua County, Qinghai, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- College of Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Bingyin Sun
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Xianyang, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- College of Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
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Synergetic modulation of plant cadmium tolerance via MYB75-mediated ROS homeostasis and transcriptional regulation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1515-1530. [PMID: 35503475 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE MYB75 enhances plant cadmium tolerance by mediating ROS homeostasis and cadmium tolerance-related genes expression. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal with biological toxicity, which can be detoxified through chelation and compartmentation in plants. Transcriptional regulation mediates plant Cd tolerance by modulating these processes. However, the mechanism remains to be studied. Our results showed a previously unknown function of MYB75 transcription factor in the regulation of Cd tolerance. Cd exposure stimulates anthocyanin accumulation by raising MYB75 expression. Enhanced Cd tolerance was observed in the MYB75-overexpressing plants, whereas increased Cd sensitivity was found in the MYB75 loss-of-function mutants. Under Cd stress conditions, lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected in MYB75-overexpressing plants than in wild type plants. In contrast, higher ROS levels were found in MYB75 loss-of-function mutants. Overexpression of MYB75 was associated with increased glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatin (PC) content under Cd exposure. Furthermore, the expression of Cd stress-related gene including ACBP2 and ABCC2 was elevated in MYB75-overexpressing plants, and this upregulation was mediated through the mechanism by which MYB75 directly bind to the promoter of ACBP2 and ABCC2. Our findings reveal an important role for MYB75 in the regulation of plant Cd tolerance via anthocyanin-mediated ROS homeostasis, and through upregulation of Cd stress-related gene at the transcriptional level.
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Interactome of Arabidopsis Thaliana. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030350. [PMID: 35161331 PMCID: PMC8838453 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
More than 95,000 protein–protein interactions of Arabidopsis thaliana have been published and deposited in databases. This dataset was supplemented by approximately 900 additional interactions, which were identified in the literature from the years 2002–2021. These protein–protein interactions were used as the basis for a Cytoscape network and were supplemented with data on subcellular localization, gene ontologies, biochemical properties and co-expression. The resulting network has been exemplarily applied in unraveling the PPI-network of the plant vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase), which was selected due to its central importance for the plant cell. In particular, it is involved in cellular pH homeostasis, providing proton motive force necessary for transport processes, trafficking of proteins and, thereby, cell wall synthesis. The data points to regulation taking place on multiple levels: (a) a phosphorylation-dependent regulation by 14-3-3 proteins and by kinases such as WNK8 and NDPK1a, (b) an energy-dependent regulation via HXK1 and the glucose receptor RGS1 and (c) a Ca2+-dependent regulation by SOS2 and IDQ6. The known importance of V-ATPase for cell wall synthesis is supported by its interactions with several proteins involved in cell wall synthesis. The resulting network was further analyzed for (experimental) biases and was found to be enriched in nuclear, cytosolic and plasma membrane proteins but depleted in extracellular and mitochondrial proteins, in comparison to the entity of protein-coding genes. Among the processes and functions, proteins involved in transcription were highly abundant in the network. Subnetworks were extracted for organelles, processes and protein families. The degree of representation of organelles and processes reveals limitations and advantages in the current knowledge of protein–protein interactions, which have been mainly caused by a high number of database entries being contributed by only a few publications with highly specific motivations and methodologies that favor, for instance, interactions in the cytosol and the nucleus.
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Wang X, Chao N, Zhang A, Kang J, Jiang X, Gai Y. Systematic Analysis and Biochemical Characterization of the Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase Gene Family in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413366. [PMID: 34948162 PMCID: PMC8704367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) hydrolyzes caffeoyl shikimate into caffeate and shikimate in the phenylpropanoid pathway. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of the CSE gene family and investigated the possible roles of CSE and CSE-like genes in Populus. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of the CSE gene family, including functional and phylogenetic analyses of CSE and CSE-like genes, using the poplar (Populus trichocarpa) genome. Eighteen CSE and CSE-like genes were identified in the Populus genome, and five phylogenetic groups were identified from phylogenetic analysis. CSEs in Group Ia, which were proposed as bona fide CSEs, have probably been lost in most monocots except Oryza sativa. Primary functional classification showed that PoptrCSE1 and PoptrCSE2 had putative function in lignin biosynthesis. In addition, PoptrCSE2, along with PoptrCSE12, might also respond to stress with a function in cell wall biosynthesis. Enzymatic assay of PoptoCSE1 (Populus tomentosa), -2 and -12 showed that PoptoCSE1 and -2 maintained CSE activity. PoptoCSE1 and 2 had similar biochemical properties, tissue expression patterns and subcellular localization. Most of the PoptrCSE-like genes are homologs of AtMAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase) genes in Arabidopsis and may function as MAG lipase in poplar. Our study provides a systematic understanding of this novel gene family and suggests the function of CSE in monolignol biosynthesis in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Chao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Aijing Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiaqi Kang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Gai
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.W.); (N.C.); (A.Z.); (J.K.); (X.J.)
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6233-8063
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Jiang X, Xu L, Gao Y, He M, Bu Q, Meng W. Phylogeny and subcellular localization analyses reveal distinctions in monocot and eudicot class IV acyl-CoA-binding proteins. PLANTA 2021; 254:71. [PMID: 34505938 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant class IV ACBPs diverged with the split of monocots and eudicots. Difference in the subcellular localization supported the functional variation of plant class IV ACBP. Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) are divided into class I-IV in plants. Class IV ACBPs are kelch motif containing proteins that are specific to plants. The currently known subcellular localizations of plant class IV ACBPs are either in the cytosol (Arabidopsis) or in the peroxisomes (rice). However, it is not clear whether peroxisomal localization of class IV ACBP is a shared character that distinguishes eudicots and monocots. Here, the phylogeny of class IV ACBPs from 73 plant species and subcellular localization of class IV ACBPs from six monocots and eudicots were conducted. Phylogenetic analysis of 112 orthologues revealed that monocot class IV ACBPs were basal to the monophyletic clade formed by eudicots and basal angiosperm. Transient expression of GFP fusions in onion epidermal cells demonstrated that monocot maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and eudicot poplar (Populus trichocarpa) all contained at least one peroxisomal localized class IV ACBP, while orthologues from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and soybean (Glycine max) were all cytosolic. Combining the location of Arabidopsis and rice class IV ACBPs, it indicates that maintaining at least one peroxisomal class IV ACBP could be a shared feature within the tested monocots, while cytosolic class IV ACBPs would be preferred in the tested eudicots. Furthermore, the interaction between OsACBP6 and peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter provided clues for the functional mechanism of OsACBP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lijian Xu
- College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Ying Gao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Mingliang He
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Qingyun Bu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wei Meng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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Karthikaichamy A, Beardall J, Coppel R, Noronha S, Bulach D, Schittenhelm RB, Srivastava S. Data-Independent-Acquisition-Based Proteomic Approach towards Understanding the Acclimation Strategy of Oleaginous Microalga Microchloropsis gaditana CCMP526 in Hypersaline Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22151-22164. [PMID: 34497906 PMCID: PMC8412934 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the significant factors that affect growth and cellular metabolism, including photosynthesis and lipid accumulation, in microalgae and higher plants. Microchloropsis gaditana CCMP526 can acclimatize to different salinity levels by accumulating compatible solutes, carbohydrates, and lipids as energy storage molecules. We used proteomics to understand the molecular basis for acclimation of M. gaditana to increased salinity levels [55 and 100 PSU (practical salinity unit)]. Correspondence analysis was used for the identification of salinity-responsive proteins (SRPs). The highest number of salinity-induced proteins was observed in 100 PSU. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed a separate path of acclimation for cells exposed to 55 and 100 PSU. Osmolyte and lipid biosynthesis were upregulated in hypersaline conditions. Concomitantly, lipid oxidation pathways were also upregulated in hypersaline conditions, providing acetyl-CoA for energy metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Carbon fixation and photosynthesis were tightly regulated, while chlorophyll biosynthesis was affected in hypersaline conditions. Importantly, temporal proteome analysis of salinity-induced M. gaditana revealed vital SRPs which could be used for engineering salinity resilient microalgal strains for improved productivity in hypersaline culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasu Karthikaichamy
- IITB-Monash
Research Academy, Mumbai 400076, India
- Department
of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - John Beardall
- School
of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Coppel
- Department
of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Santosh Noronha
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Medicine,
Dentistry and Health Sciences, University
of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Ralf B. Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics
& Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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13
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Chao N, Yu T, Hou C, Liu L, Zhang L. Genome-wide analysis of the lignin toolbox for morus and the roles of lignin related genes in response to zinc stress. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11964. [PMID: 34434666 PMCID: PMC8351576 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus, Moraceae) is an important economic plant with nutritional, medicinal, and ecological values. Lignin in mulberry can affect the quality of forage and the saccharification efficiency of mulberry twigs. The availability of the Morus notabilis genome makes it possible to perform a systematic analysis of the genes encoding the 11 protein families specific to the lignin branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway, providing the core genes for the lignin toolbox in mulberry. We performed genome-wide screening, which was combined with de novo transcriptome data for Morus notabilis and Morus alba variety Fengchi, to identify putative members of the lignin gene families followed by phylogenetic and expression profile analyses. We focused on bona fide clade genes and their response to zinc stress were further distinguished based on expression profiles using RNA-seq and RT-qPCR. We finally identified 31 bona fide genes in Morus notabilis and 25 bona fide genes in Fengchi. The putative function of these bona fide genes was proposed, and a lignin toolbox that comprised 19 genes in mulberry was provided, which will be convenient for researchers to explore and modify the monolignol biosynthesis pathway in mulberry. We also observed changes in the expression of some of these lignin biosynthetic genes in response to stress caused by excess zinc in Fengchi and proposed that the enhanced lignin biosynthesis in lignified organs and inhibition of lignin biosynthesis in leaf is an important response to zinc stress in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science & Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science & Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chong Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science & Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science & Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science & Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.,Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
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14
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Plant Acyl-CoA-Binding Proteins-Their Lipid and Protein Interactors in Abiotic and Biotic Stresses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051064. [PMID: 33946260 PMCID: PMC8146436 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to environmental stresses during their growth and development. Owing to their immobility, plants possess stress-sensing abilities and adaptive responses to cope with the abiotic and biotic stresses caused by extreme temperatures, drought, flooding, salinity, heavy metals and pathogens. Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs), a family of conserved proteins among prokaryotes and eukaryotes, bind to a variety of acyl-CoA esters with different affinities and play a role in the transport and maintenance of subcellular acyl-CoA pools. In plants, studies have revealed ACBP functions in development and stress responses through their interactions with lipids and protein partners. This review summarises the roles of plant ACBPs and their lipid and protein interactors in abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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15
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Liu L, Sanchez-Arcos C, Pohnert G, Wei D. Untargeted Metabolomics Unveil Changes in Autotrophic and Mixotrophic Galdieria sulphuraria Exposed to High-Light Intensity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031247. [PMID: 33513853 PMCID: PMC7865508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermoacidophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria has been optimizing a photosynthetic system for low-light conditions over billions of years, thriving in hot and acidic endolithic habitats. The growth of G. sulphuraria in the laboratory is very much dependent on light and substrate supply. Here, higher cell densities in G. sulphuraria under high-light conditions were obtained, although reductions in photosynthetic pigments were observed, which indicated this alga might be able to relieve the effects caused by photoinhibition. We further describe an extensive untargeted metabolomics study to reveal metabolic changes in autotrophic and mixotrophic G. sulphuraria grown under high and low light intensities. The up-modulation of bilayer lipids, that help generate better-ordered lipid domains (e.g., ergosterol) and keep optimal membrane thickness and fluidity, were observed under high-light exposure. Moreover, high-light conditions induced changes in amino acids, amines, and amide metabolism. Compared with the autotrophic algae, higher accumulations of osmoprotectant sugars and sugar alcohols were recorded in the mixotrophic G. sulphuraria. This response can be interpreted as a measure to cope with stress due to the high concentration of organic carbon sources. Our results indicate how G. sulphuraria can modulate its metabolome to maintain energetic balance and minimize harmful effects under changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Arcos
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany;
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, China;
- Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-8711-3849
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16
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Guo ZH, Chye ML. Investigations of Lipid Binding to Acyl-CoA-Binding Proteins (ACBP) Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2295:401-415. [PMID: 34047990 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1362-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a quantitative, biophysical method to investigate intermolecular binding between biomolecules by directly measuring the heat exchange in the binding reaction. The assay is carried out in solution when the molecules interact in vitro. This allows to determine values for binding affinity (Kd), binding stoichiometry (n), as well as changes in Gibbs free energy (ΔG), entropy (ΔS), and enthalpy (ΔH). This method also addresses the kinetics of enzymatic reactions for a substrate during conversion to a product. ITC has been used to study the interactions between proteins and ligands such as those of acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) and acyl-CoA thioesters or ACBPs with protein partners. ITC has also been used in investigating interactions between antiserum and antigen, as well as those involving RNA and DNA and other macromolecules. We describe the methods used to isolate and purify a recombinant rice ACBP (OsACBP) for ITC. To study OsACBP binding to long-chain acyl-CoA thioesters, a microcalorimeter was used at 30 °C, and the ligand (acyl-CoA thioesters or a protein partner in the first cell), was mixed with the ACBP protein solution in a second cell, for more than 40 min comprising 20 injections. Subsequently, the binding parameters including the heat-release data were analyzed and various thermodynamic parameters were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Song T, Das D, Zhu F, Chen X, Chen M, Yang F, Zhang J. Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation on the Nutritional Qualities of Milled Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721160. [PMID: 34567035 PMCID: PMC8458798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation has been widely used to save irrigation water during rice production when compared to the traditionally continuous flooding (CF). Although the influence of AWD on water-saving potential and grain yield has been studied before, its detailed effect on grain nutritional quality in milled rice remains relatively unexplored. In this study, AWD could maintain grain yield as compared with CF. Thus, we undertook efforts to compare the nutritional traits of milled rice irrigated with AWD and CF regimes. A targeted metabolome assay on milled rice identified 74 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) with 22 up- and 52 down-accumulated metabolites under AWD vs. CF. Clustering of the metabolite content obtained in this assay suggested that most of the metabolites showing significant changes belonged to "lipids," "alkaloids," and "phenolic acids." In addition, total protein, starch, lipid, and amino acids content were measured to correlate it with the differential accumulation of specific metabolites detected in the metabolome. Overall, the data suggested that AWD may improve the nutritional performance of milled rice by increasing amino acids and phenolic acids and decreasing lipids and alkaloids. Our study provides research proof for the need for the optimization of irrigation to optimize rice nutritional qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Debatosh Das
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuyuan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincal Key Laboratory of Seed and Seedling Health Management Technology, Shenzhen Noposion Agrochemical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Moxian Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Yang
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Jianhua Zhang
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18
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Investigation of an Antioxidative System for Salinity Tolerance in Oenanthe javanica. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100940. [PMID: 33019501 PMCID: PMC7601823 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress, such as drought and salinity, severely affect the growth and yield of many plants. Oenanthe javanica (commonly known as water dropwort) is an important vegetable that is grown in the saline-alkali soils of East Asia, where salinity is the limiting environmental factor. To study the defense mechanism of salt stress responses in water dropwort, we studied two water dropwort cultivars, V11E0022 and V11E0135, based on phenotypic and physiological indexes. We found that V11E0022 were tolerant to salt stress, as a result of good antioxidant defense system in the form of osmolyte (proline), antioxidants (polyphenols and flavonoids), and antioxidant enzymes (APX and CAT), which provided novel insights for salt-tolerant mechanisms. Then, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was conducted, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process could reduce oxidative stress and enhance energy production that can help in adaptation against salt stress. Similarly, lipid metabolic processes can also enhance tolerance against salt stress by reducing the transpiration rate, H2O2, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that DEGs involved in hormone signals transduction pathway promoted the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative stress; likewise, arginine and proline metabolism, and flavonoid pathways also stimulated the biosynthesis of proline and flavonoids, respectively, in response to salt stress. Moreover, transcription factors (TFs) were also identified, which play an important role in salt stress tolerance of water dropwort. The finding of this study will be helpful for crop improvement under salt stress.
