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Zhang Y, Li Q, Jiang M, Tian H, Khalid MHB, Wang Y, Yu H. The Small Auxin-Up RNA 50 (SAUR50) Gene from Ammopiptanthus nanus Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2512. [PMID: 39273996 PMCID: PMC11397199 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Drought stress is a primary abiotic stress that causes significant losses to forestry and agricultural production. Therefore, exploring drought-responsive genes and their regulatory mechanism is crucial for plant molecular breeding for forestry and agriculture production safety. Small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) proteins are essential in plant growth and development but show functional diversity in stress response. In this study, the transcriptome sequencing data of Ammopiptanthus nanus seedlings revealed that the expression of AnSAUR50 was continuously downregulated under drought stress. Hence, the AnSAUR50 gene was cloned and functionally analyzed in drought response. The results showed that the coding sequence of AnSAUR50 was 315 bp in length and encoded 104 amino acids. The AnSAUR50 protein showed high conservation, possessed a SAUR-specific domain, and localized in the nucleus and cell membrane. The heterologous expression of the AnSAUR50 gene enhanced the drought sensitivity of the transgenic Arabidopsis with a lower survival rate, biomass, and higher malondialdehyde content and relative electrolyte leakage. Moreover, transgenic plants showed shorter root lengths and bigger stomatal apertures, resulting in facilitating water loss under drought stress. The study indicates that AnSAUR50 negatively regulates drought tolerance by inhibiting root growth and stomatal closure, which provides insights into the underlying function and regulatory mechanism of SAURs in plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Qi Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengyang Jiang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Muhammad Hayder Bin Khalid
- National Research Centre of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Yingge Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haoqiang Yu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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2
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Zhang W, Shi M, Yang K, Zhang J, Gao Z, El-Kassaby YA, Li Q, Cao T, Deng S, Qing H, Wang Z, Song X. Regulatory networks of senescence-associated gene-transcription factors promote degradation in Moso bamboo shoots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3654-3667. [PMID: 38752443 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Bamboo cultivation, particularly Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), holds significant economic importance in various regions worldwide. Bamboo shoot degradation (BSD) severely affects productivity and economic viability. However, despite its agricultural consequences, the molecular mechanisms underlying BSD remain unclear. Consequently, we explored the dynamic changes of BSD through anatomy, physiology and the transcriptome. Our findings reveal ruptured protoxylem cells, reduced cell wall thickness and the accumulation of sucrose and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during BSD. Transcriptomic analysis underscored the importance of genes related to plant hormone signal transduction, sugar metabolism and ROS homoeostasis in this process. Furthermore, BSD appears to be driven by the coexpression regulatory network of senescence-associated gene transcription factors (SAG-TFs), specifically PeSAG39, PeWRKY22 and PeWRKY75, primarily located in the protoxylem of vascular bundles. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that PeWRKY22 and PeWRKY75 activate PeSAG39 expression by binding to its promoter. This study advanced our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing BSD, offering a valuable reference for enhancing Moso bamboo forest productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Man Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kebin Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Quan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhikang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Shah FA, Chen Z, Ni F, Kamal KA, Zhang J, Chen J, Ren J. ArNAC148 induces Acer rubrum leaf senescence by activating the transcription of the ABA receptor gene ArPYR13. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:134950. [PMID: 39226982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Acer rubrum, an ornamental tree known for its stunning autumn colors, has an elusive molecular mechanism that governs its leaf senescence. We performed the genome-wide analysis of NAC transcription factor genes and PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1-LIKE (PYLs) and found that ArNAC148 and ArPYL13 were significantly upregulated in senescing leaves as compared to mature leaves. Subcellular localization studies confirmed the nuclear localization of ArNAC148 and the cytoplasmic localization of ArPYL13. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and yeast one-hybrid assay demonstrated that ArNAC148 directly binds to the promoter of ArPYL13. Luciferase reporter assays further showed that ArNAC148 activates the transcription of ArPYL13. The transient expression of ArNAC148 and ArPYL13 in tobacco leaves promoted chlorophyll degradation, increased H2O2 level, MDA contents, and electrolyte leakage in response to abscisic acid (ABA). Moreover, the virus-induced gene silencing of ArNAC148 and ArPYL13 in A. rubrum produced results that were opposite to those observed in transient expression experiments. Our findings suggest that ArNAC148 induces leaf senescence by directly activating the transcription of ArPYL13, providing insights into the ABA-mediated regulatory mechanisms governing leaf senescence in A. rubrum. This study offers new perspectives for researchers to explore the roles of NAC and PYL genes in regulating leaf senescence in woody ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Afzal Shah
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fang Ni
- Anhui Wenda University of Information Engineering, Anhui Province, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Khan Arif Kamal
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jimei Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinhuan Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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4
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Zhu Q, Tan Q, Gao Q, Zheng S, Chen W, Galaud J, Li X, Zhu X. Calmodulin-like protein CML15 interacts with PP2C46/65 to regulate papaya fruit ripening via integrating calcium, ABA and ethylene signals. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1703-1723. [PMID: 38319003 PMCID: PMC11123395 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that calcium, ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) can regulate fruit ripening, however, their interaction in the regulation of fruit ripening has not yet been fully clarified. The present study found that the expression of the papaya calcium sensor CpCML15 was strongly linked to fruit ripening. CpCML15 could bind Ca2+ and served as a true calcium sensor. CpCML15 interacted with CpPP2C46 and CpPP2C65, the candidate components of the ABA signalling pathways. CpPP2C46/65 expression was also related to fruit ripening and regulated by ethylene. CpCML15 was located in the nucleus and CpPP2C46/65 were located in both the nucleus and membrane. The interaction between CpCML15 and CpPP2C46/65 was calcium dependent and further repressed the activity of CpPP2C46/65 in vitro. The transient overexpression of CpCML15 and CpPP2C46/65 in papaya promoted fruit ripening and gene expression related to ripening. The reduced expression of CpCML15 and CpPP2C46/65 by virus-induced gene silencing delayed fruit colouring and softening and repressed the expression of genes related to ethylene signalling and softening. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of CpCML15 in tomato fruit also promoted fruit softening and ripening by increasing ethylene production and enhancing gene expression related to ripening. Additionally, CpPP2C46 interacted with CpABI5, and CpPP2C65 interacted with CpERF003-like, two transcriptional factors in ABA and ethylene signalling pathways that are closely related to fruit ripening. Taken together, our results showed that CpCML15 and CpPP2Cs positively regulated fruit ripening, and their interaction integrated the cross-talk of calcium, ABA and ethylene signals in fruit ripening through the CpCML15-CpPP2Cs-CpABI5/CpERF003-like pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiunan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qinqin Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiyang Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Senlin Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Weixin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jean‐Philippe Galaud
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences VégétalesUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Xueping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Education, College of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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5
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Zhang JF, Wang YY, He L, Yan JY, Liu YY, Ruan ZY, Liu WC, Yi L, Ren F. PHR1 involved in the regulation of low phosphate-induced leaf senescence by modulating phosphorus homeostasis in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:799-816. [PMID: 38111215 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a crucial macronutrient for plant growth, development, and reproduction. The effects of low P (LP) stress on leaf senescence and the role of PHR1 in LP-induced leaf senescence are still unknown. Here, we report that PHR1 plays a crucial role in LP-induced leaf senescence, showing delayed leaf senescence in phr1 mutant and accelerated leaf senescence in 35S:PHR1 transgenic Arabidopsis under LP stress. The transcriptional profiles indicate that 763 differentially expressed SAGs (DE-SAGs) were upregulated and 134 DE-SAGs were downregulated by LP stress. Of the 405 DE-SAGs regulated by PHR1, 27 DE-SAGs were involved in P metabolism and transport. PHR1 could bind to the promoters of six DE-SAGs (RNS1, PAP17, SAG113, NPC5, PLDζ2, and Pht1;5), and modulate them in LP-induced senescing leaves. The analysis of RNA content, phospholipase activity, acid phosphatase activity, total P and phosphate content also revealed that PHR1 promotes P liberation from senescing leaves and transport to young tissues under LP stress. Our results indicated that PHR1 is one of the crucial modulators for P recycling and redistribution under LP stress, and the drastic decline of P level is at least one of the causes of early senescence in P-deficient leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Yi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Le He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Yi Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Ruan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Long Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Xie A, Lv M, Zhang D, Shi Y, Yang L, Yang X, Du J, Sun L, Sun X. Effects of slight shading in summer on the leaf senescence and endogenous hormone and polyamine contents in herbaceous peony. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18714. [PMID: 37907675 PMCID: PMC10618196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbaceous peony is a perennial root plant that likes light and is cold-resistant. During summer, high temperature and strong light intensity advance its entry into the leaf wilting stage, which limits the accumulation of nutrients and formation of strong buds and severely affects its growth and development the following year. In this study, the wild herbaceous peony species and two main cultivars, 'Zifengyu' and 'Hongfengyu', were subjected to slight shading and strong light environments in summer, and their effects on leaf senescence and endogenous hormone and polyamine contents were explored. Slight shading treatment significantly delayed withering, increased the leaf net photosynthetic rate, and increased the chlorophyll, soluble sugar, indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin, gibberellin, spermine, spermidine, putrescine, and polyamine contents. Additionally, slight shading significantly reduced the proline and abscisic acid contents. Slight shading during summer prolonged the green period and delayed leaf senescence. The tolerance of tested materials to strong light intensity in summer was ranked as follows: 'Zifengyu' > 'Hongfengyu' > wild species. In conclusion, this study revealed that summer leaf senescence is delayed in herbaceous peony through shading and growth regulators. Additional varieties should be evaluated to provide reference for high-efficiency, high-quality, and high-yield cultivation of herbaceous peony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xie
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Mengwen Lv
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yajie Shi
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lijin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Du
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- School of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal Unversity, Huainan, 232038, Anhui, China.
