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Yadav P, Ansari MW, Kaula BC, Rao YR, Meselmani MA, Siddiqui ZH, Brajendra, Kumar SB, Rani V, Sarkar A, Rakwal R, Gill SS, Tuteja N. Regulation of ethylene metabolism in tomato under salinity stress involving linkages with important physiological signaling pathways. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 334:111736. [PMID: 37211221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The tomato is well-known for its anti-oxidative and anti-cancer properties, and with a wide range of health benefits is an important cash crop for human well-being. However, environmental stresses (especially abiotic) are having a deleterious effect on plant growth and productivity, including tomato. In this review, authors describe how salinity stress imposes risk consequences on growth and developmental processes of tomato through toxicity by ethylene (ET) and cyanide (HCN), and ionic, oxidative, and osmotic stresses. Recent research has clarified how salinity stress induced-ACS and - β-CAS expressions stimulate the accumulation of ET and HCN, wherein the action of salicylic acid (SA),compatible solutes (CSs), polyamines (PAs) and ET inhibitors (ETIs) regulate ET and HCN metabolism. Here we emphasize how ET, SA and PA cooperates with mitochondrial alternating oxidase (AOX), salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathways and the antioxidants (ANTOX) system to better understand the salinity stress resistance mechanism. The current literature evaluated in this paper provides an overview of salinity stress resistance mechanism involving synchronized routes of ET metabolism by SA and PAs, connecting regulated network of central physiological processes governing through the action of AOX, β-CAS, SOS and ANTOX pathways, which might be crucial for the development of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Yadav
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ansari
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Babeeta C Kaula
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Yalaga Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Moaed Al Meselmani
- School of Biosciences, Alfred Denny Building, Grantham Centre, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, UK
| | | | - Brajendra
- Division of Soil Science, ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Kumar
- Department of Soil Science, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Varsha Rani
- Department of Crop Physiology, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Department of Botany, University of GourBanga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, MD University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Ocean Acidification Alleviates Dwarf Eelgrass (Zostera noltii) Lipid Landscape Remodeling under Warming Stress. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050780. [PMID: 35625507 PMCID: PMC9138486 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coastal seagrass meadows provide a variety of essential ecological and economic services, including nursery grounds, sediment stabilization, nutrient cycling, coastal protection, and blue carbon sequestration. However, these ecosystems are highly threatened by ongoing climatic change. This study was aimed to understand how the dwarf eelgrass Zostera noltii leaf lipid landscapes are altered under predicted ocean warming (+4 °C) and hypercapnic (ΔpH 0.4) conditions. Warming and hypercapnic conditions were found to induce a severe reduction in the leaf total fatty acid, though the combined treatment substantially alleviated this depletion. The lipid discrimination revealed a significant increase in the relative monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) content in both hypercapnic and warming conditions, allied to plastidial membrane stabilization mechanisms. Hypercapnia also promoted enhanced phosphatidylglycerol (PG) leaf contents, a mechanism often associated with thylakoid reinvigoration. In addition to changing the proportion of storage, galacto- and phospholipids, the tested treatments also impacted the FA composition of all lipid classes, with warming exposure leading to decreases in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); however, the combination of both stress conditions alleviated this effect. The observed galactolipid and phospholipid PUFA decreases are compatible with a homeoviscous adaptation, allowing for the maintenance of membrane stability by counteracting excessive membrane fluidity. Neutral lipid contents were substantially increased under warming conditions, especially in C18 fatty acids (C18), impairing their use as substrates for fatty acylated derivatives essential for maintaining the osmotic balance of cells. An analysis of the phospholipid and galactolipid fatty acid profiles as a whole revealed a higher degree of discrimination, highlighting the higher impact of warming and the proposed stress alleviation effect induced by increased water-dissolved CO2 availability. Still, it is essential to remember that the pace at which the ocean is warming can overcome the ameliorative capacity induced by higher CO2 availability, leaving seagrasses under severe heat stress beyond their lipid remodeling capacity.
