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Xie J, Zhao Z, Gänzle MG. Contribution of γ-Glutamyl-Cysteine Ligases of Limosilactobacillus reuteri to the Formation of Kokumi-Active γ-Glutamyl Dipeptides in Sourdough Bread. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5935-5943. [PMID: 38469860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Kokumi-active γ-glutamyl dipeptides accumulate during sourdough fermentation. γ-Glutamylcysteine ligases (Gcls) of Limosilactobacillus reuteri synthesize γ-glutamyl dipeptides during growth in sourdough. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of Gcls from strains of L. reuteri in the formation of kokumi-active γ-glutamyl dipeptides in sourdough bread. Among 12 acceptor amino acids, the three Gcls of L. reuteri were the most active to Cys. With the acceptor amino acids Ile, Leu, and Phe, Gcl1 was more active than Gcl2 and Gcl3. Accordingly, Gcl1 contributed to the γ-Glu-Ile synthesis in sourdough fermentation. Proofing and baking strongly influenced the concentration of γ-glutamyl dipeptides in bread. The addition of 10% sourdough increased the content of γ-Glu-Leu and γ-Glu-Phe but not of other γ-glutamyl dipeptides in bread. In conclusion, the accumulation of kokumi γ-glutamyl dipeptides in sourdoughs was attributed to the combined activity of cereal enzymes, γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligases, and other microbial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Canada
- College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Yu J, Tang L, Qiao F, Liu J, Li X. Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Mechanisms Underlying Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Mannitol Stress Resistance in Banana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:712. [PMID: 38475558 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application has shown promising effects on plant defense under diverse abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms underlying MeJA-induced stress resistance in bananas are unclear. Therefore, in this study, we treated banana plants with 100 μM MeJA before inducing osmotic stress using mannitol. Plant phenotype and antioxidant enzyme activity results demonstrated that MeJA improved osmotic stress resistance in banana plants. Thereafter, to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying MeJA-induced osmotic stress resistance in banana seedlings, we conducted high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) using leaf and root samples of "Brazilian" banana seedlings treated with MeJA for 0 h and 8 h. RNA-seq analysis showed that MeJA treatment upregulated 1506 (leaf) and 3341 (root) genes and downregulated 1768 (leaf) and 4625 (root) genes. Then, we performed gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses on the differentially expressed genes. We noted that linoleic acid metabolism was enriched in both root and leaf samples, and the genes of this pathway exhibited different expression patterns; 9S-LOX genes were highly induced by MeJA in the leaves, whereas 13S-LOX genes were highly induced in the roots. We also identified the promoters of these genes, as the differences in response elements may contribute to tissue-specific gene expression in response to MeJA application in banana seedlings. Overall, the findings of this study provide insights into the mechanisms underlying abiotic stress resistance in banana that may aid in the improvement of banana varieties relying on molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Yu
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forest, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lu Tang
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forest, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fei Qiao
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571737, China
| | - Juhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinguo Li
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forest, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Haikou 570228, China
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Lee KT, Liao HS, Hsieh MH. Glutamine Metabolism, Sensing and Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1466-1481. [PMID: 37243703 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the first amino acid synthesized in nitrogen (N) assimilation in plants. Gln synthetase (GS), converting glutamate (Glu) and NH4+ into Gln at the expense of ATP, is one of the oldest enzymes in all life domains. Plants have multiple GS isoenzymes that work individually or cooperatively to ensure that the Gln supply is sufficient for plant growth and development under various conditions. Gln is a building block for protein synthesis and an N-donor for the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, amino sugars and vitamin B coenzymes. Most reactions using Gln as an N-donor are catalyzed by Gln amidotransferase (GAT) that hydrolyzes Gln to Glu and transfers the amido group of Gln to an acceptor substrate. Several GAT domain-containing proteins of unknown function in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some metabolic fates of Gln have yet to be identified in plants. In addition to metabolism, Gln signaling has emerged in recent years. The N regulatory protein PII senses Gln to regulate arginine biosynthesis in plants. Gln promotes somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis with unknown mechanisms. Exogenous Gln has been implicated in activating stress and defense responses in plants. Likely, Gln signaling is responsible for some of the new Gln functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Yan H, Ding M, Lin J, Zhao L, Han D, Hu Q. Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism as a potential antifungal target for the sustainable cultivation of microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:104. [PMID: 37330505 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are widely considered as multifunctional cell factories that are able to transform the photo-synthetically fixed CO2 to numerous high-value compounds, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and pigments. However, contamination of the algal mass culture with fungal parasites continues to threaten the production of algal biomass, which dramatically highlights the importance of developing effective measures to control the fungal infection. One viable solution is to identify potential metabolic pathways that are essential for fungal pathogenicity but are not obligate for algal growth, and to use inhibitors targeting such pathways to restrain the infection. However, such targets remain largely unknown, making it challenging to develop effective measures to mitigate the infection in algal mass culture. RESULTS In the present study, we conducted RNA-Seq analysis for the fungus Paraphysoderma sedebokerense, which can infect the astaxanthin-producing microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. It was found that many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) were enriched in P. sedebokerense, which was assumed to produce metabolites required for the fungal parasitism. To verify this hypothesis, antifolate that hampered FOCM was applied to the culture systems. Results showed that when 20 ppm of the antifolate co-trimoxazole were added, the infection ratio decreased to ~ 10% after 9 days inoculation (for the control, the infection ratio was 100% after 5 days inoculation). Moreover, application of co-trimoxazole to H. pluvialis mono-culture showed no obvious differences in the biomass and pigment accumulation compared with the control, suggesting that this is a potentially algae-safe, fungi-targeted treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that applying antifolate to H. pluvialis culturing systems can abolish the infection of the fungus P. sedebokerense and the treatment shows no obvious disturbance to the algal culture, suggesting FOCM is a potential target for antifungal drug design in the microalgal mass culture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yan