| | - Limin Sun
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Xia Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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7
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Wang G, Liu X, Gan SS. The ABA-AtNAP-SAG113 PP2C module regulates leaf senescence by dephoshorylating SAG114 SnRK3.25 in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:22. [PMID: 37899482 PMCID: PMC10614403 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that ABA inhibits stomatal closure through AtNAP-SAG113 PP2C regulatory module during leaf senescence. The mechanism by which this module exerts its function is unknown. Here we report the identification and functional analysis of SAG114, a direct target of the regulatory module. SAG114 encodes SnRK3.25. Both bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and yeast two-hybrid assays show that SAG113 PP2C physically interacts with SAG114 SnRK3.25. Biochemically the SAG113 PP2C dephosphorylates SAG114 in vitro and in planta. RT-PCR and GUS reporter analyses show that SAG114 is specifically expressed in senescing leaves in Arabidopsis. Functionally, the SAG114 knockout mutant plants have a significantly bigger stomatal aperture and a much faster water loss rate in senescing leaves than those of wild type, and display a precocious senescence phenotype. The premature senescence phenotype of sag114 is epistatic to sag113 (that exhibits a remarkable delay in leaf senescence) because the sag113 sag114 double mutant plants show an early leaf senescence phenotype, similar to that of sag114. These results not only demonstrate that the ABA-AtNAP-SAG113 PP2C regulatory module controls leaf longevity by dephosphorylating SAG114 kinase, but also reveal the involvement of the SnRK3 family gene in stomatal movement and water loss during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Wang
- Present Address: Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Present Address: Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Su-Sheng Gan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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8
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Zhu J, Liu X, Huang W, An R, Xu X, Li P. 2,4-epibrassinolide delays leaf senescence in pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) by regulating its chlorophyll metabolic pathway and endogenous hormones content. Gene 2023:147531. [PMID: 37286019 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junzhen Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ronghui An
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Pengxia Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Logistics Technology for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China.
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9
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Kane CN, McAdam SAM. Abscisic acid can augment, but is not essential for, autumnal leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3255-3266. [PMID: 36882050 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Senescence vividly marks the onset of the final stages of the life of a leaf, yet the triggers and drivers of this process are still not fully understood. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is an important regulator of leaf senescence in model herbs, but the function of this hormone has not been widely tested in deciduous trees. Here we investigate the importance of ABA as a driver of leaf senescence in winter deciduous trees. In four diverse species we tracked leaf gas exchange, water potential, chlorophyll content, and leaf ABA levels from the end of summer until leaves were abscised or died. We found that no change in ABA levels occurred at the onset of chlorophyll decline or throughout the duration of leaf senescence. To test whether ABA could enhance leaf senescence, we girdled branches to disrupt ABA export in the phloem. Girdling increased leaf ABA levels in two of the species, and this increase triggered an accelerated rate of chlorophyll decline in these species. We conclude that an increase in ABA level may augment leaf senescence in winter deciduous species but that it is not essential for this annual process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cade N Kane
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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10
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Lou J, Wu C, Wang H, Cao S, Wei Y, Chen Y, Jiang S, Shao X, Xu F. Melatonin treatment delays postharvest senescence of broccoli with regulation of carotenoid metabolism. Food Chem 2023; 408:135185. [PMID: 36525725 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of melatonin treatment on the carotenoid metabolism in broccoli florets during storage was explored. The results indicated that 100 µmol/L of melatonin maintained the sensory quality of broccoli florets, which retarded the increase of the L* value and the decrease of the H value. Melatonin treatment increased the activities of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) and N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT), leading to the enrichment of endogenous melatonin content in broccoli florets. Meanwhile, the treatment inhibited the concentrations of β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein, which was beneficial in delaying the yellowing of broccoli. In addition, a series of carotenoid biosynthetic genes such as BoPSY, BoPDS, BoZDS, BoLCYβ and BoZEP was also suppressed by melatonin. Further analysis revealed that the lower carotenoid content and the down-regulated BoNCED expression in treated broccoli resulted in less accumulation of abscisic acid precursors, inhibiting abscisic acid production during the yellowing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Lou
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Chenghao Wu
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shifeng Cao
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, China.
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Zhao G, Cheng Q, Zhao Y, Wu F, Mu B, Gao J, Yang L, Yan J, Zhang H, Cui X, Chen Q, Lu F, Ao Q, Amdouni A, Jiang YQ, Yang B. The Abscisic Acid-Responsive Element Binding Factors (ABFs)-MAPKKK18 module regulates ABA- induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103060. [PMID: 36841482 PMCID: PMC10166789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 18 (MAPKKK18) has been reported to play a role in abiotic stress priming in long-term abscisic acid (ABA) response including drought tolerance and leaf senescence. However, the upstream transcriptional regulators of MAPKKK18 remain to be determined. Here, we report ABA-Responsive Element (ABRE) Binding Factors (ABFs) as upstream transcription factors (TFs) of MAPKKK18 expression. Mutants of abf2, abf3, abf4 and abf2abf3abf4 dramatically reduced the transcription of MAPKKK18. Our electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 bound to ABRE cis-elements within the promoter of MAPKKK18 to transactivate its expression. Furthermore, enrichments of the promoter region of MAPKKK18 by ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 were confirmed by in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with qPCR (ChIP-qPCR). Additionally, we found that mutants of mapkkk18 exhibited obvious delayed leaf senescence. Moreover, a genetic study showed that overexpression of ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 in the background of mapkkk18 mostly phenocopied the stay-green phenotype of mapkkk18 and, expression levels of five target genes of ABFs, that is, NYE1, NYE2, NYC1, PAO, and SAG29 were attenuated as a result of MAPKKK18 mutation. These findings demonstrate that ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 act as transcription regulators of MAPKKK18, and also suggest that, at least in part, ABA acts in priming leaf senescence via ABF-induced expression of MAPKKK18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feifei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bangbang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiping Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangxiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Asma Amdouni
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Li S, Xie H, Zhou L, Dong D, Liu Y, Jia C, Han L, Chao Y, Chen Y. Overexpression of MsSAG113 gene promotes leaf senescence in alfalfa via participating in the hormone regulatory network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1085497. [PMID: 36570962 PMCID: PMC9774027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1085497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a kind of high quality leguminous forage species, which was widely cultivated in the world. Leaf senescence is an essential process in plant development and life cycle. Here, we reported the isolation and functional analysis of an alfalfa SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE113 (MsSAG113), which belongs to the PP2C family and mainly plays a role in promoting plant senescence. Methods In the study, Agrobacterium-mediated, gene expression analysis, next generation sequencing, DNA pull-down, yeast single hybridization and transient expression were used to identify the function of MsSAG113 gene. Results The MsSAG113 gene was isolated from alfalfa, and the transgenic plants were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated method. Compared with the wildtype, transgenic plants showed premature senescence in leaves, especially when cultivated under dark conditions. Meanwhile, application of exogenous hormones ABA, SA, MeJA, obviously acclerated leaf senescence of transgenic plants. Furthermore, the detached leaves from transgenic plants turned yellow earlier with lower chlorophyll content. Transcriptome analysis identified a total of 1,392 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), involving 13 transcription factor families. Of which, 234 genes were related to phytohormone synthesis, metabolism and transduction. Pull-down assay and yeast one-hybrid assay confirmed that alfalfa zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 39 (MsC3H-39) could directly bind the upstream of MsSAG113 gene. In conclusion, the MsSAG113 gene plays a crucial role in promoting leaf senescence in alfalfa via participating in the hormone regulatory network. Discussion This provides an essential basis for further analysis on the regulatory network involving senescence-associated genes in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Li
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Xie
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfang Zhou
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Dong
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Inner Mongolia M-Grass Ecology And Environment (Group) Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Chenyan Jia
- Inner Mongolia M-Grass Ecology And Environment (Group) Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Liebao Han
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehui Chao
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- The University of Western Australia (UWA) Institute of Agriculture, and University of Western Australia School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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13
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Liu Q, Feng Z, Huang C, Wen J, Li L, Yu S. Insights into the Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes of Senescence-Related Traits in Upland Cotton via GWAS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8584. [PMID: 35955713 PMCID: PMC9368895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is the last stage of plant development and is controlled by both internal and external factors. Premature senescence significantly affects the yield and quality of cotton. However, the genetic architecture underlying cotton senescence remains unclear. In this study, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed based on 3,015,002 high-quality SNP markers from the resequencing data of 355 upland cotton accessions to detect genomic regions for cotton senescence. A total of 977 candidate genes within 55 senescence-related genomic regions (SGRs), SGR1-SGR55, were predicted. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of candidate genes revealed that a set of biological processes was enriched, such as salt stress, ethylene processes, and leaf senescence. Furthermore, in the leaf senescence GO term, one candidate gene was focused on: Gohir.A12G270900 (GhMKK9), located in SGR36, which encodes a protein of the MAP kinase kinase family. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that GhMKK9 was up-regulated in old cotton leaves. Overexpression of GhMKK9 in Arabidopsis accelerated natural leaf senescence. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of GhMKK9 in cotton increased drought tolerance. These results suggest that GhMKK9 is a positive regulator and might be involved in drought-induced senescence in cotton. The results provide new insights into the genetic basis of cotton senescence and will be useful for improving cotton breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Libei Li
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Q.L.); (Z.F.); (C.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Shuxun Yu
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Q.L.); (Z.F.); (C.H.); (J.W.)
