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Lee MK, Chen IH, Hsu IL, Tsai WH, Lee TY, Jhong JH, Liu BC, Huang TY, Lin FK, Chang WW, Wu JH. The impact of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GMNL-143 toothpaste on gingivitis and oral microbiota in adults: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:477. [PMID: 38643116 PMCID: PMC11031891 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the oral health benefits of heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GMNL-143, particularly its potential in oral microbiota alterations and gingivitis improvement. METHODS We assessed GMNL-143's in vitro interactions with oral pathogens and its ability to prevent pathogen adherence to gingival cells. A randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial was performed on gingivitis patients using GMNL-143 toothpaste or placebo for four weeks, followed by a crossover after a washout. RESULTS GMNL-143 showed coaggregation with oral pathogens in vitro, linked to its surface layer protein. In patients, GMNL-143 toothpaste lowered the gingival index and reduced Streptococcus mutans in crevicular fluid. A positive relationship was found between Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and gingival index changes, and a negative one between Campylobacter and gingival index changes in plaque. CONCLUSION GMNL-143 toothpaste may shift oral bacterial composition towards a healthier state, suggesting its potential in managing mild to moderate gingivitis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ID NCT04190485 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ); 09/12/2019, retrospective registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kang Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist, Kaohsiung City, 807378, Taiwan
| | - I-Hui Chen
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist, Kaohsiung City, 807378, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Hsu
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan City, 741014, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hua Tsai
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan City, 741014, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300193, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Hua Jhong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, 320315, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Chia Liu
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan City, 741014, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Yin Huang
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan City, 741014, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Kuei Lin
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan City, 741014, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- Departement of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd, Taichung City, 402306, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 402306, Taiwan.
| | - Ju-Hui Wu
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist, Kaohsiung City, 807378, Taiwan.
- Department of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807378, Taiwan.
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Ju HM, Ahn YW, Ok SM, Jeong SH, Na HS, Chung J. Microbial Profiles in Oral Lichen Planus: Comparisons with Healthy Controls and Erosive vs. Non-Erosive Subtypes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:828. [PMID: 38667474 PMCID: PMC11049134 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14080828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have begun exploring the potential involvement of microbiota in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP), yet comprehensive investigations remain limited. Hence, this study aimed to compare the microbial profiles in saliva samples obtained from patients with OLP against those from healthy controls (HC), along with a comparison between erosive (E) and non-erosive (NE) OLP patients. Saliva samples were collected from 60 OLP patients (E: n = 25, NE: n = 35) and 30 HC individuals. Analysis revealed no significant differences in alpha diversity, as assessed by the Chao1 and Shannon index, across the three groups. However, Bray-Curtis distance analysis indicated a significant disparity in microbiome composition distribution between HC and E-OLP, as well as HC and NE-OLP groups. The six most abundant phyla observed across the groups were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Saccharibacteria (TM7). Notably, OLP groups exhibited a higher prevalence of Bacteroidetes. Prevotella emerged as the predominant genus in the OLP groups, while Capnocytophaga showed a relatively higher prevalence in E-OLP compared to NE-OLP. This study's findings indicate a notable difference in microbiota composition between HC and patients with OLP. Additionally, differences in the microbiome were identified between the E-OLP and NE-OLP groups. The increase in the proportion of certain bacterial species in the oral microbiome suggests that they may exacerbate the inflammatory response and act as antigens for OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Ju
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (H.-M.J.); (Y.-W.A.); (S.-M.O.); (S.-H.J.)
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Ahn
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (H.-M.J.); (Y.-W.A.); (S.-M.O.); (S.-H.J.)
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Min Ok
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (H.-M.J.); (Y.-W.A.); (S.-M.O.); (S.-H.J.)
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Jeong
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (H.-M.J.); (Y.-W.A.); (S.-M.O.); (S.-H.J.)
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Dental Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Dental Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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3
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Thomas S, Lappin DF, Spears J, Bennett D, Nile C, Riggio M. Expression of toll-like receptor and cytokine mRNAs in feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) and feline oral health. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Cimões R, Pinho RCM, Gurgel BCDV, Borges SB, Marcantonio Júnior E, Marcantonio CC, Melo MARDC, Piattelli A, Shibli JA. Impact of tooth loss due to periodontal disease on the prognosis of rehabilitation. Braz Oral Res 2021; 35:e101. [PMID: 34586215 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
When periodontal disease is diagnosed, it is difficult to predict the clinical response of treatment of a tooth over time because the result of treatment is affected by several factors and will depend on the maintenance and support of periodontal treatment. Rehabilitation with removable dental prostheses, fixed prostheses, and dental implants makes it possible to restore the function and esthetics of patients with tooth loss due to periodontal disease. The predictive factors of tooth loss in periodontitis patients should be assessed by dentists to inform their clinical decision-making during dental treatment planning. This will provide detailed individualized information and level of risk of patients considered suitable for dental rehabilitation. Therefore, the aim of this article was to review the subject of "Impact of tooth loss due to periodontal disease on the prognosis of rehabilitation" and the effect of fixed, removable, and implant-supported prostheses in periodontal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Cimões
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Health Sciences Centre, Department of Prosthesis and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Samuel Batista Borges
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Health Sciences Centre, Department of Dentistry, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Elcio Marcantonio Júnior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - Unesp, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Chierici Marcantonio
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - Unesp, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano Piattelli
- University of Chieti, Dental School, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Chieti, Italy
| | - Jamil Awad Shibli
- Universidade de Guarulhos - UnG, Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
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5
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Schell SL, Schneider AM, Nelson AM. Yin and Yang: A disrupted skin microbiome and an aberrant host immune response in hidradenitis suppurativa. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1453-1470. [PMID: 34018644 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The skin microbiome plays an important role in maintaining skin homeostasis by controlling inflammation, providing immune education and maintaining host defense. However, in many inflammatory skin disorders the skin microbiome is disrupted. This dysbiotic community may contribute to disease initiation or exacerbation through the induction of aberrant immune responses in the absence of infection. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a complex, multifaceted disease involving the skin, innate and adaptive immunity, microbiota and environmental stimuli. Herein, we discuss the current state of HS skin microbiome research and how microbiome components may activate pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways, metabolite sensing pathways and antigenic receptors to drive antimicrobial peptide, cytokine, miRNA and adaptive immune cell responses in HS. We highlight the major open questions that remain to be addressed and how antibiotic therapies for HS likely influence both microbial burden and inflammation. Ultimately, we hypothesize that the two-way communication between the skin microbiome and host immune response in HS skin generates a chronic positive feed-forward loop that perpetuates chronic inflammation, tissue destruction and disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Schell
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Andrea M Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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6
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Stanton KA, McCracken BA. An activated-zinc oral rinse reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and promotes proliferation in Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS-challenged gingival tissues - A pilot study. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 7:995-1001. [PMID: 33960130 PMCID: PMC8638321 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The use of adjunct post‐treatment mouth rinses containing chlorhexidine (CHX) for periodontitis patients is associated with side effects that reduce patient compliance. Our aim was to evaluate the proinflammatory and cell proliferation effects of an activated‐zinc mouth rinse (SM) that has been suggested as an alternative post‐treatment therapeutic. Materials and Methods Tissue models of gingival epithelium were used to simulate periodontal disease and compare inflammatory reactions after treatment with CHX or SM. Tissues were exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS and wounded to simulate periodontal disease. Tissues were treated and incubated for 6, 12, or 24 h. Inflammatory cytokines were measured in culture medium by ELISA and local expression of Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4 and proliferation marker Ki‐67 was visualized by immunohistochemistry. Results SM and CHX treatments decreased secretion of IL‐1β and IL‐8 into culture media at all time points. IL‐1β secretion levels were further decreased by SM compared to CHX treatment at all time points. TLR‐4 expression appeared significantly increased 12 h post‐treatment in the CHX tissues but remained relatively low in SM tissues at all time points. Ki‐67 results suggest that cell proliferation was increased in the SM tissues earlier than CHX tissues. Conclusions Our data suggest that SM may reduce inflammation in gingival tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn A Stanton
- Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine, Alton, Illinois, USA
| | - Barbara A McCracken
- Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine, Alton, Illinois, USA
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7
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Abusleme L, Hoare A, Hong BY, Diaz PI. Microbial signatures of health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:57-78. [PMID: 33690899 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The subgingival crevice harbors diverse microbial communities. Shifts in the composition of these communities occur with the development of gingivitis and periodontitis, which are considered as successive stages of periodontal health deterioration. It is not clear, however, to what extent health- and gingivitis-associated microbiota are protective, or whether these communities facilitate the successive growth of periodontitis-associated taxa. To further our understanding of the dynamics of the microbial stimuli that trigger disruptions in periodontal homeostasis, we reviewed the available literature with the aim of defining specific microbial signatures associated with different stages of periodontal dysbiosis. Although several studies have evaluated the subgingival communities present in different periodontal conditions, we found limited evidence for the direct comparison of communities in health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Therefore, we aimed to better define subgingival microbiome shifts by merging and reanalyzing, using unified bioinformatic processing strategies, publicly available 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon datasets of periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Despite inherent methodological differences across studies, distinct community structures were found for health, gingivitis, and periodontitis, demonstrating the specific associations between gingival tissue status and the subgingival microbiome. Consistent with the concept that periodontal dysbiosis is the result of a process of microbial succession without replacement, more species were detected in disease than in health. However, gingivitis-associated communities were more diverse than those from subjects with periodontitis, suggesting that certain species ultimately become dominant as dysbiosis progresses. We identified the bacterial species associated with each periodontal condition and prevalent species that do not change in abundance from one state to another (core species), and we also outlined species co-occurrence patterns via network analysis. Most periodontitis-associated species were rarely detected in health but were frequently detected, albeit in low abundance, in gingivitis, which suggests that gingivitis and periodontitis are a continuum. Overall, we provide a framework of subgingival microbiome shifts, which can be used to generate hypotheses with respect to community assembly processes and the emergence of periodontal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Abusleme