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Meng Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan Lin
- Poyang Lake Eco-Economy Research Center, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332005, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Demeter Bio-Tech Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Danxiang Han
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Qiang Hu
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Wang Y, Wang JS, Dong EW, Liu QX, Wang LG, Chen EY, Jiao XY, Diao XM. Foxtail millet [ Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] grown under nitrogen deficiency exhibits a lower folate contents. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1035739. [PMID: 36742438 PMCID: PMC9889834 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1035739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], as a rich source of folates, has been cultivated on arid infertile lands, for which N deficiency is one of the major issues. Growing environments might have a significant influence on cereal folate levels. However, little is known whether N deficiency modulates cereal folate levels. In order to obtain enriched folate foxtail millet production in nutrient-poor soil, we conducted a study investigating the content of folate derivatives of 29 diverse foxtail millet cultivars under two N regimes (0 and 150 kg N ha-1) for 2 years to explore folate potential grown under low N. The contents of total folate and most derivatives were reduced by N deficiency. The effect on total folate content caused by N was stronger than cultivar genotype did. Folate content of enriched folate cultivars was prone to be reduced by N deficiency. Structural equation models (SEMs) revealed that N fertilization had a positive indirect effect on grain folate content through influencing plant N and K accumulation. Collectively, the results indicate much more attention should be paid to N management when foxtail millet is cultivated in infertile soil, to improve foxtail millet folate contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin-song Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Er-wei Dong
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiu-xia Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Li-ge Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Er-ying Chen
- Institute of Crop Research, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-yan Jiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-yan Jiao ✉
| | - Xian-min Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,Xian-min Diao ✉
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Tyagi K, Sunkum A, Gupta P, Kilambi HV, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Reduced γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity likely contributes to high folate levels in Periyakulam-1 tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac235. [PMID: 36643736 PMCID: PMC9832877 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato cultivars show wide variation in nutraceutical folate in ripe fruits, yet the loci regulating folate levels in fruits remain unexplored. To decipher regulatory points, we compared two contrasting tomato cultivars: Periyakulam-1 (PKM-1) with high folate and Arka Vikas (AV) with low folate. The progression of ripening in PKM-1 was nearly similar to AV but had substantially lower ethylene emission. In parallel, the levels of phytohormones salicylic acid, ABA, and jasmonic acid were substantially lower than AV. The fruits of PKM-1 were metabolically distinct from AV, with upregulation of several amino acids. Consistent with higher °Brix, the red ripe fruits also showed upregulation of sugars and sugar-derived metabolites. In parallel with higher folate, PKM-1 fruits also had higher carotenoid levels, especially lycopene and β-carotene. The proteome analysis showed upregulation of carotenoid sequestration and folate metabolism-related proteins in PKM-1. The deglutamylation pathway mediated by γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) was substantially reduced in PKM-1 at the red-ripe stage. The red-ripe fruits had reduced transcript levels of GGHs and lower GGH activity than AV. Conversely, the percent polyglutamylation of folate was much higher in PKM-1. Our analysis indicates the regulation of GGH activity as a potential target to elevate folate levels in tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusha Sunkum
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Prateek Gupta
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Himabindu Vasuki Kilambi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
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Schillert L, Wirtz D, Weber N, Schaller F, Striegel L, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Rychlik M. Metabolic folate profiling as a function of time during cultivation suggests potential C2-metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Nutr 2022; 9:984094. [PMID: 36337654 PMCID: PMC9626864 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.984094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are reported to be rich in folates, a group of vitamers known to be involved in several biosynthetic reactions such as methylation reactions, oxidation and reduction processes, and nucleotide synthesis. Not being able to synthesize folates, humans rely on external folate supply. Here, we show the application of LC/MS-MS methods using SIDA (stable isotope dilution analysis) assays for the quantitative analysis of different folate mono- and polyglutamates during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular networking (MN) was applied for detailed analysis of further folate metabolites. Highest folate contents of 13,120 μg/100 g were observed after 20 h of cultivation. The main vitamers 5-CH3-H4folate and H4folate decreased during cultivation, while 5-CHO-H4folate increased during cultivation. The hexa- and heptaglutamate of 5-CH3-H4folate accounted for >96% of the total 5-CH3-H4folate content. A shift of the major polyglutamate from hexa- to heptaglutamate was observed after 29 h. MN unraveled two groups of novel folates which could be assigned to a potentially existing C2-metabolism in yeast. In detail, 5,10-ethenyl-tetrahydrofolate and a further CO-substituted 5-CH3-H4folate were identified as hexa- and heptaglutamates. The latter was neither identified as 5-acetyl-tetrahydrofolate nor as EthylFox, the oxidation product of 5-ethyl-tetrahydrofolate. The structure needs to be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schillert
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Wirtz
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Weber
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Schaller
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Striegel
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael Rychlik