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14
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Sasi JM, Gupta S, Singh A, Kujur A, Agarwal M, Katiyar-Agarwal S. Know when and how to die: gaining insights into the molecular regulation of leaf senescence. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1515-1534. [PMID: 36389097 PMCID: PMC9530073 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the ultimate phase in the life cycle of leaves which is crucial for recycling of nutrients to maintain plant fitness and reproductive success. The earliest visible manifestation of leaf senescence is their yellowing, which usually commences with the breakdown of chlorophyll. The degradation process involves a gradual and highly coordinated disassembly of macromolecules resulting in the accumulation of nutrients, which are subsequently mobilized from the senescing leaves to the developing organs. Leaf senescence progresses under overly tight genetic and molecular control involving a well-orchestrated and intricate network of regulators that coordinate spatio-temporally with the influence of both internal and external cues. Owing to the advancements in omics technologies, the availability of mutant resources, scalability of molecular analyses methodologies and the advanced capacity to integrate multidimensional data, our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of leaf ageing has greatly expanded. The review provides a compilation of the multitier regulation of senescence process and the interrelation between the environment and the terminal phase of leaf development. The knowledge gained would benefit in devising the strategies for manipulation of leaf senescence process to improve crop quality and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothish Madambikattil Sasi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Shitij Gupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Apurva Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Alice Kujur
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
- USDA-ARS Plant Genetics Research Unit, The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana 502324 India
| | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi North Campus, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Surekha Katiyar-Agarwal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
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15
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Mannucci A, Scartazza A, Santaniello A, Castagna A, Santin M, Quartacci MF, Ranieri A. Short daily ultraviolet exposure enhances intrinsic water-use efficiency and delays senescence in Micro-Tom tomato plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:810-821. [PMID: 35598892 DOI: 10.1071/fp22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, unless present at high doses, is recognised as a regulator of plant growth and some specific processes. The present study investigated the influence of short daily UV irradiation (15min/day, 11days) on leaf gas exchange and some biochemical and molecular markers of leaf senescence (such as stomata movements, chlorophyll breakdown, anthocyanin production, senescence-associated genes) in Micro-Tom tomato plants. The UV-induced reduction of g s (stomatal conductance) during the treatment was associated with the modified expression of some genes involved in the control of stomatal movements. We hypothesise a two-step regulation of stomatal closure involving salicylic and abscisic acid hormones. The temporal changes of g s and A net (net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate) along with the pigment behaviour, suggest a possible delay of leaf senescence in treated plants, confirmed by the expression levels of genes related to senescence such as SAG113 and DFR . The UV potential to induce a persistent partial inhibition of g s without severely affecting A net led to an increased iWUE (intrinsic water-use efficiency) during the 11-day treatment, suggesting a priming effect of short daily UV radiation towards drought conditions potentially useful in reducing the excess water use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Mannucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Marco Santin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Mike Frank Quartacci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy
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16
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Li L, Hong D, An C, Chen Y, Zhao P, Li X, Xiong F, Ren M, Xu R. Overexpression of TaLAX3-1B alters the stomatal aperture and improves the salt stress resistance of tobacco. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7455-7464. [PMID: 35624389 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomata, which play important roles in both optimizing photosynthesis efficiency and adapting to stress, are closely related to IAA and ABA. In plants, the auxin influx carrier LAX3 has been found to play roles in development and stress tolerance. However, the function of LAX3 in stomata and in response to salt stress remains largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that overexpression of wheat TaLAX3-1B in tobacco results in a decrease in stomatal aperture and a relatively closed state of the stomata. In addition, the stomatal movement of the OxTaLAX3-1B lines was less sensitive to ABA than that of the WT. Consistently, compared with the WT, the OxTaLAX3-1B lines showed significantly higher expression of stomate-, IAA- and ABA-related genes and endogenous IAA and ABA contents. Furthermore, compared with the WT, the OxTaLAX3-1B lines exhibited higher proline content, salt stress-related gene expression and ROS antioxidant enzyme activity but lower MDA content and ROS accumulation after salt treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that TaLAX3-1B plays a positive role in regulating stomatal closure and enhancing salt stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhua Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Sub-Center of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Dingli Hong
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Sub-Center of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chang An
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Sub-Center of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Sub-Center of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Sub-Center of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Sub-Center of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fumin Xiong
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Sub-Center of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Mingjian Ren
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Sub-Center of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ruhong Xu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Guizhou Sub-Center of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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17
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Hajibarat Z, Saidi A. Senescence-associated proteins and nitrogen remobilization in grain filling under drought stress condition. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:101. [PMID: 35819732 PMCID: PMC9276853 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Plants use escape strategies including premature senescence and leaf reduction to cope in response to drought stress, which in turn reduces plant leaves and photosynthesis. This strategy allows the new generation (seeds) to survive under drought but, plants experience more yield loss during stress condition. The amount of damage caused by drought stress is compensated by the expression of genes involved in regulating leaf aging. Leaf senescence alters the expression of thousands of genes and ultimately affecting grain protein content, grain yield, and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Also, under drought stress, nitrogen in the soil will not become as much available and causes the beginning and acceleration of the senescence process of leaves. The main body of the abstract This review identified proteins signaling and functional proteins involved in senescence. Further, transcription factors and cell wall degradation enzymes (proteases) related to senescence during drought stress were surveyed. We discuss the regulatory pathways of genes as a result of the degradation of proteins during senescence process. Senescence is strongly influenced by plant hormones and environmental factors including the availability of nitrogen. During maturity or drought stress, reduced nitrogen uptake can cause nitrogen to be remobilized from leaves and stems to seeds, eventually leading to leaf senescence. Under these conditions, genes involved in chloroplast degradation and proteases show increased expression. The functional (proteases) and regulatory proteins such as protein kinases and phosphatases as well as transcription factors (AP2/ERF, NAC, WRKY, MYB, and bZIP) are involved in leaf senescence and drought stress. Short conclusion In this review, senescence-associated proteins involved in leaf senescence and regulatory and functional proteins in response to drought stress during grain filling were surveyed. The present study predicts on the role of nitrogen transporters, transcription factors and regulatory genes involved in the late stages of plant growth with the aim of understanding their mechanisms of action during grain filling stage. For a better understanding, the relevant evidence for the balance between grain filling and protein breakdown during grain filling in cereals is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hajibarat
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Saidi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Guo C, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Wen L, Liu C, Deng Z, Chu Y, Liu T, Guo Y. The INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION-LIKE6 Peptide Functions as a Positive Modulator of Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:909378. [PMID: 35845701 PMCID: PMC9280484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a highly coordinated process and has a significant impact on agriculture. Plant peptides are known to act as important cell-to-cell communication signals that are involved in multiple biological processes such as development and stress responses. However, very limited number of peptides has been reported to be associated with leaf senescence. Here, we report the characterization of the INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION-LIKE6 (IDL6) peptide as a regulator of leaf senescence. The expression of IDL6 was up-regulated in senescing leaves. Exogenous application of synthetic IDL6 peptides accelerated the process of leaf senescence. The idl6 mutant plants showed delayed natural leaf senescence as well as senescence included by darkness, indicating a regulatory role of IDL6 peptides in leaf senescence. The role of IDL6 as a positive regulator of leaf senescence was further supported by the results of overexpression analysis and complementation test. Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of phytohormone-responsive genes in idl6 mutant plants. Further analysis indicated that altered expression of IDL6 led to changes in leaf senescence phenotypes induced by ABA and ethylene treatments. The results from this study suggest that the IDL6 peptide positively regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Guo
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Zenglin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lichao Wen
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- QuJing Tobacco Company, Qujing, China
| | - Zhichao Deng
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Chu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Guo
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tobacco Research Institute, Qingdao, China
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19
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Huang P, Li Z, Guo H. New Advances in the Regulation of Leaf Senescence by Classical and Peptide Hormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923136. [PMID: 35837465 PMCID: PMC9274171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development, manifested by leaf yellowing due to the loss of chlorophyll, along with the degradation of macromolecules and facilitates nutrient translocation from the sink to the source tissues, which is essential for the plants' fitness. Leaf senescence is controlled by a sophisticated genetic network that has been revealed through the study of the molecular mechanisms of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which are involved in multiple layers of regulation. Leaf senescence is primarily regulated by plant age, but also influenced by a variety of factors, including phytohormones and environmental stimuli. Phytohormones, as important signaling molecules in plant, contribute to the onset and progression of leaf senescence. Recently, peptide hormones have been reported to be involved in the regulation of leaf senescence, enriching the significance of signaling molecules in controlling leaf senescence. This review summarizes recent advances in the regulation of leaf senescence by classical and peptide hormones, aiming to better understand the coordinated network of different pathways during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Wang Y, Liu B, Hu Y, Gan SS. A positive feedback regulatory loop, SA-AtNAP-SAG202/SARD1-ICS1-SA, in SA biosynthesis involved in leaf senescence but not defense response. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:15. [PMID: 37789442 PMCID: PMC10515000 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone that regulates defense responses and leaf senescence. It is imperative to understand upstream factors that regulate genes of SA biosynthesis. SAG202/SARD1 is a key regulator for isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1) induction and SA biosynthesis in defense responses. The regulatory mechanism of SA biosynthesis during leaf senescence is not well understood. Here we show that AtNAP, a senescence-specific NAC family transcription factor, directly regulates a senescence-associated gene named SAG202 as revealed in yeast one-hybrid and in planta assays. Inducible overexpreesion of AtNAP and SAG202 lead to high levels of SA and precocious senescence in leaves. Individual knockout mutants of sag202 and ics1 have markedly reduced SA levels and display a significantly delayed leaf senescence phenotype. Furthermore, SA positively feedback regulates AtNAP and SAG202. Our research has uncovered a unique positive feedback regulatory loop, SA-AtNAP-SAG202-ICS1-SA, that operates to control SA biosynthesis associated with leaf senescence but not defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- Sections of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Present address: Nobell Foods, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Sections of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Youzhen Hu