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory for Craniofacial Translational Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anilei Hoare
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bo-Young Hong
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Patricia I Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,UB Microbiome Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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8
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Marques CPC, Rodrigues VP, de Carvalho LC, Nichilatti LP, Franco MM, Patrício FJB, Magalhães M, de Andrade MS, Benatti BB. Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in the saliva of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and chronic periodontitis. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:2727-2734. [PMID: 33570702 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of salivary Toll-like receptors (TRL) 2 and 4 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS A case-control study was conducted with 77 participants (42 SLE and 35 non-SLE) stratified according to CP diagnosis criteria. Periodontal parameters consisted of clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), the visible plaque index (VPI), and the gingival bleeding index (GBI). Salivary TRL 2 and 4 expressions were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman's correlation rank, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS Patients with isolated SLE or CP had higher TLR 2 and TLR 4 expression in their saliva samples (P < 0.05). The group with both SLE and CP had lower TLR 2 and 4 expressions (P < 0.05). TLR 2 and TLR 4 showed significant negative correlations with PD, CAL, and GBI in SLE patients, and a significant positive correlation with periodontal parameters in non-SLE patients. CP was independently associated with reduction of TLR2 and TLR4 expression, even after adjusting for clinical data and current drug use. CONCLUSION Reduced TRL 2 and 4 expression in saliva was associated with the presence of CP in SLE patients. Key Points • Patients affected by isolated CP or SLE had higher TLR2 and TLR4 expression. • TLR under-expression may be associated with a worse periodontal status in SLE. • Abnormalities in TLRs expression may increase the susceptibility to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo P C Marques
- Dentistry Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Federal University of Maranhão, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Vandilson P Rodrigues
- Dentistry Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. .,Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), President Dutra Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | | | - Louise P Nichilatti
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Maranhão, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Mayra M Franco
- Dentistry Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Fernando José B Patrício
- Laboratory of Genomic Studies and Histocompatibility, President Dutra Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Magalhães
- Research Group in Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology and Metabology (ENDOCLIM), President Dutra Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S de Andrade
- Laboratory of Genomic Studies and Histocompatibility, President Dutra Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Benatti
- Dentistry Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Jang HM, Park JY, Lee YJ, Kang MJ, Jo SG, Jeong YJ, Cho NP, Cho SD, Kim DJ, Park JH. TLR2 and the NLRP3 inflammasome mediate IL-1β production in Prevotella nigrescens-infected dendritic cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:432-440. [PMID: 33390812 PMCID: PMC7757152 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevotella nigrescens is an oral pathogen that is frequently observed in the subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is known to be involved in the immunopathology of periodontal diseases and has been implicated in the destruction of bone. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of IL-1β production by P. nigrescens in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Our results showed that a host receptor, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), but not TLR4 is required for pro-IL-1β induction and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) priming in BMDCs in response to P. nigrescens and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is necessary for processing of pro-IL-1β into mature IL-1β. In addition, an inhibitor assay revealed that production of reactive oxygen species, P2X7R activity, and release of cathepsin B are involved in IL-1β production in BMDCs in response to P. nigrescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Mi Jang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Biodegradable material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gang Jo
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Infectious disease Research Center, Korea research institute of bioscience & biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Pyo Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Biodegradable material, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jae Kim
- Laboraotry Animal Resource Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 PLUS Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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10
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Martin-Gallausiaux C, Malabirade A, Habier J, Wilmes P. Fusobacterium nucleatum Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Gut Epithelial Cell Innate Immunity via FomA and TLR2. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583644. [PMID: 33408714 PMCID: PMC7779620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the gut microbiota are largely uncharacterized and their impacts on host intestinal physiology remain unresolved. Here, we isolated EVs from F. nucleatum for detailed characterization. Our analyses highlight the presence of the outer membrane protein porin FomA on EVs. Besides, we evaluated the impact of EVs on human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in a non-inflammatory context. Our results show no detrimental impact on the epithelial barrier. No internalization of EVs was observed. Moreover, we demonstrate that F. nucleatum EVs trigger innate immunity of IECs by promoting NF-κB activation via the dynamin-mediated endocytosis. The NF-κB activation was found to be TLR2-dependent yet, TLR4 was dispensable. Using competitive binding assays, we establish that FomA is involved in the NF-κB response. Taken together, our data indicate that EVs induce effects similar to those observed with whole F. nucleatum bacteria on IECs. In particular, our study highlights the role of TLR2 and FomA as major modulators of the gut epithelium immune responses to F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Malabirade
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Janine Habier
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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11
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Jiang Y, Fu J, Du J, Luo Z, Guo L, Xu J, Liu Y. DNA methylation alterations and their potential influence on macrophage in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2020; 28:249-263. [PMID: 32989880 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore how various methylation mechanisms function and affect macrophages in periodontitis, with an aim of getting a comprehensive understanding of pathogenesis of the disease. SUBJECT Alterations in DNA methylation are associated with different periodontitis susceptible factors and disrupt immunity homeostasis. The host's immune response to stimulus plays a vital role in the progression of periodontitis. Macrophages are key immune cells of immune system. They act as critical regulators in maintaining issue homeostasis with their nature of high plasticity. The altered methylation status of genes may cause abnormal expression of proteins in the progress of periodontitis, thus, exert potential influence on macrophages. RESULTS Certain genes are selectively activated or silenced due to the changes in the methylation status, which causes the alteration of the expression level of cytokines/chemokines, signal molecules, extracellular matrix molecules, leads to the change in local microenvironment, affects activation states of immune cells including macrophages, thus influences the host immune response during periodontitis.. This results in differential susceptibility and therapeutic outcome. CONCLUSION DNA methylation alteration may cause aberrant expression level of genes associated with periodontal diseases, thus results in deregulation of macrophages, which supports the prospect of using DNA methylation-related parameter as a new biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Jiang
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingfei Fu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junji Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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12
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Oh H, Masuno K, Okusa N, Makita Y, Fujiwara SI, Imamura Y. Effect of Orento, a Traditional Japanese Medicine, on IL-6, IL-8 Secretion, Type 1 Collagen Production and Alkaline Phosphatase Secretion in the Human Osteosarcoma Cell Line Saos-2. MEDICINES 2020; 7:medicines7100061. [PMID: 32992711 PMCID: PMC7599604 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Orento, a traditional Japanese medicine, is known as Kampo medicine in Japan. We investigated the possible efficacy of Kampo medicine for periodontal disease. In this study, we examined the in vitro effects of orento on the proliferation of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, the production of type 1 collagen, and the secretion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 (Saos-2 cells). Methods: The proliferation of Saos-2 cells was assessed by MTT assay. IL-6 and IL-8 levels, type 1 collagen production and ALP secretion were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ALP assays. Saos-2 cells were treated with or without 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/mL of orento for 24 h. Results: Orento (10 μg/mL) significantly induced the proliferation of Saos-2 cells. At this concentration, orento suppressed IL-6 and IL-8 and enhanced type 1 collagen production and ALP secretion. Conclusions: These results indicate that orento controls the IL-6 and IL-8 secretion and cellular metabolism of osteoblasts, resulting in the secretion of early bone-related biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourei Oh
- Department of Innovation in Dental Education, Osaka Dental University, Osaka 573-1121, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-864-3171
| | - Kazuya Masuno
- Department of Innovation in Dental Education, Osaka Dental University, Osaka 573-1121, Japan;
| | - Nobutaka Okusa
- Department of Forensic Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Osaka 573-1121, Japan;
| | - Yoshimasa Makita
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Dental University, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (Y.M.); (S.-i.F.)
| | - Shin-ichi Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Dental University, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (Y.M.); (S.-i.F.)
| | - Yasuhiro Imamura
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
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13
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Distinct Signaling Pathways Between Human Macrophages and Primary Gingival Epithelial Cells by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040248. [PMID: 32230992 PMCID: PMC7238148 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In aggressive periodontitis, the dysbiotic microbial community in the subgingival crevice, which is abundant in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, interacts with extra- and intracellular receptors of host cells, leading to exacerbated inflammation and subsequent tissue destruction. Our goal was to understand the innate immune interactions of A. actinomycetemcomitans with macrophages and human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) on the signaling cascade involved in inflammasome and inflammatory responses. U937 macrophages and HGECs were co-cultured with A. actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4 and key signaling pathways were analyzed using real-time PCR, Western blotting and cytokine production by ELISA. A. actinomycetemcomitans infection upregulated the transcription of TLR2, TLR4, NOD2 and NLRP3 in U937 macrophages, but not in HGECs. Transcription of IL-1β and IL-18 was upregulated in macrophages and HGECs after 1 h interaction with A. actinomycetemcomitans, but positive regulation persisted only in macrophages, resulting in the presence of IL-1β in macrophage supernatant. Immunoblot data revealed that A. actinomycetemcomitans induced the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2, possibly leading to activation of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages. On the other hand, HGEC signaling induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans was distinct, since AKT and 4EBP1 were phosphorylated after stimulation with A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas ERK1/2 was not. Furthermore, A. actinomycetemcomitans was able to induce the cleavage of caspase-1 in U937 macrophages in an NRLP3-dependent pathway. Differences in host cell responses, such as those seen between HGECs and macrophages, suggested that survival of A. actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal tissues may be favored by its ability to differentially activate host cells.