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Duarte B, Caçador I, Matos AR. Lipid landscape remodelling in Sarcocornia fruticosa green and red physiotypes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:128-137. [PMID: 33113484 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Under certain abiotic conditions (elevated irradiance, temperature and sediment salinity) observed mostly during the Mediterranean summer, the halophyte Sarcocornia fruticosa suffers a metabolic shift evidenced by a red coloration, evidencing the presence of two physiotypes (green and red). Previous works indicated that this metabolic shift has severe implications in the primary photochemistry of this species, impairing the light and carbon harvesting. Under stress plants have lower light use efficiencies and are more prone to photoinhibition, and thus this metabolic shift is essential for this species to deal with the high light intensities characteristic from this time of the year. Nevertheless, the fatty acid and lipid remodelling in green and red S. fruticosa physiotypes was not previously evaluated nor its relations with this metabolic shift. The evaluation of the lipid landscape suggests several lipid and fatty acid remodelling when comparing both red and green physiotype, as strategies to overcome stress. The galactolipids of the red physiotype suffer several changes aiming to keep chloroplast membrane structural and functional stability during water stress and can also be related to an improvement of the plants response to osmotic stress. At the phospholipid level, a readjustment of its fatty acid profiles was also observable. This remodelling allows the plants to adjust membrane fluidity the imposed osmotic stress, being this action transversal to choroplastidial, extraplastidial, and involves the action of the different phospholipids. Additionally, neutral lipids (NLs) also appear to play a role in osmotic stress adaptation, with an increase content in C18 fatty acids in the red physiotype. The resulting lipid landscape in both physiotypes presents very specific signatures that can be used as biomarkers to track this kind of metabolic shifts, in future studies with similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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Feijão E, Franzitta M, Cabrita MT, Caçador I, Duarte B, Gameiro C, Matos AR. Marine heat waves alter gene expression of key enzymes of membrane and storage lipids metabolism in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:357-368. [PMID: 33002714 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Across the globe, heat waves are getting more intense and frequent. Diatoms are a major group of microalgae at the base of the marine food webs and an important source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are transferred through the food web. The present study investigates the possible impacts of temperature increase on lipid classes and expression of genes encoding enzymes related to lipid metabolism in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The heat wave exposure caused an increase in the relative amounts of plastidial lipids such as the glycolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) in parallel with a decrease in the neutral lipid fraction, which includes triacylglycerols. In agreement, gene expression analyses revealed an up-regulation of a gene encoding one MGDG synthase and down-regulation of a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), a key enzyme in triacylglycerol synthesis. Our results show that heat waves not only negatively impact the abundance of unsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3n-4) as observed by the decrease in their relative abundance in MGDG and neutral lipids, respectively, but also induce changes in the relative amounts of the diverse membrane lipids as well as the proportion of membrane/storage lipids. The expression study of key genes indicates that some of the aforementioned alterations are regulated at the transcription level whereas others appear to be post-transcriptional. The changes observed in plastidial lipids are related to negative impacts on the photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Feijão
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Marco Franzitta
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cabrita
- Centro de Estudos Geográficos (CEG), Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Branca Edmée Marques, 1600-276, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Gameiro
- IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera, Div-RP - Divisão de Modelação e Gestão de Recursos de Pesca, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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Poór P. Effects of Salicylic Acid on the Metabolism of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E341. [PMID: 32098073 PMCID: PMC7072379 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Different abiotic and biotic stresses lead to the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cell organelles such as in mitochondria, resulting in oxidative stress, inducing defense responses or programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. In response to oxidative stress, cells activate various cytoprotective responses, enhancing the antioxidant system, increasing the activity of alternative oxidase and degrading the oxidized proteins. Oxidative stress responses are orchestrated by several phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA). The biomolecule SA is a key regulator in mitochondria-mediated defense signaling and PCD, but the mode of its action is not known in full detail. In this review, the current knowledge on the multifaceted role of SA in mitochondrial ROS metabolism is summarized to gain a better understanding of SA-regulated processes at the subcellular level in plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Poór P, Patyi G, Takács Z, Szekeres A, Bódi N, Bagyánszki M, Tari I. Salicylic acid-induced ROS production by mitochondrial electron transport chain depends on the activity of mitochondrial hexokinases in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:273-283. [PMID: 30758749 PMCID: PMC7196940 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The growth regulator, salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in the induction of cell death in plants. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC), cytochrome c (cyt c) release from mitochondria and loss of mitochondrial integrity can be observed during cell death execution in plant tissues. The aim of this work was to study the putative role of hexokinases (HXKs) in the initiation of cell death using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves and mitochondria isolated from plants exposed to a sublethal, 0.1 mM and a cell death-inducing, 1 mM concentrations of SA. Both treatments enhanced ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production in the leaves, which contributed to a concentration-dependent loss of membrane integrity. Images prepared by transmission electron microscopy showed swelling and disorganisation of mitochondrial cristae and vacuolization of mitochondria after SA exposure. Using post-embedding immunohistochemistry, cyt c release from mitochondria was also detected after 1 mM SA treatment. Both SA treatments decreased the activity and transcript levels of HXKs in the leaves and the total mtHXK activity in the mitochondrial fraction. The role of mitochondrial hexokinases (mtHXKs) in ROS and NO production of isolated mitochondria was investigated by the addition of HXK substrate, glucose (Glc) and a specific HXK inhibitor, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) to the mitochondrial suspension. Both SA treatments enhanced ROS production by mtETC in the presence of succinate and ADP, which was slightly inhibited by Glc and increased significantly by NAG in control and in 0.1 mM SA-treated mitochondria. These changes were not significant at 1 mM SA, which caused disorganisation of mitochondrial membranes. Thus the inhibition of mtHXK activity can contribute to the mitochondrial ROS production, but it is not involved in NO generation in SA-treated leaf mitochondria suggesting that SA can promote cell death by suppressing mtHXK transcription and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Patyi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Bódi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Mária Bagyánszki
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
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Arfan M, Zhang DW, Zou LJ, Luo SS, Tan WR, Zhu T, Lin HH. Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Crosstalk Mediates Brassinosteroids Induced Cold Stress Tolerance in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E144. [PMID: 30609774 PMCID: PMC6337477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play pivotal roles in modulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, a Medicago truncatula plant pretreated with brassinolide (BL, the most active BR), enhanced cold stress tolerance by regulating the expression of several cold-related genes and antioxidant enzymes activities. Previous studies reported that hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and nitric oxide (NO) are involved during environmental stress conditions. However, how these two signaling molecules interact with each other in BRs-induced abiotic stress tolerance remain largely unclear. BL-pretreatment induced, while brassinazole (BRZ, a specific inhibitor of BRs biosynthesis) reduced H₂O₂ and NO production. Further, application of dimethylthiourea (DMTU, a H₂O₂ and OH- scavenger) blocked BRs-induced NO production, but BRs-induced H₂O₂ generation was not sensitive to 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO, a scavenger of NO). Moreover, pretreatment with DMTU and PTIO decreased BL-induced mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) and the photosystem capacity. However, pretreatment with PTIO was found to be more effective than DMTU in reducing BRs-induced increases in Valt, Vt, and MtAOX1 gene expression. Similarly, BRs-induced photosystem II efficiency was found in NO dependent manner than H₂O₂. Finally, we conclude that H₂O₂ was involved in NO generation, whereas NO was found to be crucial in BRs-induced AOX capacity, which further contributed to the protection of the photosystem under cold stress conditions in Medicago truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arfan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Li-Juan Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Shi-Shuai Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Wen-Rong Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Vidigal P, Duarte B, Cavaco AR, Caçador I, Figueiredo A, Matos AR, Viegas W, Monteiro F. Preliminary diversity assessment of an undervalued tropical bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) through fatty acid profiling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:508-514. [PMID: 30308461 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several large-scale metabolic profiling studies have been directed to prospect crops with a major focus on yield-related traits and, ultimately, with the definition of specific markers for plant selection in breeding programs. However, some of these technologies are expensive, time-consuming and not easily feasible for a quick approach. Fatty acid profiling was described as reliable biomarkers and as a chemotaxonomic tool allowing