- Sections of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Present address: College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Su-Sheng Gan
- Sections of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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21
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Lu J, Wang L, Zhang Q, Ma C, Su X, Cheng H, Guo H. AmCBF1 Transcription Factor Regulates Plant Architecture by Repressing GhPP2C1 or GhPP2C2 in Gossypium hirsutum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:914206. [PMID: 35712572 PMCID: PMC9197424 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.914206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dwarfism is a beneficial trait in many crops. Dwarf crops hold certain advantages over taller crops in lodging resistance, fertilizer tolerance, and yield. Overexpression of CBF/DREB transcription factors can lead to dwarfing in many plant species, but the molecular mechanism of plant dwarfing caused by overexpression of CBF/DREB in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) remains unclear. In this study, we observed that overexpression of the Ammopiptanthus mongolicus AmCBF1 transcription factor in upland cotton R15 reduced plant height, whereas virus-induced gene silencing of AmCBF1 in the derived dwarf lines L28 and L30 partially restored plant height. Five protein phosphatase (PP2C) genes (GhPP2C1 to GhPP2C5) in cotton were identified by RNA-sequencing among genes differentially expressed in L28 or L30 in comparison with R15 and thus may play an important role in AmCBF1-regulated dwarfing in cotton. Gene expression analysis showed that the GhPP2C genes were down-regulated significantly in L28 and L30, and silencing of GhPP2C1 or GhPP2C2 in R15 inhibited the growth of cotton seedlings. Subcellular localization assays revealed that GhPP2C1 was localized to the cell membrane and nucleus, whereas GhPP2C2 was exclusively localized to the nucleus. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays showed that AmCBF1 was able to bind to the CRT/DRE elements of the upstream promoter of GhPP2C1 or GhPP2C2 and repress their expression. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of dwarfing and may contribute to the breeding of dwarf cultivars of upland cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Lu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Ma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Jing T, Liu K, Wang Y, Ai X, Bi H. Melatonin Positively Regulates Both Dark- and Age-Induced Leaf Senescence by Reducing ROS Accumulation and Modulating Abscisic Acid and Auxin Biosynthesis in Cucumber Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3576. [PMID: 35408936 PMCID: PMC8998517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MT), as a signaling molecule, plays a vital role in regulating leaf senescence in plants. This study aimed to verify the antioxidant roles of MT in delaying dark- or age-induced leaf senescence of cucumber plants. The results showed that endogenous MT responds to darkness and overexpression of CsASMT, the key gene of MT synthesis, and delays leaf senescence stimulated by darkness, as manifested by significantly lower malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents as well as higher activities and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes compared to the control. Moreover, MT suppressed both age- or dark-induced leaf senescence of cucumber, as evidenced by a decrease in senescence-related gene SAG20 and cell-death-related gene PDCD expression and ROS content and an increase in antioxidant capacity and chlorophyll biosynthesis compared with the H2O-treated seedlings. Meanwhile, the suppression of age-induced leaf senescence by melatonin was also reflected by the reduction in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways as well as the promotion of auxin (IAA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways in cucumber plants in the solar greenhouse. Combining the results of the two separate experiments, we demonstrated that MT acts as a powerful antioxidant to alleviate leaf senescence by activating the antioxidant system and IAA synthesis and signaling while inhibiting ABA synthesis and signaling in cucumber plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huangai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (T.J.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (X.A.)
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23
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Kocourková D, Kroumanová K, Podmanická T, Daněk M, Martinec J. Phospholipase Dα1 Acts as a Negative Regulator of High Mg 2+-Induced Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:770794. [PMID: 34899793 PMCID: PMC8656112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.770794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is a macronutrient involved in essential cellular processes. Its deficiency or excess is a stress factor for plants, seriously affecting their growth and development and therefore, its accurate regulation is essential. Recently, we discovered that phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) activity is vital in the stress response to high-magnesium conditions in Arabidopsis roots. This study shows that PLDα1 acts as a negative regulator of high-Mg2+-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. The level of phosphatidic acid produced by PLDα1 and the amount of PLDα1 in the leaves increase in plants treated with high Mg2+. A knockout mutant of PLDα1 (pldα1-1), exhibits premature leaf senescence under high-Mg2+ conditions. In pldα1-1 plants, higher accumulation of abscisic and jasmonic acid (JA) and impaired magnesium, potassium and phosphate homeostasis were observed under high-Mg2+ conditions. High Mg2+ also led to an increase of starch and proline content in Arabidopsis plants. While the starch content was higher in pldα1-1 plants, proline content was significantly lower in pldα1-1 compared with wild type plants. Our results show that PLDα1 is essential for Arabidopsis plants to cope with the pleiotropic effects of high-Mg2+ stress and delay the leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jan Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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24
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Zhong S, Sang L, Zhao Z, Deng Y, Liu H, Yu Y, Liu J. Phosphoproteome analysis reveals the involvement of protein dephosphorylation in ethylene-induced corolla senescence in petunia. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:512. [PMID: 34732145 PMCID: PMC8565076 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senescence represents the last stage of flower development. Phosphorylation is the key posttranslational modification that regulates protein functions, and kinases may be more required than phosphatases during plant growth and development. However, little is known about global phosphorylation changes during flower senescence. RESULTS In this work, we quantitatively investigated the petunia phosphoproteome following ethylene or air treatment. In total, 2170 phosphosites in 1184 protein groups were identified, among which 2059 sites in 1124 proteins were quantified. To our surprise, treatment with ethylene resulted in 697 downregulated and only 117 upregulated phosphosites using a 1.5-fold threshold (FDR < 0.05), which showed that ethylene negatively regulates global phosphorylation levels and that phosphorylation of many proteins was not necessary during flower senescence. Phosphoproteome analysis showed that ethylene regulates ethylene and ABA signalling transduction pathways via phosphorylation levels. One of the major targets of ethylene-induced dephosphorylation is the plant mRNA splicing machinery, and ethylene treatment increases the number of alternative splicing events of precursor RNAs in petunia corollas. CONCLUSIONS Protein dephosphorylation could play an important role in ethylene-induced senescence, and ethylene treatment increased the number of AS precursor RNAs in petunia corollas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- School of Landscape Architecture School of Tourism and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Zhejiang, 311300 Hangzhou China
| | - Lina Sang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Zhixia Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Ying Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yixun Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Juanxu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- School of Landscape Architecture School of Tourism and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Zhejiang, 311300 Hangzhou China
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25
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Hu Y, Liu B, Ren H, Chen L, Watkins CB, Gan SS. The leaf senescence-promoting transcription factor AtNAP activates its direct target gene CYTOKININ OXIDASE 3 to facilitate senescence processes by degrading cytokinins. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:12. [PMID: 37789454 PMCID: PMC10515059 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of adenine-derived plant hormones that plays pervasive roles in plant growth and development including cell division, morphogenesis, lateral bud outgrowth, leaf expansion and senescence. CKs as a "fountain of youth" prolongs leaf longevity by inhibiting leaf senescence, and therefore must be catabolized for senescence to occur. AtNAP, a senescence-specific transcription factor has a key role in promoting leaf senescence. The role of AtNAP in regulating CK catabolism is unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of AtNAP-AtCKX3 (cytokinin oxidase 3) module by which CKs are catabolized during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Like AtNAP, AtCKX3 is highly upregulated during leaf senescence. When AtNAP is chemically induced AtCKX3 is co-induced; and when AtNAP is knocked out, the expression of AtCKX3 is abolished. AtNAP physically binds to the cis element of the AtCKX3 promoter to direct its expression as revealed by yeast one-hybrid assays and in planta experiments. Leaves of the atckx3 knockout lines have higher CK concentrations and a delayed senescence phenotype compared with those of WT. In contrast, leaves with inducible expression of AtCKX3 have lower CK concentrations and exhibit a precocious senescence phenotype compared with WT. This research reveals that AtNAP transcription factor-AtCKX3 module regulates leaf senescence by connecting two antagonist plant hormones abscisic acid and CKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhen Hu
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Current address: College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Current address: Department of Plant Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Huazhong Ren
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liping Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Christopher B Watkins
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Su-Sheng Gan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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26
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Fraga OT, de Melo BP, Quadros IPS, Reis PAB, Fontes EPB. Senescence-Associated Glycine max ( Gm) NAC Genes: Integration of Natural and Stress-Induced Leaf Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8287. [PMID: 34361053 PMCID: PMC8348617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a genetically regulated developmental process that can be triggered by a variety of internal and external signals, including hormones and environmental stimuli. Among the senescence-associated genes controlling leaf senescence, the transcriptional factors (TFs) comprise a functional class that is highly active at the onset and during the progression of leaf senescence. The plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) TFs are essential for controlling leaf senescence. Several members of Arabidopsis AtNAC-SAGs are well characterized as players in elucidated regulatory networks. However, only a few soybean members of this class display well-known functions; knowledge about their regulatory circuits is still rudimentary. Here, we describe the expression profile of soybean GmNAC-SAGs upregulated by natural senescence and their functional correlation with putative AtNAC-SAGs orthologs. The mechanisms and the regulatory gene networks underlying GmNAC081- and GmNAC030-positive regulation in leaf senescence are discussed. Furthermore, new insights into the role of GmNAC065 as a negative senescence regulator are presented, demonstrating extraordinary functional conservation with the Arabidopsis counterpart. Finally, we describe a regulatory circuit which integrates a stress-induced cell death program with developmental leaf senescence via the NRP-NAC-VPE signaling module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Teixeira Fraga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, INCTIPP–BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes de Melo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília 70770.917, DF, Brazil