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14
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Shang L, Deng D, Buskermolen JK, Roffel S, Janus MM, Krom BP, Crielaard W, Gibbs S. Commensal and Pathogenic Biofilms Alter Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Reconstructed Human Gingiva. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:282. [PMID: 31448244 PMCID: PMC6692492 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between the host and microbe is pivotal for oral health. A dysbiotic oral microbiome and the subsequent host inflammatory response are causes for the most common dental problems, such as periodontitis and caries. Classically, toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to play important roles in host-microbe interactions by recognizing pathogens and activating innate immunity. However, emerging evidence suggests that commensals may also exploit TLRs to induce tolerance to the benefit of the host, especially in oral mucosa which is heavily colonized by abundant microbes. How TLRs and downstream signaling events are affected by different oral microbial communities to regulate host responses is still unknown. To compare such human host-microbe interactions in vitro, we exposed a reconstructed human gingiva (RHG) to commensal or pathogenic (gingivitis, cariogenic) multi-species oral biofilms cultured from human saliva. These biofilms contain in vivo like phylogenic numbers and typical bacterial genera. After 24 h biofilm exposure, TLR protein and gene expression of 84 TLR pathway related genes were investigated. Commensal and pathogenic biofilms differentially regulated TLR protein expression. Commensal biofilm up-regulated the transcription of a large group of key genes, which are involved in TLR signaling, including TLR7, the MyD88-dependent pathway (CD14, MyD88, TIRAP, TRAF6, IRAKs), MyD88-independent pathway (TAB1, TBK1, IRF3), and their downstream signaling pathways (NF-κB and MAPK pathways). In comparison, gingivitis biofilm activated fewer genes (e.g., TLR4) and cariogenic biofilm suppressed CD14, IRAK4, and IRF3 transcription. Fluorescence in situ hybridization staining showed the rRNA of the topically applied and invaded bacteria, and histology showed that the biofilms had no obvious detrimental effect on RHG morphology. These results show an important role of TLR signaling pathways in regulating host-microbe interactions: when a sterile gingival tissue is exposed to commensals, a strong immune activation occurs which may prime the host against potential challenges in order to maintain oral host-microbe homeostasis. In contrast, pathogenic biofilms stimulate a weaker immune response which might facilitate immune evasion thus enabling pathogens to penetrate undetected into the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kees Buskermolen
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marleen Marga Janus
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Philip Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Serotype a of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans down-regulates the increased serotype b-induced cytokine and chemokine production in dendritic cells. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 93:155-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Liang S, Ren H, Guo H, Xing W, Liu C, Ji Y, Jiang H, Zhang P, Du M. Periodontal infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis induces preterm birth and lower birth weight in rats. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:312-321. [PMID: 29754448 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB), accompanied by low birth weight (LBW) or not, is a syndrome with tremendous risk factors and long-term health consequences for children. In recent decades, overwhelming studies have shown that periodontitis contributes to prematurity and LBW. This study was conducted to determine the link between maternal periodontitis and the pathogenesis of PTB and/or LBW through a rat infection model induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important periodontopathic bacterium. The murine model was established by surgically ligating the left mandibular first molars and inoculating with P. gingivalis, and then all female rats initiated mating 6 weeks post infection. The gestational day and birth weight were recorded, and blood, amniotic fluid, and placental specimens were collected. Rats with a PTB and LBW newborns were observed in the P. gingivalis-infected group. Additionally, P. gingivalis infection significantly increased the maternal serum levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-1β, whereas no significant difference in the cytokine response was observed in the amniotic fluid. Moreover, with the translocation of P. gingivalis to placentas, remarkable changes in gestational tissues were found, followed by significantly enhanced expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) as well as Fas and Fas ligand (FasL). These results support the concept that severe cases of periodontitis caused by P. gingivalis infection may be indicative of rats being more susceptible to PTB/LBW, probably through the activation of the TLR2 and Fas/FasL pathways within the placental tissues. This study gave us new insight into how maternal periodontopathogens might be linked to placental damage and premature pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Ren
- Xiangyang Hospital of Stomatology, Xiangyang, China
| | - H Guo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - W Xing
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - C Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Ji
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - P Zhang
- School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Debnath S. Preliminary studies on the inhibition potential of Indian domestic curd against coliforms, an emerging periodontal pathogen. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018; 21:357-365. [PMID: 29491580 PMCID: PMC5827501 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_223_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coliforms colonize in dental plaques via oral route and may lead to systemic complications. Escherichia coli and its lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis is an emerging threat. Clinical management necessitates antibiotic regimens with risk of resistance and upsetting the gut. There is urgent need for better, sustainable, and economical alternative. Aim: To investigate the inhibition of coliforms, a potential periodontopathogen directly by Indian domestic curd (IDC) “in situ". Materials and Methods: Coliforms from natural habitat (Municipal sewage in Agartala, Tripura), a source of infection through food and water, were used as target organism. Domestically prepared curd without any fortification is used to explore its true inhibition potential. Assays of agar well diffusion performed with IDC (ultraviolet sterilized and pH adjusted 6.5) against isolated pure cultures of coliforms. The study protocol nullified effect of organic acids, volatile compounds, bacteriophages, and peroxides in IDC. Peptide nature of inhibitory ingredient was studied by Sodium Dodecyle Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), urea treatment. Computational phylogenetics revealed structural features of inhibitory ingredient. Statistical comparisons were done by analysis of variance. Second-order polynomial regression was done to evaluate the effect of IDC dilution on coliform inhibition. Mann–Whitney U-test performed to analyze different sample treatments. Results: Agar well diffusion (sealed bottom wells) shows inhibition of catalase-negative coliforms (confirmed by Gram staining and triple sugar iron agar assay) in pure culture (MacConkey agar). Activity diminished in urea, potentiated in ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, remains unchanged by heat treatment (121°C, 15 min). SDS-PAGE revealed three distinct peptides (>10–15KDa). Hence, thermostable inhibitory peptides attached to target cell lead to observed activity (titer up to 1204.82 AU/ml with minimum 8 mm inhibition). Conclusions: IDC adequately inhibits sewage coliforms and may prevent dental plaques coliform colonization and its associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Debnath
- Head, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Women's Polytechnic, Agartala, Tripura, India
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18
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Activation of the Innate Immune System by Treponema denticola Periplasmic Flagella through Toll-Like Receptor 2. Infect Immun 2017; 86:IAI.00573-17. [PMID: 29084899 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00573-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is an indigenous oral spirochete that inhabits the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. Increased numbers of oral treponemes within this environment are associated with localized periodontal inflammation, and they are also part of an anaerobic polymicrobial consortium responsible for endodontic infections. Previous studies have indicated that T. denticola stimulates the innate immune system through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2); however, the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) responsible for T. denticola activation of the innate immune system are currently not well defined. In this study, we investigated the role played by T. denticola periplasmic flagella (PF), unique motility organelles of spirochetes, in stimulating an innate immune response. Wild-type T. denticola stimulated the production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 by monocytes from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, while its isogenic nonmotile mutant lacking PF resulted in significantly diminished cytokine stimulation. In addition, highly purified PF were able to dose dependently stimulate cytokine TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 production in human monocytes. Wild-type T. denticola and the purified PF triggered activation of NF-κB through TLR2, as determined using a variety of TLR-transfected human embryonic 293 cell lines, while the PF-deficient mutants lacked the ability to stimulate, and the complemented PF-positive T. denticola strain restored the activation. These findings suggest that T. denticola stimulates the innate immune system in a TLR2-dependent fashion and that PF are a key bacterial component involved in this process.