to study not only the diversity in germplasm collections but also to discriminate their geographic origin. We have used fatty acids profiling for a preliminary assessment of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet (hyacinth bean) diversity and landraces discrimination. Hyacinth bean displays an enormous variability of agro-morphological traits, probably linked to the multi-purpose uses in different regions, i.e. as pulse, or as food with nutraceutical potential (Africa and Asia), forage (Africa and Australia) and ornamental (Europe and USA). Only two forage cultivars are widely marketed, cv. Rongai and cv. Highworth, with several landraces remaining to be addressed in terms of diversity. We show that fatty acids profiling was able to distinguish landraces, which display shared fatty acids with cultivars from the center of hyacinth bean diversity origin (East Africa). We propose that fatty acid profiling is a tool that may be used not only for nutritional value assessment but also as a chemodiversity tool in crop research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Vidigal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Cavaco
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Genomics Group, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Caçador
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Genomics Group, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Wanda Viegas
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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The interplay between membrane lipids and phospholipase A family members in grapevine resistance against Plasmopara viticola. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14538. [PMID: 30266912 PMCID: PMC6162203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most important diseases in modern viticulture. The search for sustainable disease control measure is of extreme importance, thus becoming imperative to fully characterize the mechanisms leading to an incompatible interaction. We have previously shown that lipid signalling events play an important role in grapevine's response to this pathogen, namely through changes in linolenic acid content, lipid peroxidation and jasmonic acid synthesis. Here, we have characterized the modulation of lipid metabolism in leaves from two V. vinifera cultivars (resistant and susceptible to P. viticola) in the first hours after pathogen inoculation. Prior to pathogen inoculation both genotypes present an inherently different fatty acid composition that is highly modulated in the resistant genotype after pathogen challenge. Such changes involve modulation of phospholipase A activity suggesting that the source of lipids mobilized upon pathogen infection are the chloroplast membranes. This work thus provides original evidence on the involvement of lipid signalling and phospholipases in grapevine immune responses to pathogen infection. The results are discussed considering the implications on the plant's physiological status and the use of discriminating lipid/fatty acids pattern in future selection procedures of cultivars.
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Tang Y, Sun X, Wen T, Liu M, Yang M, Chen X. Implications of terminal oxidase function in regulation of salicylic acid on soybean seedling photosynthetic performance under water stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 112:19-28. [PMID: 28024235 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) could modulate the photosynthetic capacity of soybean seedlings in water stress tolerance, and to clarify the potential functions of terminal oxidase (plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) and alternative oxidase (AOX)) in SA' s regulation on photosynthesis. The effects of SA and water stress on gas exchange, pigment contents, chlorophyll fluorescence, enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH; EC1.1.1.82)) activity and transcript levels of PTOX, AOX1, AOX2a, AOX2b were examined in a hydroponic cultivation system. Results indicate that water stress significantly decreased the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), pigment contents (Chla + b, Chla/b, Car), maximum quantum yield of PSⅡphotochemistry (Fv/Fm), efficiency of excitation capture of open PSⅡcenter (Fv'/Fm'), quantum efficiency of PSⅡphotochemistry (ΦPSⅡ), photochemical quenching (qP), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activity of all the enzymes. SA pretreatment led to significant decreases in Ci and MDA content, and increases in Pn, Gs, E, pigment contents, Fv/Fm, Fv'/Fm', ΦPSⅡ, qP, and the activity of all the enzymes. SA treatment and water stress alone significantly up-regulated the expression of PTOX, AOX1 and AOX2b. SA pretreatment further increased the transcript levels of PTOX and AOX2b of soybean seedling under water stress. These results indicate that SA application alleviates the water stress-induced decrease in photosynthesis may mainly through maintaining a lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, a greater PSⅡefficiency, and an enhanced alternative respiration and chlororespiration. PTOX and AOX may play important roles in SA-mediated resistance to water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Tang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Agrotechnical Extension Station, Agricultural Bureau of Dazhou City, No.52, Heye Street, Tongchuan District, Dazhou, 635000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tao Wen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingjie Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefei Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
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11