| | - Iana Pedro Silva Quadros
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, INCTIPP–BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Braga Reis
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, INCTIPP–BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Pacheco Batista Fontes
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil; (O.T.F.); (B.P.d.M.); (I.P.S.Q.); (P.A.B.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, INCTIPP–BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570.000, MG, Brazil
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27
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Xie Z, Yu G, Lei S, Zhang C, Bin Xu, Huang B. CCCH protein-PvCCCH69 acted as a repressor for leaf senescence through suppressing ABA-signaling pathway. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:165. [PMID: 34234106 PMCID: PMC8263708 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CCCH is a subfamily of zinc finger proteins involved in plant growth, development, and stresses response. The function of CCCH in regulating leaf senescence, especially its roles in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated leaf senescence is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine functions and mechanisms of CCCH gene in regulating leaf senescence in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). A CCCH gene, PvCCCH69 (PvC3H69), was cloned from switchgrass. Overexpressing PvC3H69 in rice suppressed both natural senescence with leaf aging and dark-induced leaf senescence. Endogenous ABA content, ABA biosynthesis genes (NCED3, NCED5, and AAO3), and ABA signaling-related genes (SnRKs, ABI5, and ABF2/3/4) exhibited significantly lower levels in senescencing leaves of PvC3H69-OE plants than those in WT plants. PvC3H69-suppression of leaf senescence was associated with transcriptional upregulation of genes mainly involved in the light-dependent process of photosynthesis, including light-harvesting complex proteins, PSI proteins, and PSII proteins and downregulation of ABA biosynthesis and signaling genes and senescence-associated genes. PvC3H69 could act as a repressor for leaf senescence via upregulating photosynthetic proteins and repressing ABA synthesis and ABA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheni Xie
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Guohui Yu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Shanshan Lei
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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28
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Guo Y, Ren G, Zhang K, Li Z, Miao Y, Guo H. Leaf senescence: progression, regulation, and application. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37789484 PMCID: PMC10509828 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is a type of postmitotic senescence and is characterized by the functional transition from nutrient assimilation to nutrient remobilization which is essential for plants' fitness. The initiation and progression of leaf senescence are regulated by a variety of internal and external factors such as age, phytohormones, and environmental stresses. Significant breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf senescence have benefited from the identification of senescence-altered mutants through forward genetic screening and functional assessment of hundreds of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) via reverse genetic research in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in crop plants. Leaf senescence involves highly complex genetic programs that are tightly tuned by multiple layers of regulation, including chromatin and transcription regulation, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. Due to the significant impact of leaf senescence on photosynthesis, nutrient remobilization, stress responses, and productivity, much effort has been made in devising strategies based on known senescence regulatory mechanisms to manipulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence, aiming for higher yield, better quality, or improved horticultural performance in crop plants. This review aims to provide an overview of leaf senescence and discuss recent advances in multi-dimensional regulation of leaf senescence from genetic and molecular network perspectives. We also put forward the key issues that need to be addressed, including the nature of leaf age, functional stay-green trait, coordination between different regulatory pathways, source-sink relationship and nutrient remobilization, as well as translational researches on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Guodong Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
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29
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AtWAKL10, a Cell Wall Associated Receptor-Like Kinase, Negatively Regulates Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094885. [PMID: 34063046 PMCID: PMC8124439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) constitute a large group of cell surface receptors that play crucial roles in multiple biological processes. However, the function of most RLKs in plants has not been extensively explored, and much less for the class of cell wall associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-like kinases (WAKLs). In this study, analyses of developmental expression patterns uncovered a putative role of AtWAKL10 in modulating leaf senescence, which was further investigated at physiological and molecular levels. The expression level of AtWAKL10 increased with the developmental progression and was rapidly upregulated in senescing leaf tissues. The promoter of AtWAKL10 contains various defense and hormone responsive elements, and its expression could be significantly induced by exogenous ABA, JA and SA. Moreover, the loss-of-function atwakl10 mutant showed earlier senescence along the course of natural development and accelerated leaf senescence under darkness and hormonal stresses, while plants overexpressing AtWAKL10 showed an opposite trend. Additionally, some defense and senescence related WRKY transcription factors could bind to the promoter of AtWAKL10. In addition, deletion and overexpression of AtWAKL10 caused several specific transcriptional alterations, including genes involved in cell extension, cell wall modification, defense response and senescence related WRKYs, which may be implicated in regulatory mechanisms adopted by AtWAKL10 in controlling leaf senescence. Taken together, these results revealed that AtWAKL10 negatively regulated leaf senescence.
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30
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Unravelling Differences in Candidate Genes for Drought Tolerance in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) by Use of New Functional Microsatellite Markers. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040494. [PMID: 33800602 PMCID: PMC8067248 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato is regarded as drought sensitive and most vulnerable to climate changes. Its cultivation in drought prone regions or under conditions of more frequent drought periods, especially in subtropical areas, requires intensive research to improve drought tolerance in order to guarantee high yields under limited water supplies. A candidate gene approach was used to develop functional simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for association studies in potato with the aim to enhance breeding for drought tolerance. SSR primer combinations, mostly surrounding interrupted complex and compound repeats, were derived from 103 candidate genes for drought tolerance. Validation of the SSRs was performed in an association panel representing 34 mainly starch potato cultivars. Seventy-five out of 154 SSR primer combinations (49%) resulted in polymorphic, highly reproducible banding patterns with polymorphic information content (PIC) values between 0.11 and 0.90. Five SSR markers identified allelic differences between the potato cultivars that showed significant associations with drought sensitivity. In all cases, the group of drought-sensitive cultivars showed predominantly an additional allele, indicating that selection against these alleles by marker-assisted breeding might confer drought tolerance. Further studies of these differences in the candidate genes will elucidate their role for an improved performance of potatoes under water-limited conditions.
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31
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He Y, Liu Y, Li M, Lamin-Samu AT, Yang D, Yu X, Izhar M, Jan I, Ali M, Lu G. The Arabidopsis SMALL AUXIN UP RNA32 Protein Regulates ABA-Mediated Responses to Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:625493. [PMID: 33777065 PMCID: PMC7994887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.625493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
SMALL AUXIN UP-REGULATED RNAs (SAURs) are recognized as auxin-responsive genes involved in the regulation of abiotic stress adaptive growth. Among the growth-limiting factors, water-deficit condition significantly affects plant growth and development. The putative function of SAUR family member AtSAUR32 has the potential to diminish the negative impact of drought stress, but the exact function and mode of action remain unclear in Arabidopsis. In the current study, AtSAUR32 gene was cloned and functionally analyzed. AtSAUR32 localized to the plasma membrane and nucleus was dominantly expressed in roots and highly induced by abscisic acid and drought treatment at certain time points. The stomatal closure and seed germination of saur32 were less sensitive to ABA relative to AtSAUR32-overexpressed line (OE32-5) and wild type (WT). Moreover, the saur32 mutant under drought stress showed increased ion leakage while quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and endogenous ABA accumulation were reduced, along with the expression pattern of ABA/stress-responsive genes compared with WT and the OE32-5 transgenic line. Additionally, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays showed that AtSAUR32 interacted with clade-A PP2C proteins (AtHAI1 and AtAIP1) to regulate ABA sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results indicate that AtSAUR32 plays an important role in drought stress adaptation via mediating ABA signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun He
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhuo Li
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anthony Tumbeh Lamin-Samu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Izhar
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ibadullah Jan
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Serrano-Bueno G, Sánchez de Medina Hernández V, Valverde F. Photoperiodic Signaling and Senescence, an Ancient Solution to a Modern Problem? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:634393. [PMID: 33777070 PMCID: PMC7988197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.634393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The length of the day (photoperiod) is a robust seasonal signal originated by earth orbital and translational movements, a resilient external cue to the global climate change, and a predictable hint to initiate or complete different developmental programs. In eukaryotic algae, the gene expression network that controls the cellular response to photoperiod also regulates other basic physiological functions such as starch synthesis or redox homeostasis. Land plants, evolving in a novel and demanding environment, imbued these external signals within the regulatory networks controlling organogenesis and developmental programs. Unlike algae that largely have to deal with cellular physical cues, within the course of evolution land plants had to transfer this external information from the receiving organs to the target tissues, and mobile signals such as hormones were recruited and incorporated in the regulomes. Control of senescence by photoperiod, as suggested in this perspective, would be an accurate way to feed seasonal information into a newly developed function (senescence) using an ancient route (photoperiodic signaling). This way, the plant would assure that two coordinated aspects of development such as flowering and organ senescence were sequentially controlled. As in the case of senescence, there is growing evidence to support the idea that harnessing the reliability of photoperiod regulation over other, more labile signaling pathways could be used as a robust breeding tool to enhance plants against the harmful effects of climate change.