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Tyagi K, Sunkum A, Rai M, Yadav A, Sircar S, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Seeing the unseen: a trifoliate (MYB117) mutant allele fortifies folate and carotenoids in tomato fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:38-54. [PMID: 35899408 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), mutations in the gene encoding the R2R3-MYB117 transcription factor elicit trifoliate leaves and initiate the formation of axillary meristems; however, their effects on fruit ripening remain unexplored. The fruits of a new trifoliate (tf) mutant (tf-5) were firmer and had higher °Brix values and higher folate and carotenoid contents. The transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome profiling of tf-5 reflected a broad-spectrum change in cellular homeostasis. The tf-5 allele enhanced the fruit firmness by suppressing cell wall softening-related proteins. tf-5 fruit displayed a substantial increase in amino acids, particularly γ-aminobutyric acid, with a parallel reduction in aminoacyl-tRNA synthases. The increased lipoxygenase protein and transcript levels seemingly elevated jasmonic acid levels. In addition, increased abscisic acid hydrolase transcript levels coupled with reduced precursor supply lowered abscisic acid levels. The upregulation of carotenoids was mediated by modulation of methylerythreitol and plastoquinone pathways and increased the levels of carotenoid isomerization proteins. The upregulation of folate in tf-5 was connoted by the increase in the precursor p-aminobenzoic acid and transcript levels of several folate biosynthesis genes. The reduction in pterin-6-carboxylate levels and γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity indicated that reduced folate degradation in tf-5 increased folate levels. Our study delineates that in addition to leaf development, MYB117 also influences fruit metabolism. The tf-5 allele can be used to increase γ-aminobutyric acid, carotenoid, and folate levels in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Tyagi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Anusha Sunkum
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Meenakshi Rai
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Amita Yadav
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Sanchari Sircar
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Liu Z, Farkas P, Wang K, Kohli M, Fitzpatrick TB. B vitamin supply in plants and humans: the importance of vitamer homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:662-682. [PMID: 35673947 PMCID: PMC9544542 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
B vitamins are a group of water-soluble micronutrients that are required in all life forms. With the lack of biosynthetic pathways, humans depend on dietary uptake of these compounds, either directly or indirectly, from plant sources. B vitamins are frequently given little consideration beyond their role as enzyme accessory factors and are assumed not to limit metabolism. However, it should be recognized that each individual B vitamin is a family of compounds (vitamers), the regulation of which has dedicated pathways. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly evident that individual family members have physiological relevance and should not be sidelined. Here, we elaborate on the known forms of vitamins B1 , B6 and B9 , their distinct functions and importance to metabolism, in both human and plant health, and highlight the relevance of vitamer homeostasis. Research on B vitamin metabolism over the past several years indicates that not only the total level of vitamins but also the oft-neglected homeostasis of the various vitamers of each B vitamin is essential to human and plant health. We briefly discuss the potential of plant biology studies in supporting human health regarding these B vitamins as essential micronutrients. Based on the findings of the past few years we conclude that research should focus on the significance of vitamer homeostasis - at the organ, tissue and subcellular levels - which could improve the health of not only humans but also plants, benefiting from cross-disciplinary approaches and novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeguang Liu
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Peter Farkas
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Kai Wang
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Morgan‐Océane Kohli
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Teresa B. Fitzpatrick
- Vitamins and Environmental Stress Responses in Plants, Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest‐Ansermet 30CH‐1211Geneva 4Switzerland
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Mining of Potential Gene Resources for Breeding Nutritionally Improved Maize. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050627. [PMID: 35270097 PMCID: PMC8912576 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maize is one of the leading food crops and its kernel is rich in starch, lipids, protein and other energy substances. In addition, maize kernels also contain many trace elements that are potentially beneficial to human health, such as vitamins, minerals and other secondary metabolites. However, gene resources that could be applied for nutrient improvement are limited in maize. In this review, we summarized 107 genes that are associated with nutrient content from different plant species and identified 246 orthologs from the maize genome. In addition, we constructed physical maps and performed a detailed expression pattern analysis for the 246 maize potential gene resources. Combining expression profiles and their potential roles in maize nutrient improvement, genetic engineering by editing or ectopic expression of these genes in maize are expected to improve resistant starch, oil, essential amino acids, vitamins, iron, zinc and anthocyanin levels of maize grains. Thus, this review provides valuable gene resources for maize nutrient improvement.
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11
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Lian T, Wang X, Li S, Jiang H, Zhang C, Wang H, Jiang L. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Folate Accumulation in Maize Grains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031708. [PMID: 35163628 PMCID: PMC8836222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the complexity of folate accumulation in the early stages of maize kernel development has been reported, but the mechanisms of folate accumulation are unclear. Two maize inbred lines, DAN3130 and JI63, with different patterns of folate accumulation and different total folate contents in mature kernels were used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of folate metabolism during late stages of kernel formation by comparative transcriptome analysis. The folate accumulation during DAP 24 to mature kernels could be controlled by circumjacent pathways of folate biosynthesis, such as pyruvate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and serine/glycine metabolism. In addition, the folate variation between these two inbred lines was related to those genes among folate metabolism, such as genes in the pteridine branch, para-aminobenzoate branch, serine/tetrahydrofolate (THF)/5-methyltetrahydrofolate cycle, and the conversion of THF monoglutamate to THF polyglutamate. The findings provided insight into folate accumulation mechanisms during maize kernel formation to promote folate biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Plant Genetics, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Sha Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
- National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.J.)