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19
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Lee JH, Chiang MH, Chen PH, Ho ML, Lee HE, Wang YH. Anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy on human periodontal ligament cells: in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:469-477. [PMID: 29116611 PMCID: PMC5862948 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that is commonly treated with surgical and nonsurgical techniques. However, both approaches have limitations. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been widely applied in reducing inflammatory reactions, and research indicates that LLLT induces an anti-inflammatory effect that may enhance periodontal disease therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of LLLT on human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in an inflammatory environment and aimed to determine the possible mechanism of action. Cells were cultured and treated with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphryromonas gingivalis or Escherichia coli, followed by irradiation with a gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser (660 nm) at an energy density of 8 J/cm2. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to assess the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to examine nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to monitor the concentration of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Both LPS treatments significantly induced the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, LLLT inhibited the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and elevated intracellular levels of cAMP. The LLLT inhibitory effect may function by downregulating NF-κB transcriptional activity and by increasing the intracellular levels of cAMP. LLLT might inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in hPDLCs through cAMP/NF-κB regulation. These results should be further studied to improve periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hua Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsuan Chiang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ho Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Er Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Hsiung Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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20
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TLR2/TLR4 activation induces Tregs and suppresses intestinal inflammation caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186179. [PMID: 29016688 PMCID: PMC5633168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 play critical roles in intestinal inflammation caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) infection, but the role of TLR2/TLR4 in regulation of proinflammatory cytokines remains unknown. In this study, through microarray analysis and qRT-PCR, we showed that TLR2/TLR4 are involved in the F. nucleatum-induced inflammatory signaling pathway in Caco-2 cells, C57BL/6 mice and human clinical specimens. In TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice, F. nucleatum infection resulted in increased colonization of the bacteria and production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α. In addition, the ratio of Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells in the total CD4+ T cells in TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice was less than that in wild-type mice, and the ratio in hybrid mice was more than that in knockout mice, which suggested that TLR2/TLR4 mediated the number of Tregs. Furthermore, it was observed that inflammatory cytokine levels were reduced in TLR2-/- mice after Treg transfer. Thus, these data indicate that TLR2/TLR4 regulate F. nucleatum-induced inflammatory cytokines through Tregs in vivo.
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21
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Sumedha S, Kotrashetti VS, Nayak RS, Nayak A, Raikar A. Immunohistochemical localization of TLR2 and CD14 in gingival tissue of healthy individuals and patients with chronic periodontitis. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:487-497. [PMID: 28910171 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1357192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used immunohistochemistry to quantify and compare the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) in gingival tissues of both healthy individuals and patients with chronic periodontitis. We also correlated the expression of TLR2 and CD14 with the histological grades of chronic periodontitis. We examined 30 gingival specimens from chronic periodontitis patients and 10 from healthy individuals. Tissues from both groups were immunostained with antibodies against TLR2 and CD14. TLR2 and CD14 were expressed by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The immunohistochemical expression of TLR2 and CD14 was significantly greater in inflammatory cells of the chronic periodontitis group than in healthy individuals. Expression of these molecules was greater in the inflammatory cells of connective tissue adjacent to pocket epithelium in both groups. The expression of TLR2 and CD14 was greatest in the periodontitis group that was classified as severe grade, followed by moderate and mild grades, which suggests a role of TLR2 and CD14 in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. The positive correlation of TLR2 and CD14 expression levels with the severity grades of chronic periodontitis suggests that they are correlated also with disease severity; therefore, they may be useful for predicting disease progression. Our findings are consistent with the possibility that CD14 acts as a co-receptor for TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sumedha
- a Departments of Oral Pathology and Microbiology
| | | | - R S Nayak
- a Departments of Oral Pathology and Microbiology
| | - A Nayak
- b Periodontology , Maratha Mandal's NG Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre , Belgaum , Karnataka , India
| | - A Raikar
- b Periodontology , Maratha Mandal's NG Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre , Belgaum , Karnataka , India
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22
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de O Silva V, Lobato RV, Andrade EF, Orlando DR, Borges BDB, Zangeronimo MG, de Sousa RV, Pereira LJ. Effects of β-Glucans Ingestion on Alveolar Bone Loss, Intestinal Morphology, Systemic Inflammatory Profile, and Pancreatic β-Cell Function in Rats with Periodontitis and Diabetes. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9091016. [PMID: 28906456 PMCID: PMC5622776 DOI: 10.3390/nu9091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of β-glucan ingestion (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the plasmatic levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), alveolar bone loss, and pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA-BF) in diabetic rats with periodontal disease (PD). Besides, intestinal morphology was determined by the villus/crypt ratio. A total of 48 Wistar rats weighing 203 ± 18 g were used. Diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80 mg/kg) and periodontal inflammation, by ligature. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 2 × 2 × 2 (diabetic or not, with or without periodontitis, and ingesting β-glucan or not). The animals received β-glucan by gavage for 28 days. Alveolar bone loss was determined by scanning electron microscopy (distance between the cementoenamel junction and alveolar bone crest) and histometric analysis (bone area between tooth roots). β-glucan reduced plasmatic levels of TNF-α in diabetic animals with PD and of IL-10 in animals with PD (p < 0.05). β-glucan reduced bone loss in animals with PD (p < 0.05). In diabetic animals, β-glucan improved β-cell function (p < 0.05). Diabetic animals had a higher villus/crypt ratio (p < 0.05). In conclusion, β-glucan ingestion reduced the systemic inflammatory profile, prevented alveolar bone loss, and improved β-cell function in diabetic animals with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviam de O Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Raquel V Lobato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Eric F Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Débora R Orlando
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Bruno D B Borges
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Márcio G Zangeronimo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Raimundo V de Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Luciano J Pereira
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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23
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Lipopolysaccharide-induced suppression of periodontal ligament cell proliferation and apoptosis are strengthened under high glucose conditions. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 79:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Parthiban PS, Mahendra J, Logaranjani A, Shanmugam S, Balakrishnan A, Junaid M, Namasivayam A. Association between specific periodontal pathogens, Toll‐like receptor‐4, and nuclear factor‐κB expression in placental tissues of pre‐eclamptic women with periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaideep Mahendra
- Department of PeriodonticsMeenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital Chennai India
| | - Anitha Logaranjani
- Department of PeriodonticsMeenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital Chennai India
| | | | | | - Mohammed Junaid
- Department of Public Health DentistryMeenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital Chennai India
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25
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Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligation Enhances HIV-1 Replication in Activated CCR6+ CD4+ T Cells by Increasing Virus Entry and Establishing a More Permissive Environment to Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01402-16. [PMID: 27928019 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01402-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligation on the permissiveness of activated CD4+ T cells to HIV-1 infection by focusing our experiments on the relative susceptibility of cell subsets based on their expression of CCR6. Purified primary human CD4+ T cells were first subjected to a CD3/CD28 costimulation before treatment with the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4. Finally, cells were inoculated with R5-tropic HIV-1 particles that permit us to study the effect of TLR2 triggering on virus production at both population and single-cell levels. We report here that HIV-1 replication is augmented in CD3/CD28-costimulated CCR6+ CD4+ T cells upon engagement of the cell surface TLR2. Additional studies indicate that a higher virus entry and polymerization of the cortical actin are seen in this cell subset following TLR2 stimulation. A TLR2-mediated increase in the level of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 subunit was also detected in CD3/CD28-costimulated CCR6+ CD4+ T cells. We propose that, upon antigenic presentation, an engagement of TLR2 acts specifically on CCR6+ CD4+ T cells by promoting virus entry in an intracellular milieu more favorable for productive HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE Following primary infection, HIV-1 induces an immunological and structural disruption of the gut mucosa, leading to bacterial translocation and release of microbial components in the bloodstream. These pathogen-derived constituents include several agonists of Toll-like receptors that may affect gut-homing CD4+ T cells, such as those expressing the chemokine receptor CCR6, which are highly permissive to HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate that TLR2 ligation in CD3/CD28-costimulated CCR6+ CD4+ T cells leads to enhanced virus production. Our results highlight the potential impact of bacterial translocation on the overall permissiveness of CCR6+ CD4+ T cells to productive HIV-1 infection.