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Zhu T, Deng XG, Tan WR, Zhou X, Luo SS, Han XY, Zhang DW, Lin HH. Nitric oxide is involved in brassinosteroid-induced alternative respiratory pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings' response to salt stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 156:150-163. [PMID: 26419322 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reported that brassinosteroids (BRs) can induce plant tolerance to different environmental stresses via the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway. Previous reports have indicated that alternative oxidase (AOX) plays an important role in plants under various stresses. The mechanisms governing how NO is involved as a signal molecule which connects BR with AOX in regulating stress tolerance are still unknown. Recently, we found that Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings which were pretreated with BR have more tolerance to salt stress, accompanied with an increase of CN-resistant respiration. Our results suggested that pretreatment with 0.1 μM brassinolide (BL, the most active brassinosteroid) alleviated salt-induced oxidative damage and increased the NbAOX1 transcript level. Application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO, an NO scavenger) or virus-induced gene silencing of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like enzyme compromised the BRs-induced alternative respiratory pathway. Furthermore, pretreatment with specific chemical inhibitors of NR and NOS or gene silencing experiments decreased plant resistance to salt stress which also compromised BRs-induced salt stress tolerance. In conclusion, NO is involved in BRs-induced AOX capability which plays essential roles in salt tolerance in N. benthamiana seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing-Guang Deng
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen-Rong Tan
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shi-Shuai Luo
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue-Ying Han
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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12
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Rogov AG, Zvyagilskaya RA. Physiological role of alternative oxidase (from yeasts to plants). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:400-7. [PMID: 25869356 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria of all so far studied organisms, with the exception of Archaea, mammals, some yeasts, and protists, contain, along with the classical phosphorylating cytochrome pathway, a so-called cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase (AOX) localized on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane, and electron transport through which is not coupled with ATP synthesis and energy accumulation. Mechanisms underlying plentiful functions of AOX in organisms at various levels of organization ranging from yeasts to plants are considered. First and foremost, AOX provides a chance of cell survival after inhibiting the terminal components of the main respiratory chain or losing the ability to synthesize these components. The vitally important role of AOX is obvious in thermogenesis of thermogenic plant organs where it becomes the only terminal oxidase with a very high activity, and the energy of substrate oxidation by this respiratory pathway is converted into heat, thus promoting evaporation of volatile substances attracting pollinating insects. AOX plays a fundamentally significant role in alleviating or preventing oxidative stress, thus ensuring the defense against a wide range of stresses and adverse environmental conditions, such as changes in temperature and light intensities, osmotic stress, drought, and attack by incompatible strains of bacterial pathogens, phytopathogens, or their elicitors. Participation of AOX in pathogen survival during its existence inside the host, in antivirus defense, as well as in metabolic rearrangements in plants during embryogenesis and cell differentiation is described. Examples are given to demonstrate that AOX might be an important tool to overcome the adverse aftereffects of restricted activity of the main respiratory chain in cells and whole animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Rogov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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13
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Deng XG, Zhu T, Zhang DW, Lin HH. The alternative respiratory pathway is involved in brassinosteroid-induced environmental stress tolerance in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6219-32. [PMID: 26175355 PMCID: PMC4588879 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs), plant steroid hormones, play essential roles in modulating cell elongation, vascular differentiation, senescence, and stress responses. However, the mechanisms by which BRs regulate plant mitochondria and resistance to abiotic stress remain largely unclear. Mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) is involved in the plant response to a variety of environmental stresses. In this report, the role of AOX in BR-induced tolerance against cold, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and high-light stresses was investigated. Exogenous applied brassinolide (BL, the most active BR) induced, while brassinazole (BRZ, a BR biosynthesis inhibitor) reduced alternative respiration and AOX1 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Chemical scavenging of H2O2 and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbRBOHB compromised the BR-induced alternative respiratory pathway, and this result was further confirmed by NbAOX1 promoter analysis. Furthermore, inhibition of AOX activity by chemical treatment or a VIGS-based approach decreased plant resistance to environmental stresses and compromised BR-induced stress tolerance. Taken together, our results indicate that BR-induced AOX capability might contribute to the avoidance of superfluous reactive oxygen species accumulation and the protection of photosystems under stress conditions in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guang Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Hong-Hui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