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Hou S, Man X, Lian B, Ma G, Sun Z, Han L, Yan L, Gao H, Du W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Li H, Han Y. Folate metabolic profiling and expression of folate metabolism-related genes during panicle development in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:268-279. [PMID: 34109642 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foxtail millet grain has higher folate content than other cereal crops. However, the folate metabolite content and the expression patterns of folate metabolite-related genes are unknown. RESULTS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to investigate 12 folate metabolites in a foxtail millet panicle. The content of total folate and derivatives gradually decreased during panicle development. Polyglutamate 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate was the major form. Twenty-eight genes involved in the folate metabolic pathway were identified through bioinformatic analysis. These genes in Setaria italica, S. viridis and Zea mays showed genomic collinearity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the folate-related genes were closely related among the C4 plants compared to C3 plants. The gene expressions were then studied at three panicle development stages. The gene expression patterns were classified into two groups, namely SiADCL1 and SiGGH as two key enzymes, which are responsible for folate synthesis and degradation; their expression levels were highest at the early panicle development stage, up to 179.11- and 163.88-fold, respectively. Their expression levels had a similar downward trend during panicle development and were significantly positively correlated with the concentration of total folate and folate derivatives. However, SiSHMT3 expression levels were significantly negatively correlated with total folate concentration. CONCLUSION Besides being the major determinants of folate and folate derivatives accumulation, SiADCL1 and SiGGH expression levels are key limiting factors in the foxtail millet panicle. Therefore, SiADCL1 and SiGGH expression levels can be targeted in genetic modification studies to improve folate content in foxtail millet seeds in the future. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hou
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaxia Man
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Boying Lian
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Guifang Ma
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lida Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lufei Yan
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Hao Gao
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Wei Du
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xinfang Wang
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Yijuan Zhang
- College of Life science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Hongying Li
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
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Weighted gene co-expression network analysis unveils gene networks regulating folate biosynthesis in maize endosperm. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:441. [PMID: 34631342 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates are essential elements for human growth and development, and their deficiency can lead to serious disorders. Waxy maize is a rich source of folates; however, the regulatory mechanism underlying folate biosynthesis in the endosperm remains unclear. Here, we examined changes in the folate content of maize endosperm collected at 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 days after pollination (DAP) using liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry and identified genes related to folate biosynthesis using transcriptome sequencing data. The results showed that 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate and 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate were the main storage forms of folates in the endosperm, and their contents were relatively high at 21-24 days. We also identified 569, 3183, 4365, and 5513 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in different days around milk stage. Functional annotation revealed 518 transcription factors (TFs) belonging to 33 families exhibiting specific expression in at least one sampling time. The key hub genes involved in folate biosynthesis were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. In total, 24,976 genes were used to construct a co-expression network with 29 co-expression modules, among which the brown and purple modules were highly related to folate biosynthesis. Further, 187 transcription factors in the brown and purple modules were considered potential transcription factors related to endosperm folate biosynthesis. These results may improve the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying folate biosynthesis in waxy maize and lead to the development of nutritionally fortified varieties. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02974-7.
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Shohag MJI, Wei Y, Zhang J, Feng Y, Rychlik M, He Z, Yang X. Genetic and physiological regulation of folate in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) germplasm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4914-4929. [PMID: 32639001 PMCID: PMC7410185 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Folates are one of the essential micronutrients for all living organisms. Due to inadequate dietary intake, folate deficiency remains prevalent in humans. Genetically diverse germplasms can potentially be used as parents in breeding programs and also for understanding the folate regulatory network. Therefore, we investigated the natural genetic diversity of folates and their physiological regulation in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) germplasm. The total folate concentration ranged from 52.7 μg 100 gFW-1 to 166.9 μg 100 gFW-1, with 3.2-fold variation. The main folate vitamer was represented by 5-CH3-H4folate, with 4.5-fold variation. The activities of GTP cyclohydrolase I and aminodeoxy chorismate synthase, the first step of folate synthesis, were high in high folate accessions and low in low folate accessions. Analysis of the transcription levels of 11 genes associated with folate metabolism demonstrated that the difference in folate concentrations may be primarily controlled at the post-transcriptional level. A general correlation between total folate and their precursors was observed. Folate diversity and chlorophyll content were tightly regulated through the methyl cycle. The diverse genetic variation in pak choi germplasm indicated the great genetic potential to integrate breeding programs for folate biofortification and unravel the physiological basis of folate homeostasis in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J I Shohag
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universitat Munchen, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, Freising, Germany
| | - Zhenli He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
- Correspondence:
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Expression Levels of the γ-Glutamyl Hydrolase I Gene Predict Vitamin B9 Content in Potato Tubers. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification of folates in staple crops is an important strategy to help eradicate human folate deficiencies. Folate biofortification using genetic engineering has shown great success in rice grain, tomato fruit, lettuce, and potato tuber. However, consumers’ skepticism, juridical hurdles, and lack of economic model have prevented the widespread adoption of nutritionally-enhanced genetically-engineered (GE) food crops. Meanwhile, little effort has been made to biofortify food crops with folate by breeding. Previously we reported >10-fold variation in folate content in potato genotypes. To facilitate breeding for enhanced folate content, we attempted to identify genes that control folate content in potato tuber. For this, we analyzed the expression of folate biosynthesis and salvage genes in low- and high-folate potato genotypes. First, RNA-Seq analysis showed that, amongst all folate biosynthesis and salvage genes analyzed, only one gene, which encodes γ-glutamyl hydrolase 1 (GGH1), was consistently expressed at higher levels in high- compared to low-folate segregants of a Solanum boliviense Dunal accession. Second, quantitative PCR showed that GGH1 transcript levels were higher in high- compared to low-folate segregants for seven out of eight pairs of folate segregants analyzed. These results suggest that GGH1 gene expression is an indicator of folate content in potato tubers.