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19
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Lamar SK, Beddows I, Partridge CG. Examining the molecular mechanisms contributing to the success of an invasive species across different ecosystems. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10254-10270. [PMID: 33005380 PMCID: PMC7520182 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species provide an opportune system to investigate how populations respond to new environments. Baby's breath (Gypsophila paniculata) was introduced to North America in the 1800s and has since spread throughout the United States and western Canada. We used an RNA-seq approach to explore how molecular processes contribute to the success of invasive populations with similar genetic backgrounds across distinct habitats. Transcription profiles were constructed from seedlings collected from a sand dune ecosystem in Petoskey, MI (PSMI), and a sagebrush ecosystem in Chelan, WA (CHWA). We assessed differential gene expression and identified SNPs within differentially expressed genes. We identified 1,146 differentially expressed transcripts across all sampled tissues between the two populations. GO processes enriched in PSMI were associated with nutrient starvation, while enriched processes in CHWA were associated with abiotic stress. Only 7.4% of the differentially expressed transcripts contained SNPs differing in allele frequencies of at least 0.5 between populations. Common garden studies found the two populations differed in germination rate and seedling emergence success. Our results suggest the success of G. paniculata in these two environments is likely due to plasticity in specific molecular processes responding to different environmental conditions, although some genetic divergence may be contributing to these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Lamar
- Annis Water Resources InstituteGrand Valley State UniversityMuskegonMichiganUSA
- Present address:
School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Ian Beddows
- Center for EpigeneticsVan Andel InstituteGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
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20
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Qiu S, Zeng B. Advances in Understanding the Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein in Plants, Mammals, Yeast, and Filamentous Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E34. [PMID: 32164164 PMCID: PMC7151191 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) is an important protein with a size of about 10 kDa. It has a high binding affinity for C12-C22 acyl-CoA esters and participates in lipid metabolism. ACBP and its family of proteins have been found in all eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. Studies have described the function and structure of ACBP family proteins in mammals (such as humans and mice), plants (such as Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Hevea brasiliensis) and yeast. However, little information on the structure and function of the proteins in filamentous fungi has been reported. This article concentrates on recent advances in the research of the ACBP family proteins in plants and mammals, especially in yeast, filamentous fungi (such as Monascus ruber and Aspergillus oryzae), and fungal pathogens (Aspergillus flavus, Cryptococcus neoformans). Furthermore, we discuss some problems in the field, summarize the binding characteristics of the ACBP family proteins in filamentous fungi and yeast, and consider the future of ACBP development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Zeng
- JiangXi Province Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China;
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21
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Sarabia LD, Boughton BA, Rupasinghe T, Callahan DL, Hill CB, Roessner U. Comparative spatial lipidomics analysis reveals cellular lipid remodelling in different developmental zones of barley roots in response to salinity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:327-343. [PMID: 31714612 PMCID: PMC7063987 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinity-induced metabolic, ionic, and transcript modifications in plants have routinely been studied using whole plant tissues, which do not provide information on spatial tissue responses. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the lipid profiles in a spatial manner and to quantify the changes in the elemental composition in roots of seedlings of four barley cultivars before and after a short-term salt stress. We used a combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging, and reverse transcription - quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction platforms to examine the molecular signatures of lipids, ions, and transcripts in three anatomically different seminal root tissues before and after salt stress. We found significant changes to the levels of major lipid classes including a decrease in the levels of lysoglycerophospholipids, ceramides, and hexosylceramides and an increase in the levels of glycerophospholipids, hydroxylated ceramides, and hexosylceramides. Our results revealed that modifications to lipid and transcript profiles in plant roots in response to a short-term salt stress may involve recycling of major lipid species, such as phosphatidylcholine, via resynthesis from glycerophosphocholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin D. Sarabia
- School of BioSciences and Metabolomics AustraliaUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | | | | | - Damien L. Callahan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (Burwood Campus)Deakin University, Geelong, Australia221 Burwood HighwayBurwoodVIC3125Australia
| | - Camilla B. Hill
- School of Veterinary and Life SciencesMurdoch UniversityMurdochWA6150Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences and Metabolomics AustraliaUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
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22
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Liao P, Leung KP, Lung SC, Panthapulakkal Narayanan S, Jiang L, Chye ML. Subcellular Localization of Rice Acyl-CoA-Binding Proteins ACBP4 and ACBP5 Supports Their Non-redundant Roles in Lipid Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:331. [PMID: 32265974 PMCID: PMC7105888 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs), conserved at the acyl-CoA-binding domain, can bind acyl-CoA esters as well as transport them intracellularly. Six ACBPs co-exist in each model plant, dicot Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) and monocot Oryza sativa (rice). Although Arabidopsis ACBPs have been studied extensively, less is known about the rice ACBPs. OsACBP4 is highly induced by salt treatment, but down-regulated following pathogen infection, while OsACBP5 is up-regulated by both wounding and pathogen treatment. Their differential expression patterns under various stress treatments suggest that they may possess non-redundant functions. When expressed from the CaMV35S promoter, OsACBP4 and OsACBP5 were subcellularly localized to different endoplasmic reticulum (ER) domains in transgenic Arabidopsis. As these plants were not stress-treated, it remains to be determined if OsACBP subcellular localization would change following treatment. Given that the subcellular localization of proteins may not be reliable if not expressed in the native plant, this study addresses OsACBP4:GFP and OsACBP5:DsRED expression from their native promoters to verify their subcellular localization in transgenic rice. The results indicated that OsACBP4:GFP was targeted to the plasma membrane besides the ER, while OsACBP5:DsRED was localized at the apoplast, in contrast to their only localization at the ER in transgenic Arabidopsis. Differences in tagged-protein localization in transgenic Arabidopsis and rice imply that protein subcellular localization studies are best investigated in the native plant. Likely, initial targeting to the ER in a non-native plant could not be followed up properly to the final destination(s) unless it occurred in the native plant. Also, monocot (rice) protein targeting may not be optimally processed in a transgenic dicot (Arabidopsis), perhaps arising from the different processing systems for routing between them. Furthermore, changes in the subcellular localization of OsACBP4:GFP and OsACBP5:DsRED were not detectable following salt and pathogen treatment, respectively. These results suggest that OsACBP4 is likely involved in the intracellular shuttling of acyl-CoA esters and/or other lipids between the plasma membrane and the ER, while OsACBP5 appears to participate in the extracellular transport of acyl-CoA esters and/or other lipids, suggesting that they are non-redundant proteins in lipid trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, CUHK, New Territories, China
| | - King Pong Leung
- Centre for Cell and Development Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China
| | - Shiu-Cheung Lung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | | | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Cell and Development Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, CUHK, New Territories, China
- *Correspondence: Mee-Len Chye,
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23
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Functional Characteristics of Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase in Larix Kaempferi and Monolignol Biosynthesis in Gymnosperms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236071. [PMID: 31810184 PMCID: PMC6929169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) has been reported to be involved in lignin biosynthesis; however, studies of CSE in gymnosperms are lacking. In this study, CSE was successfully cloned from Larix kaempferi (LkCSE) based on Larix laricina transcriptome screening. LkCSE was likely to have catalytic activity based on homologous sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses of CSEs from different species. In vitro assays with the recombinant enzyme validated the catalytic activity of LkCSE, indicating its function in converting caffeoyl shikimate into caffeate and shikimate. Additionally, the optimum reaction pH and temperature of LkCSE were determined to be 6.0 and 30 °C, respectively. The values of Km and Vmax of CSE for caffeoyl shikimate were 98.11 μM and 14.44 nM min-1, respectively. Moreover, LkCSE was observed to have tissue expression specificity and was abundantly expressed in stems and leaves, especially stems, which was 50 times higher than the expression levels of roots. Lastly, translational fusion assays using LkCSE fused with green fluorescent proteins (GFP) in tobacco leaves indicated that LkCSE was localized in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These results revealed that CSE clearly functions in gymnosperms and it is possible for LkCSE to interact with other ER-resident proteins and regulate mass flux in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway.