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14
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Rogov AG, Sukhanova EI, Uralskaya LA, Aliverdieva DA, Zvyagilskaya RA. Alternative oxidase: distribution, induction, properties, structure, regulation, and functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1615-34. [PMID: 25749168 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory chain in the majority of organisms with aerobic type metabolism features the concomitant existence of the phosphorylating cytochrome pathway and the cyanide- and antimycin A-insensitive oxidative route comprising a so-called alternative oxidase (AOX) as a terminal oxidase. In this review, the history of AOX discovery is described. Considerable evidence is presented that AOX occurs widely in organisms at various levels of organization and is not confined to the plant kingdom. This enzyme has not been found only in Archaea, mammals, some yeasts and protists. Bioinformatics research revealed the sequences characteristic of AOX in representatives of various taxonomic groups. Based on multiple alignments of these sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to infer their possible evolution. The ways of AOX activation, as well as regulatory interactions between AOX and the main respiratory chain are described. Data are summarized concerning the properties of AOX and the AOX-encoding genes whose expression is either constitutive or induced by various factors. Information is presented on the structure of AOX, its active center, and the ubiquinone-binding site. The principal functions of AOX are analyzed, including the cases of cell survival, optimization of respiratory metabolism, protection against excess of reactive oxygen species, and adaptation to variable nutrition sources and to biotic and abiotic stress factors. It is emphasized that different AOX functions complement each other in many instances and are not mutually exclusive. Examples are given to demonstrate that AOX is an important tool to overcome the adverse aftereffects of restricted activity of the main respiratory chain in cells and whole animals. This is the first comprehensive review on alternative oxidases of various organisms ranging from yeasts and protists to vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Rogov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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15
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Costa JH, McDonald AE, Arnholdt-Schmitt B, Fernandes de Melo D. A classification scheme for alternative oxidases reveals the taxonomic distribution and evolutionary history of the enzyme in angiosperms. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt B:172-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Cavalcanti JHF, Oliveira GM, Saraiva KDDC, Torquato JPP, Maia IG, de Melo DF, Costa JH. Identification of duplicated and stress-inducible Aox2b gene co-expressed with Aox1 in species of the Medicago genus reveals a regulation linked to gene rearrangement in leguminous genomes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1609-19. [PMID: 23891563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, alternative oxidase (Aox) is encoded by 3-5 genes distributed in 2 subfamilies (Aox1 and Aox2). In several species only Aox1 is reported as a stress-responsive gene, but in the leguminous Vigna unguiculata Aox2b is also induced by stress. In this work we investigated the Aox genes from two leguminous species of the Medicago genus (Medicago sativa and Medicago truncatula) which present one Aox1, one Aox2a and an Aox2b duplication (named here Aox2b1 and Aox2b2). Expression analyses by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in M. sativa revealed that Aox1, Aox2b1 and Aox2b2 transcripts increased during seed germination. Similar analyses in leaves and roots under different treatments (SA, PEG, H2O2 and cysteine) revealed that these genes are also induced by stress, but with peculiar spatio-temporal differences. Aox1 and Aox2b1 showed basal levels of expression under control conditions and were induced by stress in leaves and roots. Aox2b2 presented a dual behavior, i.e., it was expressed only under stress conditions in leaves, and showed basal expression levels in roots that were induced by stress. Moreover, Aox2a was expressed at higher levels in leaves and during seed germination than in roots and appeared to be not responsive to stress. The Aox expression profiles obtained from a M. truncatula microarray dataset also revealed a stress-induced co-expression of Aox1, Aox2b1 and Aox2b2 in leaves and roots. These results reinforce the stress-inducible co-expression of Aox1/Aox2b in some leguminous plants. Comparative genomic analysis indicates that this regulation is linked to Aox1/Aox2b proximity in the genome as a result of the gene rearrangement that occurred in some leguminous plants during evolution. The differential expression of Aox2b1/2b2 suggests that a second gene has been originated by recent gene duplication with neofunctionalization.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Rearrangement/genetics
- Genes, Duplicate/genetics
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genome, Plant/genetics
- Germination/genetics
- Medicago/drug effects
- Medicago/enzymology