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Gorelova V, Bastien O, De Clerck O, Lespinats S, Rébeillé F, Van Der Straeten D. Evolution of folate biosynthesis and metabolism across algae and land plant lineages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5731. [PMID: 30952916 PMCID: PMC6451014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrofolate and its derivatives, commonly known as folates, are essential for almost all living organisms. Besides acting as one-carbon donors and acceptors in reactions producing various important biomolecules such as nucleic and amino acids, as well as pantothenate, they also supply one-carbon units for methylation reactions. Plants along with bacteria, yeast and fungi synthesize folates de novo and therefore constitute a very important dietary source of folates for animals. All the major steps of folate biosynthesis and metabolism have been identified but only few have been genetically characterized in a handful of model plant species. The possible differences in the folate pathway between various plant and algal species have never been explored. In this study we present a comprehensive comparative study of folate biosynthesis and metabolism of all major land plant lineages as well as green and red algae. The study identifies new features of plant folate metabolism that might open new directions to folate research in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gorelova
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Geneva, Quai E. Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O Bastien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, UMR168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - O De Clerck
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - S Lespinats
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, UMR168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - F Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, UMR168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - D Van Der Straeten
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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17
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Kerney R, Leavitt J, Hill E, Zhang H, Kim E, Burns J. Co-cultures of Oophila amblystomatis between Ambystoma maculatum and Ambystoma gracile hosts show host-symbiont fidelity. Symbiosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-018-00591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Bali S, Robinson BR, Sathuvalli V, Bamberg J, Goyer A. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with high folate content in wild potato species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193415. [PMID: 29474475 PMCID: PMC5825101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiency, also known as the hidden hunger, affects over two billion people worldwide. Potato is the third most consumed food crops in the world, and is therefore a fundamental element of food security for millions of people. Increasing the amount of micronutrients in food crop could help alleviate worldwide micronutrient malnutrition. In the present study, we report on the identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with folate, an essential micronutrient in the human diet. A high folate diploid clone Fol 1.6 from the wild potato relative Solanum boliviense (PI 597736) was crossed with a low/medium folate diploid S. tuberosum clone USW4self#3. The resulting F1 progeny was intermated to generate an F2 population, and tubers from 94 F2 individuals were harvested for folate analysis and SNP genotyping using a SolCap 12K Potato SNP array. Folate content in the progeny ranged from 304 to 2,952 ng g-1 dry weight. 6,759 high quality SNPs containing 4,174 (62%) polymorphic and 2,585 (38%) monomorphic SNPs were used to investigate marker-trait association. Association analysis was performed using two different approaches: survey SNP-trait association (SSTA) and SNP-trait association (STA). A total of 497 significant SNPs were identified, 489 by SSTA analysis and 43 by STA analysis. Markers identified by SSTA were located on all twelve chromosomes while those identified by STA were confined to chromosomes 2, 4, and 6. Eighteen of the significant SNPs were located within or in close proximity to folate metabolism-related genes. Forty two SNPs were identical between SSTA and STA analyses. These SNPs have potential to be used in marker-assisted selection for breeding high folate potato varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapinder Bali
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR, United States of America
| | - Bruce R. Robinson
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR, United States of America
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Vidyasagar Sathuvalli
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR, United States of America
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - John Bamberg
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, US Potato Genebank, Sturgeon Bay, WI, United States of America
| | - Aymeric Goyer
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR, United States of America
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
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19
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De Lepeleire J, Strobbe S, Verstraete J, Blancquaert D, Ambach L, Visser RGF, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Folate Biofortification of Potato by Tuber-Specific Expression of Four Folate Biosynthesis Genes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:175-188. [PMID: 29277427 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient dietary intake of micronutrients, known as "hidden hunger", is a devastating global burden, affecting two billion people. Deficiency of folates (vitamin B9), which are known to play a central role in C1 metabolism, causes birth defects in at least a quarter million people annually. Biofortification to enhance the level of naturally occurring folates in crop plants, proves to be an efficient and cost-effective tool in fighting folate deficiency. Previously, introduction of folate biosynthesis genes GTPCHI and ADCS, proven to be a successful biofortification strategy in rice and tomato, turned out to be insufficient to adequately increase folate levels in potato tubers. Here, we provide a proof of concept that additional introduction of HPPK/DHPS and/or FPGS, downstream genes in mitochondrial folate biosynthesis, enables augmentation of folates to satisfactory levels (12-fold) and ensures folate stability upon long-term storage of tubers. In conclusion, this engineering strategy can serve as a model in the creation of folate-accumulating potato cultivars, readily applicable in potato-consuming populations suffering from folate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien De Lepeleire
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Strobbe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Verstraete
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Blancquaert
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Ambach
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christophe Stove
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Yu S, Tian L. Breeding Major Cereal Grains through the Lens of Nutrition Sensitivity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:23-30. [PMID: 28827167 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains are the common food staples that collectively provide over 50% of dietary calories and proteins for the world's population. Although the Green Revolution has greatly increased the yield of commercial cereal crops, they often lack nutrients essential for human health in the edible tissues. In developing nutrition-sensitive agriculture, the nutritional quality of cereal grains has been a major target for improvement using breeding and biotechnology approaches. This review examines recent progress on biofortification of micronutrients (provitamin A and folates) and an essential amino acid (lysine) in three major cereal grains, wheat, rice, and maize, through plant breeding. In addition, how natural variations, induced mutations, and the advanced genome-editing technologies can be applied to improving the nutrient content and stability in these cereal grains are discussed. High-yield cereal crops pyramided with improved (micro)nutrient contents hold great promise to meet the increasing demand of nutritionally limited populations and to contribute to achieving sustainable nutrition security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China.