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24
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Guo Z, Ye Z, Haslam RP, Michaelson LV, Napier JA, Chye M. Arabidopsis cytosolic acyl-CoA-binding proteins function in determining seed oil composition. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00182. [PMID: 31844833 PMCID: PMC6892995 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As plant seed oils provide animals with essential fatty acids (FAs), genes that regulate plant lipid metabolism have been used in genetic manipulation to improve dietary seed oil composition and benefit human health. Herein, the Arabidopsis thaliana cytosolic acyl-CoA-binding proteins (AtACBPs), AtACBP4, AtACBP5, and AtACBP6 were shown to play a role in determining seed oil content by analysis of atacbp (atacbp4, atacbp5, atacbp6, atacbp4atacbp5, atacbp4atacbp6, atacbp5atacbp6, and atacbp4atacbp5atacbp6) seed oil content in comparison with the Col-0 wild type (WT). Triacylglycerol (TAG) composition in electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer (ESI-MS) analysis on atacbp6 seed oil showed a reduction (-50%) of C58-TAGs in comparison with the WT. Investigations on fatty acid composition of atacbp mutants indicated that 18:2-FA accumulated in atacbp6 and 18:3-FA in atacbp4, both at the expense of 20:1-FA. As TAG composition can be modified by acyl editing through phosphatidylcholines (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), total PC and LPC content in atacbp6 mature seeds was determined and ESI-MS analysis revealed that LPC had increased (+300%) at the expense of PC. Among all the 14 tested PC species, all (34:1-, 34:2-, 34:3-, 34:4-, 34:5-, 34:6-, 36:2-, 36:3-, 36:5-, 36:6-, 38:2-, 38:3-, and 38:4-PCs) but 36:4-PC were lower in atacbp6 than the WT. In contrast, all LPC species (16:0-, 18:1-, 18:2-, 18:3-, and 20:1-LPC) examined were elevated in atacbp6. LPC abundance also increased in atacbp4atacbp5, but not atacbp4 and atacbp5. Interestingly, when LPC composition in atacbp4atacbp5 was compared with atacbp4 and atacbp5, significant differences were observed between atacbp4atacbp5 and each single mutant, implying that AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 play combinatory roles by affecting LPC (but not PC) biosynthesis. Furthermore, PC-related genes such as those encoding acyl-CoA:lysophphosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT1) and phospholipase A2 alpha (PLA2α) were upregulated in atacbp6 developing seeds. A model on the role of AtACBP6 in modulating TAG through regulating LPCAT1 and PLA2α expression is proposed. Taken together, cytosolic AtACBPs appear to affect unsaturated TAG content and are good candidates for engineering oil crops to enhance seed oil composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze‐Hua Guo
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Zi‐Wei Ye
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | | | | | | | - Mee‐Len Chye
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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Guo ZH, Haslam RP, Michaelson LV, Yeung EC, Lung SC, Napier JA, Chye ML. The overexpression of rice ACYL-CoA-BINDING PROTEIN2 increases grain size and bran oil content in transgenic rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1132-1147. [PMID: 31437323 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As Oryza sativa (rice) seeds represent food for over three billion people worldwide, the identification of genes that enhance grain size and composition is much desired. Past reports have indicated that Arabidopsis thaliana acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) are important in seed development but did not affect seed size. Herein, rice OsACBP2 was demonstrated not only to play a role in seed development and germination, but also to influence grain size. OsACBP2 mRNA accumulated in embryos and endosperm of germinating seeds in qRT-PCR analysis, while β-glucuronidase (GUS) assays on OsACBP2pro::GUS rice transformants showed GUS expression in embryos, as well as the scutellum and aleurone layer of germinating seeds. Deletion analysis of the OsACBP2 5'-flanking region revealed five copies of the seed cis-element, Skn-I-like motif (-1486/-1482, -956/-952, -939/-935, -826/-822, and -766/-762), and the removal of any adversely affected expression in seeds, thereby providing a molecular basis for OsACBP2 expression in seeds. When OsACBP2 function was investigated using osacbp2 mutants and transgenic rice overexpressing OsACBP2 (OsACBP2-OE), osacbp2 was retarded in germination, while OsACBP2-OEs performed better than the wild-type and vector-transformed controls, in germination, seedling growth, grain size and grain weight. Transmission electron microscopy of OsACBP2-OE mature seeds revealed an accumulation of oil bodies in the scutellum cells, while confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated oil accumulation in OsACBP2-OE aleurone tissues. Correspondingly, OsACBP2-OE seeds showed gain in triacylglycerols and long-chain fatty acids over the vector-transformed control. As dietary rice bran contains beneficial bioactive components, OsACBP2 appears to be a promising candidate for enriching seed nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Louise V Michaelson
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Edward C Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4,, Canada
| | - Shiu-Cheung Lung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Dixon RA, Barros J. Lignin biosynthesis: old roads revisited and new roads explored. Open Biol 2019; 9:190215. [PMID: 31795915 PMCID: PMC6936255 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a major component of secondarily thickened plant cell walls and is considered to be the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet. At one point believed to be the product of a highly controlled polymerization procedure involving just three potential monomeric components (monolignols), it is becoming increasingly clear that the composition of lignin is quite flexible. Furthermore, the biosynthetic pathways to the major monolignols also appear to exhibit flexibility, particularly as regards the early reactions leading to the formation of caffeic acid from coumaric acid. The operation of parallel pathways to caffeic acid occurring at the level of shikimate esters or free acids may help provide robustness to the pathway under different physiological conditions. Several features of the pathway also appear to link monolignol biosynthesis to both generation and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, one of the oxidants responsible for creating monolignol radicals for polymerization in the apoplast. Monolignol transport to the apoplast is not well understood. It may involve passive diffusion, although this may be targeted to sites of lignin initiation/polymerization by ordered complexes of both biosynthetic enzymes on the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane and structural anchoring of proteins for monolignol oxidation and polymerization on the apoplastic side. We present several hypothetical models to illustrate these ideas and stimulate further research. These are based primarily on studies in model systems, which may or may not reflect the major lignification process in forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Dixon
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Studies and Department of Biological Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Jaime Barros
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Xu Y, Caldo KMP, Jayawardhane K, Ozga JA, Weselake RJ, Chen G. A transferase interactome that may facilitate channeling of polyunsaturated fatty acid moieties from phosphatidylcholine to triacylglycerol. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14838-14844. [PMID: 31481466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.010601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3Δ9 cis ,12 cis ,15 cis ) have high nutritional and industrial values. In oilseed crops, PUFAs are synthesized on phosphatidylcholine (PC) and accumulated in triacylglycerol (TAG). Therefore, exploring the mechanisms that route PC-derived PUFA to TAG is essential for understanding and improving PUFA production. The seed oil of flax (Linum usitatissimum) is enriched in ALA, and this plant has many lipid biosynthetic enzymes that prefer ALA-containing substrates. In this study, using membrane yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we probed recombinant flax transferase enzymes, previously shown to contribute to PUFA enrichment of TAG, for physical interactions with each other under in vivo conditions. We found that diacylglycerol acyltransferases, which catalyze the final reaction in acyl-CoA-dependent TAG biosynthesis, interact with the acyl-editing enzymes phosphatidylcholine: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase, and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase. Physical interactions among the acyl-editing enzymes were also identified. These findings reveal the presence of an assembly of interacting transferases that may facilitate the channeling of PUFA from PC to TAG in flax and possibly also in other oleaginous plants that produce seeds enriched in PC-modified fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Kethmi Jayawardhane