- Medicago/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/enzymology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
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Mushtaq MN, Sunohara Y, Matsumoto H. Allelochemical L-DOPA induces quinoprotein adducts and inhibits NADH dehydrogenase activity and root growth of cucumber. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:374-8. [PMID: 23831820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Allelochemical L-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) inhibits growth of several plant species. However, its mode of action is not well clarified in plants. The present studies were conducted to explore the action mechanism of L-DOPA in cucumber roots. The results revealed that L-DOPA suppressed the root growth of cucumber and induced quinoprotein and melanin formation in the roots. Moreover, L-DOPA not only decreased mitochondrial viability and NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) activity but also increased quinoprotein formation in vitro in isolated mitochondria from cucumber roots. Strong correlations were observed between quinoprotein formation and root growth inhibition, quinoprotein formation and NADH dehydrogenase activity, after L-DOPA treatment. The results suggest that quinoprotein formation and mitochondrial impairment might be involved in growth-inhibition mechanism of L-DOPA in cucumber roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem Mushtaq
- Doctoral Program in Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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18
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Wang H, Qian Z, Ma S, Zhou Y, Patrick JW, Duan X, Jiang Y, Qu H. Energy status of ripening and postharvest senescent fruit of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:55. [PMID: 23547657 PMCID: PMC3636124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that cellular energy is a key factor switching on ripening and senescence of fruit. However, the factors that influence fruit energy status remain largely unknown. RESULTS HPLC profiling showed that ATP abundance increased significantly in developing preharvest litchi fruit and was strongly correlated with fruit fresh weight. In contrast, ATP levels declined significantly during postharvest fruit senescence and were correlated with the decrease in the proportion of edible fruit. The five gene transcripts isolated from the litchi fruit pericarp were highly expressed in vegetative tissues and peaked at 70 days after flowering (DAF) consistent with fruit ADP concentrations, except for uncoupling mitochondrial protein 1 (UCP1), which was predominantly expressed in the root, and ATP synthase beta subunit (AtpB), which was up-regulated significantly before harvest and peaked 2 days after storage. These results indicated that the color-breaker stage at 70 DAF and 2 days after storage may be key turning points in fruit energy metabolism. Transcript abundance of alternative oxidase 1 (AOX1) increased after 2 days of storage to significantly higher levels than those of LcAtpB, and was down-regulated significantly by exogenous ATP. ATP supplementation had no significant effect on transcript abundance of ADP/ATP carrier 1 (AAC1) and slowed the changes in sucrose non-fermenting-1-related kinase 2 (SnRK2) expression, but maintained ATP and energy charge levels, which were correlated with delayed senescence. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that senescence of litchi fruit is closely related with energy. A surge of LcAtpB expression marked the beginning of fruit senescence. The findings may provide a new strategy to extend fruit shelf life by regulating its energy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P R China
| | - Zhengjiang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P R China
| | - Sanmei Ma
- Department of Biotechnology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P R China
| | - Yuchuan Zhou
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P R China
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19
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Wang H, Huang J, Liang X, Bi Y. Involvement of hydrogen peroxide, calcium, and ethylene in the induction of the alternative pathway in chilling-stressed Arabidopsis callus. PLANTA 2012; 235:53-67. [PMID: 21814799 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The roles of ethylene, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and calcium in inducing the capacity of the alternative respiratory pathway (AP) under chilling temperature in Arabidopsis thaliana calli were investigated. Exposure of wild-type (WT) calli, but not the calli of ethylene-insensitive mutants, etr1-3 and ein2-1, to chilling led to a marked increase of the AP capacity and triggered a rapid ethylene emission and H(2)O(2) generation. Increasing ethylene emission by applying 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (an ethylene precursor) markedly enhanced the AP capacity in WT calli, but not in etr1-3 and ein2-1 calli, whereas suppressing ethylene emission by applying aminooxyacetic acid (an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) abolished the chilling-induced AP capacity in WT calli. Furthermore, exogenous H(2)O(2) treatment increased the AP capacity in WT calli, but not in etr1-3 and ein2-1 calli, while both catalase (H(2)O(2) scavenger) and diphenylene iodonium (DPI, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) completely inhibited the chilling-induced H(2)O(2) generation and largely inhibited the chilling-induced AP capacity. Interestingly, the chilling-induced AP capacity was completely inhibited by DPI and EGTA (calcium chelator). Further investigation demonstrated that H(2)O(2) and calcium induced ethylene emission under chilling stress. Ethylene modulated the chilling-induced increase of pyruvate content and the expression of alternative oxidase genes (AOX1a and AOX1c). Taken together, these results indicate that H(2)O(2)-, calcium- and ethylene-dependent pathways are required for chilling-induced increase in AP capacity. However, only ethylene is indispensable for the activation of the AP capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Agroecology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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20