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Barcia JM, Portolés S, Portolés L, Urdaneta AC, Ausina V, Pérez-Pastor GMA, Romero FJ, Villar VM. Does Oxidative Stress Induced by Alcohol Consumption Affect Orthodontic Treatment Outcome? Front Physiol 2017; 8:22. [PMID: 28179886 PMCID: PMC5263147 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Ethanol, Periodontal ligament, Extracellular matrix, Orthodontic movement. Alcohol is a legal drug present in several drinks commonly used worldwide (chemically known as ethyl alcohol or ethanol). Alcohol consumption is associated with several disease conditions, ranging from mental disorders to organic alterations. One of the most deleterious effects of ethanol metabolism is related to oxidative stress. This promotes cellular alterations associated with inflammatory processes that eventually lead to cell death or cell cycle arrest, among others. Alcohol intake leads to bone destruction and modifies the expression of interleukins, metalloproteinases and other pro-inflammatory signals involving GSKβ, Rho, and ERK pathways. Orthodontic treatment implicates mechanical forces on teeth. Interestingly, the extra- and intra-cellular responses of periodontal cells to mechanical movement show a suggestive similarity with the effects induced by ethanol metabolism on bone and other cell types. Several clinical traits such as age, presence of systemic diseases or pharmacological treatments, are taken into account when planning orthodontic treatments. However, little is known about the potential role of the oxidative conditions induced by ethanol intake as a possible setback for orthodontic treatment in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Barcia
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente MártirValencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Portolés
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente MártirValencia, Spain
| | - Laura Portolés
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente MártirValencia, Spain
| | - Alba C. Urdaneta
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente MártirValencia, Spain
| | - Verónica Ausina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Gema M. A. Pérez-Pastor
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente MártirValencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Romero
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente MártirValencia, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Vincent M. Villar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera, CEUMoncada, Spain
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Sakalauskiene J, Giedrimiene D, Gleiznys D, Gleiznys A, Gleizniene R, Vitkauskiene A. Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β) Cytokine Hyper-Reactivity in Chronic Periodontitis. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4323-4329. [PMID: 27847385 PMCID: PMC5115217 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) released by peripheral blood leukocyte medium (PBLM), isolated from chronic periodontitis patients (P) before therapy and matched to controls, were determined in the presence or absence of non-opsonized Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Material/Methods In this investigation, 26 patients with untreated, severe, generalized, chronic periodontitis and 26 healthy subjects (H) were enrolled. Periodontal status was assessed by measuring bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), and Ramfjord index (PDI). The levels of IL-1β (μg/ml) were assayed by a standard Immunoenzymetric Assay Diasource IL-1β ELISA kit in PBLM. Results Our study showed that the values of IL-1β levels in PBLM of the P group (stimulated with non-opsonized E. coli and S. aureus) were significantly higher than in the analogous medium of H group subjects (P<0.001). All correlations between the cytokine levels of IL-1β in the samples of PBLM (stimulated with non-opsonized E. coli and S. aureus) and clinical parameters such as BOP, PPD, CAL, and PDI were significantly higher in the group of patients with periodontitis. Conclusions Levels of IL-1β secreted by leukocytes may help measure severe, generalized, chronic periodontitis, and can be predictive of future detrimental clinical sequelae associated with chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgina Sakalauskiene
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Orthopedics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Giedrimiene
- School of Health and Natural Sciences and School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Darius Gleiznys
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Orthopedics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alvydas Gleiznys
- Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Orthopedics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rymante Gleizniene
- Department of Radiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Astra Vitkauskiene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kurgan Ş, Kansal S, Nguyen D, Stephens D, Koroneos Y, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE, Kantarci A. Strain-Specific Impact of Fusobacterium nucleatum on Neutrophil Function. J Periodontol 2016; 88:380-389. [PMID: 27762731 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil function is critical for initiation and progression of infecto-inflammatory diseases. Key quorum-sensing plaque bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, act as bridging species between early and late colonizer pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, as the biofilm ages and periodontal inflammation increases. This study is designed to determine impact of different F. nucleatum strains on neutrophil function. METHODS Cells of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line-60 were differentiated into neutrophil-like cells and cultured with F. nucleatum strains of subspecies (ssp.) nucleatum ATCC 25586, ssp. polymorphum ATCC 10953, and ssp. vincentii ATCC 49256. Neutrophil phagocytosis of F. nucleatum strains and neutrophil apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Superoxide generation was measured by cytochrome C reduction in the presence and absence of N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) (1 μM) stimulation. Proinflammatory cytokine release was determined after 2, 6, and 24 hours of culture in the presence/absence of different F. nucleatum strains. Expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B mRNA levels were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Each experiment was repeated at least three times in triplicate. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by post hoc Bonferroni correction. RESULTS All strains of F. nucleatum significantly increased phagocytic capacity of neutrophils. Neutrophil phagocytosis of F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum was significantly greater than that of F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii and ssp. nucleatum (P <0.001). F. nucleatum ssp. nucleatum and ssp. polymorphum significantly blocked fMLP-induced superoxide generation (P <0.001). Although F. nucleatum vincentii also reduced superoxide generation (25%), the impact was not as strong as that of ssp. nucleatum (83%) and ssp. polymorphum (100%). All F. nucleatum strains stimulated significant increase in neutrophil apoptosis compared with control (P <0.001) and significantly increased expression of NF-κB mRNA in neutrophils (P <0.05). Levels of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α produced by neutrophils were significantly increased in all F. nucleatum groups compared with control (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that different strains of F. nucleatum impact neutrophil function in different ways. Two of three subspecies blocked neutrophil superoxide generation in response to a secondary stimulus, preventing oxidative killing by neutrophils. The direct role of bridging species in pathogenesis of periodontitis may be greater than previously suspected in which they create a favorable environment for pathogenic transition of the dental ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şivge Kurgan
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shevali Kansal
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Danielle Stephens
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yannis Koroneos
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alpdogan Kantarci
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
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Wang A, Swinford C, Zhao A, Ramos ED, Gregory RL, Srinivasan M. A Case-Control Study to Determine the Prognostic Features of Salivary Epithelial Cells in Periodontitis. JDR Clin Trans Res 2016; 1:256-265. [PMID: 30931739 DOI: 10.1177/2380084416653596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis-a biofilm-induced immunoinflammatory pathology-often progresses gradually, exhibiting periodic bursts and resolution. Exfoliating oral epithelial cells act as reservoirs for key periodontal pathogens, facilitating reinfection or infection of new sites. Since saliva is a rich source of oral epithelial cells, we hypothesized that the microbial and functional profile of salivary epithelial cells (SECs) will reflect the in situ host response and disease severity. We used a case-control study design. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 20 chronic periodontitis patients and 20 healthy controls in accordance with the institutional review board. The isolated SECs were assessed for viability by trypan blue exclusion. Gram-stained SECs were analyzed by ImageJ, and Gram stain index (GSI) per SEC was calculated. Equal numbers of SECs from each sample were exposed to 2 periodontal pathogens- Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum-in biofilm or planktonic formulations at varying proportions. Cytokines in culture supernatants were assessed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Additionally, soluble Toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR-2)-a pattern recognition receptor capable of binding microbial ligands associated with periodontitis-was measured in clarified saliva by ELISA. An increased number of SECs, a higher GSI/SEC, and a lower sTLR-2 were observed in periodontitis saliva as compared with healthy saliva. SECs from periodontitis saliva secreted higher amounts of interleukin 8 in response to P. gingivalis, and the presence of F. nucleatum dampened the response. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment improved clinical parameters, reduced the number of SECs, decreased GSI/SEC, and increased sTLR-2 in clarified saliva. In conclusion, our data suggest that SECs can provide a phenotypically distinct individualized resource for assessing epithelial response to pathogens in the course of periodontal disease. Furthermore, correlation between the sTLR-2 and GSI/SEC suggests that the expression profile of epithelial and soluble Toll-like receptor could provide an indirect measure of periodontal disease-associated dysbiosis. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used for prognostic evaluation of chronic periodontitis in response to therapy and provide an opportunity for early identification of poor responders. A chip-based simple test incorporating the identified salivary epithelial cell characteristics can be developed and validated for future clinical applications, especially for monitoring patients with increased susceptibility for refractory and/or recurrent periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wang
- 1 Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - C Swinford
- 1 Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Zhao
- 1 Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E D Ramos
- 2 Department of Periodontics and Allied Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R L Gregory
- 3 Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Srinivasan
- 1 Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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30
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Binder Gallimidi A, Fischman S, Revach B, Bulvik R, Maliutina A, Rubinstein AM, Nussbaum G, Elkin M. Periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum promote tumor progression in an oral-specific chemical carcinogenesis model. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22613-23. [PMID: 26158901 PMCID: PMC4673186 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a lethal disease whose incidence is increasing. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate an association between periodontitis and oral cancer, and periodontal pathogens are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and gastrointestinal malignancies. Nevertheless, a causal role for periodontal pathogens in OSCC has not been shown, partly due to the lack of an appropriate animal model. Here, utilizing a newly-established murine model of periodontitis-associated oral tumorigenesis, we report that chronic bacterial infection promotes OSCC, and that augmented signaling along the IL-6-STAT3 axis underlies this effect. Our results indicate that periodontal pathogens P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum stimulate tumorigenesis via direct interaction with oral epithelial cells through Toll-like receptors. Furthermore, oral pathogens stimulate human OSCC proliferation and induce expression of key molecules implicated in tumorigenesis. To the best of our knowledge, these findings represent the first demonstration of a mechanistic role for oral bacteria in chemically induced OSCC tumorigenesis. These results are highly relevant for the design of effective prevention and treatment strategies for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Binder Gallimidi
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stuart Fischman