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jocelyn A Ozga
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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4-Coumarate 3-hydroxylase in the lignin biosynthesis pathway is a cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1994. [PMID: 31040279 PMCID: PMC6491607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin biosynthesis is evolutionarily conserved among higher plants and features a critical 3-hydroxylation reaction involving phenolic esters. However, increasing evidence questions the involvement of a single pathway to lignin formation in vascular plants. Here we describe an enzyme catalyzing the direct 3-hydroxylation of 4-coumarate to caffeate in lignin biosynthesis as a bifunctional peroxidase that oxidizes both ascorbate and 4-coumarate at comparable rates. A combination of biochemical and genetic evidence in the model plants Brachypodium distachyon and Arabidopsis thaliana supports a role for this coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) in the early steps of lignin biosynthesis. The subsequent efficient O-methylation of caffeate to ferulate in grasses is substantiated by in vivo biochemical assays. Our results identify C3H as the only non-membrane bound hydroxylase in the lignin pathway and revise the currently accepted models of lignin biosynthesis, suggesting new gene targets to improve forage and bioenergy crops. Lignin biosynthesis in higher plants relies upon a 3-hydroxylation reaction that can occur via shikimate esters of 4-coumarate. Here, Barros et al. define an alternative biosynthetic pathway via cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase that can catalyze direct 3-hydroxylation of 4-coumarate.
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Miao R, Lung SC, Li X, Li XD, Chye ML. Thermodynamic insights into an interaction between ACYL-CoA-BINDING PROTEIN2 and LYSOPHOSPHOLIPASE2 in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6214-6226. [PMID: 30782848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs) are important lipid-signaling molecules in plants, of which lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) is one of the most well-characterized LPLs, having important roles in plant stress responses. It is broken down by lysophospholipases, but the molecular mechanism involved in lysoPC degradation is unclear. Recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana ACYL-CoA-BINDING PROTEIN2 (AtACBP2) has been reported to bind lysoPC via its acyl-CoA-binding domain and also LYSOPHOSPHOLIPASE 2 (AtLYSOPL2) via its ankyrin repeats in vitro To investigate the interactions of AtACBP2 with AtLYSOPL2 and lysoPC in more detail, we conducted isothermal titration calorimetry with AtACBP270-354, an AtACBP2 derivative consisting of amino acids 70-354, containing both the acyl-CoA-binding domain and ankyrin repeats. We observed that the interactions of AtACBP270-354 with AtLYSOPL2 and lysoPC were both endothermic, favored by solvation entropy and opposed by enthalpy, with dissociation constants in the micromolar range. Of note, three AtLYSOPL2 catalytic triad mutant proteins (S147A, D268A, and H298A) bound lysoPC only weakly, with an exothermic burst and dissociation constants in the millimolar range. Furthermore, the binding affinity of lysoPC-premixed AtACBP270-354 to AtLYSOPL2 was 10-fold higher than that of AtACBP270-354 alone to AtLYSOPL2. We conclude that AtACBP2 may play a role in facilitating a direct interaction between AtLYSOPL2 and lysoPC. Our results suggest that AtACBP270-354 probably binds to lysoPC through a hydrophobic interface that enhances a hydrotropic interaction of AtACBP270-354 with AtLYSOPL2 and thereby facilitates AtLYSOPL2's lysophospholipase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Miao
- From the School of Biological Sciences and
| | | | - Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong and
| | - Xiang David Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong and
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- From the School of Biological Sciences and .,the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Gao J, Li Q, Wang N, Tao B, Wen J, Yi B, Ma C, Tu J, Fu T, Li Q, Zou J, Shen J. Tapetal Expression of BnaC.MAGL8.a Causes Male Sterility in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:763. [PMID: 31249581 PMCID: PMC6582705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol, producing free fatty acid and glycerol. Although this enzyme has been shown to play important roles in mammal, its potential function in plants remains poorly understood. In a survey of the MAGL genes in Brassica napus, we found tapetal expression of BnaC.MAGL8.a, a homolog of AtMAGL8, results in male sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana. Retarded tapetal PCD and defective pollen wall were observed in the transgenic plants. The tapetal cells became vacuolated at stage 9, and then degenerated at stage 11. Most microspores degenerated with the tapetal cells, and only few pollen grains with an irregular-shaped exine layer were produced in the transgenic plants. Transcriptome analysis identified 398 differentially expressed genes. Most of them are involved in pollen development and stress response. ABORTED MICROSPORES and its downstream pollen wall biosynthesis genes were down-regulated, but genes related with reactive oxygen species homeostasis and jasmonates signaling were up-regulated in the transgenic plants. These results suggest that expression of BnaC.MAGL8.a in tapetum invokes stress response and impairs pollen development. The apparent phenotypic similarity between atgpat1 mutant and BnA9::BnaC.MAGL8.a transgenic plants lead us to propose a role for monoacylglycerol (MAG) in pollen development in Arabidopsis. Our study provides insights on not only the biological function of plant MAGL genes but also the role of MAG in pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baolong Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jitao Zou,
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Jinxiong Shen,
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Wu Q, Ni M, Wang G, Liu Q, Yu M, Tang J. Omics for understanding the tolerant mechanism of Trichoderma asperellum TJ01 to organophosphorus pesticide dichlorvos. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:596. [PMID: 30089471 PMCID: PMC6083568 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Though it is toxic to humans, dichlorvos is a widely used chemical pesticide and plays an important role in the control of plant pests. The application of a combination of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma with dichlorvos may reduce the need for chemical pesticides. Therefore, revealing the specific molecular mechanism of Trichoderma tolerance to dichlorvos has become particularly important. RESULTS In this study, using transcriptome and metabolome analyses, changes in primary and secondary metabolisms in Trichoderma asperellum TJ01 were comprehensively studied in the presence of dichlorvos. A novel C2H2 zinc finger protein gene, zinc finger chimera 1 (zfc1), was discovered to be upregulated, along with a large number of oxidoreductase genes and ABC transporter genes under dichlorvos stress. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ-MS) data revealed the global primary and secondary metabolic changes that occur in T. asperellum TJ01 under dichlorvos stress. CONCLUSIONS The tolerance mechanism of T. asperellum TJ01 to dichlorvos was proposed. In addition, the absorption and residue of dichlorvos were analyzed, laying the foundation for elucidation of the mechanism by which T. asperellum TJ01 degrades pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, Anhui, China
| | - Mi Ni
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, Anhui, China
| | - Guisheng Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, Anhui, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, Anhui, China
| | - Meixia Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, Anhui, China.