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Heis MD, Ditmer EM, de Oliveira LA, Frazzon APG, Margis R, Frazzon J. Differential expression of cysteine desulfurases in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:166. [PMID: 22099069 PMCID: PMC3233524 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron-sulfur [Fe-S] clusters are prosthetic groups required to sustain fundamental life processes including electron transfer, metabolic reactions, sensing, signaling, gene regulation and stabilization of protein structures. In plants, the biogenesis of Fe-S protein is compartmentalized and adapted to specific needs of the cell. Many environmental factors affect plant development and limit productivity and geographical distribution. The impact of these limiting factors is particularly relevant for major crops, such as soybean, which has worldwide economic importance. RESULTS Here we analyze the transcriptional profile of the soybean cysteine desulfurases NFS1, NFS2 and ISD11 genes, involved in the biogenesis of [Fe-S] clusters, by quantitative RT-PCR. NFS1, ISD11 and NFS2 encoding two mitochondrial and one plastid located proteins, respectively, are duplicated and showed distinct transcript levels considering tissue and stress response. NFS1 and ISD11 are highly expressed in roots, whereas NFS2 showed no differential expression in tissues. Cold-treated plants showed a decrease in NFS2 and ISD11 transcript levels in roots, and an increased expression of NFS1 and ISD11 genes in leaves. Plants treated with salicylic acid exhibited increased NFS1 transcript levels in roots but lower levels in leaves. In silico analysis of promoter regions indicated the presence of different cis-elements in cysteine desulfurase genes, in good agreement with differential expression of each locus. Our data also showed that increasing of transcript levels of mitochondrial genes, NFS1/ISD11, are associated with higher activities of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, two cytosolic Fe-S proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a relationship between gene expression pattern, biochemical effects, and transcription factor binding sites in promoter regions of cysteine desulfurase genes. Moreover, data show proportionality between NFS1 and ISD11 genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta D Heis
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth M Ditmer
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luisa A de Oliveira
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G Frazzon
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rogério Margis
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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21
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Laus MN, Soccio M, Trono D, Liberatore MT, Pastore D. Activation of the plant mitochondrial potassium channel by free fatty acids and acyl-CoA esters: a possible defence mechanism in the response to hyperosmotic stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:141-54. [PMID: 20801915 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of free fatty acids (FFAs) and acyl-CoA esters on K(+) uptake was studied in mitochondria isolated from durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), a species that has adapted well to the semi-arid Mediterranean area and possessing a highly active mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channel (PmitoK(ATP)), that may confer resistance to environmental stresses. This was made by swelling experiments in KCl solution under experimental conditions in which PmitoK(ATP) activity was monitored. Linoleate and other FFAs (laurate, palmitate, stearate, palmitoleate, oleate, arachidonate, and the non-physiological 1-undecanesulphonate and 5-phenylvalerate), used at a concentration (10 μM) unable to damage membranes of isolated mitochondria, stimulated K(+) uptake by about 2-4-fold. Acyl-CoAs also promoted K(+) transport to a much larger extent with respect to FFAs (about 5-12-fold). In a different experimental system based on safranin O fluorescence measurements, the dissipation of electrical membrane potential induced by K(+) uptake via PmitoK(ATP) was found to increase in the presence of 5-phenylvalerate and palmitoyl-CoA, both unable to elicit the activity of the Plant Uncoupling Protein. This result suggests a direct activation of PmitoK(ATP). Stimulation of K(+) transport by FFAs/acyl-CoAs resulted in a widespread phenomenon in plant mitochondria from different mono/dicotyledonous species (bread wheat, barley, triticale, maize, lentil, pea, and topinambur) and from different organs (root, tuber, leaf, and shoot). Finally, an increase in mitochondrial FFAs up to a content of 50 nmol mg(-1) protein, which was able to activate PmitoK(ATP) strongly, was observed under hyperosmotic stress conditions. Since PmitoK(ATP) may act against environmental/oxidative stress, its activation by FFAs/acyl-CoAs is proposed to represent a physiological defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura N Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-ambientali, Chimica e Difesa Vegetale, Facoltà di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25-71122 Foggia, Italy
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