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Brurya Revach
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raanan Bulvik
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alina Maliutina
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gabriel Nussbaum
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Toll-like receptor-2 has a critical role in periodontal pathogen-induced myocardial fibrosis in the pressure-overloaded murine hearts. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:110-116. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Gaurilcikaite E, Renton T, Grant AD. The paradox of painless periodontal disease. Oral Dis 2016; 23:451-463. [PMID: 27397640 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, primarily gingivitis and periodontitis, are characterised by progressive inflammation and tissue destruction. However, they are unusual in that they are not also accompanied by the pain commonly seen in other inflammatory conditions. This suggests that interactions between periodontal bacteria and host cells create a unique environment in which the pro-algesic effects of inflammatory mediators and factors released during tissue damage are directly or indirectly inhibited. In this review, we summarise the evidence that periodontal disease is characterised by an accumulation of classically pro-algesic factors from bacteria and host cells. We then discuss several mechanisms by which inflammatory sensitisation of nociceptive fibres could be prevented through inactivation or inhibition of these factors. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the molecular processes underlying the endogenous localised hypoalgesia in human periodontal disease. This knowledge might provide a rational basis to develop future therapeutic interventions, such as host modulation therapies, against a wide variety of other human pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gaurilcikaite
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T Renton
- Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A D Grant
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Noh EJ, Kang MJ, Jeong YJ, Lee JY, Park JH, Choi HJ, Oh SM, Lee KB, Kim DJ, Shin JA, Cho SD, Park JH. Withaferin A inhibits inflammatory responses induced by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:983-8. [PMID: 27220676 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a progressive chronic inflammatory disease and a major cause of tooth loss in humans. As a withanolides, withaferin A (WA) is known to exhibit strong anti‑inflammatory activity. The present study examined whether WA inhibited inflammatory responses in macrophages in response to two representative periodontal pathogens, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Murine bone marrow‑derived macrophages (BMDMs) were used in this study and cytokine production in culture supernatants was measured by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assays. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the activation of nuclear factor‑κB and mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), toll‑like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by the Griess reaction. WA treatment was shown to decrease interleukin (IL)‑6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α production in BMDMs in response to F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans in a dose‑dependent manner. The phosphorylation of IκB‑α and MAPKs (p38, extracellular signal‑regulated kinases and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinases) induced by F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans was also inhibited by WA. F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans induced iNOS expression and NO production in BMDMs, which was inhibited by WA in a dose‑dependent manner. WA also reduced endogenous and induced expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in these cells. These results suggest that WA may be a potential therapeutic agent or preventive additive for periodontitis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Jeong Noh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302‑718, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming-Jung Kang
- Laboratory of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500‑757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302‑718, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500‑757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302‑718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302‑718, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Muk Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302‑718, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302‑718, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302‑718, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, North Jeolla 561‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, North Jeolla 561‑756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500‑757, Republic of Korea
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Kennedy R, Lappin DF, Dixon PM, Buijs MJ, Zaura E, Crielaard W, O'Donnell L, Bennett D, Brandt BW, Riggio MP. The microbiome associated with equine periodontitis and oral health. Vet Res 2016; 47:49. [PMID: 27080859 PMCID: PMC4832512 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine periodontal disease is a common and painful condition and its severe form, periodontitis, can lead to tooth loss. Its aetiopathogenesis remains poorly understood despite recent increased awareness of this disorder amongst the veterinary profession. Bacteria have been found to be causative agents of the disease in other species, but current understanding of their role in equine periodontitis is extremely limited. The aim of this study was to use high-throughput sequencing to identify the microbiome associated with equine periodontitis and oral health. Subgingival plaque samples from 24 horses with periodontitis and gingival swabs from 24 orally healthy horses were collected. DNA was extracted from samples, the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplified by PCR and amplicons sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Data processing was conducted using USEARCH and QIIME. Diversity analyses were performed with PAST v3.02. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was used to determine differences between the groups. In total, 1308 OTUs were identified and classified into 356 genera or higher taxa. Microbial profiles at health differed significantly from periodontitis, both in their composition (p < 0.0001, F = 12.24; PERMANOVA) and in microbial diversity (p < 0.001; Mann–Whitney test). Samples from healthy horses were less diverse (1.78, SD 0.74; Shannon diversity index) and were dominated by the genera Gemella and Actinobacillus, while the periodontitis group samples showed higher diversity (3.16, SD 0.98) and were dominated by the genera Prevotella and Veillonella. It is concluded that the microbiomes associated with equine oral health and periodontitis are distinct, with the latter displaying greater microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Kennedy
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
| | - David Francis Lappin
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
| | - Padraic Martin Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark Johannes Buijs
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsay O'Donnell
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK
| | - David Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Bernd Willem Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcello Pasquale Riggio
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK.
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Díaz-Zúñiga J, Monasterio G, Alvarez C, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Benítez A, Ciuchi P, García M, Arias J, Sanz M, Vernal R. Variability of the dendritic cell response triggered by different serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Porphyromonas gingivalis is toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4 dependent. J Periodontol 2016; 86:108-19. [PMID: 25224175 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis have been shown to induce differential dendritic cell (DC) responses. This study investigates whether cytokine and CC-chemokine receptor (CCR) production by DCs stimulated with different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis is Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and/or TLR4 dependent. METHODS DCs were obtained from healthy individuals and primed at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10(2) with different A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis serotypes in the presence or absence of anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 blocking antibodies. TLR2 and TLR4 expression, CCR5 and CCR6 expression, and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 expression and secretion were quantified by flow cytometry, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS When DCs were stimulated with serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans or serotype K1 of P. gingivalis, higher levels of TLR2 or TLR4, respectively, were detected compared to DCs stimulated with the other serotypes. Similarly, higher levels of cytokines and CCRs were detected in serotype b- or serotype K1-primed DCs compared to the others, and these increased levels positively correlated with levels of TLR2 or TLR4. When TLR2 signaling was blocked using a specific anti-TLR2 monoclonal antibody, serotype b-induced cytokine and CCR expression was inhibited; when TLR4 signaling was blocked, serotype K1-induced response was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the variability of secretion of cytokines and expression of CCRs detected in DCs stimulated with different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis is TLR2 or TLR4 dependent, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Mesia R, Gholami F, Huang H, Clare-Salzler M, Aukhil I, Wallet SM, Shaddox LM. Systemic inflammatory responses in patients with type 2 diabetes with chronic periodontitis. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2016; 4:e000260. [PMID: 27651910 PMCID: PMC5020743 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this case-control study was to quantify the immune responsiveness in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) as compared with patients without diabetes (NT2D) diagnosed with periodontitis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 20 patients with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis (10 T2D, 10 NT2D). Blood samples were stimulated with ultrapure Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hours. 14 cytokines/chemokines were quantified in culture supernatants using multiplex technology. RESULTS T2D individuals demonstrated higher unstimulated levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, IL-10, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α), and 1β (MIP1β), and higher stimulated levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MIP1α and MIP1β, along with lower unstimulated and stimulated levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) when compared with NT2D (p<0.05). Importantly, the LPS-induced levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and MIP1α strongly correlated with severity of disease, measured by pocket depths (PD), within the T2D group (r(2)≥0.7, p<0.05), but not within NT2D. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with chronic periodontitis, patients with T2D seem to have an enhanced LPS-induced immune responsiveness than individuals without diabetes, which correlates with periodontal disease severity, concomitant with a less robust GM-CSF response. This data may in part explain the higher predisposition to periodontitis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Mesia
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hong Huang
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Clare-Salzler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ikramuddin Aukhil
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Luciana M Shaddox
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Silva N, Abusleme L, Bravo D, Dutzan N, Garcia-Sesnich J, Vernal R, Hernández M, Gamonal J. Host response mechanisms in periodontal diseases. J Appl Oral Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221929 PMCID: PMC4510669 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases usually refer to common inflammatory disorders known as gingivitis and periodontitis, which are caused by a pathogenic microbiota in the subgingival biofilm, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola that trigger innate, inflammatory, and adaptive immune responses. These processes result in the destruction of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, and eventually in tissue, bone and finally, tooth loss. The innate immune response constitutes a homeostatic system, which is the first line of defense, and is able to recognize invading microorganisms as non-self, triggering immune responses to eliminate them. In addition to the innate immunity, adaptive immunity cells and characteristic cytokines have been described as important players in the periodontal disease pathogenesis scenario, with a special attention to CD4+ T-cells (T-helper cells). Interestingly, the T cell-mediated adaptive immunity development is highly dependent on innate immunity-associated antigen presenting cells, which after antigen capture undergo into a maturation process and migrate towards the lymph nodes, where they produce distinct patterns of cytokines that will contribute to the subsequent polarization and activation of specific T CD4+ lymphocytes. Skeletal homeostasis depends on a dynamic balance between the activities of the bone-forming osteoblasts (OBLs) and bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs). This balance is tightly controlled by various regulatory systems, such as the endocrine system, and is influenced by the immune system, an osteoimmunological regulation depending on lymphocyte- and macrophage-derived cytokines. All these cytokines and inflammatory mediators are capable of acting alone or in concert, to stimulate periodontal breakdown and collagen destruction via tissue-derived matrix metalloproteinases, a characterization of the progression of periodontitis as a stage that presents a significantly host immune and inflammatory response to the microbial challenge that determine of susceptibility to develop the destructive/progressive periodontitis under the influence of multiple behavioral, environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Silva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Abusleme