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Raboanatahiry N, Wang B, Yu L, Li M. Functional and Structural Diversity of Acyl-coA Binding Proteins in Oil Crops. Front Genet 2018; 9:182. [PMID: 29872448 PMCID: PMC5972291 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversities in structure and function of ACBP were discussed in this review. ACBP are important proteins that could transport newly synthesized fatty acid, activated into -coA, from plastid to endoplasmic reticulum, where oil in the form of triacylglycerol occurs. ACBP were detected in various animal and plants species, which indicated their importance in biological function. In fact, involvement of ACBP in important process such as lipid metabolism, regulation of enzyme and gene expression, and in response to plant stresses has been proven in several studies. In this review, findings on ACBP of 11 well-known oil crops were reviewed to comprehend diversity, comparative analyses on ACBP structure were made, and link between structure and function, tissue expression and subcellular location of ACBP were also observed. Incomplete reports in some species were mentioned, which might be encouraging to start or to perform deeper studies. Similar characteristics were found in paralogs ACBP, and orthologs ACBP had different functions, despite the high identity in amino acid sequence. At the end, it is confirmed that ortholog proteins could not necessarily display the same function, even from closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Raboanatahiry
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
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Qiao K, Wang M, Takano T, Liu S. Overexpression of Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein 1 ( ChACBP1) From Saline-Alkali-Tolerant Chlorella sp. Enhances Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1772. [PMID: 30555504 PMCID: PMC6282033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A large proportion of the world's arable land is saline-alkali land, and this is becoming an urgent environmental problem for agriculture. One approach to address this problem is to develop new varieties of stress-resistant plants through genetic engineering. The algae (Chlorella sp.) JB6, which was previously isolated from saline-alkali land, was found to exhibit strong NaHCO3 tolerance. Here, we explored saline-alkali-tolerance genes in this alga that might be useful for producing abiotic stress-resistant transgenic plants. We identified a gene encoding acyl-CoA-binding protein 1 (ACBP1) from JB6 by screening a full-length cDNA library in yeast under NaHCO3 stress. Northern blot analyses showed that the ChACBP1 mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated under abiotic stresses such as salinity, oxidation, heavy metals, and low temperature stresses. The recombinant ChACBP1 protein was found to bind phosphatidylcholine in vitro. Green fluorescent protein-labeled ChACBP1 was localized to the cytosol. Overexpression of ChACBP1 in yeast and Arabidopsis increased their resistance to high salinity, oxidation, heavy metals, and low temperature stresses. These results suggested that ChACBP1 may mediate plant abiotic stress adaptation through phospholipid metabolism. Thus, ChACBP1 may be useful to genetically improve the tolerance of plants to saline-alkali soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tetsuo Takano
- Asian Natural Environment Science Center (ANESC), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shenkui Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin’an, China
- *Correspondence: Shenkui Liu,
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Ye ZW, Xu J, Shi J, Zhang D, Chye ML. Kelch-motif containing acyl-CoA binding proteins AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 are differentially expressed and function in floral lipid metabolism. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:209-225. [PMID: 27826761 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We herein demonstrated two of the Arabidopsis acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs), AtACBP4 and AtACBP5, both function in floral lipid metabolism and they may possibly play complementary roles in Arabidopsis microspore-to-pollen development. Histological analysis on transgenic Arabidopsis expressing β-glucuronidase driven from the AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 promoters, as well as, qRTPCR analysis revealed that AtACBP4 was expressed at stages 11-14 in the mature pollen, while AtACBP5 was expressed at stages 7-10 in the microspores and tapetal cells. Immunoelectron microscopy using AtACBP4- or AtACBP5-specific antibodies further showed that AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 were localized in the cytoplasm. Chemical analysis of bud wax and cutin using gas chromatographyflame ionization detector and GC-mass spectrometry analyses revealed the accumulation of cuticular waxes and cutin monomers in acbp4, acbp5 and acbp4acbp5 buds in comparison to the wild type (Col-0). Fatty acid profiling demonstrated a decline in stearic acid and an increase in linolenic acid in acbp4 and acbp4acbp5 buds, respectively, over Col-0. Analysis of inflorescences from acbp4 and acbp5 revealed that there was an increase of AtACBP5 expression in acbp4, and an increase of AtACBP4 expression in acbp5. Deletion analysis of the AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 5'-flanking regions indicated the minimal promoter activity for AtACBP4 (-145/+103) and AtACBP5 (-181/+81). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified a pollen-specific cis-acting element POLLEN1 (AGAAA) mapped at AtACBP4 (-157/-153) which interacted with nuclear proteins from flower and this was substantiated by DNase I footprinting. In Arabidopsis thaliana, six acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs), designated as AtACBP1 to AtACBP6, have been identified to function in plant stress and development. AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 represent the two largest proteins in the AtACBP family. Despite having kelch-motifs and sharing a common cytosolic subcellular localization, AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 differ in spatial and temporal expression. Histological analysis on transgenic Arabidopsis expressing β-glucuronidase driven from the respective AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 promoters, as well as, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that AtACBP4 was expressed at stages 11-14 in mature pollen, while AtACBP5 was expressed at stages 7-10 in the microspores and tapetal cells. Immunoelectron microscopy using AtACBP4- or AtACBP5-specific antibodies further showed that AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 were localized in the cytoplasm. Chemical analysis of bud wax and cutin using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and GC-mass spectrometry analyses revealed the accumulation of cuticular waxes and cutin monomers in acbp4, acbp5 and acbp4acbp5 buds, in comparison to the wild type. Analysis of inflorescences from acbp4 and acbp5 revealed that there was an increase of AtACBP5 expression in acbp4, and an increase of AtACBP4 expression in acbp5. Deletion analysis of the AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 5'-flanking regions indicated the minimal promoter region for AtACBP4 (-145/+103) and AtACBP5 (-181/+81). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified a pollen-specific cis-acting element POLLEN1 (AGAAA) within AtACBP4 (-157/-153) which interacted with nuclear proteins from flower and this was substantiated by DNase I footprinting. These results suggest that AtACBP4 and AtACBP5 both function in floral lipidic metabolism and they may play complementary roles in Arabidopsis microspore-to-pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Ye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Abdullah HM, Akbari P, Paulose B, Schnell D, Qi W, Park Y, Pareek A, Dhankher OP. Transcriptome profiling of Camelina sativa to identify genes involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and accumulation in the developing seeds. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:136. [PMID: 27382413 PMCID: PMC4932711 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camelina sativa is an emerging dedicated oilseed crop designed for biofuel and biodiesel applications as well as a source for edible and general-purpose oils. Such valuable oilseed crop is subjected to plant breeding programs and is suggested for large-scale production of better seed and oil quality. To accomplish this objective and to further enhance its oil content, a better understanding of lipid metabolism at the molecular level in this plant is critical. Here, we applied tissue transcriptomics and lipid composition analysis to identify and profile the genes and gene networks associated with triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, and to investigate how those genes are interacting to determine the quantity and quality of Camelina oil during seed development. RESULTS Our Camelina transcriptome data analysis revealed an approximate of 57,854 and 57,973 genes actively expressing in developing seeds (RPKM ≥ 0.1) at 10-15 (Cs-14) and 16-21 (Cs-21) days after flowering (DAF), respectively. Of these, 7932 genes showed temporal and differential gene expression during the seed development (log2 fold change ≥1.5 or ≤-1.5; P ≤ 0.05). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated and were found to be involved in distinct functional categories and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, performing quantitative real-time PCR for selected candidate genes associated with TAG biosynthesis validated RNA-seq data. Our results showed strong positive correlations between the expression abundance measured using both qPCR and RNA-Seq technologies. Furthermore, the analysis of fatty-acid content and composition revealed major changes throughout seed development, with the amount of oil accumulate rapidly at early mid seed development stages (from 16-28 DAF onwards), while no important changes were observed in the fatty-acid profile between seeds at 28 DAF and mature seeds. CONCLUSIONS This study is highly useful for understanding the regulation of TAG biosynthesis and identifying the rate-limiting steps in TAG pathways at seed development stages, providing a precise selection of candidate genes for developing Camelina varieties with improved seed and oil yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham M. Abdullah
- />Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
- />Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651 Egypt
| | - Parisa Akbari
- />Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Bibin Paulose
- />Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Danny Schnell
- />Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Weipeng Qi
- />Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- />Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- />Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 100067 India
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- />Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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Abstract
A gene family encoding six members of acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBP) exists in Arabidopsis and they are designated as AtACBP1-AtACBP6. They have been observed to play pivotal roles in plant lipid metabolism, consistent to the abilities of recombinant AtACBP in binding different medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters in vitro. While AtACBP1 and AtACBP2 are membrane-associated proteins with ankyrin repeats and AtACBP3 contains a signaling peptide for targeting to the apoplast, AtACBP4, AtACBP5 and AtACBP6 represent the cytosolic forms in the AtACBP family. They were verified to be subcellularly localized in the cytosol using diverse experimental methods, including cell fractionation followed by western blot analysis, immunoelectron microscopy and confocal laser-scanning microscopy using autofluorescence-tagged fusions. AtACBP4 (73.2 kDa) and AtACBP5 (70.1 kDa) are the largest, while AtACBP6 (10.4 kDa) is the smallest. Their binding affinities to oleoyl-CoA esters suggested that they can potentially transfer oleoyl-CoA esters from the plastids to the endoplasmic reticulum, facilitating the subsequent biosynthesis of non-plastidial membrane lipids in Arabidopsis. Recent studies on ACBP, extended from a dicot (Arabidopsis) to a monocot, revealed that six ACBP are also encoded in rice (Oryza sativa). Interestingly, three small rice ACBP (OsACBP1, OsACBP2 and OsACBP3) are present in the cytosol in comparison to one (AtACBP6) in Arabidopsis. In this review, the combinatory and distinct roles of the cytosolic AtACBP are discussed, including their functions in pollen and seed development, light-dependent regulation and substrate affinities to acyl-CoA esters.