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21
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Strobbe S, Van Der Straeten D. Folate biofortification in food crops. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 44:202-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Gorelova V, Ambach L, Rébeillé F, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Folates in Plants: Research Advances and Progress in Crop Biofortification. Front Chem 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28424769 PMCID: PMC5372827 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates, also known as B9 vitamins, serve as donors and acceptors in one-carbon (C1) transfer reactions. The latter are involved in synthesis of many important biomolecules, such as amino acids, nucleic acids and vitamin B5. Folates also play a central role in the methyl cycle that provides one-carbon groups for methylation reactions. The important functions fulfilled by folates make them essential in all living organisms. Plants, being able to synthesize folates de novo, serve as an excellent dietary source of folates for animals that lack the respective biosynthetic pathway. Unfortunately, the most important staple crops such as rice, potato and maize are rather poor sources of folates. Insufficient folate consumption is known to cause severe developmental disorders in humans. Two approaches are employed to fight folate deficiency: pharmacological supplementation in the form of folate pills and biofortification of staple crops. As the former approach is considered rather costly for the major part of the world population, biofortification of staple crops is viewed as a decent alternative in the struggle against folate deficiency. Therefore, strategies, challenges and recent progress of folate enhancement in plants will be addressed in this review. Apart from the ever-growing need for the enhancement of nutritional quality of crops, the world population faces climate change catastrophes or environmental stresses, such as elevated temperatures, drought, salinity that severely affect growth and productivity of crops. Due to immense diversity of their biochemical functions, folates take part in virtually every aspect of plant physiology. Any disturbance to the plant folate metabolism leads to severe growth inhibition and, as a consequence, to a lower productivity. Whereas today's knowledge of folate biochemistry can be considered very profound, evidence on the physiological roles of folates in plants only starts to emerge. In the current review we will discuss the implication of folates in various aspects of plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Lars Ambach
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-GrenobleGrenoble, France
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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Upadhyaya P, Tyagi K, Sarma S, Tamboli V, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Natural variation in folate levels among tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) accessions. Food Chem 2016; 217:610-619. [PMID: 27664678 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Folate content was estimated in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) accessions using microbiological assay (MA) and by LC-MS. The MA revealed that in red-ripe fruits folate levels ranged from 4 to 60μg/100g fresh weight. The LC-MS estimation of red-ripe fruits detected three folate forms, 5-CH3-THF, 5-CHO-THF, 5,10-CH(+)THF and folate levels ranged from 14 to 46μg/100g fresh weight. In mature green and red ripe fruit, 5-CH3-THF was the most abundant folate form. Comparison of LC-MS with MA revealed that MA inaccurately estimates folate levels. The accumulation of folate forms and their distribution varied among accessions. The single nucleotide polymorphism was examined in the key genes of the folate pathway to understand its linkage with folate levels. Despite the significant variation in folate levels among tomato accessions, little polymorphism was found in folate biosynthesis genes. Our results indicate that variation in folate level is governed by a more complex regulation at cellular homeostasis level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallawi Upadhyaya
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Kamal Tyagi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Supriya Sarma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Vajir Tamboli
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Saini RK, Nile SH, Keum YS. Folates: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, biofortification and bioavailability. Food Res Int 2016; 89:1-13. [PMID: 28460896 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Folates (Vitamin B9) include both naturally occurring folates and synthetic folic acid used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Folate deficiency causes severe abnormalities in one-carbon metabolism can result chronic diseases and developmental disorders, including neural tube defects. Mammalian cells cannot synthesize folates de novo; therefore, diet and dietary supplements are the only way to attain daily folate requirements. In the last decade, significant advancements have been made to enhance the folate content of rice, tomato, common bean and lettuce by using genetic engineering approaches. Strategies have been developed to improve the stability of folate pool in plants. Folate deglutamylation through food processing and thermal treatment has the potential to enhance the bioavailability of folate. This review highlights the recent developments in biosynthesis, composition, bioavailability, enhanced production by elicitation and metabolic engineering, and methods of analysis of folate in food. Additionally, future perspectives in this context are identified. Detailed knowledge of folate biosynthesis, degradation and salvage are the prime requirements to efficiently engineer the plants for the enhancement of overall folate content. Similarly, consumption of a folate-rich diet with enhanced bioavailability is the best way to maintain optimum folate levels in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Tyagi K, Upadhyaya P, Sarma S, Tamboli V, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for profiling and quantitative analysis of folate monoglutamates in tomato. Food Chem 2015; 179:76-84. [PMID: 25722141 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Folates are essential micronutrients for animals as they play a major role in one carbon metabolism. Animals are unable to synthesize folates and obtain them from plant derived food. In the present study, a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the high throughput screening and quantitative analysis of folate monoglutamates in tomato fruits. For folate extraction, several parameters were optimized including extraction conditions, pH range, amount of tri-enzyme and boiling time. After processing the extract was purified using ultra-filtration with 10 kDa membrane filter. The ultra-filtered extract was chromatographed on a RP Luna C18 column using gradient elution program. The method was validated by determining linearity, sensitivity and recovery. This method was successfully applied to folate estimation in spinach, capsicum, and garden pea and demonstrated that this method offers a versatile approach for accurate and fast determination of different folate monoglutamates in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Tyagi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Pallawi Upadhyaya
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Supriya Sarma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Vajir Tamboli