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Zhang Z, Liu C, Guo Y. Wheat Transcription Factor TaSNAC11-4B Positively Regulates Leaf Senescence through Promoting ROS Production in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207672. [PMID: 33081330 PMCID: PMC7589474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is the final stage of leaf development which is accompanied by highly coordinated and complicated reprogramming of gene expression. Genetic manipulation of leaf senescence in major crops including wheat has been shown to be able to increase stress tolerance and grain yield. NAC(No apical meristem (NAM), ATAF1/2, and cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC)) transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in regulating gene expression changes during leaf senescence and in response to abiotic stresses. Here, we report the characterization of TaSNAC11-4B (Uniprot: A0A1D5XI64), a wheat NAC family member that acts as a functional homolog of AtNAP, a key regulator of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. The expression of TaSNAC11-4B was up-regulated with the progression of leaf senescence, in response to abscisic acid (ABA) and drought treatments in wheat. Ectopic expression of TaSNAC11-4B in Arabidopsis promoted ROS accumulation and significantly accelerated age-dependent as well as drought- and ABA-induced leaf senescence. Results from transcriptional activity assays indicated that the TaSNAC11-4B protein displayed transcriptional activation activities that are dependent on its C terminus. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and dual-Luciferase assay results suggested that TaSNAC11-4B could positively regulate the expression of AtrbohD and AtrbohF, which encode catalytic subunits of the ROS-producing NADPH oxidase. Further analysis of TaSNAC11-4B in wheat senescence and the potential application of this gene in manipulating leaf senescence with the purpose of yield increase and stress tolerance is discussed.
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Molecular and Biochemical Differences in Leaf Explants and the Implication for Regeneration Ability in Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101372. [PMID: 33076473 PMCID: PMC7602576 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants have a high regeneration capacity and some plant species can regenerate clone plants, called plantlets, from detached vegetative organs. We previously outlined the molecular mechanisms underlying plantlet regeneration from Rorippa aquatica (Brassicaceae) leaf explants. However, the fundamental difference between the plant species that can and cannot regenerate plantlets from vegetative organs remains unclear. Here, we hypothesized that the viability of leaf explants is a key factor affecting the regeneration capacity of R. aquatica. To test this hypothesis, the viability of R. aquatica and Arabidopsis thaliana leaf explants were compared, with respect to the maintenance of photosynthetic activity, senescence, and immune response. Time-course analyses of photosynthetic activity revealed that R. aquatica leaf explants can survive longer than those of A. thaliana. Endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were found at low levels in leaf explant of R. aquatica. Time-course transcriptome analysis of R. aquatica and A. thaliana leaf explants suggested that senescence was suppressed at the transcriptional level in R. aquatica. Application of exogenous ABA reduced the efficiency of plantlet regeneration. Overall, our results propose that in nature, plant species that can regenerate in nature can survive for a long time.
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Zhu C, Xiaoyu L, Junlan G, Yun X, Jie R. Integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of hormone pathways in Acer rubrum during developmental leaf senescence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:410. [PMID: 32883206 PMCID: PMC7650285 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To fully elucidate the roles and mechanisms of plant hormones in leaf senescence, we adopted an integrated analysis of both non-senescing and senescing leaves from red maple with transcriptome and metabolome data. RESULTS Transcription and metabolite profiles were generated through a combination of deep sequencing, third-generation sequencing data analysis, and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph Q extractive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS), respectively. We investigated the accumulation of compounds and the expression of biosynthesis and signaling genes for eight hormones. The results revealed that ethylene and abscisic acid concentrations increased during the leaf senescence process, while the contents of cytokinin, auxin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid continued to decrease. Correlation tests between the hormone content and transcriptional changes were analyzed, and in six pathways, genes closely linked with leaf senescence were identified. CONCLUSIONS These results will enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of plant hormones that regulate leaf senescence in red maple, while establishing a foundation for the genetic modification of Acer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
| | - Lu Xiaoyu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui 230036 P.R. China
| | - Gao Junlan
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yun
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
| | - Ren Jie
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 Nongkenanlu, Hefei, Anhui 230031 P.R. China
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Wang Y, Cui X, Yang B, Xu S, Wei X, Zhao P, Niu F, Sun M, Wang C, Cheng H, Jiang YQ. WRKY55 transcription factor positively regulates leaf senescence and the defense response by modulating the transcription of genes implicated in the biosynthesis of reactive oxygen species and salicylic acid in Arabidopsis. Development 2020; 147:dev.189647. [PMID: 32680933 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) are two factors regulating leaf senescence and defense against pathogens. However, how a single gene integrates both ROS and SA pathways remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis WRKY55 transcription factor positively regulates ROS and SA accumulation, and thus leaf senescence and resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae WRKY55 is predominantly expressed in senescent leaves and encodes a transcriptional activator localized to nuclei. Both inducible and constitutive overexpression of WRKY55 accelerates leaf senescence, whereas mutants delay it. Transcriptomic sequencing identified 1448 differentially expressed genes, of which 1157 genes are upregulated by WRKY55 expression. Accordingly, the ROS and SA contents in WRKY55-overexpressing plants are higher than those in control plants, whereas the opposite occurs in mutants. Moreover, WRKY55 positively regulates defense against P. syringae Finally, we show that WRKY55 activates the expression of RbohD, ICS1, PBS3 and SAG13 by binding directly to the W-box-containing fragments. Taken together, our work has identified a new WRKY transcription factor that integrates both ROS and SA pathways to regulate leaf senescence and pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shutao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiangyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Forlani S, Cozzi C, Rosa S, Tadini L, Masiero S, Mizzotti C. HEBE, a novel positive regulator of senescence in Solanum lycopersicum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11021. [PMID: 32620827 PMCID: PMC7335192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence and plant aging are traits of great interest for breeders. Senescing cells undergo important physiological and biochemical changes, while cellular structures such as chloroplasts are degraded with dramatic metabolic consequences for the whole plant. The possibility of prolonging the photosynthetic ability of leaves could positively impact the plant's life span with benefits for biomass production and metabolite accumulation; plants with these characteristics display a stay-green phenotype. A group of plant transcription factors known as NAC play a pivotal role in controlling senescence: here we describe the involvement of the tomato NAC transcription factor Solyc12g036480, which transcript is present in leaves and floral buds. Since its silencing delays leaf senescence and prevents plants from ageing, we renamed Solyc12g0364 HḖBĒ, for the Greek goddess of youth. In this manuscript we describe how HEB downregulation negatively affects the progression of senescence, resulting in changes in transcription of senescence-promoting genes, as well as the activity of enzymes involved in chlorophyll degradation, thereby explaining the stay-green phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Forlani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Cozzi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rosa
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Tadini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Transcriptome Analysis in Male Strobilus Induction by Gibberellin Treatment in Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) is known to regulate elongating growth, seed germination, and the initiation of flower bud formation, and it has been postulated that GAs originally had functions in reproductive processes. Studies on the mechanism of induction of flowering by GA have been performed in Arabidopsis and other model plants. In coniferous trees, reproductive organ induction by GAs is known to occur, but there are few reports on the molecular mechanism in this system. To clarify the gene expression dynamics of the GA induction of the male strobilus in Cryptomeria japonica, we performed comprehensive gene expression analysis using a microarray. A GA-treated group and a nontreated group were allowed to set, and individual trees were sampled over a 6-week time course. A total of 881 genes exhibiting changed expression was identified. In the GA-treated group, genes related to ‘stress response’ and to ‘cell wall’ were initially enriched, and genes related to ‘transcription’ and ‘transcription factor activity’ were enriched at later stages. This analysis also clarified the dynamics of the expression of genes related to GA signaling transduction following GA treatment, permitting us to compare and contrast with the expression dynamics of genes implicated in signal transduction responses to other plant hormones. These results suggested that various plant hormones have complex influences on the male strobilus induction. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) using expression patterns of the genes that exhibited sequence similarity with flower bud or floral organ formation-related genes of Arabidopsis was performed. PCA suggested that gene expression leading to male strobilus formation in C. japonica became conspicuous within one week of GA treatment. Together, these findings help to clarify the evolution of the mechanism of induction of reproductive organs by GA.