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Raboanatahiry NH, Yin Y, Chen L, Li M. Genome-wide identification and Phylogenic analysis of kelch motif containing ACBP in Brassica napus. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:512. [PMID: 26156054 PMCID: PMC4497377 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acyl-coA binding proteins (ACBPs) bind long chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity. Their possible involvement in fatty acid transportation from the plastid to the endoplasmic reticulum, prior to the formation of triacylglycerol has been suggested. Four classes of ACBPs were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana: the small ACBPs, the large ACBPs, the ankyrin repeats containing ACBPs and the kelch motif containing ACBPs. They differed in structure and in size, and showed multiple important functions. In the present study, Brassica napus ACBPs were identified and characterized. Results Eight copies of kelch motif ACBPs were cloned, it showed that B. napus ACBPs shared high amino acid sequence identity with A. thaliana, Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea. Furthermore, phylogeny based on domain structure and comparison map showed the relationship and the evolution of ACBPs within Brassicaceae family: ACBPs evolved into four separate classes with different structure. Chromosome locations comparison showed conserved syntenic blocks. Conclusions ACBPs were highly conserved in Brassicaceae. They evolved from a common ancestor, but domain duplication and rearrangement might separate them into four distinct classes, with different structure and functions. Otherwise, B. napus inherited kelch motif ACBPs from ancestor conserving chromosomal location, emphasizing preserved synteny block region. This study provided a first insight for exploring ACBPs in B. napus, which supplies a valuable tool for crop improvement in agriculture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1735-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Haingotiana Raboanatahiry
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang, 435599, China.
| | - Yongtai Yin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang, 435599, China.
| | - Li Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang, 435599, China.
| | - Maoteng Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang, 435599, China.
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Xie LJ, Yu LJ, Chen QF, Wang FZ, Huang L, Xia FN, Zhu TR, Wu JX, Yin J, Liao B, Yao N, Shu W, Xiao S. Arabidopsis acyl-CoA-binding protein ACBP3 participates in plant response to hypoxia by modulating very-long-chain fatty acid metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:53-67. [PMID: 25284079 PMCID: PMC4309432 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) are encoded by a family of six genes (ACBP1 to ACBP6), and are essential for diverse cellular activities. Recent investigations suggest that the membrane-anchored ACBPs are involved in oxygen sensing by sequestration of group VII ethylene-responsive factors under normoxia. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of Arabidopsis ACBP3 in hypoxic tolerance. ACBP3 transcription was remarkably induced following submergence under both dark (DS) and light (LS) conditions. ACBP3-overexpressors (ACBP3-OEs) showed hypersensitivity to DS, LS and ethanolic stresses, with reduced transcription of hypoxia-responsive genes as well as accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the rosettes. In contrast, suppression of ACBP3 in ACBP3-KOs enhanced plant tolerance to DS, LS and ethanol treatments. By analyses of double combinations of OE-1 with npr1-5, coi1-2, ein3-1 as well as ctr1-1 mutants, we observed that the attenuated hypoxic tolerance in ACBP3-OEs was dependent on NPR1- and CTR1-mediated signaling pathways. Lipid profiling revealed that both the total amounts and very-long-chain species of phosphatidylserine (C42:2- and C42:3-PS) and glucosylinositolphosphorylceramides (C22:0-, C22:1-, C24:0-, C24:1-, and C26:1-GIPC) were significantly lower in ACBP3-OEs but increased in ACBP3-KOs upon LS exposure. By microscale thermophoresis analysis, the recombinant ACBP3 protein bound VLC acyl-CoA esters with high affinities in vitro. Further, a knockout mutant of MYB30, a master regulator of very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis, exhibited enhanced sensitivities to LS and ethanolic stresses, phenotypes that were ameliorated by ACBP3-RNAi. Taken together, these findings suggest that Arabidopsis ACBP3 participates in plant response to hypoxia by modulating VLCFA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Feng-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fan-Nv Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tian-Ren Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Bin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wensheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510275, China
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Arabidopsis cytosolic acyl-CoA-binding proteins ACBP4, ACBP5 and ACBP6 have overlapping but distinct roles in seed development. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:e00165. [PMID: 25423293 PMCID: PMC4274664 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cytosolic ACBPs (acyl-CoA-binding proteins) bind acyl-CoA esters and maintain a cytosolic acyl-CoA pool, but the thermodynamics of their protein–lipid interactions and physiological relevance in plants are not well understood. Arabidopsis has three cytosolic ACBPs which have been identified as AtACBP4, AtACBP5 and AtACBP6, and microarray data indicated that all of them are expressed in seeds; AtACBP4 is expressed in early embryogenesis, whereas AtACBP5 is expressed later. ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) in combination with transgenic Arabidopsis lines were used to investigate the roles of these three ACBPs from Arabidopsis thaliana. The dissociation constants, stoichiometry and enthalpy change of AtACBP interactions with various acyl-CoA esters were determined using ITC. Strong binding of recombinant (r) AtACBP6 with long-chain acyl-CoA (C16- to C18-CoA) esters was observed with dissociation constants in the nanomolar range. However, the affinity of rAtACBP4 and rAtACBP5 to these acyl-CoA esters was much weaker (dissociation constants in the micromolar range), suggesting that they interact with acyl-CoA esters differently from rAtACBP6. When transgenic Arabidopsis expressing AtACBP6pro::GUS was generated, strong GUS (β-glucuronidase) expression in cotyledonary-staged embryos and seedlings prompted us to measure the acyl-CoA contents of the acbp6 mutant. This mutant accumulated higher levels of C18:1-CoA and C18:1- and C18:2-CoAs in cotyledonary-staged embryos and seedlings, respectively, in comparison with the wild type. The acbp4acbp5acbp6 mutant showed the lightest seed weight and highest sensitivity to abscisic acid during germination, suggesting their physiological functions in seeds. The binding affinities of the three Arabidopsis cytosolic ACBPs (AtACBP4, AtACBP5 and AtACBP6) with acyl-CoA esters were investigated by ITC. When the biological significance of these AtACBPs was analysed using mutants, results indicated their overlapping functions in seed acyl-lipid metabolism.