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Dutzan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Garcia-Sesnich
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Gamonal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Calandrini CA, Ribeiro AC, Gonnelli AC, Ota-Tsuzuki C, Rangel LP, Saba-Chujfi E, Mayer MPA. Microbial composition of atherosclerotic plaques. Oral Dis 2015; 20:e128-34. [PMID: 24188425 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association of infections such as periodontitis with atherosclerotic diseases is well documented. In spite of the high diversity of the human oral microbiota, and its close contact with the circulatory system, few oral species were detected in atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, we attempted to evaluate the microbial diversity of atherosclerotic plaques from patients with different periodontal conditions, submitted to endarterectomy by a broad-range microbial method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients indicated for aorta endarterectomy due to myocardial infarction were recruited for periodontal clinical examination. The microbial diversity of atherosclerotic plaques (n = 35) was evaluated by sequence analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA libraries. RESULTS Bacterial DNA was detected in 12 endarterectomy specimens (34.3%). Twenty-three bacterial species/phylotypes were identified. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes comprised 78.3% and 21.7% of the identified taxa, respectively. Fifteen (60.9%) phylotypes were reported as yet uncultivable or as yet uncharacterized species. Two uncultured phylotypes were previously detected in the human mouth. The periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was detected in seven samples (20%), followed by Pseudomonas species. There was no association between periodontal parameters and detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans or other phylotypes in atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a role of the oral microbiota in the development of inflammation in atherogenesis, particularly of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Calandrini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Periodontology, São Leopoldo Mandic University, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Motedayyen H, Ghotloo S, Saffari M, Sattari M, Amid R. Evaluation of MicroRNA-146a and Its Targets in Gingival Tissues of Patients With Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2015; 86:1380-5. [PMID: 26313020 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. miRNA-146a (miR-146a), a member of the miR-146 family, is involved in the control of inflammation. Periodontitis is a set of chronic inflammatory disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth that lead to the breakdown of alveolar bone and tooth loss. In this study, expression levels of miR-146a and its targets, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, are evaluated in human patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS The study population consisted of 10 healthy controls and 20 individuals with CP. For each participant, clinical parameters including probing depth and clinical attachment level were measured, and a gingival tissue sample was collected. Levels of miR-146a, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Levels of miR-146a were significantly higher in patients with CP (P <0.001). There was a positive correlation between levels of miR-146a and clinical parameters (P <0.05). Elevated miR-146a was accompanied by a significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with CP had higher levels of miR-146a than healthy individuals, accompanied by reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-6. A positive relationship between miR-146a levels and clinical parameters suggests a pathophysiologic role of miR-146a in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Motedayyen
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Saffari
- Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences
| | - Mandana Sattari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Amid
- Periodontics Department, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
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Cytokine production by leukocytes in patients with periodontitis. Open Med (Wars) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-014-0699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the relation between clinical parameters and levels of interleukin (IL) -4 and -5, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the leukocyte incubation medium (LIM) obtained from 26 patients with chronic periodontitis (P) and 26 control group subjects (C). The levels of cytokines IL-4 and IL -5 produced by the LIM stimulated with non-opsonised E. coli were determined using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method and the levels of TNF-α were evaluated by applying Enzyme Amplified Sensitivity Immunoassay (EASIA). TNF-α levels in stimulated LIM were strongly positively correlated with clinical parameters such as the pocket probing depths (PPD), the clinical attachment level (CAL), the bleeding on probing (BOP) and oral hygiene index (OHI), whereas the IL-4 and IL-5 levels in the analogous medium were strongly negatively correlated with the clinical parameters. IL-4 and IL-5 levels in stimulated LIM of P group patients were significantly lower, whereas TNF-α levels were significantly higher than that in analogous medium of C group subjects. These differences were associated with the severity of periodontal disease.
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Davenport R, Heawood C, Sessford K, Baker M, Baiker K, Blacklaws B, Kaler J, Green L, Tötemeyer S. Differential expression of Toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines in ovine interdigital dermatitis and footrot. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:90-8. [PMID: 25124770 PMCID: PMC4157958 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Footrot is a common inflammatory bacterial disease affecting the health and welfare of sheep worldwide. The pathogenesis of footrot is complex and multifactorial. The primary causal pathogen is the anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus, with Fusobacterium necrophorum also shown to play a key role in disease. Since immune-mediated pathology is implicated, the aim of this research was to investigate the role of the host response in interdigital dermatitis (ID) and footrot. We compared the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the histological appearance of clinically normal in comparison to ID and footrot affected tissues. Severe ID and footrot were characterised by significantly increased transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL1β and the pattern recognition receptors TLR2 and TLR4 in the interdigital skin. This was reflected in the histopathological appearance, with ID and footrot presenting progressive chronic-active pododermatitis with a mixed lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltration, gradually increasing from a mild form in clinically normal feet, to moderate in ID and to a focally severe form with frequent areas of purulence in footrot. Stimulation with F. necrophorum and/or D. nodosus extracts demonstrated that dermal fibroblasts, the resident cell type of the dermis, also contribute to the inflammatory response to footrot bacteria by increased expression of TNFα, IL1β and TLR2. Overall, ID and footrot lead to a local inflammatory response given that expression levels of TLRs and IL1β were dependent on the disease state of the foot not the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Davenport
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Christopher Heawood
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kate Sessford
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Melissa Baker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kerstin Baiker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Barbara Blacklaws
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Laura Green
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sabine Tötemeyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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Nogueira MNM, Aquino SG, Rossa Junior C, Spolidorio DMP. Terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol (tea tree oil components) inhibit the production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 on human macrophages. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:769-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Park E, Na HS, Kim SM, Wallet S, Cha S, Chung J. Xylitol, an anticaries agent, exhibits potent inhibition of inflammatory responses in human THP-1-derived macrophages infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:e212-23. [PMID: 24592909 PMCID: PMC4775082 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylitol is a well-known anticaries agent and has been used for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of xylitol are evaluated for possible use in the prevention and treatment of periodontal infections. METHODS Cytokine expression was stimulated in THP-1 (human monocyte cell line)-derived macrophages by live Porphyromonas gingivalis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a commercial multiplex assay kit were used to determine the effects of xylitol on live P. gingivalis-induced production of cytokine. The effects of xylitol on phagocytosis and the production of nitric oxide were determined using phagocytosis assay, viable cell count, and Griess reagent. The effects of xylitol on P. gingivalis adhesion were determined by immunostaining, and costimulatory molecule expression was examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Live P. gingivalis infection increased the production of representative proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, in a multiplicity of infection- and time-dependent manner. Live P. gingivalis also enhanced the release of cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-12 p40, eotaxin, interferon γ-induced protein 10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1. The pretreatment of xylitol significantly inhibited the P. gingivalis-induced cytokines production and nitric oxide production. In addition, xylitol inhibited the attachment of live P. gingivalis on THP-1-derived macrophages. Furthermore, xylitol exerted antiphagocytic activity against both Escherichia coli and P. gingivalis. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that xylitol acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with live P. gingivalis, which supports its use in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Sheon Min Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Shannon Wallet
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
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Yumoto H, Hirota K, Hirao K, Miyazaki T, Yamamoto N, Miyamoto K, Murakami K, Fujiwara N, Matsuo T, Miyake Y. Anti-inflammatory and protective effects of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer on oral epithelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:555-63. [PMID: 24753309 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by a microbial biofilm formed in the periodontal pocket. Gingival epithelium plays important roles as the first physical barrier to bacterial invasion and in orchestrating the innate immune reaction via toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize various bacterial products, and maintaining its function. Newly developed oral care products to inhibit bacterial adherence, subsequent inflammatory reaction and protect the gingival epithelium are expected. We previously reported that 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-polymer coating decreased bacterial adhesion to human oral keratinocytes, RT-7, and mouth-rinsing with MPC-polymer inhibited the increase of oral bacteria. In this study, regarding the possibility of MPC-polymer application for preventing the adherence of periodontal pathogen, subsequent inflammatory reaction and protection of gingival epithelium, we examined the effects of MPC-polymer on the adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, major periodontitis-related pathogen, and TLR2 ligand to RT-7 and subsequent interleukin (IL)-8 production. MPC-polymer treatment significantly reduced P. gingivalis adherence by 44% and TLR2-mediated IL-8 production by blocking the binding of its specific-ligand in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, MPC-polymer pretreatment protected RT-7 from injury by chemical irritants, cetylpyridinium chloride. These findings suggest that MPC-polymer is potentially useful for oral care to prevent oral infection and to maintain oral epithelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