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Srivastava AC, Chen F, Ray T, Pattathil S, Peña MJ, Avci U, Li H, Huhman DV, Backe J, Urbanowicz B, Miller JS, Bedair M, Wyman CE, Sumner LW, York WS, Hahn MG, Dixon RA, Blancaflor EB, Tang Y. Loss of function of folylpolyglutamate synthetase 1 reduces lignin content and improves cell wall digestibility in Arabidopsis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:224. [PMID: 26697113 PMCID: PMC4687376 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-carbon (C1) metabolism is important for synthesizing a range of biologically important compounds that are essential for life. In plants, the C1 pathway is crucial for the synthesis of a large number of secondary metabolites, including lignin. Tetrahydrofolate and its derivatives, collectively referred to as folates, are crucial co-factors for C1 metabolic pathway enzymes. Given the link between the C1 and phenylpropanoid pathways, we evaluated whether folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a glutamate tail to folates to form folylpolyglutamates, can be a viable target for reducing cell wall recalcitrance in plants. RESULTS Consistent with its role in lignocellulosic formation, FPGS1 was preferentially expressed in vascular tissues. Total lignin was low in fpgs1 plants leading to higher saccharification efficiency of the mutant. The decrease in total lignin in fpgs1 was mainly due to lower guaiacyl (G) lignin levels. Glycome profiling revealed subtle alterations in the cell walls of fpgs1. Further analyses of hemicellulosic polysaccharides by NMR showed that the degree of methylation of 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan was reduced in the fpgs1 mutant. Microarray analysis and real-time qRT-PCR revealed that transcripts of a number of genes in the C1 and lignin pathways had altered expression in fpgs1 mutants. Consistent with the transcript changes of C1-related genes, a significant reduction in S-adenosyl-l-methionine content was detected in the fpgs1 mutant. The modified expression of the various methyltransferases and lignin-related genes indicate possible feedback regulation of C1 pathway-mediated lignin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our observations provide genetic and biochemical support for the importance of folylpolyglutamates in the lignocellulosic pathway and reinforces previous observations that targeting a single FPGS isoform for down-regulation leads to reduced lignin in plants. Because fpgs1 mutants had no dramatic defects in above ground biomass, selective down-regulation of individual components of C1 metabolism is an approach that should be explored further for the improvement of lignocellulosic feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash C. Srivastava
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Fang Chen
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Tui Ray
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Maria J. Peña
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Utku Avci
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Hongjia Li
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
| | - David V. Huhman
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Jason Backe
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Miller
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Mohamed Bedair
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - William S. York
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- />Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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Dong W, Cheng ZJ, Lei CL, Wang XL, Wang JL, Wang J, Wu FQ, Zhang X, Guo XP, Zhai HQ, Wan JM. Overexpression of folate biosynthesis genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and evaluation of their impact on seed folate content. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 69:379-85. [PMID: 25432789 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-014-0450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Folate (vitamin B9) deficiency is a global health problem especially in developing countries where the major staple foods such as rice contain extremely low folates. Biofortification of rice could be an alternative complement way to fight folate deficiency. In this study, we evaluated the availability of the genes in each step of folate biosynthesis pathway for rice folate enhancement in the japonica variety kitaake genetic background. The first enzymes GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCHI) and aminodeoxychorismate synthase (ADCS) in the pterin and para-aminobenzoate branches resulted in significant increase in seed folate content, respectively (P < 0.01). Overexpression of two closely related enzymes dihydrofolate synthase (DHFS) and folypolyglutamate synthase (FPGS), which perform the first and further additions of glutamates, produced slightly increase in seed folate content separately. The GTPCHI transgene was combined with each of the other transgenes except ADCS to investigate the effects of gene stacking on seed folate accumulation. Seed folate contents in the gene-stacked plants were higher than the individual low-folate transgenic parents, but lower than the high-folate GTPCHI transgenic lines, pointing to an inadequate supply of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) precursor initiated by ADCS in constraining folate overproduction in gene-stacked plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
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28
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Meng H, Jiang L, Xu B, Guo W, Li J, Zhu X, Qi X, Duan L, Meng X, Fan Y, Zhang C. Arabidopsis plastidial folylpolyglutamate synthetase is required for seed reserve accumulation and seedling establishment in darkness. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101905. [PMID: 25000295 PMCID: PMC4084893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions among metabolic pathways are important in plant biology. At present, not much is known about how folate metabolism affects other metabolic pathways in plants. Here we report a T-DNA insertion mutant (atdfb-3) of the plastidial folylpolyglutamate synthetase gene (AtDFB) was defective in seed reserves and skotomorphogenesis. Lower carbon (C) and higher nitrogen (N) content in the mutant seeds than that of the wild type were indicative of an altered C and N partitioning capacity. Higher levels of organic acids and sugars were detected in the mutant seeds compared with the wild type. Further analysis revealed that atdfb-3 seeds contained less total amino acids and individual Asn and Glu as well as NO3−. These results indicate significant changes in seed storage in the mutant. Defects in hypocotyl elongation were observed in atdfb-3 in darkness under sufficient NO3− conditions, and further enhanced under NO3− limited conditions. The strong expression of AtDFB in cotyledons and hypocotyl during early developmental stage was consistent with the mutant sensitivity to limited NO3− during a narrow developmental window. Exogenous 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate completely restored the hypocotyl length in atdfb-3 seedlings with NO3− as the sole N source. Further study demonstrated that folate profiling and N metabolism were perturbed in atdfb-3 etiolated seedlings. The activity of enzymes involved in N reduction and assimilation was altered in atdfb-3. Taken together, these results indicate that AtDFB is required for seed reserves, hypocotyl elongation and N metabolism in darkness, providing novel insights into potential associations of folate metabolism with seed reserve accumulation, N metabolism and hypocotyl development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bosi Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenzhu Guo
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinglai Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixin Duan
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianbin Meng
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunliu Fan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Farré G, Blancquaert D, Capell T, Van Der Straeten D, Christou P, Zhu C. Engineering complex metabolic pathways in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:187-223. [PMID: 24579989 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-035825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering can be used to modulate endogenous metabolic pathways in plants or introduce new metabolic capabilities in order to increase the production of a desirable compound or reduce the accumulation of an undesirable one. In practice, there are several major challenges that need to be overcome, such as gaining enough knowledge about the endogenous pathways to understand the best intervention points, identifying and sourcing the most suitable metabolic genes, expressing those genes in such a way as to produce a functional enzyme in a heterologous background, and, finally, achieving the accumulation of target compounds without harming the host plant. This article discusses the strategies that have been developed to engineer complex metabolic pathways in plants, focusing on recent technological developments that allow the most significant bottlenecks to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Farré
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, Agrotecnio Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
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30