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Hsiao AS, Haslam RP, Michaelson LV, Liao P, Napier JA, Chye ML. Gene expression in plant lipid metabolism in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107372. [PMID: 25264899 PMCID: PMC4180049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Events in plant lipid metabolism are important during seedling establishment. As it has not been experimentally verified whether lipid metabolism in 2- and 5-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings is diurnally-controlled, quantitative real-time PCR analysis was used to investigate the expression of target genes in acyl-lipid transfer, β-oxidation and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and hydrolysis in wild-type Arabidopsis WS and Col-0. In both WS and Col-0, ACYL-COA-BINDING PROTEIN3 (ACBP3), DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (DGAT1) and DGAT3 showed diurnal control in 2- and 5-day-old seedlings. Also, COMATOSE (CTS) was diurnally regulated in 2-day-old seedlings and LONG-CHAIN ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE6 (LACS6) in 5-day-old seedlings in both WS and Col-0. Subsequently, the effect of CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) from the core clock system was examined using the cca1lhy mutant and CCA1-overexpressing (CCA1-OX) lines versus wild-type WS and Col-0, respectively. Results revealed differential gene expression in lipid metabolism between 2- and 5-day-old mutant and wild-type WS seedlings, as well as between CCA1-OX and wild-type Col-0. Of the ACBPs, ACBP3 displayed the most significant changes between cca1lhy and WS and between CCA1-OX and Col-0, consistent with previous reports that ACBP3 is greatly affected by light/dark cycling. Evidence of oil body retention in 4- and 5-day-old seedlings of the cca1lhy mutant in comparison to WS indicated the effect of cca1lhy on storage lipid reserve mobilization. Lipid profiling revealed differences in primary lipid metabolism, namely in TAG, fatty acid methyl ester and acyl-CoA contents amongst cca1lhy, CCA1-OX, and wild-type seedlings. Taken together, this study demonstrates that lipid metabolism is subject to diurnal regulation in the early stages of seedling development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Shan Hsiao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard P. Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Louise V. Michaelson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Meng W, Hsiao AS, Gao C, Jiang L, Chye ML. Subcellular localization of rice acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) indicates that OsACBP6::GFP is targeted to the peroxisomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:469-482. [PMID: 24738983 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) show conservation at the acyl-CoA-binding (ACB) domain which facilitates binding to acyl-CoA esters. In Arabidopsis thaliana, six ACBPs participate in development and stress responses. Rice (Oryza sativa) also contains six genes encoding ACBPs. We investigated differences in subcellular localization between monocot rice and eudicot A. thaliana ACBPs. The subcellular localization of the six OsACBPs was achieved via transient expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusions in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) epidermal cells, and stable transformation of A. thaliana. As plant ACBPs had not been reported in the peroxisomes, OsACBP6::GFP localization was confirmed by transient expression in rice sheath cells. The function of OsACBP6 was investigated by overexpressing 35S::OsACBP6 in the peroxisomal abc transporter1 (pxa1) mutant defective in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. As predicted, OsACBP1::GFP and OsACBP2::GFP were localized to the cytosol, and OsACBP4::GFP and OsACBP5::GFP to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, OsACBP3::GFP displayed subcellular multi-localization while OsACBP6::GFP was localized to the peroxisomes. 35S::OsACBP6-OE/pxa1 lines showed recovery in indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) peroxisomal β-oxidation, wound-induced VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEIN1 (VSP1) expression and jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation. These findings indicate a role for OsACBP6 in peroxisomal β-oxidation, and suggest that rice ACBPs are involved in lipid degradation in addition to lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - An-Shan Hsiao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Kravchik M, Bernstein N. Effects of salinity on the transcriptome of growing maize leaf cells point at cell-age specificity in the involvement of the antioxidative response in cell growth restriction. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:24. [PMID: 23324477 PMCID: PMC3599246 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinity inhibits growth and development of most plants. The response to salinity is complex and varies between plant organs and stages of development. It involves challenges of ion toxicities and deficiencies as well as osmotic and oxidative stresses. The range of functions affected by the stress is reflected in elaborate changes to the transcriptome. The mechanisms involved in the developmental-stage specificity of the inhibitory responses are not fully understood. The present study took advantage of the well characterized developmental progression that exists along the maize leaf, for identification of salinity induced, developmentally-associated changes to the transcriptome. Differential subtraction screening was conducted for cells of two developmental stages: from the center of the growth zone where the expansion rate is highest, and from older cells at a more distal location of the growing zone where the expansion rate is lower and the salinity restrictive effects are more pronounced. Real-Time PCR analysis was used for validation of the expression of selected genes. RESULTS The salinity-induced changes demonstrated an age-related response of the growing tissue, with elevation of salinity-damages with increased age. Growth reduction, similar to the elevation of percentage dry matter (%DM), and Na and Cl concentrations were more pronounced in the older cells. The differential subtraction screening identified genes encoding to proteins involved in antioxidant defense, electron transfer and energy, structural proteins, transcription factors and photosynthesis proteins. Of special interest is the higher induced expression of genes involved in antioxidant protection in the young compared to older cells, which was accompanied by suppressed levels of reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and O2-). This was coupled with heightened expression in the older cells of genes that enhance cell-wall rigidity, which points at reduced potential for cell expansion. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate a cell-age specificity in the salinity response of growing cells, and point at involvement of the antioxidative response in cell growth restriction. Processes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging are more pronounced in the young cells, while the higher growth sensitivity of older cells is suggested to involve effects on cell-wall rigidity and lower protein protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kravchik
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, POB 6, 50-250, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, POB 6, 50-250, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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Meng W, Su YCF, Saunders RMK, Chye ML. The rice acyl-CoA-binding protein gene family: phylogeny, expression and functional analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:1170-1184. [PMID: 21128943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
• Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) show conservation in an acyl-CoA-binding domain (ACB domain) which binds acyl-CoA esters. Previous studies on plant ACBPs focused on eudicots, Arabidopsis and Brassica. Here, we report on the phylogeny and characterization of the ACBP family from the monocot Oryza sativa (rice). • Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using 16 plant genomes. Expression profiles of rice ACBPs under normal growth, as well as biotic and abiotic stress conditions, were examined by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions. In vitro acyl-CoA-binding assays were conducted using recombinant (His)₆-tagged ACBPs. • The ACBP family diversified as land plants evolved. Classes I and IV show lineage-specific gene expansion. Classes II and III are closely related phylogenetically. As in the eudicot Arabidopsis, six genes (designated OsACBP1 to OsACBP6) encode rice ACBPs, but their distribution into various classes differed from Arabidopsis. Rice ACBP mRNAs showed ubiquitous expression and OsACBP4, OsACBP5 and OsACBP6 were stress-responsive. All recombinant rice ACBPs bind [¹⁴C]linolenoyl-CoA besides having specific substrates. • Phylogeny, gene expression and biochemical analyses suggest that paralogues within and across classes are not redundant proteins. In addition to performing conserved basal functions, multidomain rice ACBPs appear to be associated with stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yvonne C F Su
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard M K Saunders
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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