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Jakubowicz M, Nowak W, Gałgański Ł, Babula-Skowrońska D, Kubiak P. Expression profiling of the genes encoding ABA route components and the ACC oxidase isozymes in the senescing leaves of Populus tremula. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 248:153143. [PMID: 32126452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) triggers and regulates, while ethylene modulates autumn leaf senescence. The expression profiles of genes encoding ABA route components and the ACC oxidase isozymes were investigated in Populus tremula during the early and moderate stages of autumn leaf senescence. The targets of interest were Ptre-HAB1-like genes (Ptre-HAB1, Ptre-HAB3a and Ptre-HAB3b), the subclass 3 of Ptre-SnRK2s genes (Ptre-SnRK2.6a, Ptre-SnRK2.6b and Ptre-SnRK2.6b) and Ptre-RbohD1, Ptre-RbohF1, and Ptre-RbohF2 genes encoding the poplar components, which are counterparts of the ABA route key regulators or the counterparts of its secondary messengers, such as Homology to ABA-insensitive 1 (HAB1), Sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) or Respiratory burst oxidase D and Respiratory burst oxidase F (RbohD and RbohF, respectively) in Arabidopsis, and Ptre-ACO3, Ptre-ACO5, and Ptre-ACO6 genes encoding ACC oxidase isozymes involved in ethylene biosynthesis. The fold change in their expression levels enabled to distinguish the distinct expression patterns for the following pairs of genes: Ptre-HAB3a and Ptre-SnRK2.6a, Ptre-HAB3b and Ptre-SnRK2.2, and Ptre-HAB1 and Ptre-SnRK2.6b, where each pair involves the genes encoding the negative and positive regulators of ABA route, respectively. Among the investigated genes, the fold change of expression was the highest for Ptre-ACO3, Ptre-ACO6, and Ptre-SnRK2.6b genes during both the studied stages, and additionally for Ptre-HAB1 and Ptre-RbohD1 genes during the moderate stage. In contrast, the Ptre-RbohF1 and Ptre-RbohF2 genes exhibited only the transient upregulation at the early stage of senescence. In an in vitro study, the ability of protein kinases Ptre-SnRK2.6a and Ptre-SnRK2.6b to phosphorylate the N-terminal regions of Ptre-RbohD1 and Ptre-RbohF2 was studied; the activity of Ptre-SnRK2.6b against the studied Ptre-Rbohs was noticeably lower than that exhibited by Ptre-SnRK2.6a. It seems that despite the high similarity of their polypeptides, Ptre-SnRK2.6a and Ptre-SnRK2.6b may play different biological roles; nonetheless, it requires in vivo confirmation. Surprisingly, the highest protein kinase activity against the Ptre-Rbohs was detected in the heterologous reaction with AT-SnRK2.6/OST1 which suggests that the discussed interactions are evolutionary conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jakubowicz
- Department of Genome Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Witold Nowak
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gałgański
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Danuta Babula-Skowrońska
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Kubiak
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, 60-627 Poznań, Poland
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Wen Z, Mei Y, Zhou J, Cui Y, Wang D, Wang NN. SAUR49 Can Positively Regulate Leaf Senescence by Suppressing SSPP in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:644-658. [PMID: 31851355 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of SMALL AUXIN-UP RNA (SAUR) proteins in leaf senescence has been more and more acknowledged, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we performed yeast two-hybrid assays and identified SAUR49 as an interactor of SENESCENCE SUPPRESSED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE (SSPP), which is a PP2C protein phosphatase that negatively regulates Arabidopsis leaf senescence by suppressing the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SARK), as reported previously by our group. The interaction between SAUR49 and SSPP was further confirmed in planta. Functional characterization revealed that SAUR49 is a positive regulator of leaf senescence. The accumulation level of SAUR49 protein increased during natural leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. The transcript level of SAUR49 was upregulated during SARK-induced premature leaf senescence but downregulated during SSPP-mediated delayed leaf senescence. Overexpression of SAUR49 significantly accelerated both natural and dark-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. More importantly, SAUR49 overexpression completely reversed SSPP-induced delayed leaf senescence. In addition, overexpression of SAUR49 reversed the decreased plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity mediated by SSPP. Taken together, the results showed that SAUR49 functions in accelerating the leaf senescence process via the activation of SARK-mediated leaf senescence signaling by suppressing SSPP. We further identified four other SSPP-interacting SAURs, SAUR30, SAUR39, SAUR41 and SAUR72, that may act redundantly with SAUR49 in regulating leaf senescence. All these observations indicated that certain members of the SAUR family may serve as an important hub that integrates various hormonal and environmental signals with senescence signals in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Wen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanjiao Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning Ning Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Yuan J, Sun X, Guo T, Chao Y, Han L. Global transcriptome analysis of alfalfa reveals six key biological processes of senescent leaves. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8426. [PMID: 32002335 PMCID: PMC6979412 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a complex organized developmental stage limiting the yield of crop plants, and alfalfa is an important forage crop worldwide. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of leaf senescence and its influence on biomass in alfalfa is still limited. In this study, RNA sequencing was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in young, mature, and senescent leaves, and the functions of key genes related to leaf senescence. A total of 163,511 transcripts and 77,901 unigenes were identified from the transcriptome, and 5,133 unigenes were differentially expressed. KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that ribosome and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways are involved in leaf development and senescence in alfalfa. GO enrichment analyses exhibited that six clusters of DEGs are involved in leaf morphogenesis, leaf development, leaf formation, regulation of leaf development, leaf senescence and negative regulation of the leaf senescence biological process. The WRKY and NAC families of genes mainly consist of transcription factors that are involved in the leaf senescence process. Our results offer a novel interpretation of the molecular mechanisms of leaf senescence in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Yuan
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbo Sun
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, China
| | - Tao Guo
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehui Chao
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Liebao Han
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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42
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Ahmad S, Guo Y. Signal Transduction in Leaf Senescence: Progress and Perspective. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100405. [PMID: 31658600 PMCID: PMC6843215 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a degenerative process that is genetically controlled and involves nutrient remobilization prior to the death of leaf tissues. Age is a key developmental determinant of the process along with other senescence inducing factors. At the cellular level, different hormones, signaling molecules, and transcription factors contribute to the regulation of senescence. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the complexity of the senescence process with primary focuses on perception and transduction of senescence signals as well as downstream regulatory events. Future directions in this field and potential applications of related techniques in crop improvement will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmad
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Plant Breeding & Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Food & Agriculture, Tarnab, Peshawar P.O. Box 446, Pakistan.
| | - Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Tan XL, Fan ZQ, Kuang JF, Lu WJ, Reiter RJ, Lakshmanan P, Su XG, Zhou J, Chen JY, Shan W. Melatonin delays leaf senescence of Chinese flowering cabbage by suppressing ABFs-mediated abscisic acid biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12570. [PMID: 30897243 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin and abscisic acid (ABA) play contrasting roles in regulating leaf senescence in plants. The molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between melatonin and ABA involved in leaf senescence, however, remains poorly defined. Herein, we found that exogenous application of melatonin delayed the senescence of Chinese flowering cabbage, accompanied by reduced expression of chlorophyll catabolic and ABA biosynthetic genes, and a lower endogenous ABA level. Significantly, three nucleus-localized transcriptional activators BrABF1, BrABF4, and BrABI5 were identified, and their expressions were repressed by melatonin. In vitro and in vivo binding experiments revealed that BrABF1, BrABF4, and BrABI5 activated the transcription of a series of ABA biosynthetic and chlorophyll catabolic genes by physically binding to their promoters. Moreover, transient over-expression of BrABF1, BrABF4, and BrABI5 in tobacco leaves induced ABA accumulation and promoted chlorophyll degradation by upregulating tobacco ABA biosynthetic and chlorophyll catabolic genes, resulting in the accelerated leaf senescence. These effects were significantly attenuated by melatonin treatment. Our findings suggest that melatonin-mediated inhibition of leaf senescence involves suppression of ABFs-mediated ABA biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation. Unraveling of the molecular regulatory mechanism of leaf senescence controlled by ABA and melatonin expands our understanding of the regulation of this phenomenon and offers potentially more effective molecular breeding strategies for extending the shelf-life of Chinese flowering cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Qi Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Fei Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang-Jin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Prakash Lakshmanan
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xin-Guo Su
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhu Z, Li G, Yan C, Liu L, Zhang Q, Han Z, Li B. DRL1, Encoding A NAC Transcription Factor, Is Involved in Leaf Senescence in Grapevine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112678. [PMID: 31151316 PMCID: PMC6600502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The NAC (for NAM, ATAF1,2, and CUC2) proteins family are plant-specific transcription factors, which play important roles in leaf development and response to environmental stresses. In this study, an NAC gene, DRL1, isolated from grapevine Vitis vinifera L. "Yatomi Rose", was shown to be involved in leaf senescence. The quantity of DRL1 transcripts decreased with advancing leaf senescence in grapevine. Overexpressing the DRL1 gene in tobacco plants significantly delayed leaf senescence with respect to chlorophyll concentration, potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), and ion leakage. Moreover, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) markedly reduced the expression of DRL1, and the ABA and salicylic acid (SA) concentration was lower in the DRL1-overexpressing transgenic plants than in the wild-type plants. The DRL1 transgenic plants exhibited reduced sensitivity to ABA-induced senescence but no significant change in the sensitivity to jasmonic acid-, SA- or ethylene-induced senescence. Transcriptomic analysis and RNA expression studies also indicated that the transcript abundance of genes associated with ABA biosynthesis and regulation, including 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED1), NCED5, zeaxanthin epoxidase1 (ZEP1), ABA DEFICIENT2 (ABA2), ABA4, and ABA INSENSITIVE 2 (ABI2), was markedly reduced in the DRL1-overexpressing plants. These results suggested that DRL1 plays a role as a negative regulator of leaf senescence by regulating ABA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziguo Zhu
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, No 66 Longtan Road, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Guirong Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Chaohui Yan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, No 66 Longtan Road, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Qingtian Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, No 66 Longtan Road, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Zhen Han
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, No 66 Longtan Road, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, No 66 Longtan Road, Taian 271000, China.