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Blancquaert D, Storozhenko S, Van Daele J, Stove C, Visser RGF, Lambert W, Van Der Straeten D. Enhancing pterin and para-aminobenzoate content is not sufficient to successfully biofortify potato tubers and Arabidopsis thaliana plants with folate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3899-909. [PMID: 23956417 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Folates are important cofactors in one-carbon metabolism in all living organisms. Since only plants and micro- organisms are capable of biosynthesizing folates, humans depend entirely on their diet as a folate source. Given the low folate content of several staple crop products, folate deficiency affects regions all over the world. Folate biofortification of staple crops through enhancement of pterin and para-aminobenzoate levels, precursors of the folate biosynthesis pathway, was reported to be successful in tomato and rice. This study shows that the same strategy is not sufficient to enhance folate content in potato tubers and Arabidopsis thaliana plants and concludes that other steps in folate biosynthesis and/or metabolism need to be engineered to result in substantial folate accumulation. The findings provide a plausible explanation why, more than half a decade after the proof of concept in rice and tomato, successful folate biofortification of other food crops through enhancement of para-aminobenzoate and pterin content has not been reported thus far. A better understanding of the folate pathway is required in order to determine an engineering strategy that can be generalized to most staple crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Blancquaert
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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31
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Ramos-Parra PA, García-Salinas C, Hernández-Brenes C, de la Garza RID. Folate levels and polyglutamylation profiles of papaya (Carica papaya cv. Maradol) during fruit development and ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3949-3956. [PMID: 23574547 DOI: 10.1021/jf305364x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Folates are essential micronutrients for humans, and their deficiency causes several detrimental effects on human health. Papaya fruit is an important natural source of some micronutrients. This paper presents a first complete characterization of folate derivatives accumulated in cv. Maradol papaya during fruit development and ripening processes. During postharvest ripening, the fruit accumulated up to 24.5% of the daily folate recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for an adult in a 1 cup (145 g) portion. Tetrahydrofolate (THF) and 5-methyl-THF were the predominant folate classes observed. Surprisingly, an unusually long polyglutamylation profile of tentatively up to 17 glutamates linked to 5-methyl-THF was detected; to the authors' knowledge, this very long polyglutamyl tail has not been reported for any organism, and it is probably characteristic of this plant species. This polyglutamylation degree changed throughout fruit development and ripening, showing the largest differences at the onset of ripening. This work raises questions about the functional role of folate derivatives in fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla A Ramos-Parra
- Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos, Centro de Biotechnologı́a - FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey , Campus-Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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32
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Khatoon A, Rehman S, Oh MW, Woo SH, Komatsu S. Analysis of response mechanism in soybean under low oxygen and flooding stresses using gel-base proteomics technique. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10581-94. [PMID: 23053957 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A proteomics approach was used to analyze the response mechanism in soybean seedlings under low oxygen and flooding stresses. Three-day-old soybean seedlings were subjected to low oxygen and flooding stresses. Growth of root was suppressed in both stresses with more extent of suppression in flooded seedlings at 3 and 6 days following the treatments. Proteins were extracted from roots and separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of total 1,233 protein spots, 27 protein spots were commonly changed under low oxygen and flooding stresses; while the differential change in 4 and 18 protein spots was specific to low oxygen and flooding stresses, respectively. Proteins related to metabolism and energy were increased; while protein destination/storage related proteins were decreased commonly under low oxygen and flooding stresses. Protein specie, TCP domain class transcription factor was decreased specifically under low oxygen stress; while decrease of nine proteins related to metabolism, protein destination/storage and disease/defense was specific in flooded seedlings. The decrease in majority of the proteins related to protein destination/storage specifically in flooded seedlings implies the misfolding of proteins resulting in flooded injuries in an independent way of oxygen deprivation. These results suggest that decrease in proteins related to protein destination/storage and disease/defense causes more growth suppression in soybean seedlings under flooding stress compared to low oxygen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amana Khatoon
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8518, Japan
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33
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Ogwang S, Nguyen HT, Sherman M, Bajaksouzian S, Jacobs MR, Boom WH, Zhang GF, Nguyen L. Bacterial conversion of folinic acid is required for antifolate resistance. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:15377-90. [PMID: 21372133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.231076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifolates, which are among the first antimicrobial agents invented, inhibit cell growth by creating an intracellular state of folate deficiency. Clinical resistance to antifolates has been mainly attributed to mutations that alter structure or expression of enzymes involved in de novo folate synthesis. We identified a Mycobacterium smegmatis mutant, named FUEL (which stands for folate utilization enzyme for leucovorin), that is hypersusceptible to antifolates. Chemical complementation indicated that FUEL is unable to metabolize folinic acid (also known as leucovorin or 5-formyltetrahydrofolate), whose metabolic function remains unknown. Targeted mutagenesis, genetic complementation, and biochemical studies showed that FUEL lacks 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthase (MTHFS; also called 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase; EC 6.3.3.2) activity responsible for the only ATP-dependent, irreversible conversion of folinic acid to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. In trans expression of active MTHFS proteins from bacteria or human restored both antifolate resistance and folinic acid utilization to FUEL. Absence of MTHFS resulted in marked cellular accumulation of polyglutamylated species of folinic acid. Importantly, MTHFS also affected M. smegmatis utilization of monoglutamylated 5-methyltetrahydrofolate exogenously added to the medium. Likewise, Escherichia coli mutants lacking MTHFS became susceptible to antifolates. These results indicate that folinic acid conversion by MTHFS is required for bacterial intrinsic antifolate resistance and folate homeostatic control. This novel mechanism of antimicrobial antifolate resistance might be targeted to sensitize bacterial pathogens to classical antifolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Ogwang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4960, USA
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Hanson AD, Gregory JF. Folate biosynthesis, turnover, and transport in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:105-25. [PMID: 21275646 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Folates are essential cofactors for one-carbon transfer reactions and are needed in the diets of humans and animals. Because plants are major sources of dietary folate, plant folate biochemistry has long been of interest but progressed slowly until the genome era. Since then, genome-enabled approaches have brought rapid advances: We now know (a) all the plant folate synthesis genes and some genes of folate turnover and transport, (b) certain mechanisms governing folate synthesis, and (c) the subcellular locations of folate synthesis enzymes and of folates themselves. Some of this knowledge has been applied, simply and successfully, to engineer folate-enriched food crops (i.e., biofortification). Much remains to be discovered about folates, however, particularly in relation to homeostasis, catabolism, membrane transport, and vacuolar storage. Understanding these processes, which will require both biochemical and -omics research, should lead to improved biofortification strategies based on transgenic or conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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