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Beklen A, Sarp AS, Uckan D, Tsaous Memet G. The function of TLR4 in interferon gamma or interleukin-13 exposed and lipopolysaccharide stimulated gingival epithelial cell cultures. Biotech Histochem 2014; 89:505-12. [PMID: 24773607 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.903299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival epithelial cells are part of the first line of host defense against infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve important immune and nonimmune functions. We investigated how interferon gamma (INF-γ) and interleukin 13 (IL-13) are involved in the TLR4 ligand-induced regulation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) effects on gingival epithelial cells. We used immunohistochemistry to localize TLR4 in ten healthy and ten periodontitis tissue specimens. Gingival epithelial cells then were primed with Th1 cytokine (INF-γ) or Th2 cytokine (IL-13) before stimulation with Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the level of IL-8 secretion in cell culture supernatants. Although both healthy and periodontitis gingival tissue samples expressed TLR4, the periodontitis samples showed more intense expression on gingival epithelial cells. Gingival epithelial cell cultures were primed with either INF-γ or IL-13 before stimulation with TLR4 ligand. Supernatants from co-stimulated epithelial cells exhibited IL-8 production in opposite directions, i.e., as one stimulates the release, the other reduces the release. INF-γ significantly increased TLR4 function, whereas IL-13 significantly decreased TLR4 function, i.e., production of IL-8. Pathogen associated molecular pattern-LPS, shared by many different periodonto-pathogenic bacteria, activates the gingival epithelial cells in a TLR-dependent manner. Diminished or increased TLR function in gingival epithelial cells under the influence of different Th cell types may protect or be harmful due to the altered TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beklen
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir
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de Aquino SG, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Koenders MI, van de Loo FAJ, Pruijn GJM, Marijnissen RJ, Walgreen B, Helsen MM, van den Bersselaar LA, de Molon RS, Avila Campos MJ, Cunha FQ, Cirelli JA, van den Berg WB. Periodontal pathogens directly promote autoimmune experimental arthritis by inducing a TLR2- and IL-1-driven Th17 response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4103-11. [PMID: 24683190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increasing epidemiologic evidence supports a link between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. The actual involvement of periodontitis in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and the underlying mechanisms remain, however, poorly understood. We investigated the influence of concomitant periodontitis on clinical and histopathologic characteristics of T cell-mediated experimental arthritis and evaluated modulation of type II collagen (CII)-reactive Th cell phenotype as a potential mechanism. Repeated oral inoculations of periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella nigrescens induced periodontitis in mice, as evidenced by alveolar bone resorption. Interestingly, concurrent periodontitis induced by both bacteria significantly aggravated the severity of collagen-induced arthritis. Exacerbation of arthritis was characterized by increased arthritic bone erosion, whereas cartilage damage remained unaffected. Both P. gingivalis and P. nigrescens skewed the CII-specific T cell response in lymph nodes draining arthritic joints toward the Th17 phenotype without affecting Th1. Importantly, the levels of IL-17 induced by periodontal pathogens in CII-specific T cells directly correlated with the intensity of arthritic bone erosion, suggesting relevance in pathology. Furthermore, IL-17 production was significantly correlated with periodontal disease-induced IL-6 in lymph node cell cultures. The effects of the two bacteria diverged in that P. nigrescens, in contrast to P. gingivalis, suppressed the joint-protective type 2 cytokines, including IL-4. Further in vitro studies showed that the Th17 induction strongly depended on TLR2 expression on APCs and was highly promoted by IL-1. Our data provide evidence of the involvement of periodontitis in the pathogenesis of T cell-driven arthritis through induction of Ag-specific Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina G de Aquino
- Department of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Li JP, Chen Y, Ng CHC, Fung ML, Xu A, Cheng B, Tsao SW, Leung WK. Differential expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in healthy and diseased human gingiva. J Periodontal Res 2014; 49:845-54. [PMID: 24620831 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated signaling in host cells involves Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) accessory molecules, including LPS-binding protein (LBP), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and lymphocyte antigen 96 (MD-2). However, expression of these innate defense molecules in various compartments of the human periodontium is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of TLR4 in human gingiva. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human gingival biopsies were collected from healthy gingival or chronic periodontitis tissue. Primary gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts were cultured. Immunohistochemical analysis for TLR4 was performed. Transcripts of TLR4, MD-2, CD14 and LBP, and their protein products, were examined using RT-PCR, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. The interactions between these molecules in keratinocytes and fibroblasts were investigated by co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS TLR4 immunoreactivity was found in healthy gingival epithelium and periodontitis tissue, and appeared to be lower in junctional epithelium ( p ≤ 0.01). Fibroblasts and inflammatory cells stained more strongly for TLR4 in diseased periodontal tissues (p < 0.001). Three TLR4 splicing variants, two MD-2 splicing variants and one CD14 mRNA were expressed by gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Expression of TLR4, CD14 and MD-2 proteins was detected in keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. TLR4 protein from gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts could be co-immunoprecipitated with CD14 or MD-2, suggesting an association between the related molecules in vivo. LBP transcript was detected in gingival biopsies, but not in primary cultures of gingival keratinocytes or fibroblasts. CONCLUSION TLR4, CD14 and MD-2, but not LBP, are expressed in human gingival keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The TLR4 expression level in the junctional epithelium appeared to be lowest within the periodontal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Diverse Toll-like receptors mediate cytokine production by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in macrophages. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1914-20. [PMID: 24566622 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01226-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) orchestrate a repertoire of immune responses in macrophages against various pathogens. Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are two important periodontal pathogens. In the present study, we investigated TLR signaling regulating cytokine production of macrophages in response to F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans. TLR2 and TLR4 are redundant in the production of cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) in F. nucleatum- and A. actinomycetemcomitans-infected macrophages. The production of cytokines by macrophages in response to F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans infection was impaired in MyD88-deficient macrophages. Moreover, cytokine concentrations were lower in MyD88-deficient macrophages than in TLR2/TLR4 (TLR2/4) double-deficient cells. An endosomal TLR inhibitor, chloroquine, reduced cytokine production in TLR2/4-deficient macrophages in response to F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans, and DNA from F. nucleatum or A. actinomycetemcomitans induced IL-6 production in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), which was abolished by chloroquine. Western blot analysis revealed that TLR2/4 and MyD88 were required for optimal activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in macrophages in response to F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans, with different kinetics. An inhibitor assay showed that NF-κB and all MAPKs (p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK], and Jun N-terminal protein kinase [JNK]) mediate F. nucleatum-induced production of cytokines in macrophages, whereas NF-κB and p38, but not ERK and JNK, are involved in A. actinomycetemcomitans-mediated cytokine production. These findings suggest that multiple TLRs may participate in the cytokine production of macrophages against periodontal bacteria.
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Faas MM, Kunnen A, Dekker DC, Harmsen HJM, Aarnoudse JG, Abbas F, De Vos P, Van Pampus MG. Porphyromonas Gingivalis and E-coli induce different cytokine production patterns in pregnant women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86355. [PMID: 24466049 PMCID: PMC3899230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pregnant individuals of many species, including humans, are more sensitive to various bacteria or their products as compared with non-pregnant individuals. Pregnant individuals also respond differently to different bacteria or their products. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated whether the increased sensitivity of pregnant women to bacterial products and their heterogeneous response to different bacteria was associated with differences in whole blood cytokine production upon stimulation with bacteria or their products. Methods Blood samples were taken from healthy pregnant and age-matched non-pregnant women and ex vivo stimulated with bacteria or LPS from Porphyromonas Gingivalis (Pg) or E-coli for 24 hrs. TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-10 were measured using a multiplex Luminex system. Results We observed a generally lower cytokine production after stimulation with Pg bacteria or it’s LPS as compared with E-coli bacteria. However, there was also an effect of pregnancy upon cytokine production: in pregnant women the production of IL-6 upon Pg stimulation was decreased as compared with non-pregnant women. After stimulation with E-coli, the production of IL-12 and TNFα was decreased in pregnant women as compared with non-pregnant women. Conclusion Our results showed that cytokine production upon bacterial stimulation of whole blood differed between pregnant and non-pregnant women, showing that the increased sensitivity of pregnant women may be due to differences in cytokine production. Moreover, pregnancy also affected whole blood cytokine production upon Pg or E-coli stimulation differently. Thus, the different responses of pregnant women to different bacteria or their products may result from variations in cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M. Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Alina Kunnen
- Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- School of Health Care Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne C. Dekker
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hermie J. M. Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G. Aarnoudse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Abbas
- Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul De Vos
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria G. Van Pampus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kataoka H, Taniguchi M, Fukamachi H, Arimoto T, Morisaki H, Kuwata H. Rothia dentocariosa induces TNF-alpha production in a TLR2-dependent manner. Pathog Dis 2013; 71:65-8. [PMID: 24265267 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work suggested that Rothia dentocariosa is associated with periodontal inflammatory disease. However, little is known about the pathogenicity of this bacterium. To characterize host response to this bacterium, we measured (via ELISA) the amount of TNF-α in the culture supernatant following the stimulation of THP-1 cells (a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) with R. dentocariosa cells (ATCC14189 and ATCC14190). Exposure to bacterial cells induced the production of TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. The bacterial induction of TNF-α in THP-1 cells was mediated by the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), as demonstrated by gene-specific knockdown via siRNA, which successfully suppressed TLR2 expression and significantly inhibited the production of TNF-α in the culture supernatant. To confirm the role of TLR2, we examined TLR2-dependent NF-κB activation by R. dentocariosa cells in a distinct cell line. Specifically, HEK293 cells were transiently cotransfected with the human TLR2 gene and an NF-κB-dependent luciferase-encoding reporter gene. The bacterial cells induced NF-κB activation in the transfected HEK293 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, bacterial cells failed to induce NF-κB activation in cells transfected with pEF6 control vector. Taken together, these results suggest that R. dentocariosa induces host TNF-α production by a TLR2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kataoka
- Departments of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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