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Ma X, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B. Tomato fruit ripening factor NOR controls leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2727-2740. [PMID: 31002305 PMCID: PMC6506771 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
NAC transcription factors (TFs) are important regulators of expressional reprogramming during plant development, stress responses, and leaf senescence. NAC TFs also play important roles in fruit ripening. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), one of the best characterized NACs involved in fruit ripening is NON-RIPENING (NOR), and the non-ripening (nor) mutation has been widely used to extend fruit shelf life in elite varieties. Here, we show that NOR additionally controls leaf senescence. Expression of NOR increases with leaf age, and developmental as well as dark-induced senescence are delayed in the nor mutant, while overexpression of NOR promotes leaf senescence. Genes associated with chlorophyll degradation as well as senescence-associated genes (SAGs) show reduced and elevated expression, respectively, in nor mutants and NOR overexpressors. Overexpression of NOR also stimulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. In tomato, NOR supports senescence by directly and positively regulating the expression of several senescence-associated genes including, besides others, SlSAG15 and SlSAG113, SlSGR1, and SlYLS4. Finally, we find that another senescence control NAC TF, namely SlNAP2, acts upstream of NOR to regulate its expression. Our data support a model whereby NAC TFs have often been recruited by higher plants for both the control of leaf senescence and fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Ma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Haus, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Haus, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Haus, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Yeung E, Bailey-Serres J, Sasidharan R. After The Deluge: Plant Revival Post-Flooding. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:443-454. [PMID: 30857921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing flooding events have detrimentally impacted food security amid a growing global population. Complete submergence of plants represents the most severe flooding stress and studies have identified underwater responses to low oxygen and light availability. However, knowledge on plant responses during the post-submergence phase is limited. It is important to consider how plants can resume vegetative growth after enduring submergence and post-submergence stress. This review highlights current knowledge on physiological and molecular adaptations following desubmergence. Interplays of reactive oxygen species (ROS), energy depletion, photoinhibition, desiccation stress, and hormonal signaling have been characterized as components of the post-submergence stress response. Active elucidation of key genes and traits enhancing post-submergence adaptations is highly relevant for the improvement of submergence tolerance and ultimately crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Yeung
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of Riverside, CA, USA. https://twitter.com/@jnbserres
| | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. https://twitter.com/@R_Sasidharan
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Wang Q, Ni J, Shah F, Liu W, Wang D, Yao Y, Hu H, Huang S, Hou J, Fu S, Wu L. Overexpression of the Stress-Inducible SsMAX2 Promotes Drought and Salt Resistance via the Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040837. [PMID: 30781340 PMCID: PMC6412474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that strigolactones (SLs) also participate in the regulation of stress adaptation; however, the regulatory mechanism remains elusive. In this study, the homolog of More Axillary Branches 2, which encodes a key component in SL signaling, in the perennial oil plant Sapium sebiferum was identified and functionally characterized in Arabidopsis. The results showed that the expression of SsMAX2 in S. sebiferum seedlings was stress-responsive, and SsMAX2 overexpression (OE) in Arabidopsis significantly promoted resistance to drought, osmotic, and salt stresses. Moreover, SsMAX2 OE lines exhibited decreased chlorophyll degradation, increased soluble sugar and proline accumulation, and lower water loss ratio in response to the stresses. Importantly, anthocyanin biosynthesis and the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were enhanced in the SsMAX2 OE lines, which further led to a significant reduction in hydrogen peroxide levels. Additionally, the SsMAX2 OE lines exhibited higher expression level of several abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis genes, suggesting potential interactions between SL and ABA in the regulation of stress adaptation. Overall, we provide physiological and biochemical evidence demonstrating the pivotal role of SsMAX2 in the regulation of osmotic, drought, and salt stress resistance and show that MAX2 can be a genetic target to improve stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojian Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Faheem Shah
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Dongdong Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Shengwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Jinyan Hou
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Songling Fu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
| | - Lifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China.
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Poret M, Chandrasekar B, van der Hoorn RAL, Déchaumet S, Bouchereau A, Kim TH, Lee BR, Macquart F, Hara-Nishimura I, Avice JC. A Genotypic Comparison Reveals That the Improvement in Nitrogen Remobilization Efficiency in Oilseed Rape Leaves Is Related to Specific Patterns of Senescence-Associated Protease Activities and Phytohormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:46. [PMID: 30778361 PMCID: PMC6369165 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an oleoproteaginous crop characterized by low N use efficiency (NUE) that is mainly related to a weak Nitrogen Remobilization Efficiency (NRE) during the sequential leaf senescence of the vegetative stages. Based on the hypothesis that proteolysis efficiency is crucial for the improvement of leafNRE, our objective was to characterize key senescence-associated proteolytic mechanisms of two genotypes (Ténor and Samouraï) previously identified with contrasting NREs. To reach this goal, biochemical changes, protease activities and phytohormone patterns were studied in mature leaves undergoing senescence in two genotypes with contrasting NRE cultivated in a greenhouse under limiting or ample nitrate supply. The genotype with the higher NRE (Ténor) possessed enhanced senescence processes in response to nitrate limitation, and this led to greater degradation of soluble proteins compared to the other genotype (Samouraï). This efficient proteolysis is associated with (i) an increase in serine and cysteine protease (CP) activities and (ii) the appearance of new CP activities (RD21-like, SAG12-like, RD19-like, cathepsin-B, XBCP3-like and aleurain-like proteases) during senescence induced by N limitation. Compared to Samouraï, Ténor has a higher hormonal ratio ([salicylic acid] + [abscisic acid])/([cytokinins]) that promotes senescence, particularly under low N conditions, and this is correlated with the stronger protein degradation and serine/CP activities observed during senescence. Short statement: The improvement in N recycling during leaf senescence in a genotype of Brassica napus L. characterized by a high nitrogen remobilization efficiency is related to a high phytohormonal ratio ([salicylic acid] + [abscisic acid])/([cytokinins]) that promotes leaf senescence and is correlated with an increase or the induction of specific serine and cysteine protease activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Poret
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR INRA–UCBN 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions N.C.S., FED 4277 Normandie Végétal, Caen, France
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sylvain Déchaumet
- INRA, UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Bouchereau
- INRA, UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Flavien Macquart
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR INRA–UCBN 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions N.C.S., FED 4277 Normandie Végétal, Caen, France
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University Okamoto, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jean-Christophe Avice
- Université de Caen Normandie, UMR INRA–UCBN 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & Nutritions N.C.S., FED 4277 Normandie Végétal, Caen, France
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Asad MAU, Zakari SA, Zhao Q, Zhou L, Ye Y, Cheng F. Abiotic Stresses Intervene with ABA Signaling to Induce Destructive Metabolic Pathways Leading to Death: Premature Leaf Senescence in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E256. [PMID: 30634648 PMCID: PMC6359161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses trigger premature leaf senescence by affecting some endogenous factors, which is an important limitation for plant growth and grain yield. Among these endogenous factors that regulate leaf senescence, abscisic acid (ABA) works as a link between the oxidase damage of cellular structure and signal molecules responding to abiotic stress during leaf senescence. Considering the importance of ABA, we collect the latest findings related to ABA biosynthesis, ABA signaling, and its inhibitory effect on chloroplast structure destruction, chlorophyll (Chl) degradation, and photosynthesis reduction. Post-translational changes in leaf senescence end with the exhaustion of nutrients, yellowing of leaves, and death of senescent tissues. In this article, we review the literature on the ABA-inducing leaf senescence mechanism in rice and Arabidopsis starting from ABA synthesis, transport, signaling receptors, and catabolism. We also predict the future outcomes of investigations related to other plants. Before changes in translation occur, ABA signaling that mediates the expression of NYC, bZIP, and WRKY transcription factors (TFs) has been investigated to explain the inducing effect on senescence-associated genes. Various factors related to calcium signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and protein degradation are elaborated, and research gaps and potential prospects are presented. Examples of gene mutation conferring the delay or induction of leaf senescence are also described, and they may be helpful in understanding the inhibitory effect of abiotic stresses and effective measures to tolerate, minimize, or resist their inducing effect on leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asad Ullah Asad
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shamsu Ado Zakari
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qian Zhao
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lujian Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fangmin Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing 210000, China.
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50
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Cheng Q, Bai S, Ge G, Li P, Liu L, Zhang C, Jia Y. Study on differentially expressed genes related to defoliation traits in two alfalfa varieties based on RNA-Seq. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:807. [PMID: 30404602 PMCID: PMC6223052 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a widely cultivated, essential commercial forage crop. The protein content in its leaves is the critical factor in determining the quality of alfalfa. Thus far, the understanding of the molecular mechanism of alfalfa defoliation traits remains unclear. The transcriptome database created by RNA-Seq is used to identify critical genes related to defoliation traits. Results In this study, we sequenced the transcriptomes of the Zhungeer variety (with easy leaf abscission) and WL319HQ variety (without easy leaf abscission). Among the identified 66,734 unigenes, 706 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated, and 392 unigenes downregulated in the Zhungeer vs WL319HQ leaf. KEGG pathway annotations showed that 8,414 unigenes were annotated to 87 pathways and contained 281 DEGs. Six DEGs belonging to the “Carotenoid biosynthesis”, “Plant hormone signal transduction” and “Circadian rhythm-plant” pathways involved in defoliation traits were identified and validated by RT-qPCR analyses. Conclusions This study used RNA-Seq to discover genes associated with defoliation traits between two alfalfa varieties. Our transcriptome data dramatically enriches alfalfa functional genomic studies. In addition, these data provide theoretical guidance for field production practice and genetic breeding, as well as references for future study of defoliation traits in alfalfa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5180-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Cheng
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Shiqie Bai
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Ping Li
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Liying Liu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry Science, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Yushan Jia
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010011, China.
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